Node identifier assisted connection re-establishment

BACKGROUND

Field

0001This application relates generally to communication and more specifically, but not exclusively, to connection re-establishment to an access point in case of allowed access.

Introduction

0002Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, etc.) to multiple users. As the demand for high-rate and multimedia data services rapidly grows, there lies a challenge to implement efficient and robust communication systems with enhanced performance.

0003To supplement conventional mobile phone network base stations, small-coverage base stations may be deployed (e.g., installed in a user's home) to provide more robust indoor wireless coverage to mobile units. Such small-coverage base stations are generally known as access point base stations, Home NodcBs, Home eNodeBs, pico cells, or femto cells. Typically, such small-coverage base stations are connected to the Internet and the mobile operator's network via a DSL router or a cable modem.

0004In practice, a relatively large number of small-coverage base stations (e.g., femto cells) may be deployed in a given area (e.g., within the coverage area of a given macro cell). Consequently, two or more base stations that are close to one another may be assigned the same identifier since the number of available identifiers is typically limited (e.g. physical layer identifiers could be only 10 bits long). As a result, confusion may exist as to which base station (e.g., handover target) is being referenced when a node (e.g., an access terminal) in the network reports to its serving base station (e.g., handover source) that signals are being received from a base station having a given identifier. Moreover, as a result of such confusion, the source may not know if the access terminal has access privileges at the target since the source does not know the full identity of the target.

0005The publication of <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>QUALCOMM EUROPE "Summary of email discussion on Home eNB inbound mobility support [61b_LTE_B06]" 3GPP DRAFT, published at the 3GPP TSG-RAN WG 2 meeting #62 in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, May 5 - 9 2008</text></nplcit>, describes closed subscriber group cell identification. According to this, a user equipment obtains the closed subscriber group cell identity from the system information of the closed subscriber group cell and checks whether the closed subscriber group identity of that cell is part of the user equipment's closed subscriber group whitelist.

0006There is still a need for more efficient techniques for identifying base stations and for efficient connection re-establishment procedures.

0007The present invention provides a solution according to the independent claims.

SUMMARY

0008A summary of sample aspects of the disclosure follows. It should be understood that any reference to the term aspects herein may refer to one or more aspects of the disclosure.

0009The disclosure relates in some aspects to resolving confusion associated with node identifiers. For example, a limited number of node identifiers may be defined within a network such that more than one node (e.g., access point) in the network may be assigned the same identifier. Accordingly, when an access terminal is being handed over from a serving node (e.g., source access point) to a target node (e.g., target access point), confusion may arise as to the identity the target node. Various techniques are described herein for resolving such confusion.

0010In some aspects an access terminal to be handed over to a target node may assist in resolving confusion relating to the target node by acquiring a unique identifier associated with the target node. Here, a unique identifier may be defined, for example, as an identifier that is globally unique, an identifier that is unique within a network, or an identifier that is more unique than another node identifier (e.g., an identifier with more bits than the other node identifier, but not necessarily fully unique within a network, globally, etc.). To facilitate the acquisition of the unique identifier by the access terminal, the network may provide a time gap during which the access terminal may temporarily cease monitoring transmissions from a serving node so that the access terminal may receive transmissions from a potential target node. In some cases the access terminal sends the unique identifier to the serving node which may then use the unique identifier to initiate handover operations. In some cases the access terminal uses the unique identifier to initiate handover operations.

0011The disclosure relates in some aspects to a serving node that sends an indication of an asynchronous time gap (e.g., a measurement gap or discontinuous transmission indication) to an access terminal served by that serving node. An asynchronous time gap may not commence and end at defined times. For example, an asynchronous time gap may commence once a message indicative of the time gap is received by an access terminal. Also, an asynchronous time gap may end once the access terminal receives a unique identifier from a target node. Thus, an asynchronous time gap also may not have a defined duration.

0012In some implementations a signal threshold may be assigned to a set of identifiers that have been identified as possibly being assigned to nodes that are subject to confusion. This threshold may then be used to trigger acquisition of a unique identifier by an access terminal and/or trigger a confusion determination operation at a serving node. For example, if an access terminal detects a signal from an access point assigned one of these identifiers and if the detected signal exceeds the threshold, the access terminal may autonomously acquire the unique identifier of the access point or the access terminal may report the reception of the signal to its serving access point. In the latter case, the serving access point may then determine whether the access terminal should attempt to acquire the unique identifier.

0013The disclosure relates in some aspects to an access terminal that commences handover operations at a target node after determining whether the access terminal is allowed to access the target node. For example, after acquiring a unique identifier of a target node, the access terminal may determine whether it is allowed to access the target node (e.g., through the use of an allowed list). If access is allowed, the access terminal may initiate a forward handover at the target node.

0014The disclosure relates in some aspects to a serving node that prepares several target nodes for potential handover if there is node identifier confusion. For example, after receiving an indication that an access terminal has detected a signal from a target node assigned a given identifier, the serving node may determine whether confusion exists or is likely. To this end, the serving node identifies a plurality of potential target nodes that are assigned this same identifier. The serving node may then prepare some or all of these potential target nodes for potential handover of the access terminal.

0015In some implementations the serving node may send information relating to the preparation of the potential target nodes to the access terminal. The access terminal may then determine whether a target node heard by the access terminal is one of the prepared target nodes. If so, the access terminal uses the corresponding handover preparation information it received from the source node to complete the handover to that target node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0016These and other sample aspects of the disclosure will be described in the detailed description and the appended claims that follow, and in the accompanying drawings, wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of a communication system configured to resolve confusion;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref> is a simplified diagram illustrating coverage areas for wireless communication;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in communication nodes;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 4A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">4B</figref> are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to enable an access terminal to acquire a second type of identifier;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">FIGS. 5A</figref>, <figref idref="f0007">5B</figref>, and <figref idref="f0008">5C</figref> are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to enable an access terminal to acquire a second type of identifier;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">FIGS. 6A</figref>, <figref idref="f0010">6B</figref>, <figref idref="f0011">6C</figref>, and <figref idref="f0012">6D</figref> are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed in conjunction with an access terminal initiating connection re-establishment at a target;</li><li><figref idref="f0013">FIGS. 7A</figref>, <figref idref="f0014">7B</figref>, <figref idref="f0015">7C</figref>, and <figref idref="f0016">7D</figref> are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed in conjunction with preparing multiple targets for handover;</li><li><figref idref="f0017">FIGS. 8A</figref>, <figref idref="f0018">8B</figref>, <figref idref="f0019">8C</figref>, and <figref idref="f0020">8D</figref> are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed in conjunction with providing handover preparation information to an access terminal;</li><li><figref idref="f0021">FIG. 9</figref> is a simplified diagram of a wireless communication system;</li><li><figref idref="f0022">FIG. 10</figref> is a simplified diagram of a wireless communication system including femto nodes;</li><li><figref idref="f0023">FIG. 11</figref> is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of communication components; and</li><li><figref idref="f0024 f0025 f0026">FIGS. 12 - 16</figref> are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of apparatuses configured to resolve identifier confusion as taught herein.</li></ul>

0017In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may be simplified for clarity. Thus, the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given apparatus (e.g., device) or method. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0018Various aspects of the disclosure are described below. It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. Furthermore, an aspect may comprise at least one element of a claim.

0019<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates several nodes in a sample communication system 100 (e.g., a portion of a communication network). For illustration purposes, various aspects of the disclosure will be described in the context of one or more access terminals, access points, and network nodes that communicate with one another. It should be appreciated, however, that the teachings herein may be applicable to other types of apparatuses or other similar apparatuses that are referenced using other terminology. For example, in various implementations access points may be referred to or implemented as base stations or eNodeBs, access terminals may be referred to or implemented as user equipment or mobiles, and so on.

0020Access points in the system 100 provide one or more services (e.g., network connectivity) for one or more wireless terminals (e.g., access terminal 102) that may be installed within or that may roam throughout an associated geographical area. For example, at various points in time the access terminal 102 may connect to an access point 104, any one of a set of access points 1 - N (represented by access points 106 and 108 and the associated ellipsis), or an access point 110. Each of the access points 104-110 may communicate with one or more network nodes (represented, for convenience, by network node 112) to facilitate wide area network connectivity. Such network nodes may take various forms such as, for example, one or more radio and/or core network entities (e.g., a configuration manager, a mobility management entity, or some other suitable network entity).

