Method and device of improved coding in multiuser communication systems

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention seeks to provide improved methods for coding and transmitting information in a wireless communication system.

BACKGROUND

Coding overlay will be disclosed in relation to a multi-user communication systems. Multiuser communication system using multiple transmitters and receivers communicating with each other, and may use one or more communication methods. Generally, multi-communication methods can be categorized into one of two scenarios:

(a) a single transmitter to multiple receivers binding, commonly called a broadcast communication method, and

(b) multiple transmitters communicating with the common receiver that is usually referred to as a multiple access communication.

Broadcast communication method commonly known in the field of communication and information theory literature as a "broadcast channel" and will be referred to as such in the rest of this document. "Broadcast channel" refers to a physical communications channel between a transmitter and multiple receivers, and communication resources used by the transmitter for communication. Similarly, the method of multiple-access communication commonly known as "multiple-access channel" in the rest of this document will be used such terminology. Once again, the "channel multiple access" refers to the physical communication channels between multiple transmitters and a common receiver, along with the communication resources used by the transmitter. Method broadcast communication is often used to implement downlink in a typical cellular wireless communication system where a base station broadcasts a plurality of wireless terminals, while uplink channel in such a system is typically implemented using the method of multiple access communication, wherein a plurality of Wireless terminals may transmit signaling to the base station.

Transmission resource in multi-user communication system can, generally speaking, be represented in the time, frequency or code space. Information Theory provides increased system capacity in both scenarios, in particular by simultaneously transmitting a plurality of receivers in a method for broadcast communication, or by allowing the plurality of transmitters simultaneously transmitting, in case of the method multiple access communication, in the same transmission resources, such as those same frequencies at the same time. In the case of the broadcast communications method, the technology used to transmit simultaneously multiple users on the same transmission resource, also known as "superposition coding." In the context of the present invention is controlled superposition coding is shown as valuable as the practical technology to broadcast communications method, and a method of multiple access communication.

Advantages superposition coding apparent from the following disclosure of technology for transmitting broadcast communication method. Consider a single transmitter with two receivers binding the channels can be described by the ambient Gaussian noise N1 and N2, where N1 <N2, i.e. the first receiver works in a stronger link than the second receiver. Assume that communication resources available to the transmitter is the total bandwidth of W, and the total power P. The transmitter may use several strategies for communicating with receivers. Figure 1 shows a plot 100 which represents the velocity attainable in the broadcast channel for the first user with a stronger receiver and the second user with the weaker receiver according to the three different transmission strategies. The vertical axis 102 of FIG. 1 shows the rate for the stronger receiver, while the horizontal axis 104 represents the rate for the weaker receiver.

First, consider a strategy in which the transmitter performs multiplexing for the two receivers in time, allocating a certain time all its resources to one receiver. If the proportion of time spent on communication with the first (stronger) receiver, designated α, it will simply show that the attainable speed for two users satisfy

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As a segment of time spent in the service of the first user, α, is changed, the speed obtained from the equation represented by a straight line 106 in Figure 1, which reflects the strategy division multiplexing Time (TDM, TDM). Now consider another transmission strategy where the transmitter allocates a specific share of bandwidth, β and γ fraction of the available power to the first user. The second user receives the remaining share of the bandwidth and power. Highlighting these shares, the transmitter communicates with the two receivers simultaneously. With this strategy transmission speed region can be characterized by the following equations:

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The velocities obtained from the above equations, clearly visible from a segmented convex curve 108 in Figure 1 presents strategies frequency division multiplexing (CDM, FDM). Obviously, the strategy of dividing the available power and bandwidth between two users accordingly exceeds the allocation of resources for the temporary separation. However, the second strategy is still not optimal.

The upper bound of the range of velocities that are accessible to all transmission strategies is the area of ​​broadcasting. For the Gaussian case, this area is characterized by the equations

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and is designated 110-dot chain line curve in Figure 1 represents the throughput. Thomas carpet (Thomas Cover) in TMKover, Broadcast Channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-18 (1): 14 February 1972 (TMCover, Broadcast Channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-18 (1): 2 14, 1972) showed that the communication technology called "superposition coding," this allows to achieve the capacity region. In this technology, different users transmit signals with different capacities in the same transmission resources and superposed. Achievable gains in coding overlay surpass any other communication technology, which requires the separation of the transmission resource between the different users.

The basic concept of superposition coding is shown in graph 200 of Figure 2. The graph 200 includes a vertical axis 202 representing the quadrature and a horizontal axis 204 representing the in phase. While this example assumes modulation QPSK modulation selection sets generally is not limited. Furthermore, this example is presented for two users with direct generalization of the concept to multiple users. Suppose that the transmitter has a total budget of R transmit power. Suppose that the first receiver, called "weaker receiver" sees more noise channel, and a second receiver, called "a stronger receiver" sees little noise channel. Four labeled in a certain way represent 205 mug QPSK constellation points to be transmitted at high power (more secure). (1-α) P on the weaker receiver, the arrow 206 is a measure of power QPSK transmission of high power. Meanwhile, a stronger receiver sends additional information on low power (less secure), αR, also using a set of QPSK, the arrow 207 is a measure of power transmission QPSK lower power. In fact the transmitted symbols, which together contain the signals higher and lower power signals, are presented empty circles 208 in Figure 2. The key idea, which displays this illustration, is the fact that the transmitter is in communication with both users simultaneously using the same transmission resource. In this document, high power signal is also called a secure signal and the low power signal is also called the ordinary signal.

The strategy of the receiver is very simple. The weaker receiver sees a more powerful set of QPSK with superimposed on it a low power signal. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) experienced a weaker receiver may not be sufficient to distinguish the signal of low power, so low power signal appears as noise and slightly degrades the SNR when the weaker receiver decodes a strong signal. On the other hand, the SNR experienced by the stronger receiver, is sufficient to distinguish the QPSK constellation points of low power. The strategy consists of a stronger receiver to decode the first high-power points (which are intended for the weaker receiver) to eliminate their contribution to the composite signal and then decode the low power signal.

In practice, however, this strategy does not work generally well. Any deficiencies in the neutralization strong signal manifest themselves as noise when restoring decoder low power signal.

In light of the foregoing, it is apparent that a need exists for new methods and devices which allow the communication system operates in the methods of the broadcast communication and / or process multiple access communication using the controlled encoding superimposed to take advantage of the higher achievable velocity in the channel, and which at the same time overcome the practical difficulties caused by the partial neutralization of high power signal, as well as the complexity and cost associated with the approach is to use a common decoder.

Disclosure of invention

The present invention seeks to provide a technique for a transmitter and receiver encoding, which allows to perform decoding of a normal signal with no risk of imperfect neutralization protected signal.

The exemplary embodiment is described below in the context of a cellular wireless data communication system employing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM, OFDM). Despite the fact that in view of the disclosure used an exemplary communication system, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment and can be applied in many other communication systems such as a system using code division multiple access (CDMA CDMA).

In accordance with various embodiments of the invention, the first and second sets of information are transmitted using the transmission unit, the transmission unit includes a plurality of minimum transmission units, each minimum unit of transmission corresponds to a unique combination of resources, said resources include at least two of time, frequency, phase and a spreading code. The minimum unit of transmission is also called degree of freedom. In this document, the term "minimum unit of transmission" and "degree of freedom" are used interchangeably. The transmission unit may be relatively large as compared with minimum transmission unit size, which may be required to encode one of the sets of information to be transmitted.

One an exemplary embodiment of the invention comprises determining a first set of said minimum transmission units for use in transmitting said first set of information, said first set including, at least, the majority of minimum transmission units in a transmission block, determining a second set of said the minimum transmission units for use in transmitting a second set of data, said second set of minimum transmission units includes less than the minimum transmission units than first set; at least some of minimum transmission units in the first and second sets of minimum transmission units are the same; and transmitting the first and second sets of information is performed using the minimum transmission units included in said first and second sets of minimum transmission units. The first set of said minimum transmission units included in the transmission unit used when transmitting information on said first set, said first set including, at least the majority of said minimum transmission units in the block transfer. The second set of said minimum transmission units is determined, for example, are selected for use in the transmission of said second set of information, said second set of minimum transmission units includes less than the minimum transmission units than first set; at least some of minimum transmission units in the first and second sets of minimum transmission units are the same. The first and second sets of information transmitted by transmitting at least some minimum transmission units included in said first and second sets of minimum transmission units, the respective information modulated thereon. Information transfer may be by superimposing the first and second information to shared minimum transmission unit or by the "piercing" of the first set of information so that the second set of information was transferred to the minimum unit of information, which are common to the first and second sets. To restore information lost due to the imposition of a second set of information on shared transmission unit can be used error correction codes. The information transmitted in the first and second sets of information may be, for example, user data and control information, including notifications and secretions.