0021Each access point in the system 100 may be assigned a first type of identifier, referred to herein as a node identifier. In various implementations such an identifier may comprise, for example, a physical cell identifier ("PCID"), a pseudorandom number ("PN") offset, or an acquisition pilot. Typically, a fixed quantity (e.g., 504) of node identifiers is defined in a given system. In such a case, identifier confusion may often arise when a large number of access points are in the same vicinity since several access points may end up using the same identifier.

0022<figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates a simple example where the access point 106 and the access point 110 are both assigned "identifier 1." As the access terminal 102 roams through the system 100, the access terminal 102 may be handed over from a source access point (i.e., the serving access point to which the access terminal is currently connected, e.g., access point 104) to a target access point (e.g., access point 110). A decision to hand over the access terminal 102 to a target access point may be based on whether the access terminal 102 is receiving particularly strong signals (e.g., pilot signals) from that target.

0023In the example of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, the access terminal 102 (e.g., an identifier controller 114) identifies signals from potential target access points by way of node identifiers associated with (e.g., embedded within) those signals. Upon receiving a signal from a potential target, the access terminal 102 may send a message (e.g., a measurement report) including the identifier to its current serving access point. If a decision is made to perform a handover, the serving access point (i.e., the source access point for the handover) may communicate with the target access point to reserve resources for the access terminal. For example, context information maintained by the serving access point may be transferred to the target access point and/or context information maintained by the target access point may be sent to the access terminal 102. In the absence of confusion, the node identifier ("identifier 1") associated with the target access point may be mapped to a unique identifier associated with the target access point, whereby the unique identifier is used to establish communication with the target access point. When confusion does exist as in the example of <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>, however, the source access point may not be able to determine which access point is the desired target access point (e.g., the access point 104 may not be able to determine whether to communicate with the access point 106 or the access point 110 to reserve resources for the access terminal).

0024In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, to resolve confusion such as this, the access terminal 102 (e.g., identifier controller 114) may be configured to acquire a second type of identifier associated with a potential target. In some aspects, the second type of identifier may comprise a unique identifier that is broadcast by the potential target. For example, the second type of identifier may be unique within a larger region than the first type of identifier. In some implementations the second type of identifier may be unique throughout an operator's network. In some implementations the second type of identifier may simply be more unique than the other node identifier (e.g., PCID). For example, the second type of identifier may have more bits than the other node identifier (e.g., 16 bits versus 10 bits). In this way, the likelihood of identifier confusion may be reduced (e.g., from 10 targets to 2 targets). Thus, in this case, the second type of identifier may not necessarily be fully unique within a network, globally, etc. In various implementations such a unique identifier may comprise, for example, a global cell identifier ("GCI"), an access node identifier ("ANID"), a sector identifier, an Internet Protocol address, or some other identifier that uniquely identifies the access point 110 within a network. Through the use of an identifier such as this, the desired target access point for the handover operation may be uniquely identified.

0025The access terminal 102 may commence monitoring for a second identifier autonomously or in response to a message from a serving access point. For example, in some cases the access terminal 102 may commence acquisition of the second identifier based on the signal strength of the first identifier. In some cases, upon receiving a measurement report with a confusing identifier from the access terminal 102, the access point 104 may instruct the access terminal 102 to acquire the second identifier.

0026In some cases, upon receiving a measurement report with a confusing identifier, the access point 104 (e.g., a time gap controller 116) may send a message including an indication of a time gap. During this time gap the access terminal 102 may temporarily cease monitoring transmissions from the access point 104 to thereby enable the access terminal 102 to acquire the second identifier of the target access point. As discussed in more detail below, in some aspects this time gap may comprise an asynchronous time gap that that does not have a synchronized starting time (e.g., synchronized to a system clock).

0027In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, an access terminal may initiate connection re-establishment at a target access point if the access terminal determines that it may access the target access point. In some cases accessibility may be determined by comparing an identifier acquired from the target access point with a list that identifies the access points that allow access by the access terminal. For example, the access terminal 102 may maintain a list of the closed subscriber groups (corresponding to sets of one or more member access points) that will allow access by the access terminal. Accordingly, upon acquiring a closed subscriber group identifier ("CSG ID") of a potential target access point, the access terminal 102 (e.g., a handover controller 118) may use the allowed CSG list to determine whether the access terminal 102 is allowed to access that target access point. If so, the access terminal 102 may perform a random access at the potential target to initiate connection re-establishment. Thus, in accordance with this aspect of the disclosure, an access terminal may initiate connection re-establishment based on whether the access terminal is allowed access as opposed to conventional re-establishment that is initiated as a result of radio link failure.

0028In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, an access point may prepare multiple potential targets for handover in the event confusion exists. For example, upon receiving a measurement report with a confusing identifier, the access point 104 (e.g., a handover controller 120) may identify a set of likely target candidates (e.g., a set of access points that use that same identifier). The access point 104 may then prepare each of those access points for a handover of the access terminal 102.

0029In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, an access point may send handover preparation information for the set of prepared targets to the access terminal to be handed over. For example, upon receiving handover preparation information from the access point 104 (e.g., handover controller 120), the access terminal 102 (e.g., handover controller 118) may determine whether the target access point identified by the second identifier acquired by the access terminal 102 has been prepared for handover by the access point 104. If so, the access terminal 102 may perform a random access at the potential target to complete the handover.

0030Identifier confusion typically may occur in a network where some access points provide macro coverage and other access points provide smaller coverage. For example, in a network 200 as shown in <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, macro coverage areas 204 (e.g., areas 204A and 204B) may be provided by macro access points of a large area cellular network such as a 3G network, typically referred to as a macro cell network or a wide area network ("WAN"). In addition, smaller coverage areas 206 (e.g., areas 206A and 206B) may be provided by, for example, access points of a residence-based or building-based network environment, typically referred to as a local area network ("LAN"). As an access terminal moves through such a network, the access terminal may be served in certain locations by access points that provide macro coverage while the access terminal may be served at other locations by access points that provide smaller area coverage. In some aspects, the smaller area coverage access points may be used to provide incremental capacity growth, in-building coverage, and different services, all leading to a more robust user experience.

0031In the description herein, a node (e.g., an access point) that provides coverage over a relatively large area may be referred to as a macro node while a node that provides coverage over a relatively small area (e.g., a residence) may be referred to as a femto node. It should be appreciated that the teachings herein may be applicable to nodes associated with other types of coverage areas. For example, a pico node may provide coverage (e.g., coverage within a commercial building) over an area that is smaller than a macro area and larger than a femto area. In various applications, other terminology may be used to reference a macro node, a femto node, or other access point-type nodes. For example, a macro node may be configured or referred to as an access node, base station, access point, eNodeB, macro cell, and so on. Also, a femto node may be configured or referred to as a Home NodeB, Home eNodeB, access point base station, femto cell, and so on. In some implementations, a node may be associated with (e.g., divided into) one or more cells or sectors. A cell or sector associated with a macro node, a femto node, or a pico node may be referred to as a macro cell, a femto cell, or a pico cell, respectively.

0032In the example of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>, several tracking areas 202 (or routing areas or location areas) are defined, each of which includes several macro coverage areas 204. Here, areas of coverage associated with tracking areas 202A, 202B, and 202C are delineated by the wide lines and the macro coverage areas 204 are represented by the larger hexagons. As mentioned above, the tracking areas 202 also may include femto coverage areas 206. In this example, each of the femto coverage areas 206 (e.g., femto coverage area 206C) is depicted within one or more macro coverage areas 204 (e.g., macro coverage area 204B). It should be appreciated, however, that some or all of a femto coverage area 206 may not lie within a macro coverage area 204. Also, one or more pico coverage areas (not shown) may be defined within a given tracking area 202 or macro coverage area 204.

0033In a deployment (e.g., a dense urban deployment) where a large number of access points such as femto and pico nodes are located within a given area, two or more of these access points may be assigned the same node identifier. For example, in the macro coverage area 204A, the femto coverage areas 206A and 206D may be assigned the same identifier. In such a case, node identifier confusion (e.g., PCID confusion) may occur since multiple neighboring nodes that are in the vicinity of the serving access point of an access terminal advertise the same node identifier. For example, in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref> the access points 106 and 110 may comprise femto nodes or pico nodes that advertise "identifier 1" via respective broadcast pilot signals. Moreover, both of these access points may be near the access point 104 (e.g., a macro access point) that is currently serving the access terminal 102. In such a case, the access point 104 may be aware of both access points 106 and 110 and, hence, confusion may arise when a handover to the access point identified by "identifier 1" is indicated.