The first and second sets of information can be, and in various embodiments, are transmitted using the first and second segments of minimum transmission units, by transmitting the minimum transmission units comprising modulated information corresponding to different sets of information from the various transmitters. The transmitters may be placed in various devices such as wireless terminals. In other embodiments, the first and second sets of transmitted information by transmitting the minimum transmission units used to transmit the first and second sets of information from a single transmitter, such as base station transmitter.

The first set of minimum transmission units includes majority of minimum transmission units in the transmission unit, but this is usually a high percentage of minimum transmission units, e.g., in some embodiments, the first set of minimum transmission units includes at least 75% of the total number of minimum units transmission and, in some cases, 100% of minimum transmission units in said block. The second set of minimum transmission units typically includes less than 50% of the minimum transmission units in a block, and in some cases a relatively small minimum transmission units, e.g. less than 5 or 10% of the number of minimum transmission units in the block transfer. In such cases, even if none of the minimum transmission units in a second set of transmission units the data is not restored by the receiver, performs decoding of minimum transmission units used to transmit a first set of information, the information from the first set for transmitting in some of minimum transmission units, included in the second set, it may be rebuilt in some embodiments by use of error-correcting codes.

True overlay can be used to transmit information corresponding to both the first and second sets of information, with a minimum transmission unit common to both the first and second sets of minimum transmission units. Alternatively, the information corresponding to the first set of information to be transmitted to the minimum unit of shared information can be "punctured", for example, is not transferred, the restoration of "punctured" information using error correcting codes.

In one exemplary embodiment, as part of the transmission of said first and second sets of information, using at least some minimum transmission units included in the first set of minimum transmission units may be transmitted at the first power level, then as the minimum transmission units in said second set of minimum transmission units transmit at a higher power level than said first signal based on the minimum transmission unit. The power level at which the minimum unit of the information transmitted in said second set is, in some embodiments, at least 3 dB higher than the power level at which minimum transmission units convey corresponding to the first signal. The power level of the minimum information units in said first and second sets may sometimes be different and varies, for example, to reflect changing channel conditions.

Various embodiments of a receiver in accordance with the invention. Two receivers, such as the first and second receivers can be operated independently and in parallel. One of the receivers is used for the recovery of the first set of information, and other receiver is used to recover information from the second set of minimum units of information in said transmission block, which is actually transmitted. In one such embodiment, the first receiver processes minimal information blocks including a signal corresponding to the second set of information, such as impulse noise and containing, for example, drops, ignores or otherwise minimize their contribution to the output of the receiver. With this arrangement, the second receiver processes the input signals corresponding to the first set of information obtained in the minimum transmission unit as background noise. Since the signal corresponding to the second set of information, typically transmitted using relatively high power levels, such as power levels sufficient for interpreting signals from the first receiver as a pulse noise is usually relatively easy to restore the second signals even in the case where the signals corresponding to the first set of information, looks like background noise. Since the effect of transmitting a second set of information is usually limited to a relatively small number of symbols in a transmission block, the effect of signals of high power signals used for the transmission of the first set of information tends to be very limited, which allows to recover any lost data in many cases through the use of conventional correction codes errors included in the information transmitter.

In another embodiment, the device also includes two receivers. However, instead of working independently and in parallel, the first receiver identifies the minimum transmission unit, which correspond to the second set of information, such as the minimum unit of transmission of high power. Then, it transmits information indicating which received the minimum transmission unit corresponding to the second set, the second receiver. The second receiver discards the minimum transmission unit corresponding to the second set of information, and then decodes the remaining received minimum transmission units. Since the number of dropped the minimum units of information tends to be small, for example less than 5% of the received minimum unit of information, in many cases, the second receiver is typically able still to restore original first set of information by using error correcting codes are used to protect transmitted information from the errors caused by loss or corruption of minimum transmission units during transmission.

In various embodiments, the invention allows for advantages superposition coding in a multi-communication system using a receiver that is simple in construction but reliable in terms of operation. The invention discloses a new efficient coding technology to overlay both broadcast channel and a multiple access channel.

In a broadcast scenario, for example, a single transmitter sends data to multiple receivers. In the context of the exemplary system transmitter is a base station associated downlink cellular communications with wireless receivers such as mobile receivers. Mobile user in a cellular communication system may be exposed to a wide range of SNR conditions, due to differences in the losses on the transmission line as a function of location within a cell. Assume, without departing from the generality consider that the base station has two signals that it wishes to transmit simultaneously to two different mobile receivers experiencing high loss on the transmission line. Common signal for the receiver, which is experiencing a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and which will be called the "stronger" the receiver. The second signal, called the "protected" signal for "weaker" receiver that operates over a channel of lower quality, with a lower SNR. Division rovers to "stronger" or "weaker" is not static and is a relative definition.

If superposition coding is not used, the air link resources to be shared between the conventional and protected signal that is not optimal. In order to differentiate encoding method of the new overlay disclosed in the present invention, the known method of encoding a superimposed described in the section of prior art, hereinafter referred to as "classical superposition coding" in the remainder of this document. In the context of classical superposition coding as a secure signal and the normal signal is transmitted with the same air link resource. For example, assume that the air link resource for transmission of both conventional and protected codewords comprises K symbols A1, ..., AK. Also, assume that the normal codeword must carry M information bits and the protected codeword should bear N information bits. Assume that both conventional and protected codewords using BPSK modulation (binary phase shift keying). In classical hypothetical coding M data bits conventional K is converted into coded bits by the coding scheme such as convolutional encoding, and the encoded bits are then mapped into BPSK symbols K

B1, ..., VC. Meanwhile, N-protected data bits are converted into coded bits to each, according to another coding scheme such as convolutional coding, and then to the coded bits to the symbols mapped to BPSK C1, ..., CK. Finally, the BPSK symbols from K information bits protected and K symbols from BPSK conventional information bits are combined and transmitted using K symbols A1, ..., AK air link resource:

A1 = B1 + C1, ..., AK = BK + IC. The composite signal is transmitted symbols are typically protected with a higher power per bit to weaker receivers are able to receive them reliably. Conventional symbols are transmitted with a relatively lower power per bit. In this example, and indeed in general, the signal energy is usually distributed over all degrees of freedom, which is transmitted protected signal.

Power in the transmitter is selected so that the weaker receiver typically only has the opportunity to decode the protected codeword. Neutral signal will be received by this receiver just as noise. Stronger receiver, on the other hand, should be able to decode two codewords. Good decoding strategy which would use a stronger receiver, is to attempt to decode two codewords simultaneously. However, it is often too difficult for receivers in practice. Hence, the strategy conventionally used stronger receiver is a sequential decoding. Stronger receiver decodes the first codeword is protected, and then separates it from the received composite signal, and finally decodes the usual code word is the code word of interest for the stronger receiver. In practice, however, the aforementioned serial circuit and decoding neutralization may not always be reliably performed. If the SNR is stronger and weaker receivers and speed that are required for communication, such that the ordinary and the superposed signals are transmitted with approximately the same power, the neutralization protected codeword can be difficult or inaccurate.

Constraints for sequentially decoding exist in practice, even when the transmission power on the two codewords differ. For example, most communication systems have a certain degree of inherent noise in the receiver. In contrast to the additive noise, the intrinsic noise is typically uncorrelated with the transmitted signal and have a power that is proportional to the transmission power. Noise channel estimation in wireless communication systems is an example of intrinsic noise. In the context of the classical coding noise superimposed channel estimation is imperfect neutralization secure a stronger signal in the receiver. Residual error suppression can have significant power, especially when compared with the low-power signal interference. Therefore, stronger receiver may not be able to correctly decode the codeword under normal presence of residual error neutralization.

From these considerations it is evident that while the classical superposition coding and distributes energy protected codeword for each degree of freedom, it is desirable to concentrate the energy in one or more degrees of freedom. The concentration of power on a limited number of degrees of freedom, according to the invention provides a simple detection and neutralization of the protected signal in the receiver, even when the total energy transfer involved in the two signals is the same. In accordance with the invention, the energy in the codeword is concentrated in one or more degrees of freedom.

Using the above methods of encoding and transmission, plural sets of information can be transmitted by sharing an overlapping set of communication resources such as time, frequency and / or code. Numerous additional features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Figure 1 - graph illustrating achievable velocity in the broadcast channel for the first user with a stronger receiver and the second user with the weaker receiver at three different transmission strategies.

2 - an example of coding with the imposition of a QPSK modulation.

3 - an example of pulse position modulation.

4 - an example of a flashing (flash) with superposition coding in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 - another example of a flashing superposition coding in accordance with the invention, in which flash signal concentrates its energy in the four locations of the symbol.

FIG. 6 - an exemplary flashing superposition coding in a multiple-access channel, shown as a composite signal at the base station receiver, in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 7 - exemplary traffic segments and traffic segments allocation by the base station to the user.

FIG. 8 - exemplary assignment segments corresponding traffic segment.

FIG. 9 - exemplary traffic segments downlink segments and acknowledgment.

FIG. 10 - exemplary assignment segments, the segments of traffic on the downlink and acknowledgment segments, wherein each segment selection and confirmation using superposition coding flashing in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 11 - Two exemplary sets of information, a transmission unit of minimum transmission units (MTU), and partially overlapping sets of minimum transmission units, which can be used to define sets of information, and can be used partially or entirely for transferring signals to convey information in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 12 - the other an exemplary transmission unit MTU, wherein it is shown that the transmission unit may be divided into sub-blocks, in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 13 - a method of transmitting two signals corresponding to the two sets of information, using a variety of devices with different transmitters, each transmitter generates a signal corresponding to one set of information in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 14 - two other ways of transmitting two sets of information using a single transmitter which outputs two signals, each signal corresponds to the information in one set of information, or using a single transmitter which intrinsically combines signaling for dispensing a single combined signal in accordance with the present invention .

FIG. 15 - two devices according to the present invention includes a module filtration and error correction; each device comprises two receivers, and each device can be used to produce a combined signal, and finding two sets of information that were transmitted.

FIG. 16 - Other apparatus according to the present invention includes a module identification signal MTU; said device comprises two receivers, and said device can be used for receiving the combined signal and finding two sets of information that were transmitted.

FIG. 17 - an exemplary communication systems that the devices and methods of the present invention.

FIG. 18 - an exemplary base station, implemented in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 19 - an exemplary end node (wireless terminal) implemented in accordance with the present invention.

The present invention is directed to a transmitter and receiver technologies for encoding that perform normal decoding signal without damage from the imperfect neutralization protected signal.

Figure 17 illustrates an example communication system 1700 that uses the apparatus and methods in accordance with the present invention. Exemplary communications system 1700 includes a plurality of base stations including base station 1 (BS 1) 1702 and a base station N (BS N) 1702 '. BS January 1702 associated with a plurality of end nodes (CG), CG January 1708, KU N 1710 through wireless links 1712, 1714, respectively. Similarly, BS 1702 N 'is associated with a plurality of end nodes (CG), CG January 1708' N 1710 KU 'through wireless links 1712', 1714 ', respectively. Cell in January 1704 represents a wireless coverage area in which the BS 1 1702 may communicate with KU, KU such a cell N 1 1708. 1706 is a wireless coverage area in which the BS 1702 N 'can communicate with QA, for example KU January 1708'. CG 1708, 1710, 1708 'and 1710' can move throughout the communication system 1700. The base stations BS 1 1702, BS 1702 N connected by the network node c 1716 network lines 1718, 1720, respectively. Network node 1716 is connected to other network nodes, for example, another base station, router, home agent node, server nodes Authentication Authorization Accounting (authentication, authorization, resource accounting, AAA (AAA)), etc. and access the Internet through a network communication line 1722. Network links 1718, 1720, 1722 bonds can be, for example, fiber optic cables. Network communication line 1722 provides an interface outside the 1700 communication, allowing users to, for example, CG, to communicate with nodes outside the system 1700.

Figure 18 illustrates an exemplary base station 1800 in accordance with the present invention. Exemplary base station 1800 may be a more detailed representation of base stations 1702, 1702 'of Figure 17. Exemplary base station 1800 includes a plurality of receivers, the receiver 1 1802, receiver N 1804, a plurality of transmitters, a transmitter 1 1810, the transmitter N 1814, a processor 1822, such as a CPU, interface 1824 O and memory 1828 coupled to each another bus 1826. The various elements 1802, 1804, 1810, 1814, 1824 and 1828 can exchange data and information on the 1826 bus.

Receivers 1802, 1804 and receivers 1810, 1814 are connected to antennas 1806, 1808 and 1818, 1820 respectively, provide for the base station 1800 can communicate, for example exchange of data and information, with end nodes, such as wireless terminals, within its cellular coverage area. Each receiver 1802, 1804 may include a decoder 1803, 1805, respectively, which receives and decodes signaling, which had been encoded and transmitted by end nodes operating within its cell. The receivers 1802, 1804 can be any of the exemplary receiver devices are shown in 1502 to 15 5, device 15 June 1532 to 1562 or the device 7 in FIG. 16, such as a receiver (1506, 1508), (1536, 1542), (1563, 1564) or modifications thereof. Receivers 1802, 1804 in accordance with the invention may receive a composite signal comprising a conventional or baseline signal and flashing signal and retrieve sets of data corresponding to an initial set of data before transmission. Each of the transmitters 1810, 1814 can include an encoder 1812, 1816, which encodes signaling prior to transmission. The transmitters 1810, 1814 can be any of the exemplary transmitter, as shown in device 1 1302 and 2 1308 device 13, the device 3 in FIG. 4 apparatus 14 or 1410 in FIG. 14, such as transmitters (1304 and 1310), (1404), (1412) or modifications thereof. The transmitters 1802, 1805 in accordance with the invention, may transmit one or more of the following: conventional or base signal, a flashing signal and / or the combined signal.

Memory 1828 includes routines 1830 and data / information 1832. The processor 1822 controls operation of base station 1800 executing subroutine 1830 and using data / information 1832 in memory 1828 to control the receiver (s) 1802, 1804, transmitter 1810 and the interface 1824 O, to perform operation control of the basic functionality of the base station, as well as to manage the new features and improvements of the present invention, including generation and transmission of the combined signals, the reception of the combined signal, split the combined signal to the normal or baseline information signal and flashing information signal , separation and recovery of information. Interface 1824 O which provides the base station 1800 interface with the Internet and other network nodes, such as intermediate network nodes, routers, AAA server nodes, home agent nodes, etc., thus allowing end nodes communicate over wireless links the base station 1800 for connection of the communication and exchange of data and information with other peer nodes, such as another end node located in the communication system and external to the communication system, such as the Internet.

Routines 1830 include communications routines 1834 and routines 1836 control the base station. 1836 Sub-control base station includes a scheduler 1838, the module 1840 detecting and correcting errors, the transmitter control subroutine 1844 and 1846 routine control of the receiver. Data / information 1832 includes information 1 receiver 1850, the received information N 1852 1 1854 transmit information, transmission information N 1856, identified MTU information 1858 and user data / information 1848. User data / information 1848 includes a plurality of user information, information 1860 User 1 and user information 1862 N. Each user information, such as user 1 1860 includes information 1864 Identification (ID) of the terminal information 1866, information 1868 reports the channel quality information 1870 and information segments 1872 classification.

Information 1854 transmission 1 may include a set of information that may correspond to the first signal, such as a conventional or baseline signal, information defining a transmission unit MTU, which may be used to transmit the first signal, information specifying a first set MTU that will be used for determining the signal information which is modulated on a first set to determine the first MTU of the signal information defining what MEP corresponding to the information of the first signal to be transmitted, for example, to the wireless terminal. In certain embodiments, be delivered to each of the MTU delivering the first set of content data. In other embodiments, it is transmitted most MTU delivering the first set of information. In this embodiment, the MEP corresponding to the first set of information, which also correspond to the second set of information, such as signal flares up, may be reset before the transfer.