0034In general, the confusion resolution techniques described herein may be applicable to any type of node. In many deployments, however, the macro access points in a given area will be planned such that there will not be confusion associated with a handover to a macro access point. In such cases, the confusion resolution techniques taught herein may be applicable to any non-macro nodes in the network. Such non-macro nodes may include, for example, nodes that are deployed in an unplanned manner. As noted above, such non-macro nodes may include femto nodes (e.g., deployed by individuals) as well as operator-deployed, low-power pico nodes. Also, as will be discussed in more detail below, a node may be restricted in some manner (e.g., restricted for access). Hence, the confusion resolution techniques taught herein may be applicable to restricted nodes (e.g., nodes associated with a closed subscriber group).

0035With the above overview in mind, various techniques that may be employed to resolve confusion in accordance with the teachings herein will be described with reference to <figref idref="f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019">FIGS. 3 - 8C</figref>. Briefly, <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates several components that may be employed in an access point or access terminal and the flowcharts of <figref idref="f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019">FIGS. 4A - 8C</figref> relates to various techniques for resolving confusion.

0036For illustration purposes, the operations of <figref idref="f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019">FIGS. 4A - 8C</figref> (or any other operations discussed or taught herein) may be described as being performed by specific components (e.g., components of the system 100 and/or the components shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>). It should be appreciated, however, that these operations may be performed by other types of components and may be performed using a different number of components. It also should be appreciated that one or more of the operations described herein may not be employed in a given implementation.

0037<figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates several sample components that may be incorporated into nodes such as the access terminal 102 and the access point 104 to perform confusion resolution operations as taught herein. The described components also may be incorporated into other nodes in a communication system. For example, other nodes in a system may include components similar to those described for the access terminal 102 and the access point 104 to provide similar functionality. A given node may contain one or more of the described components. For example, an access terminal may contain multiple transceiver components that enable the access terminal to operate on multiple frequencies and/or communicate via different technology.

0038As shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref>, the access terminal 102 and the access point 104 may include transceivers 302 and 304, respectively, for communicating with other nodes. The transceiver 302 includes a transmitter 306 for sending signals (e.g., messages) and a receiver 308 for receiving signals (e.g., including conducting searches for pilot signals). Similarly, the transceiver 304 includes a transmitter 310 for sending signals and a receiver 312 for receiving signals.

0039The access terminal 102 and the access point 104 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with confusion resolution operations as taught herein. For example, the access terminal 102 and the access point 104 may include communication controllers 314 and 316, respectively, for managing communication with other nodes (e.g., sending and receiving messages/indications) and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. In addition, the access terminal 102 and the access point 104 may include handover controllers 318 and 320 (e.g., corresponding to handover controllers 118 and 120 in <figref idref="f0001">FIG. 1</figref>), respectively, for performing handover-related operations and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The access terminal 102 and the access point 104 may include identifier controllers 322 (e.g., corresponding to identifier controller 114) and 324, respectively, for managing (e.g., selecting, acquiring, requesting, and so on) node identifiers and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The access terminal 102 may include an access controller 326 for determining whether the access terminal 102 is allowed to access a node and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The access point 104 may include a time gap controller 328 (e.g., corresponding to time gap controller 116) for providing a time gap indication for the access terminal 102 (e.g., sending an indication of the time gap in a message) and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The access point 104 may include a confusion controller 330 for performing confusion-related operations and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. For example, the confusion controller 330 may autonomously detect actual or potential confusion or, upon receipt of an indication of confusion from the access terminal 102, the confusion controller 320 may take further steps to determine whether there is confusion or may simply attempt to resolve the confusion. In any of these cases, once confusion is detected, the confusion controller 320 may perform or initiate various operations to resolve the confusion (e.g., request the access terminal 102 to acquire the unique identifier, provide a time gap, identify and prepare targets, and so on). Other sample operations of the components of <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> are described below.

0040For convenience the access terminal 102 and the access point 104 are shown in <figref idref="f0003">FIG. 3</figref> as including components that may be used in the various examples described below in conjunction with <figref idref="f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016 f0017 f0018 f0019">FIGS. 4A - 8C</figref>. In practice, one or more of the illustrated components may not be used in a given example. As an example, in some implementations the access terminal 102 may not comprise the handover controller 318 and in some implementation the access point 104 may not include the time gap controller 328.

0041<figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 4A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">4B</figref> describe a scheme where an access terminal uses a network configured time gap to acquire a second identifier (e.g., a unique identifier such as a GCI) of a potential target. This scheme will be described in the context of a confusion resolution process where an access terminal autonomously determines whether to acquire the second identifier. For example, the access terminal may compare the signal strength of a signal associated with a first identifier of the node with a threshold to determine whether to acquire the second identifier. Thus, the access terminal may acquire the second identifier without being requested to do so by another node (e.g., a serving access point).

0042As represented by block 402, at some point in time the network (e.g., a network node 120 such as an MME or a serving access point) may configure a time gap for the access terminal. For example, in some cases the network may configure a synchronous measurement gap that defines specific a starting time for a measurement gap, a duration of the measurement gap, and a periodicity of the measurement gap. The network may then send an indication of the defined measurement gap to the access terminal. In some cases a time gap may be provided by indicating that discontinuous reception ("DRX") is to be employed.

0043Referring now to block 404, in some implementations a set of the identifiers from the node identifier space (e.g., PCID space) may be reserved for non-macro nodes to simplify confusion resolution. Through the use of such a defined identifier set, a node that receives a signal including an identifier from the set may readily determine that identifier confusion is possible or likely. For example, it may be assumed or determined that certain femto nodes will likely be subject to confusion. Thus, these femto nodes may be assigned identifiers from the set so that any node that receives the identifier broadcast by one of these femto nodes may readily determine that the second identifier should be acquired to ensure that confusion does not occur. In some implementations the set comprises a set of designated values that is associated with access points that are designated as not being confusion-free. In some implementations the set comprises a set of designated values that is associated with a closed subscriber group (e.g., as discussed below). In some implementations the set comprises a set of designated values that is associated with access points of at least one designated type (e.g., a node type). Such a designated type may relate to, for example, one or more of: transmit power, coverage area, or relay capabilities.

0044Accordingly, at block 404 an access terminal may receive a defined set of identifiers of a first type. This list may comprise, for example, the set of node identifiers discussed above. In some implementations this list may be received from a serving access point (e.g., the identifier controller 324 of access point 104). For example, the serving access point may identify all of the PCIDs that are or may be subject to confusion, and supply a list of these identifiers to the access terminal. In some implementations the set may be received from a configuration manager (e.g., network node 112) that keeps track of the reserved set of nodes that are assigned an identifier from the list. In some implementations the set may be generated based on information received from nodes in the system. For example, a target access point or some other access points may advertise an indication (e.g., via neighbor list information) that a second type of identifier (e.g., a GCI) must be used when accessing the target access point.

0045As represented by block 406, the access terminal may receive a threshold associated with the defined set of identifiers. For example, this threshold may designate the threshold signal strength value for a received signal that triggers acquisition of the second type of identifier by the access terminal. This threshold may be defined by and/or provided by a serving access point or some other node. In some implementations this threshold may be defined to be lower (e.g., by a few dB) than the received signal strength threshold that triggers a handover operation. In some implementations the threshold may be specified as a relative offset from a target access point signal strength, or as an absolute threshold for the carrier-to-interference ("C/I") value from a target access point. In some cases, such a threshold may be defined to be equal to the signal strength of a signal from the current serving access point plus an offset.

0046As represented by block 408, at some point in time the access terminal will receive a signal that is associated with (e.g., comprises) an identifier of the first type. For example, this signal may be acquired when an access terminal that is connected to a macro access point activates a search for nearby femto nodes (e.g., a home eNodeB). When the access terminal detects a signal from a femto node, the access terminal may obtain an identifier of the first type (e.g., PCID, PN offset, Pilot ID, sector ID, etc.) from the signal.