Information N 1856 transmission may include a set of information that may correspond to the second signal, for example flare signal, information defining a transmission unit MTU, which can be used for transmitting the second signal, for example, wireless terminal information, determining a second set of SBM, which will be used to determine a second signal information to be modulated on a second set of SBM for determining a second signal. The first and second transmission units can be the same. In this case, the information transmission unit that determines the size and / or shape of the shared transmission unit can be maintained, and often is such a memory separately from information 1828 1854 1856 transmission. The received information 1 1850 includes a first set of recovered data from the receiver 1, 1802, for example, information corresponding to a first set of information of a wireless terminal prior to transmission. The first set of recovered information could be retrieved, for example, conventional or baseline signal. 1852 N received information includes a second set of recovered information from receiver N, 1804, for example, information corresponding to a second set of information of a wireless terminal prior to transmission. The second set of recovered information may be reconstructed, e.g., from a flashing signal.

Regular and flashing signals, each determining an initial set of data before transmission, share some common MEP. Information identified MTU 1856 may include a number of identified MEP in the second or flashing signal, a set of identified MTU could be obtained receiver decoder 1805 N. identified MTU information 1858 may be sent to the receiver in January 1802, and the receiver can eliminate the MEP before transmitting the received Signal module to perform error correction, or, alternatively, the information identified in 1858 MTU can be forwarded to the module 1840 to detect and correct errors in memory and / or a module detecting and correcting errors in the decoder 1803.

Data 1866 may include data received from end nodes and data to be transmitted to end nodes. In some embodiments, for each of N wireless terminals, which can communicate with a base station at a time, using a single identifier ID 1864 of the terminal. After entering the cell, the wireless terminal, e.g., end node, gets assigned to the ID 1864 of the terminal. Thus, the terminal ID is used repeatedly since the wireless terminals included in the cell and leave it. Each base station has a set of terminal identifiers (terminal ID) of 1864 assigned to users, such as serviced wireless terminals. Information 1868 about channel quality messages may include determining 1800 the base station channel quality information, and the user feedback information from the user includes a message about the quality of downlink interference information, power information from wireless terminals. Segment information 1870 may include information defining segments, allocated to users in terms of the user in terms of the type of use, such as a traffic channel, the channel selection, the channel request; characteristics, such as MTU, the frequency / phase and time symbols OFDM tones; type used to signal segments, such as standard or base, as opposed to flash. About 1872 classification includes information categorized by, for example, a wireless terminal as a "stronger" or "weaker" transmitter.

Subroutine 1834 connection includes a variety of applications for communication, which can be used to provide particular services, e.g., IP-telephony services, text services and / or online games to one or more end nodes of users in the system.

Routines 1836 control the base station perform the functions includes a main base station control and management relating to the apparatus and method of the present invention. Routines 1836 control the base station control signal generation and reception, error detection and correction, hopping sequence data and the pilot; 1824 interface input-output isolation of segments of users and users planning to obtain ID 1864 terminals. More specifically, scheduler 1838 for scheduling user terminals receiving IDs 1864, allocates users segments using classification information 1872 user information 1870 and segment. The scheduler makes decisions as to how the users should be allocated to any segments of conventional or baseline signals and how the users should be allocated to any segments flare signals in accordance with the invention. Some specific users, such as those available high power and in which there are small amounts of information for transmission, may be better suited for use flashing alarms than other users that wish to transmit large amounts of information and have a limit of available power. Some specific types of channels may be more suitable for use flashing alarm. For example, many mobile communication systems, the control channels transmitted on the broadcast power that is displaced due to the presence of mobile users with the weakest channel. Flashes alarm is well suited for such applications, and its use can often lead to a reduction in power with a small loss of reliability or even in the absence of such a loss. Using the information 1872 the labeling and information 1870 segment scheduler 1838 can fit users with low signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the downlink to the normal segments in the channel, while users with high SNR can be adapted to flashing, for example, "protected" , segments in the channel.

Transmitter control module 1844 uses the data / information 1832 including information 1 1854 transmit N information 1856 transmission terminal ID 1864, data 1866 and information segments 1870 for generation of transmission signals and control the operation of the transmitters 1810, 1814 in accordance with the invention. For example, the transmitter control module 1844 can control the transmitter 1810 for encoding its encoder 1812 sets the information included in the transmission information 1 1854, a signal, for example, conventional or baseline signal which the transmitter 1 can transmit module 1810 controls the transmitter 1844 can encode information sets including N information 1856 in transmission flashing or protected signal using a set of SBM corresponding information 1856. The transmission control module 1844 can control the N transmitter 1814 for encoding its encoder 1816 sets the information included in the information transmission 1854 N, into a signal which can transmit N transmitter 1816. For example, the communication control module 1844 may encode a set of information included in the information transmission 1856 N during flashing signal using a set of SBM corresponding information 1856. Alternatively, in various embodiments, transmitters 1810, 1814 can be used only transmitter that internally combines or mixes the signal, based on January 1854 data transmission and data transmission N 1856 running the transmitter control module 1844. This mixing operation may involve the imposition of a flare and conventional signaling prior to transmission and / or selective formation of one set of SBM transmission comprising each of the elements of a flashing signal in the normal signal elements that are not included in a flashing signal.

Receiver control module 1846 controls operation of receiver 1802, 1804 for receiving the combined signal and extracting the two sets of information, such as information receiver 1850 and 1 N information receiver 1852 in accordance with the invention. The admission process under the control of a receiver control module 1846 may include control of decoders 1803, 1805, and management of other elements in the receiver. In some embodiments, receiver control module 1846 controls the pulse noise filters, filters the background noise and error correction modules receivers 1802, 1804. In some embodiments, the control module controls the receiver identification module MEP 2nd signal in a receiver, such as receiver 1804 N, and module discarding other receivers, such as receiver 1 1802 and sends the identified information 1858 MTU from receiver N 1804 to the receiver 1 1802, which allows the receiver 1 1802 to remove MEP which includes information of a flashing signal from the information flow to the detection module errors, which is trying to restore a normal data signal.

Error correction module 1840 operates in conjunction with the detection module and correction of errors that can be included in receivers 1802 1804 or instead of it. The ability to detect and correct errors incorporated in the receivers 1802, 1804 and / or module 1840 allows the base station 1800 to recover information sets corresponding to sets of information before transmission, even though the (normal or baseline) signal representing a set of information prior to transmission, was subjected to a superposition of the second signal is a flashing (flashing signal) or "punctured", for example, by replacing some MTU second signal (flashing signal). In some embodiments, the MEP corresponding to the second set of information completely overlap the MEP corresponding to the first set of information. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the MEP corresponding to the first set of information is fully occupied by the transmission unit.

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary end node (wireless terminal) 1900 in accordance with the present invention. Exemplary end node 1900 may be used in any of the end nodes 1708, 1710, 1708 ', 1710' of FIG. 17. Exemplary end node 1900, e.g., the wireless terminal may be a mobile terminal, mobile phone, mobile node, fixed wireless device, etc. As used herein, references to the end node 1900 may be understood as any corresponding wireless terminal, mobile node, etc. Wireless terminals may be mobile units or fixed devices that support the wireless link. Exemplary end node 1900 includes a plurality of receivers, the receiver 1 1902, receiver 1904 N, a plurality of transmitters, a transmitter 1 1910 N transmitter 1912, a processor 1926, such as a CPU, and a memory 1930 connected by a bus 1928. Various elements 1902, 1904, 1910, 1912, 1926, 1930 can perform the exchange of information and data on the bus 1928.