0047As represented by block 410, the access terminal may then determine whether the received identifier is in the list of identifiers obtained at block 404. In addition, the access terminal may determine whether the received signal strength of the signal received at block 410 is greater than equal to the threshold obtained at block 406.

0048As represented by blocks 412 and 414, if the criteria of block 410 are not met, the access terminal may continue monitoring for signals from neighboring access points.

0049As represented by block 416 of <figref idref="f0005">FIG. 4B</figref>, if the criteria of block 410 are met, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) acquires an identifier the second type (e.g., GCI) that is associated with the identifier received at block 408. Here, acquiring the second identifier may comprise monitoring for other signals from the target access point that contain the second identifier. As an example, the target access point may broadcast system information including the second identifier at intervals that are less frequent than the intervals at which the target access point broadcasts a first identifier (e.g., PCID).

0050In some aspects, the access terminal acquires the second identifier through the use of the time gap configured by the network (e.g., by monitoring for signals from the target access point during the next available time gap). For example, in some implementations a GCI is sent once every 20 ms on via a System Information Block (e.g., SIB1). In addition, in some implementations each measurement gap is shorter than 20 ms (e.g., 6 ms). Thus, in some cases, the first measurement gap instance may not overlap with SIB1. By making the period of the measurement periodicity a non-multiple of 20 ms, it is possible for subsequent measurement gaps to coincide with a SIB transmission of a target. Accordingly, it is desirable for the network to configure the periodicity of the measurement gap appropriately (e.g., 86 ms) to enable an access terminal to effectively acquire the second identifier.

0051As represented by block 418, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) sends a message to the source access point including the identifiers acquired at blocks 408 and 416 and the received signal strength of an associated signal (e.g., the signal received at block 416). This message may be sent just after the second identifier is acquired at block 416 or at some other time. In some implementations this information is sent in a measurement report. For example, this report may be sent once the received signal strength of a received signal (e.g., a pilot from a target access point) exceeds a handover threshold.

0052As represented by block 420, as any potential confusion associated with the first identifier acquired at block 408 is resolved as a result of the acquisition of the second identifier, the access point (e.g., the handover controller 320) determines whether to initiate a handover operation based on the second identifier and the received signal strength provided in this message. If a handover operation is indicated, the access point will use the second identifier to prepare the target access point (e.g., by sending a handover preparation message). In addition, the access point sends a handover command (e.g., RRC reconfiguration message) to the access terminal. The access terminal may then communicate with the target and complete the handover (RRC reconfiguration complete).

0053In some aspects the scheme of <figref idref="f0004">FIGS. 4A</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">4B</figref> may prove advantageous in high mobility environments. For example, this scheme may provide relatively fast handover because the GCI may be read before the signal strength of the target access point is strong enough for handover to be required. Moreover, the number of measurements reports generated by the access terminal in the system may be reduced as compared to other techniques since a measurement report may only be sent out after the corresponding reporting threshold (e.g., RRC reporting threshold) is crossed.

0054As mentioned above, some of the operations described herein may not be employed in every implementation. For example, in some implementations the set of identifiers (e.g., the range of confusing PCIDs) may not be provided to the access terminal at block 404. In such cases, the access terminal may report all of the identifiers of the first type that it hears. This reporting may still be constrained by a threshold (e.g., only those signals that exceed the threshold are reported) in some cases.

0055<figref idref="f0006 f0007 f0008">FIGS. 5A - 5C</figref> describe a scheme where an access terminal uses and asynchronous time gap to acquire a second identifier (e.g., a unique identifier such as a GCI) of a potential target. This scheme will be described in the context of a confusion resolution process where an access terminal reports receipt of a signal that exceeds a threshold (e.g., a GCI resolution threshold) to an access point. The access point then determines whether confusion is occurring or likely and, if so, instructs the access terminal to acquire a second identifier (e.g., GCI). Here, the operations of blocks 502 - 512 may be similar to the operations of blocks 404 - 414 of <figref idref="f0004 f0005">FIG. 4</figref>, respectively. Accordingly, these operations will not be described again.

0056At block 514 of <figref idref="f0006">FIG. 5A</figref>, if the received identifier is in the list and the received signal strength exceeds the threshold (at block 510), the access terminal sends a message to the access point that includes the identifier acquired at block 506 and the received signal strength of the associated signal. This message may be sent just after the identifier is acquired at block 506 or at some other time. In some implementations this information is sent in a measurement report.

0057The access point (e.g., identifier controller 324) receives the message from the access terminal as represented by block 516 of <figref idref="f0007">FIG. 5B</figref>. The access point (e.g., confusion controller 330) then determines whether multiple nodes may use the same identifier (i.e., determine whether the received identifier may be used to identify at least one node other than the target access point). For example, this may be determined by comparing the identifier to a list that indicates which identifiers have been or may be assigned to different access points in a network (e.g., where the list is maintained at the access point or elsewhere), by determining whether the identifier belongs to a defined set of identifiers (e.g., a set of confusing identifiers provided at block 502), or determined in some other manner. Thus, the access point may provide identifier confusion detection based on the received information by determining whether there is confusion associated with the use of the received identifier (e.g., whether confusion is occurring or is likely). Here, confusion detection may be based on whether multiple nodes actually are using the same identifier or whether there is a possibility (e.g., a high likelihood) that multiple nodes will use the same identifier. In addition, the above determinations may optionally be based on the received signal strength of any detected signals associated with this identifier.

0058As represented by blocks 518 and 520, if confusion is not detected the access point may continue with standard operations. For example, the access point may determine whether handover is warranted and, if so, determine the second identifier for the target based on the first type of identifier received via the measurement report.

0059In contrast, as represented by block 522, the access point will send one or more messages to the access terminal if confusion is detected. For example, the access point may send a request for the access terminal to acquire the second identifier (e.g., CGI) associated with the received identifier. In addition, the access point (e.g., time gap controller 328) may send an asynchronous time gap indication to the access terminal to enable the access terminal to temporarily cease monitoring transmissions by the access terminal. This will allow the access terminal to more effectively monitor for transmissions from the target access point during the time gap to acquire the second identifier.

0060As mentioned above, an asynchronous time gap does not have synchronized timing. For example, in contrast with conventional measurement gaps, an asynchronous time gap does not have a defined periodicity (e.g., that begins at certain periodically occurring frame numbers). Thus, an asynchronous time gap may not have a defined starting time (e.g., that is synchronized to a system clock). As a specific example, in some cases an asynchronous time gap may be defined to commence when an indication of the time gap is received by the access terminal. In addition, an asynchronous time gap may not have a defined ending time (e.g., a specified time that is synchronized to a system clock). For example, in some cases an asynchronous time gap may be defined to end when the access terminal acquires the second identifier. Thus, with an asynchronous time gap, an access terminal may autonomously exit a network configured time gap. Accordingly, an asynchronous time gap may not have a defined duration. In some cases, however, a maximum limit may be defined (e.g., 4 - 5 seconds) after which the monitoring for the second identifier is terminated.

0061A time gap may be defined in various ways. In some implementations a time gap may be implemented as a measurement gap. In some implementations a time gap may be implemented using discontinuous reception.

0062The access point may send an indication of the time gap to the access terminal in various ways. In some cases the access point may send the indication in conjunction with (e.g., in the same MAC frame as) the request for the second identifier. In some cases, the access point sends an RRC reconfiguration message with a measurement gap or DRX configuration.

0063As represented by block 524, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) receives the request including the indication. In addition, the access terminal (e.g., a communication controller 314 that determines when to transmit and receive) receives the time gap indication. Advantageously, in this case, the next time gap for reading the second identifier may be available immediately upon receipt of the message. Thus, as represented by block 526, the access terminal (e.g., receiver 308) may immediately monitor for transmissions from the target access point to acquire the second identifier as discussed herein. The time gap may then terminate as represented by block 528 of <figref idref="f0008">FIG. 5C</figref> (e.g., once the second identifier is obtained). As represented by block 530, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) responds to the request of block 522 by sending a message (e.g., a measurement report) that includes the second identifier to the access point.

0064As represented by block 532, the access point receives the message, thereby enabling the access point to resolve the confusion. Here, receipt of the message by the access point may serve as an indication to the access point that the time gap has ended.