Receivers 1902, 1904 and receivers 1910, 1912 are connected to antennas 1906, 1908 and 1914, 1916, respectively, allowing the end node, such as the wireless terminal 1900 to communicate, such as exchange of data and information with base station 1800 in the cellular coverage is running wireless terminal 1900. Each receiver 1902, 1904 may include a decoder 1918, and 1920, respectively, receives and decodes signaling, encoded and transmitted by the base station 1800. The receivers 1902, 1904 can be any of the exemplary receiver presented in unit 5 1502 at 15, the device 15 for 6 1532 7 1562 or device 16 for such receivers (1506, 1508), (1536, 1542), (1563, 1564) or modifications thereof. Receivers 1902, 1904 in accordance with the invention, capable of receiving a combined signal comprising a conventional or baseline signal and flashing signal and retrieve sets of data corresponding to an initial set of data before transmission. Each transmitter 1910, 1912 may include an encoder 1922, 1946, which encodes signaling prior to transmission. The transmitters 1910, 1912 can be any of the exemplary transmitter provided in the device 1 and device 2 1302 1308 of Figure 13, the device 3 of Fig. 4 apparatus 14 or 1410 of FIG. 14, such as transmitters (1304 and 1310), (1404), (1412) or modifications thereof. The transmitters 1910, 1912, in accordance with the invention can transmit one or more of the following: conventional or base signal, a flashing signal and / or the combined signal.

Memory 1930 includes routines 1932 and data / information 1934. The processor 1926 controls operation of end node 1900 by performing the subprogram 1932 and using data / information 1934 in memory 1930 for receivers 1902, transmitters 1904 and 1910, 1912 to perform desktop management basic functional the base station and managing new features and improvements of the present invention, including generation and transmission of the combined signals, the combined reception signals, separating the combined signal to the normal or baseline information signal and the information signal is flashing, the separation and recovery of information.

Routines 1932 include communications routines 1936 and subroutines 1938 wireless terminal control. Sub-control wireless terminal 1938 includes a module 1940 controls the transmitter module 1942 controls the receiver module 1946 fixes. Data / information 1934 includes user data 1947, information 1948 Identification (ID) of the terminal, the received information 1 1950, received information N 1952, information 1 1954 transmit information N 1956 transmit information 1958 identified MEP, information 1960 segment information 1962 As information about 1964 and the Base Station ID.

User data 1947 includes data to be transmitted to the base station 1800, and data received from the base station 1800, and intermediate data, such as involved in the decoding process when restoring the detected information. About 1 1954 transmission may include a set of information that may correspond to the first signal, such as a conventional or baseline signal, information defining a transmission unit MTU, which may be used to transmit the first signal, information specifying a first set MTU that will be used for determining the signal information which is modulated on a first set MTU for determining a first signal information defining what MEP corresponding to the information of the first signal to be transmitted, such as the base station 1800. In some embodiments, each of the MTU delivering first a set of information data to be transmitted to the base station 1800. In other embodiments, the base station 1800 should be transmitted most MTU delivering the first set of information. Information N 1956 transmission may include a set of information that may correspond to the second signal, for example, flare signal, information defining a transmission unit MTU, which can be used for transmitting the second signal, for example, a base station information defining the second set MTU which will be used to determine a second signal information to be modulated on a second set of SBM for determining a second signal. The received information 1 1950 includes a first set of recovered data from the receiver 1, 1902, for example, information corresponding to the first set of base station information before transmission. The first set of recovered information could be retrieved, for example, conventional or baseline signal. 1952 N received information includes a second set of recovered information from receiver N, 1904, for example, information corresponding to a second set of base station information before transmission. The second set of recovered information may be reconstructed, e.g., from a flashing signal.

Regular and flashing light, each defining an initial set of data before sending share some common MEP. Information identified MTU 1958 may include a set of identified MEP in the second or flashing signal, the set of identified MTU could be obtained receiver decoder 1920 N. identified MTU information 1958 may be sent to the receiver in January 1902, and receiver 1902 may exclude the MEP before transmitting the received signal to the error correction decoder 1918, or alternatively, the identified MTU information 1958 may be sent to the error correction unit 1946 in the memory and / or correction at the decoder module 1918.

The information terminal ID 1948 is an ID assigned to the base station. Information Base Station ID 1964 includes information such as a profiled value that can be used to identify the particular base station with which the wireless terminal has a connection 1900. Using the information the base station ID 1964 and ID 1948 of the terminal, a wireless terminal may determine the hopping sequence data and management. Information 1962 about the quality may include the information from the detected pilot signal quality measurements and reports downlink interference levels, power information, such as the current transmission rate and the power level of the battery, SNR, etc. Information 1962 about the quality may be returned to the base station 1800 for use in the labeling of the receivers as the "stronger" or "weaker" the receiver to assist the base station 1800 in the planning and allocation, including the selection of conventional or base segment of a flashing segment in accordance with the present invention. Segment information 1960 may include information defining segments, allocated to the user in terms of the type of use, such as a traffic channel, the channel selection, the channel request; characteristics, such as MTU, the frequency / phase and while OFDM tone-symbols; the type of signals used for the segment, such as standard or base, as opposed to flash.

Subroutine 1934 connection includes a variety of applications for communication, which can be used to provide a particular service, such as IP-telephony services, text services and / or conducting of interactive gaming, to one or more end node users.

Routines 1938 managing wireless terminal controls the basic functionality of the wireless terminal 1900 including the operation of the transmitter 1910, 1912 and receivers 1902, 1904, generating a signal and reception, including the hopping sequence data / control, management and control of state power. Routines 1938 and wireless terminal control run novel features and improvements of the present invention, including generation and transmission of the combined signals, the combined reception signals, separating the combined signal to the normal or baseline information signal and the information signal is a flashing separation and recovery information.

The module 1940 controls the transmitter can use the data / information 1934 including information 1 1954 transmit information N 1956 transmission, ID 1948 of the terminal, the user data 1947 and information 1960 segment for generating transmission signals and control the operation of the transmitters 1910, 1912 in accordance with the present invention. For example, the transmitter control module 1940 can control the transmitter 1910 for encoding its encoder 1922 sets the information included in the information transmission 1 1, 1954, in the normal or baseline signal that can be transmitted by the transmitter module 1910. 1 1940 can control the transmitter to control the transmitter 1912 to N its coding encoder 1924 sets the information included in the information transmission 1956 N, in a flashing or protected signal using a set of SBM corresponding information in information 1956. Alternatively, in various embodiments, transmitters 1910, 1912 can be used by a single transmitter, that is internally It combines or mixes the signal from the information transmission 1 1954 and 1956 N information transmission unit 1844 under the control of the transmitter control. This mixing operation may involve the imposition of a flare and conventional signaling prior to transfer and / or selective formation of one set of SBM transmission comprising each of the elements of a flashing signal in the normal signal elements that are not included in a flashing signal.

Receiver control module 1942 controls the operation of the receivers 1902, 1904 for receiving the combined signal and extracting the two sets of information, such as information receiver 1 1950 and 1952 N information receiver in accordance with the present invention. The admission process under the control of a receiver control module 1942 may include control of decoders 1918, 1920, and other elements of the control receivers. In some embodiments, receiver control module 1942 controls the pulse noise filters, filters the background noise and error detection receiver modules 1902, 1904. In some embodiments, receiver control module 1942 controls the identification module MEP 2nd signal in a receiver, such as receiver N 1904 module and discarding other receivers, such as receiver 1 1902, and transmits information 1858 identified MTU from receiver N 1904 to the receiver 1 1902, which allows the receiver 1 1902 to remove MEP which includes information of a flashing signal from the data stream arriving at the module error correction, which is trying to restore a normal data signal.

Error correction module 1946 operates in conjunction with an error correction module that can be incorporated into the receivers 1902, 1904 or instead of it. The ability to detect and correct errors, provided in the receivers 1902, 1904 and / or module 1846 allows a wireless terminal 1900 to restore the information sets corresponding to sets of information prior to transmission, despite the fact that the (normal or baseline) signal representing a set of information before transmission It was subjected to the imposition of the second flashing signal (flashing signal) or "puncture", such as the replacement of some (some) MEP second signal (flashing signal).

Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique in which the transmitter concentrating its energy on a subset of degrees of freedom employed codeword. For example, pulse-position modulation is one illustration of keying where the transmitter uses energy only in those positions in which the transmitted "1", and disabled when transmitted "0". Pulse-position modulation can transmit log2 (M) bits, concentrating the energy in one of the M positions. Additional bits may be transmitted using the positive and negative pulses. EXAMPLE pulse-position modulation is represented in Figure 3. FIG. Figure 3 shows the 300 time slots 32, such as the exemplary individual timeslot 302. The energy is concentrated in the 17th time slot 306 and is represented by pulse 304. In Figure 3 five bits of information can be transmitted using the 32 locations or time intervals, if the pulse 304 can only be in one direction, for instance positive. 3 is six bits of information can be transmitted using the 32 locations or slots, if the pulse 304 may be positive or negative. Generally speaking, in a generalized amplitude modulation information can be transmitted in two ways: firstly, placing the energy within the degrees of freedom employed codeword and, secondly, the information contained in the signals that occupy that location. For example, if the channel can be estimated in the mobile terminal using the reference signal, the information can be coded in phase and / or amplitude in addition to the information encoded in the location of energy of a generalized amplitude-modulated signal. This form of generalized keying referred to in this document as a flashing alarm. Typically, the paradigm flare signaling the concentration of energy is limited to small subset of the available degrees of freedom.