0065As represented by block 534, the access point (e.g., handover controller 320) may determine whether to initiate a handover based on the second identifier and the received signal strength (e.g., as discussed herein). If a handover is indicated, the access point will use the second identifier to prepare the target access point (e.g., by sending a handover preparation message). The access point sends a handover command to the access terminal and the access terminal communicates with the target to complete the handover.

0066One or more of the operations described above may not be employed in a given implementation. For example, in some implementations the set of identifiers (e.g., the range of confusing PCIDs) may not be provided to the access terminal at block 502. In such cases, the access terminal may report all of the identifiers of the first type that it hears. This reporting may still be constrained by a threshold in some cases.

0067In some implementations the threshold test also may be omitted. For example, the access terminal may instead simply report every identifier of the first type that it hears. Upon receiving these reports, the access point may determine whether confusion exists or is likely for each identifier (e.g., at block 516). If confusion is detected here, the access point may send a request for the second identifier to the access terminal along with a time gap indication (e.g., at block 522). The access terminal may then report back the second identifier and handover operations may commence as discussed above, if warranted.

0068<figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIGS. 6A - 6D</figref> describe a scheme where an access terminal initiates connection re-establishment at a target if the access terminal determines that it is allowed to access the target. This scheme will be described in the context of a confusion resolution process where an access terminal reports a first identifier to an access point if the associated signal exceeds a threshold and acquires a second identifier (e.g., GCI) upon receiving an indication of an asynchronous time gap from the access point. It should be appreciated, however, that the disclosure of <figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIGS. 6A - 6D</figref> may be applicable to other confusion resolution processes that do not include all of the operations described below. For example, the asynchronous time gap may not be employed in some implementations.

0069As represented by block 602, at some point in time the access terminal will receive a signal (e.g., a pilot) from a potential target and acquire a first identifier (e.g., PCID) associated with the potential target. Thus, the operations of block 602 may be similar to the operations of block 408 described above.

0070As represented by block 604, in some implementations the access terminal (e.g., access controller 326) may determine whether it is likely to be in the vicinity of a potential target access point (e.g., a cell of that access point) at which the access terminal is likely to be allowed access. The access terminal may use various techniques to determine whether it may be in the vicinity of such a potential target (e.g., a Home eNodeB). For example, in some cases the determination may be based on an autonomous search. In some cases the access terminal may use global positioning system techniques to determine its geographical location and correlate that location to the known location of the potential target or other nodes in the vicinity of the potential target. In some cases the access terminal may determine whether it is near a given access point based on signals (e.g., based on the phase delay of received signals) received from other nodes in the vicinity of the potential target.

0071Based on the above determination, the access terminal (e.g., access controller 326) may generate a corresponding indication (e.g., referred to as an allowed likelihood indication). For example, this indication may indicate the probability of whether the access terminal is near the potential target.

0072As represented by block 606, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) determines whether to report the receipt of the signal that was received at block 602. This determination may be based on one or more criteria.

0073In some cases the determination of block 606 is based on whether the signal strength of the received signal is greater than or equal to a threshold. For example, as discussed above at block 406, such a threshold may be defined to be equal to the signal strength of a signal from the current serving access point plus an offset.

0074In some cases the determination of block 606 is based on the allowed likelihood indication. For example, the access terminal may allow the receipt of the signal to be reported if the indication meets or exceeds a defined probability.

0075As represented by blocks 608 and 610, if the criteria of block 606 are not met, the access terminal may continue monitoring for signals from neighboring access points.

0076As represented by block 612, if the criteria of block 606 are met, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) sends a report message (e.g., a measurement report) to its serving access point. This report message may include the identifier acquired at block 602 and the received signal strength of the associated signal. In some implementations the report message also includes the allowed likelihood indication.

0077The access point (e.g., identifier controller 324) receives the message from the access terminal as represented by block 614 of <figref idref="f0010">FIG. 6B</figref>. The access point then determines whether to initiate handover-related operations or to keep serving the access terminal. In some aspects this determination may be based on a determination (e.g., by confusion controller 330) of whether multiple nodes may use the reported identifier. This operation may be performed, for example, as described above at block 516.

0078In some cases the determination of block 614 is based on an allowed likelihood indication received from the access terminal. For example, if the indication indicates a low probability (e.g., below a threshold), the access point may not initiate handover. Conversely, if the indication indicates a high probability (e.g., at or above a threshold), the access point may initiate handover (e.g., subject to other handover criteria being met).

0079As represented by blocks 616 and 618, if a decision is made to not perform a handover, the access point may continue with regular operations (e.g., continue serving the access terminal).

0080As represented by block 620, if a decision is made to perform a handover and confusion is detected, the access point sends one or more messages to the access terminal. For example, an asynchronous time gap indication as described above at block 522 may be sent to enable the access terminal to acquire the second identifier. In addition, in some implementations the access point may send an indication of whether the access terminal is allowed to initiate connection re-establishment.

0081As represented by block 622 of <figref idref="f0011">FIG. 6C</figref>, the access terminal (e.g., communication controller 314) receives the time gap indication and, in some cases, the re-establishment indication. As above, the time gap for reading the second identifier may commence upon receipt of the time gap indication.

0082As represented by block 624, the access terminal may monitor for transmissions from the target access point during the time gap. As a result, the access terminal (e.g., indication controller 324) may acquire the second identifier as discussed at block 526. In addition, in some implementations the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) may acquire another identifier associated with the target access point. For example, the access terminal may acquire an indication of a group to which the target belongs (e.g., a closed subscriber group) that is broadcast by the target. The time gap may then terminate as represented by block 626 (e.g., once the identifier(s) is/are obtained).

0083Referring now to block 628, as indicated above, in some implementations the access terminal may be conditionally allowed to initiate connection re-establishment. For example, the access terminal may only be allowed to initiate connection re-establishment if it receives authorization to do so (e.g., by receiving a corresponding indication from a serving access point or some other node).

0084Accordingly, as represented by blocks 628 and 630, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 318) determines whether it is allowed to initiate connection re-establishment (e.g., based on whether an indication was received at block 620). If not, as represented by block 632, the access terminal may simply send a message (e.g., a measurement report) that includes the second identifier to the access point. The access terminal may then wait for the access point to determine whether handover is warranted. If the access terminal is allowed to initiate connection re-establishment, the operational flow instead proceeds to block 634 of <figref idref="f0012">FIG. 6D</figref>.

0085As represented by block 634, the access terminal (e.g., access controller 326) determines whether it is allowed to access the target access point. For example, as discussed in more detail below, some access points (e.g., a Home eNodeB) may only provide access to a select set of access terminals (e.g., the access terminals belonging to a certain user).

0086The determination of block 634 may be accomplished in various ways. In some cases the access terminal maintains a list of access points that the access terminal is allowed to access (which may be referred to as an allowed list).

0087In some implementations the allowed list may comprise a listing of the access points (e.g., as identified by unique identifiers such as GCIs) that the access terminal is allowed to access. In this case, upon acquiring a second identifier that uniquely identifies a potential target, the access terminal 102 may use the list to determine whether the access terminal 102 is allowed to access the potential target.

0088In some implementations the allowed list may comprise a listing of one or more groups (e.g., group identifiers such as CSG IDs) that allow access by the access terminal. In this case, the access terminal 102 may compare a corresponding identifier (e.g., a CSG ID) it receives from the target access point with the identifiers in the allowed list to determine whether access is allowed.

0089As represented by blocks 636 and 638, if access is not allowed, the access terminal may continue monitoring for signals from neighboring access points.

0090As represented by block 640, if access is allowed, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 318) attempts to re-establish the current connection at the target access point. To this end, the access terminal may perform a random access at the target access point and send a re-establishment request to the target.

0091As represented by block 642, the target access point may then initiate a forward handover by initiating backhaul signaling with the source access point to complete the handover. The target access point and the access terminal then exchange messages to complete the re-establishment, and release the source access point to complete the handover (block 644). In this case, the initiation of the forward handover may serve as an indication to the access point that the time gap has ended.