Flare signaling can be used in accordance with the present invention. It should lead flashing simple examples of encoding in accordance with the present invention. Assume that the embodiment of the invention applied to a digital communication system that uses BPSK signaling. In the example described, we assume that the air link resource includes 16 symbols. For example, in the exemplary system, a multiple access OFDM spread spectrum, these 16 symbols air link resource can be 16 orthogonal tones in a symbol period, OFDM, or one tone in 16 symbol periods OFDM, or any appropriate combination of the tones and symbol periods ( for example, four tones in the four OFDM symbol periods).

Figure 4 superimposed signal 400 includes a conventional signal 420 which is transmitted using a code word whose energy is distributed to all 16 BPSK symbols that shown in Figure 4 small rectangles with no shading. Average codeword may be created using, for example, a convolutional code. Assume that the signal must pass protected 5 information bits. In this embodiment, the 5-protected bits can be transmitted using the character position 430 with high power, as shown in Figure 4 only one large shaded rectangle. Protected signal comprises a BPSK symbol 430 transmitted with high power, whereas the usual signal 420 with the energy distributed over 16 symbols, superimposed on it. It should be noted that the symbol BPSK signal may be protected in any of the 16 different positions of the symbol. To provide links to the 4 identified 1st symbol 401 and 16th symbol 416. For example, in Figure 4. BPSK symbol is transmitted on the 9th character. Therefore, the position of the symbol transmits 4 bits of 5 bits protected information. Furthermore, the phase (e.g., character) of the symbol BPSK transmits 5th protected bits.

To see the advantage of the coding scheme of the present invention compared to the classical superposition coding scheme, we consider the construction of a stronger receiver. Stronger receiver can use the concept of sequential decoding. A stronger receiver first decodes the protected signal, or, in the alternative, then subtracts it from the composite received signal and finally decodes the regular signal, or, as an alternative, indicating a weaker receiver so that he threw tones, which found a large signal. It should be noted that with the new coding scheme of the present invention, even if the neutralization is not perfect, a conventional codeword damage will be limited to one or a few characters, so that the receiver can minimize the adverse impact damage. For example, in the decoding procedure, the receiver may ignore character that conventional busy signal. In this case, the neutralization step is to implement deletion in a particular location with the possibility of use of the symbol error correction code to compensate for this loss.

In the above example of Figure 4, each symbol of 16 symbols BPSK air link resource is a degree of freedom. Neutral signal distributes its energy on all these 16 degrees of freedom. Meanwhile, each codeword protected signal concentrates its energy in one of the 16 degrees of freedom. It should be noted that the flashing signal, as defined in the above embodiment, is an orthogonal code. However, the invention is not caused by any of the properties of orthogonal codewords.

Further disclosed is the design of a transmitter for use with coding effected in accordance with the present invention. The above example illustrates aspects of the invention and methods that may be implemented and used in various communication systems. This method of applying the signals by the secure signal energy concentration on a small subset of the available degrees of freedom, in conventional power distribution signal, substantially all the available degrees of freedom, called herein a flashing coded overlay. Protected codeword denoted as "flashing signal", and the usual codeword denoted as "normal beep" or "base signal" in this discussion. While, generally speaking, the approach is to transmit the protected content using a flashing signal in the usual and customary information signals, in some embodiments, it may be formed vice versa.

Flare system, in accordance with the invention provides a method of applying signals which can reliably use superposition coding efficiency in practical receivers. Generally speaking, a flashing signal and the normal signal is transmitted using the same set of transmission resources. However, each codeword flashing signal concentrates its energy on a small subset of the available degrees of freedom. Each codeword regular signal can distribute their energy for each of the available degrees of freedom. For easy detection and decoding of a flashing signal is desired to be more energy was high, and in some embodiments, the energy was significantly higher than the average signal in the selected subset of degrees of freedom corresponding flare signal. This relatively higher concentration of energy in a selected subset of sparking is allowed even when the total energy of the regular signal is higher than the total energy of a flashing signal. Finally, for easy detection and signal decoding normal exposure to the usual flashing signal codeword should be minimized. In other words, the loss of energy in the selected subset of degrees of freedom involved flashing signal should have little effect on normal decoding codeword.

Selection of the transmission power of a flashing signal and the regular signal depends on several factors, including (a) the target SIR of a flashing both receivers and conventional signals; (b) data transmission speeds for flash and normal signals; and (c) a method of constructing a code and customary flashing signals. Generally speaking, the power can be selected independently to meet their own reliability and performance requirements of the coding. Furthermore, a flashing alarm may be performed in an opportunistic way for maximum flexibility. More specifically, the transmitter may, depending on the situation, not to select the transmission of a flashing signal, and use a large portion of its available power to transmit the regular signal. Alternatively, the transmitter may select the appropriate transmission of a flashing signal with most of the available capacity and it is not customary to select the transmission signal.

Further disclosed receiver design for use in encoding, effected in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, the receiver first decodes the flashing signal. Flashing signal can be detected in the receiver, since it is taken at a much higher power than the normal codeword in a small subset of degrees of freedom. The receiver then removes the effects of flashing signal before attempting to decode the normal code word. In the case of the classical superposition coding, decoding involves neutralization protected codeword and subtracting this from the composite received signal. During sparking superposition coding in one embodiment, the receiver discards the full signal received in a subset of the degrees of freedom of the decoded codeword of a flashing signal, when the receiver must decode the regular signal. As usual signal spreads its signal energy over all degrees of freedom, eliminating the signal energy in a small subset of the degrees of freedom must be small or negligible value for operating conventional decoding the codeword for error detection and correction capabilities of the decoder.

In another embodiment, the receiver does not explicitly neutralize flashing signal before it decodes the regular signal. Instead, the receiver decodes the regular signal directly from the received composite signal, which may include a flashing signal. The receiver uses soft metrics associated with saturation and circulation. Consequently, the flashing signal is used to saturate or substantially eliminate the signal component in the subset of degrees of freedom, which he took, but has little impact on the performance of a conventional decoding codeword. Furthermore, if the receiver is not interested in sparking signal, the receiver may merely decode the regular signal without decoding a flashing signal, and in this case, the receiver may not even be aware of the presence of a flashing signal which can be perceived and / or considered a pulse or background noise.

Further disclosed embodiment of the control channel of the present invention. This section will describe an embodiment with reference to the control channel of the exemplary system. The control channel in this example carries information from the base station 1702 to the broadcast downlink to a plurality of movable members 1708, 1710 in a cellular wireless communication system 1700, as shown in Figure 17. In most cellular wireless systems control channels are transmitted with the broadcast capacity, as the moving force to the users with the weakest channel. Flashing alarm is well suited for this application in this scenario leads to a significant reduction in power loss of reliability at low or no such loss.

It is assumed that the information transferred on the control channel may be divided into multiple subsets, each of which is assumed for one or more subsets of the mobile users in the system. In this example, we assume that the control channel information may be divided into two subsets. The first subset is designated as "normal information" and is intended for those mobile users who are experiencing downlink SNR from moderate to high. The second subset is designated as "protected information" and is intended for a subset of users that have a very low SNR downlink.

In the example it suggests that the air link resource includes 32 characters. For example, in the exemplary system, a multiple access OFDM spread spectrum air link resource can be 32 orthogonal tones in a symbol period, OFDM, or one tone 32 symbol period, OFDM, or any appropriate combination of the tones and symbol periods (e.g., 4 8 tones in OFDM symbol periods).