0092<figref idref="f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016">FIGS. 7A - 7D</figref> describe a scheme where, in the event confusion is detected, an access point prepares multiple target nodes for handover. In some aspects, this approach may reduce the time it takes to hand the access terminal over to the desired target. The scheme of <figref idref="f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016">FIGS. 7A - 7D</figref> also will be described in the context of a confusion resolution process where an access terminal reports a first identifier to an access point if the associated signal exceeds a threshold, then acquires a second identifier (e.g., GCI) upon receiving an indication of an asynchronous time gap from the access point, and then initiates a connection re-establishment at the target that broadcast the second identifier. Again, it should be appreciated that the disclosure of <figref idref="f0013 f0016">FIGS. 7A-7D</figref> may be applicable to other confusion resolution processes that do not include all of the operations described below.

0093The operations of blocks 702 - 720 may be similar to the operations of blocks 602 - 620 of <figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIG. 6</figref>, respectively. Accordingly, these operations will not be described again.

0094As represented by block 722 of <figref idref="f0014">FIG. 7B</figref>, in conjunction with providing the time gap to enable the access terminal to acquire the second identifier (block 720), the access point (e.g., the handover controller 320) may identify one or more target access points to prepare for handover. That is, in the event identifier (e.g., PCID) confusion is detected, multiple potential targets may be prepared for handover to increase the likelihood that the desired target will be prepared to handle a re-establishment request from the access terminal. In this way, a handover may be completed more quickly once the re-establishment message is received as compared to the process of <figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIGS. 6A - 6D</figref> (where the source and target exchange handover command-related messages after the re-establishment request is issued).

0095The access point may employ various schemes to identify the potential targets to prepare for handover. In some cases the access point may prepare all of the access points of which it is aware that use the same identifier as the reported identifier. In some cases the access point may elect to prepare only a portion of these access points. Several examples of criteria that may be employed to select the access points to be prepared for handover follow.

0096In some implementations access points where the access terminal is known to be allowed are prioritized for handover preparation. For example, an access terminal may be known to be allowed at an access point based on the CSG ID of that access point appearing in the allowed CSG list of the access terminal. An access terminal may be know to be allowed at an access point based on the access point being an unrestricted CSG access point or a hybrid CSG access point. An access terminal may be known to be allowed at an access point based on the access point being an open access point. Conversely, access points where the access terminal is known to not be allowed may not be prepared for handover. Accordingly, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 320) may receive an indication regarding whether the access terminal is allowed to access an access point and prioritize the identification of block 722 based on the indication.

0097In some implementations access points in the vicinity of the current location of the access terminal are prioritized for handover preparation. For example, the access terminal may send an indication of its location to its serving access point. The serving access point may determine, based on this location indication, whether the access terminal is near an access point that uses the confusing identifier. If so, the serving access point may give higher priority to preparing this access point for handover. In some cases the access terminal location may be known based on GPS reports. In some cases the access terminal location may be known based on other access points (including non-macro access points) that the access terminal has visited in the past. In these cases, the source may prepare these nearby and/or previously visited access points and, optionally, the neighbor access points of the previously visited access points. Thus, in some cases, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 320) may receive an indication regarding whether the access terminal is near an access point and prioritize the identification of block 722 based on this indication. Also, in some cases, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 320) may receive an indication regarding whether the access terminal has previously accessed an access point and prioritize the identification of block 722 based on this indication. Here, the indication may be received, for example, from the access point or other network nodes (e.g., access points where each access point maintains a list of the access terminals that have gained access; or a centralized network node that maintains a record of which access points have been accessed by which access terminals).

0098Referring to block 724 of <figref idref="f0015">FIG. 7C</figref>, once the potential targets are identified, the access point (e.g., handover controller 320) prepares each of the potential targets for handover. For example, the access point may send a handover request message to each of these potential targets and receive corresponding responses. In conjunction with this operation, the access point may prepare or obtain handover preparation information for each of the potential targets. This information may include, for example, a temporary identifier (e.g., C-RNTI) allocated on each of the target cells, security information, and other configuration information commonly used for handover.

0099The operations of blocks 726 - 744 may be similar to the operations of blocks 622 - 640 of <figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIG. 6</figref>, respectively. Accordingly, the description these operations will not be repeated.

0100As represented by block 746 of <figref idref="f0016">FIG. 7D</figref>, in the event the desired target was one of the potential targets prepared by the source access point, handover may be completed expeditiously via the exchange of re-establishment messages between the target and the access terminal. Upon release of the source access point, the handover is completed. In this case, the release of the source access point may serve as an indication to the access point that the time gap has ended.

0101In the event the source access point did not prepare the correct target for handover, the handover procedure may fall back to the procedure of blocks 642 - 644 of <figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIG. 6</figref>. That is, upon receiving a re-establishment request from the access terminal, the unprepared target may initiate a forward handover.

0102<figref idref="f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020">FIGS. 8A - 8D</figref> describe a scheme where an access point sends handover preparation information relating to the preparation of one or more target nodes for handover to an access terminal. In this case, the access terminal may determine whether it is allowed to access a target based on the handover preparation information. This scheme will be described in the context of a confusion resolution process where an access terminal reports a first identifier to an access point if the associated signal exceeds a threshold, then acquires a second identifier (e.g., GCI) upon receiving an indication of an asynchronous time gap from the access point, and then sends a reconfiguration complete message to the target that broadcast the second identifier. Again, it should be appreciated that the disclosure of <figref idref="f0017 f0018 f0019 f0020">FIGS. 8A - 8D</figref> may be applicable to other confusion resolution processes that do not include all of the operations described below.

0103The operations of blocks 802 - 818, 820, and 822 may be similar to the operations of blocks 702 - 718, 722, and 724 of <figref idref="f0013 f0014 f0015 f0016">FIG. 7</figref>, respectively. Accordingly, the description of these operations will not be repeated.

0104As represented by block 824 of <figref idref="f0019">FIG. 8C</figref>, in addition to sending the time gap indication and optionally sending the re-establishment indication as discussed above at block 720, the access point may send handover preparation information to the access terminal. For example, the access point (e.g., handover controller 320) may send the handover preparation material described at block 724 that corresponds to each target access point that was prepared for handover at block 822. In conjunction with this information, the access point (e.g., handover controller 320) also may send the second identifier (e.g., GCI) of each of the prepared target access points to the access terminal.

0105As represented by block 826, the access terminal receives the time gap indication and, in some cases, the re-establishment indication as discussed above. In addition, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 318) may receive the handover preparation information from the source access point. Again, the time gap for reading the second identifier may commence upon receipt of the time gap indication. As represented by block 828, the access terminal (e.g., identifier controller 322) may monitor for transmissions from the target access point during the time gap to acquire the second identifier and, optionally, a group identifier (e.g., CSG ID) as discussed above. The time gap may end upon acquisition of the identifier(s) (block 830).

0106As represented by block 832 of <figref idref="f0020">FIG. 8D</figref>, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 318) determines whether the target from which the access terminal received a signal is one of the targets that were prepared by the source access point. For example, the access terminal may determine whether the identifier received at block 828 matches a corresponding target identifier (e.g., GCI) that was received with the handover preparation information at block 826.

0107As represented by blocks 834 and 836, if there is no match (i.e., the desired target has not been prepared), the access terminal may fall back to the procedure of blocks 642 - 644 of <figref idref="f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012">FIG. 6</figref>. That is, if the access terminal is allowed to access the desired target (e.g., as determined above), the access terminal sends a re-establishment request to the desired target. Upon receiving this re-establishment request, the unprepared target may initiate a forward handover.

0108As represented by block 838, if there is a match at block 834, the access terminal (e.g., handover controller 318) may perform a random access at the target access point and send a reconfiguration complete message to the target. In this case, the access terminal uses the handover preparation information for this target that was provided by the source access point to complete the handover. Accordingly, the handover may be completed even quicker in this scheme, since additional messaging between the access terminal and the target may not be needed (block 840). Again, the release of the source access point may serve as an indication to the access point that the time gap has ended.

0109As mentioned above, the teaching herein may be implemented in network that employs macro access points and femto nodes. <figref idref="f0021">FIGS. 9</figref> and <figref idref="f0022">10</figref> illustrate examples how access points may be deployed in such a network. <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates, in a simplified manner, how cells 902 (e.g., macro cells 902A - 902G) of a wireless communication system 900 may serviced by corresponding access points 904 (e.g., access points 904A - 904G). Here, the macro cells 902 may correspond to the macro coverage areas 204 of <figref idref="f0002">FIG. 2</figref>. As shown in <figref idref="f0021">FIG. 9</figref>, access terminals 906 (e.g., access terminals 906A - 906L) may be dispersed at various locations throughout the system over time. Each access terminal 906 may communicate with one or more access points 904 on a forward link ("FL") and/or a reverse link ("RL) at a given moment, depending upon whether the access terminal 906 is active and whether it is in soft handover, for example. Through the use of this cellular scheme, the wireless communication system 900 may provide service over a large geographic region. For example, each of the macro cells 902A - 902G may cover a few blocks in a neighborhood or several square miles in rural environment.

0110<figref idref="f0022">FIG. 10</figref> illustrates an example how one or more femto nodes may be deployed within a network environment (e.g., the system 900). In the system 1000 of <figref idref="f0022">FIG. 10</figref>, multiple femto nodes 1010 (e.g., femto nodes 1010A and 1010B) are installed in a relatively small area coverage network environment (e.g., in one or more user residences 1030). Each femto node 1010 may be coupled to a wide area network 1040 (e.g., the Internet) and a mobile operator core network 1050 via a DSL router, a cable modem, a wireless link, or other connectivity means (not shown).

0111The owner of a femto node 1010 may subscribe to mobile service, such as, for example, 3G mobile service, offered through the mobile operator core network 1050. In addition, an access terminal 1020 may be capable of operating both in macro environments and in smaller area coverage (e.g., residential) network environments. In other words, depending on the current location of the access terminal 1020, the access terminal 1020 may be served by a macro cell access point 1060 associated with the mobile operator core network 1050 or by any one of a set of femto nodes 1010 (e.g., the femto nodes 1010A and 1010B that reside within a corresponding user residence 1030). For example, when a subscriber is outside his home, the subscriber may be served by a standard macro access point (e.g., access point 1060) and when the subscriber is near or inside his home, the subscriber may be served by a femto node (e.g., node 1010A). Here, a femto node 1010 may be backward compatible with legacy access terminals 1020.

0112A femto node 1010 may be deployed on a single frequency or, in the alternative, on multiple frequencies. Depending on the particular configuration, the single frequency or one or more of the multiple frequencies may overlap with one or more frequencies used by a macro access point (e.g., access point 1060).

0113In some aspects, an access terminal 1020 may be configured to connect to a preferred femto node (e.g., the home femto node of the access terminal 1020) whenever such connectivity is possible. For example, whenever the access terminal 1020A is within the user's residence 1030, it may be desired that the access terminal 1020A communicate only with the home femto node 1010A or 1010B.

0114In some aspects, if the access terminal 1020 operates within the macro cellular network 1050 but is not residing on its most preferred network (e.g., as defined in a preferred roaming list), the access terminal 1020 may continue to search for the most preferred network (e.g., the preferred femto node 1010) using a Better System Reselection ("BSR"), which may involve a periodic scanning of available systems to determine whether better systems are currently available, and subsequent efforts to associate with such preferred systems. With the acquisition entry, the access terminal 1020 may limit the search for specific band and channel. For example, one or more femto channels may be defined whereby all femto nodes (or all restricted femto nodes) in a region operate on the femto channel(s). The search for the most preferred system may be repeated periodically. Upon discovery of a preferred femto node 1010, the access terminal 1020 selects the femto node 1010 for camping within its coverage area.

0115A femto node may be restricted in some aspects. For example, a given femto node may only provide certain services to certain access terminals. In deployments with so-called restricted (or closed) association, a given access terminal may only be served by the macro cell mobile network and a defined set of femto nodes (e.g., the femto nodes 1010 that reside within the corresponding user residence 1030). In some implementations, a node may be restricted to not provide, for at least one node, at least one of: signaling, data access, registration, paging, or service.

0116In some aspects, a restricted femto node (which may also be referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group Home NodeB) is one that provides service to a restricted provisioned set of access terminals. This set may be temporarily or permanently extended as necessary. In some aspects, a Closed Subscriber Group ("CSG") may be defined as the set of access points (e.g., femto nodes) that share a common access control list of access terminals.

0117Various relationships may thus exist between a given femto node and a given access terminal. For example, from the perspective of an access terminal, an open femto node may refer to a femto node with no restricted association (e.g., the femto node allows access to any access terminal). A restricted femto node may refer to a femto node that is restricted in some manner (e.g., restricted for association and/or registration). A home femto node may refer to a femto node on which the access terminal is authorized to access and operate on (e.g., permanent access is provided for a defined set of one or more access terminals). A guest femto node may refer to a femto node on which an access terminal is temporarily authorized to access or operate on. An alien femto node may refer to a femto node on which the access terminal is not authorized to access or operate on, except for perhaps emergency situations (e.g., 911 calls).

0118From a restricted femto node perspective, a home access terminal may refer to an access terminal that is authorized to access the restricted femto node (e.g., the access terminal has permanent access to the femto node). A guest access terminal may refer to an access terminal with temporary access to the restricted femto node (e.g., limited based on deadline, time of use, bytes, connection count, or some other criterion or criteria). An alien access terminal may refer to an access terminal that does not have permission to access the restricted femto node, except for perhaps emergency situations, for example, such as 911 calls (e.g., an access terminal that does not have the credentials or permission to register with the restricted femto node).

0119For convenience, the disclosure herein describes various functionality in the context of a femto node. It should be appreciated, however, that a pico node may provide the same or similar functionality for a larger coverage area. For example, a pico node may be restricted, a home pico node may be defined for a given access terminal, and so on.

0120The teachings herein may be implemented in various types of communication devices. In some aspects, the teachings herein may be implemented in wireless devices that may be deployed in a multiple access communication system that may simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless access terminals. Here, each terminal may communicate with one or more access points via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the access points to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the access points. This communication link may be established via a single-in-single-out system, a multiple-in- multiple-out ("MIMO") system, or some other type of system.

0121For illustration purposes, <figref idref="f0023">FIG. 11</figref> describes sample communication components that may be employed in a wireless device in the context of a MIMO-based system 1100. The system 1100 employs multiple (<i>N_T</i>) transmit antennas and multiple <i>(N_R)</i> receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the <i>N_T</i> transmit and <i>N_R</i> receive antennas may be decomposed into <i>N_S</i> independent channels, which are also referred to as spatial channels, where <i>N_S</i> ≤ min{<i>N_T, N_R</i>}. Each of the <i>N_S</i> independent channels corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system may provide improved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.

0122The system 1100 may support time division duplex ("TDD") and frequency division duplex ("FDD"). In a TDD system, the forward and reverse link transmissions are on the same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle allows the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse link channel. This enables the access point to extract transmit beam-forming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas are available at the access point.

0123The system 1100 includes a wireless device 1110 (e.g., an access point) and a wireless device 1150 (e.g., an access terminal). At the device 1110, traffic data for a number of data streams is provided from a data source 1112 to a transmit ("TX") data processor 1114.

0124In some aspects, each data stream is transmitted over a respective transmit antenna. The TX data processor 1114 formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data.

0125The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, or M-QAM) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by a processor 1130. A data memory 1132 may store program code, data, and other information used by the processor 1130 or other components of the device 1110.

0126The modulation symbols for all data streams are then provided to a TX MIMO processor 1120, which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). The TX MIMO processor 1120 then provides <i>N_T</i> modulation symbol streams to <i>N_T</i> transceivers ("XCVR") 1122A through 1122T. In some aspects, the TX MIMO processor 1120 applies beam-forming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted.

0127Each transceiver 1122 receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. <i>N_T</i> modulated signals from transceivers 1122A through 1122T are then transmitted from <i>N_T</i> antennas 1124A through 1124T, respectively.

0128At the device 1150, the transmitted modulated signals are received by <i>N_R</i> antennas 1152A through 1152R and the received signal from each antenna 1152 is provided to a respective transceiver ("XCVR") 1154A through 1154R. Each transceiver 1154 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide a corresponding "received" symbol stream.

0129A receive ("RX") data processor 1160 then receives and processes the <i>N_R</i> received symbol streams from <i>N_R</i> transceivers 1154 based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide <i>N_T</i> "detected" symbol streams. The RX data processor 1160 then demodulates, deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by the RX data processor 1160 is complementary to that performed by the TX MIMO processor 1120 and the TX data processor 1114 at the device 1110.

0130A processor 1170 periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use (discussed below). The processor 1170 formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. A data memory 1172 may store program code, data, and other information used by the processor 1170 or other components of the device 1150.