As shown in the signal 500 superimposed on Figure 5, the normal information 540 represented by small rectangles without shading, in this example, is transmitted using a code word of 32 symbols. The first location 501 symbols and 32 th symbol position 532 shown for reference. This code word is transmitted with a power that is sufficient for decoding a subset of users who are experiencing moderate or high SNR. Low SNR users are unlikely to be able to decode the code word, and therefore power requirements are much lower than those which would be necessary if the codeword was decoded to each of the movable members. This difference in the ability to decode the codeword is particularly true in a wireless environment in which mobile users can experience SNR that varies by several orders of magnitude. Protected information that is intended for a subset of mobile users with a low SIR is transmitted using a flashing signal 550, as shown in FIG. 5 four large rectangles with shading. In this embodiment, it is assumed that each secure codeword concentrates its energy in four symbol locations 502, 512, 520, 530. The four sets of character locations are assumed in this example are not overlapping, thus to 8 orthogonal sets, each of which includes 4 symbol locations themselves. Generally speaking, however, in other constructions the codeword sets may overlap partially or completely. The concentration of energy protected codeword in more than one location symbol is important in terms of providing diversity in cellular wireless systems and provides a greater degree of protection against channel attenuation and interference.

In the example of Figure 5 each set of protected code word bits 3 transmits only its location. Assume that k is an index of 8 different sets of characters air link resource. Assuming that these 32 characters air link resource indexed from 0 to 31. For k = 0, ..., 7 characters air link resource k-th position of the character set are symbols k, k + 8, k + 16 and k + 24.

When a codeword of a flashing signal includes plural symbols using the symbols can be given additional information bits. Assume that {q0, ql, q2, q3} denote the four symbols to be transmitted from the four symbols air link resource of any of the eight sets of characters air link resource. In one embodiment, {q0, ql, q2, q3} can be created 4 Walsh codes of length 4, as shown in Table 1. Selection q0, ql, q2, q3, or causes additional 2 bits transmitted by selecting these 4 codewords .

This information may be decoded by the mobile receiver in a simple manner. The mobile receiver can identify the location of a flashing signal because of its higher energy, which is used to identify the locations of 3-bit character set. Then it extracts the characters that include a flashing signal, and decodes the remaining 2 bits. This construction example of a codeword results in the codewords having unequal error protection property. Bits that distinguish the location of a flashing signal is received with maximum reliability. This is especially true when transmitting a flashing signal on the wireless channel, since only one of the four locations of the symbol must be obtained to determine the set codeword. Finding q0, ql, q2 and q3 may be more subject to errors of damping channel or interference. Alternatively, the receiver may use a more complex decoder type maximum likelihood decoder, to decode the complete flashing signal. It should again be noted that the present invention is not due to the use of orthogonal codes to flare signals, as shown in this example.

This concept can be directly extended to multi-dimensional sets and modulation. For example, if to be used BPSK modulation can be sent to another phase bits (i.e., sign) codeword of a flashing signal. Furthermore, if to be used QPSK modulation, an additional one bit can be sent with the choice of either in-phase or quadrature signal.

Table 1 Design of orthogonal codes to flare signalahIndeks codeword {q0, q1, q2, q3} value Bit0 {+ + + +} 1 {+ + - -} 2 {+ - + -} 3 {+ - - +}

Next, a flashing alarm channels in a multiple access in accordance with the present invention. Although the invention has been disclosed above in the paradigm of the broadcast channel, it is also applicable to the structure of a multiple access channel. This aspect of the invention will be described in the context of uplink cellular communication channel which is the multiple access of the exemplary system. Consider a base station receiver that receives signals from two mobile transmitters on the uplink. Since 1702, the base station is also coordinated object, it can distinguish between the two transmitters in a relative sense. Assume that the mobile transmitter that operates on the channel with lower path loss is defined as the "stronger" the transmitter and the other transmitter, which is experiencing higher path loss, considered the "weaker" transmitter. The base station instructs the weaker transmitter to transmit its signal by distributing the energy of the signal in each of the degrees of freedom, while the more powerful transmitter is instructed to focus their energy transmission to several degrees of freedom. The received composite signal 600 at the receiver of the base station 1802 is presented in Figure 6. Receiver 1802 base station can easily decode and exclude flashing signal 610 represented by a large shaded rectangle transmitted from the "stronger" transmitter before decoding of weak signal 620, represented by small rectangles with no shading, transmitted from the "weaker" transmitter.

Classification of mobile transmitters on the "stronger" or "weaker" is not static and is a relative definition, allowing some flexibility within the system. Determination of mobile transmitters as being "stronger" or "weaker" may be associated with other criteria in lieu of or in addition to the path loss on the uplink channel under test. Such designation or classification as a "stronger" or "weaker" mobile transmitter in some embodiments can be applied in the context of the costs caused by the interference in the uplink provider. For example, the mobile transmitter, which leads to high interference on the uplink in other cells can be considered "weaker" the transmitter and, therefore, can be instructed by the base station to transmit its signal energy is distributed at each of the degrees of freedom. On the other hand, the mobile transmitter that has a low cost from interference due to its location, can be considered "stronger" the transmitter and can use the flashing superposition coding to superimpose a signal on the signal "weaker" transmitter. Alternatively, in some embodiments, mobile transmitters may be divided into "stronger" or "weaker" based on restriction device, such as power or battery condition.

Flashes signaling in the exemplary system should be open in accordance with the methods and devices of the present invention. In an exemplary wireless transmission system the air link resource generally includes a bandwidth, time and power. Air link resource that transports data and / or voice traffic is called the traffic channel. In the exemplary system, data is transmitted on the traffic channel in traffic channel segments (traffic segments - for brevity). Traffic segment can serve basic or minimum units available traffic channel resources. Traffic segments for downlink traffic data conveyed from the base station to wireless terminals, whereas the traffic segments in the uplink traffic data is transported from wireless terminals to the base station. In the exemplary system, a traffic segment includes a number of frequency tones in a finite time interval.

In the exemplary system used to disclose the invention, traffic segments are dynamically shared by wireless terminals 1708, 1710 that communicate with the base station 1702. The scheduling function, e.g., module 1838 in base station 1800 allocates each uplink and downlink segment to one of the mobile terminals 1708, 1710 based on a number of criteria. Isolation of traffic segments can be carried out in segments to different users. For example, in Figure 7 the graph 700 of frequency on vertical axis 702 vs time on horizontal axis 704, segment A 706, illustrated with vertical hatching, the base station scheduler allocate to user # 1 and the segment B 708, illustrated with horizontal hatching, the user is isolated # 2. The scheduler of the base station can quickly allocate traffic channel segments to different users according to their traffic needs and channel conditions, which may typically vary over time. The traffic channel is thus effectively dynamically allocated to different users and used by them jointly on a per-hop basis. In the exemplary system, assignment information of traffic channel segments is transported through the channel allocation, which includes a series of assignment segments. In a cellular wireless system such as the system 1700 shown in Figure 17, the assignment segments are generally transmitted on the downlink. There segments for allocation of traffic segments in the downlink of individual segments and for allocating the traffic segments in the uplink. Each traffic segment is associated with a unique assignment segment. Bound assignment segment assignment information transmits the traffic segment. Assignment information may include an identifier of the user terminal (s) that is dedicated to the use of a traffic segment, as well as coding and modulation scheme, which is used in the traffic segment. Figure 8 is a graph 800 with a vertical axis 802 representing frequency and a horizontal axis 804 representing time. 8 shows two assignment segments, segment A 'selection (AS A') 806 and assignment segment B '(AS B') 808, which transmit assignment information of traffic segments A (TSA) 810 and B (TSB) 812. Channel allocating a shared channel resource. Users, such as wireless terminals receive assignment information transmitted in the channel allocation, and then use the traffic channel segments according to the assignment information.

Data transmitted by the base station 1702 in traffic segment downlink, the receiver decodes the assigned wireless terminal 1708, 1710, and data is transmitted by a wireless terminal dedicated 1708, 1710 in the uplink segment is decoded by a receiver in the base station typically transmits a segment 1702. includes redundant bits that help the receiver to determine whether the decoded data. This is done because the wireless channel may be unreliable as suitable for use in data traffic typically sets high requirements for integrity.