0131The reverse link message may comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message is then processed by a TX data processor 1138, which also receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source 1136, modulated by a modulator 1180, conditioned by the transceivers 1154A through 1154R, and transmitted back to the device 1110.

0132At the device 1110, the modulated signals from the device 1150 are received by the antennas 1124, conditioned by the transceivers 1122, demodulated by a demodulator ("DEMOD") 1140, and processed by a RX data processor 1142 to extract the reverse link message transmitted by the device 1150. The processor 1130 then determines which pre-coding matrix to use for determining the beam-forming weights then processes the extracted message.

0133<figref idref="f0023">FIG. 11</figref> also illustrates that the communication components may include one or more components that perform confusion control operations as taught herein. For example, a confusion control component 1190 may cooperate with the processor 1130 and/or other components of the device 1110 to send/receive signals to/from another device (e.g., device 1150) as taught herein. Similarly, a confusion control component 1192 may cooperate with the processor 1170 and/or other components of the device 1150 to send/receive signals to/from another device (e.g., device 1110). It should be appreciated that for each device 1110 and 1150 the functionality of two or more of the described components may be provided by a single component. For example, a single processing component may provide the functionality of the confusion control component 1190 and the processor 1130 and a single processing component may provide the functionality of the confusion control component 1192 and the processor 1170.

0134The teachings herein may be incorporated into various types of communication systems and/or system components. In some aspects, the teachings herein may be employed in a multiple-access system capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., by specifying one or more of bandwidth, transmit power, coding, interleaving, and so on). For example, the teachings herein may be applied to any one or combinations of the following technologies: Code Division Multiple Access ("CDMA") systems, Multiple-CarrierCDMA ("MCCDMA"), Wideband CDMA ("W-CDMA"), High-Speed Packet Access ("HSPA", "HSPA+") systems, Time Division Multiple Access ("TDMA") systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access ("FDMA") systems, Single-Carrier FDMA ("SC-FDMA") systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ("OFDMA") systems, or other multiple access techniques. A wireless communication system employing the teachings herein may be designed to implement one or more standards, such as IS-95, cdma2000, IS-856, W-CDMA, TDSCDMA, and other standards. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access ("UTRA"), cdma2000, or some other technology. UTRA includes W-CDMA and Low Chip Rate ("LCR"). The cdma2000 technology covers IS-2000, IS-95 and 1S-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications ("GSM"). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA ("E-UTRA"). IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of Univenal Mobile Telecommunication System ("UMTS"). The teachings herein may be implemented in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution ("LTE") system, an Ultra-Mobile Broadband ("UMB") system, and other types of systems. LTE is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. Although certain aspects of the disclosure may be described using 3GPP terminology, it is to be understood that the teachings herein may be applied to 3GPP (Re199, Re15, Re16, Re17) technology, as well as 3GPP2 (IxRTT, IxEV-DO RelO, RevA, RevB) technology and other technologies.

0135The teachings herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented within or performed by) a variety of apparatuses (e.g., nodes). In some aspects, a node (e.g., a wireless node) implemented in accordance with the teachings herein may comprise an access point or an access terminal.

0136For example, an access terminal may comprise, be implemented as, or known as user equipment, a subscriber station, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a mobile, a mobile node, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, or some other terminology. In some implementations an access terminal may comprise a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a session initiation protocol ("SIP") phone, a wireless local loop ("WLL") station, a personal digital assistant ("PDA"), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem. Accordingly, one or more aspects taught herein may be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a cellular phone or smart phone), a computer (e.g., a laptop), a portable communication device, a portable computing device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio), a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium.

0137An access point may comprise, be implemented as, or known as a NodeB, an eNodcB, a radio network controller ("RNC"), a base station ("BS"), a radio base station ("RBS"), a base station controller ("BSC"), a base transceiver station ("BTS"), a transceiver function ("TF"), a radio transceiver, a radio router, a basic service set ("BSS"), an extended service set ("ESS"), a macro cell, a macro node, a Home eNB ("HeNB"), a femto cell, a femto node, a pico node, or some other similar terminology.

0138In some aspects a node (e.g., an access point) may comprise an access node for a communication system. Such an access node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link to the network. Accordingly, an access node may enable another node (e.g., an access terminal) to access a network or some other functionality. In addition, it should be appreciated that one or both of the nodes may be portable or, in some cases, relatively non-portable.

0139Also, it should be appreciated that a wireless node may be capable of transmitting and/or receiving information in a non-wireless manner (e.g., via a wired connection). Thus, a receiver and a transmitter as discussed herein may include appropriate communication interface components (e.g., electrical or optical interface components) to communicate via a non-wireless medium.

0140A wireless node may communicate via one or more wireless communication links that are based on or otherwise support any suitable wireless communication technology. For example, in some aspects a wireless node may associate with a network. In some aspects the network may comprise a local area network or a wide area network. A wireless device may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of wireless communication technologies, protocols, or standards such as those discussed herein (e.g., CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, OFDMA, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and so on). Similarly, a wireless node may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of corresponding modulation or multiplexing schemes. A wireless node may thus include appropriate components (e.g., air interfaces) to establish and communicate via one or more wireless communication links using the above or other wireless communication technologies. For example, a wireless node may comprise a wireless transceiver with associated transmitter and receiver components that may include various components (e.g., signal generators and signal processors) that facilitate communication over a wireless medium.

0141The functionality described herein (e.g., with regard to one or more of the accompanying figures) may correspond in some aspects to similarly designated "means for" functionality in the appended claims. Referring to <figref idref="f0024 f0025 f0026">FIGS. 12 - 16</figref>, apparatuses 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 are represented as a series of interrelated functional modules. Here, a message receiving module 1202 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An identifier determining module 1204 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a confusion controller as discussed herein. A message sending module 1206 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a time gap controller as discussed herein. A request sending module 1208 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An identifier receiving module 1210 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An identifier using module 1212 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. A request receiving module 1302 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. A message receiving module 1304 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a communication controller as discussed herein. A transmission monitoring module 1306 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a receiver as discussed herein. An identifier reporting module 1308 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An identifier acquiring module 1402 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An access determining module 1404 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an access controller as discussed herein. A re-establishment initiating module 1406 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An identifier reporting module 1408 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An indication receiving module 1410 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a communication controller as discussed herein. An indication determining module 1412 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. A message receiving module 1502 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An identifier determining module 1504 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a confusion controller as discussed herein. An access point identifying module 1506 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An access point preparing module 1508 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An information sending module 1510 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An identifier providing module 1512 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An indication receiving module 1514 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An identifier message receiving module 1602 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. A handover message receiving module 1604 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An identifier determining module 1606 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. A handover performing module 1608 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a handover controller as discussed herein. An identifier reporting module 1610 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein. An indication receiving module 1612 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, a communication controller as discussed herein. A probability determining module 1614 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an access controller as discussed herein. A report determining module 1616 may correspond at least in some aspects to, for example, an identifier controller as discussed herein.

0142The functionality of the modules of <figref idref="f0024 f0025 f0026">FIGS. 12 - 16</figref> may be implemented in various ways consistent with the teachings herein. In some aspects the functionality of these modules may be implemented as one or more electrical components. In some aspects the functionality of these blocks may be implemented as a processing system including one or more processor components. In some aspects the functionality of these modules may be implemented using, for example, at least a portion of one or more integrated circuits (e.g., an ASIC). As discussed herein, an integrated circuit may include a processor, software, other related components, or some combination thereof. The functionality of these modules also may be implemented in some other manner as taught herein. In some aspects one or more of any dashed blocks in <figref idref="f0024 f0025 f0026">FIGS. 12 - 16</figref> are optional.

0143It should be understood that any reference to an element herein using a designation such as "first," "second," and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements may be employed there or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner. Also, unless stated otherwise a set of elements may comprise one or more elements. In addition, terminology of the form "at least one of: A, B, or C" used in the description or the claims means "A or B or C or any combination of these elements."

0144Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

0145Those of skill would further appreciate that any of the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two, which may be designed using source coding or some other technique), various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as "software" or a "software module"), or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

0146The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit ("IC"), an access terminal, or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

0147It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

0148In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. It should be appreciated that a computer-readable medium may be implemented in any suitable computer-program product.