By virtue of the interference noise and / or the damping channel in the wireless transmission system of the traffic segment may succeed or fail. In the exemplary system, the traffic segment receiver sends an acknowledgment to indicate whether the segment has been received correctly. Acknowledgment information corresponding to the traffic channel segments is transported in the acknowledgment channel, which includes a series of acknowledgment segments. Each traffic segment is associated with a unique acknowledgment segment. For traffic segment downlink acknowledgment segment is in the uplink. For traffic segments in the uplink acknowledgment segment is in the downlink. At least one-bit acknowledgment segment transmits information, e.g., a bit indicating whether the corresponding traffic segment is received correctly or not. By pre-determined relationship between the traffic segments in the uplink acknowledgment segments and there may be no need to transfer other information such as a user ID or index of the segment in the acknowledgment segment. Acknowledgment segment typically uses the user terminal, such as a wireless terminal 1 708, 1710, which uses the associated traffic segment and not other user terminals. Thus, both links (uplink and downlink) the acknowledgment channel is a shared resource because it can be used by many users. However, normally it is not absent competitive, that may be the result of sharing channel acknowledgment, since usually no uncertainty as to which of the user terminals have to use a particular acknowledgment segment. 9 shows a graph of traffic segments 900 in the downlink having a vertical axis 902 represents frequency, the horizontal axis 904 represents time, first traffic segment, segment A 906 traffic (TS) and a second segment of the TSB 908 traffic. Figure 9 also shows a second graph 905 segments an acknowledgment (ACK) on the uplink, having a vertical axis 952 representing frequency and a horizontal axis 954 representing time. Figure 9 furthermore shows two segment A "956 and V" 958 for confirming the uplink acknowledgment information are transmitted traffic segments A 906 and B 908 on the downlink from the wireless terminal 1708 to base station 1702.

As described above, the exemplary system 1700 may be a cellular wireless system transmitting and processing packet-switched data from traffic segments, allocated dynamically by the base station 1702 for the downlink and uplink. The application of the invention to the exemplary system 1700 will now be described in the context of the cellular downlink. Assume that the base station 1702 can in this way as time slicing, to allocate two traffic segments at a time. Selection of users for whom are these segments are broadcasting on channel allocation. Suppose further without prejudice to the generality of the description, one of these two members is operated at a lower SNR than other user. In this context, these two users are regarded as mutually "stronger" and "weaker".

10 is a graph of frequency on the vertical axis 1002 as a function of time on horizontal axis 1004. Figure 10 also contains the A (normal) 1006 segment allocation (ASG), A traffic channel segment 1008 (TCHa), A (flashing) acknowledgment segment 1010 (ACKf), In 1005 a flashing segment allocation (ASGf), B traffic channel segment 1007 (TCHb) and B segment 1009 acknowledgment (ACKr) 1009. ASGf 1005 is within the frequency spectrum ASGr ACKf 1006. 1010 is within the frequency Spectrum ACKr 1009.

As shown in Figure 10, the allocation information for the stronger user, (ASGr), 1006 is transmitted using a normal signal on channel allocation, whereas the information, (ASGf), 1005 for the weaker user is transmitted using a flashing signal. Stronger receiver learns from his (usually) the appointment that he had received a traffic segment, denoted TCHa 1008 while the weaker receiver the same way it shall notify the corresponding traffic segment indicated TCHb 1007, signaled by a flashing way isolation (ASGf) 1005. In an exemplary system for mobile receivers 1708, 1710 provide acknowledgment feedback on the uplink to the base station 1702, to indicate the status of the received traffic segment.

Two mobile users 1708, 1710 may use the flashing alarm to impose their acknowledgment signals, as shown in Figure 10. For this purpose, it assumes that the "stronger" the receiver on the downlink is stronger transmitter on the uplink and hence reports confirmed using a flashing signal (ACKf) 1010. Weaker receiver distributes the energy of its acknowledgment signal for each of degrees of freedom, and it informs the base station 1702 in the form of a conventional signal (ACKr) 1009.

Next examined bandwidth mobile wireless system according to the flashing alarm. Mobile wireless systems are typically n omehozavisimymi and their capacity depends on the quantity and characteristics of external interference. Using the flashing alarm has a very significant impact on the levels of interference. A well-known information-theoretical result is that among all the noise signals with the same energy, Gaussian noise results in the lowest bandwidth. Flashing signals, because of their design, have peaks are completely Gaussian in nature. Consequently, for the same total amount of interference when a cell in a wireless system using flashing signals, the effect of these signals (such as noise) on other cells is less than it would be using signals such as Gaussian. This applies to the tracks uplinks as well as routes for downlink cellular wireless systems.

Figure 11 shows two exemplary sets of information, the first set of information 1150 and information 1160 of the second set which may be transmitted using a transmission unit in accordance with the present invention. The first set information 1150 includes information 1151 A1, A2 information 1152, information 1153 AN; a second set of information 1160 includes information B1 1161 1162 B2 information, information BN 1163. The first set of information may be, for example, user data, secretions or evidence. The second set of information may be, for example, user data, confirm or secretions. Figure 11 also shows a graph 1100 of minimum transmission units (MTU), in which the vertical axis represents frequency tones, while horizontal axis 1104 represents time. FIG. 11, each small rectangle belongs to a particular module MEP example section 1112 is a one degree of freedom that can be used to transmit information. Each time slot on the horizontal axis, for example the time interval 1110 represents the time for transmitting MTU, e.g. OFDM symbol time. Each box 11, such an exemplary square 1114 is a module MEP. Each MTU corresponds to a unique combination of resources used for transmitting information, wherein said combination of resources includes at least two of time, frequency, phase and a spreading code. In an OFDM system MTU can be frequency or phase in time, e.g. inphase or quadrature component in OFDM tone-symbol. In a CDMA system, MEP module may be, for example, a spreading code allocated for the module time. Exemplary transmission unit 1106, shown in Figure 11, is a set of 24 MEP. Information for the first set of information 1150 is defined by the first set of minimum transmission units. The first set of minimum transmission units identified by a square with a diagonal line ascending from left to right in 1116. Exemplary first set of MTU 15 includes MEP such an exemplary MTU 1120 is set in the first MTU. The first set of MEP includes, at least in the majority of SBM transmission unit 1106 in accordance with the invention. In some embodiments, the first set of MEP includes at least 75% SBM block 1106. EXAMPLE transmission of FIG. 11 is an embodiment, which includes a first set of MTU 15/20 of the total number of SBM block 1106 = 75%. Information for the second set of information 1160 is defined by the second set of minimum transmission units. The second set of minimum transmission units identified by a square with a diagonal line descending from left to right in 1118. Second an exemplary set of minimum transmission units includes 3 MEP. In accordance with the invention, the second set includes a MTU smaller MTU than the first MTU set and some of the MEP in the first and second sets of MTU are the same. For example, in Figure 11 two MTU included in both sets, MEP 1122 and MEP 1123. In some embodiments, the second set of MEP has less than half the number of the first set of SBM SBM; 11 is an illustration of such an embodiment. Information in the first and second sets of information 1150, 1160 may be transmitted, e.g., from base station 1702 to wireless terminal 1708, 1710, using a minimum transmission unit included in the first and second sets of minimum transmission units.

12 shows a graph 1200 depending minimum transmission units (MTU) on vertical axis 1202 vs time on horizontal axis 1204. Figure 12 shows an exemplary transmitting unit 1205 comprising 1600 MTU. The first set of data can be represented by a first set of MEP, including a majority of MEP 1600 in block 1205 transfers. Block 1205 transfer, in accordance with the invention, may be divided into sub-blocks. 11 is a block transmission of the MEP 1205 is divided into 16 sub-blocks MEP, each subunit contains 100 MEP. Each small square such an exemplary square 1206 includes the subblock MTU. In some embodiments, the first set of SBM may be subdivided into smaller sets of information, each set contains the first set of sub-block in a separate MTU. The combination of small sets of information represent the first set of information that is encoded on most large blocks 1205 transmission. An exemplary sub-block 1207 illustrates 100 typical MTU of an exemplary sub-block. Exemplary sub-blocks 1208 illustrates 100 typical MEP another sub-block. The individual MEP other sub-block transmission unit 1205 are not shown, but each of the other sub-blocks may be considered similar to an exemplary sub-block 1207. Each sub-block is in the range of MTU. Each diagonal line rising from left to right and crosses the circle represents an individual MEP, which is used to provide information in the first set of information. Each diagonal line descending from left to right and crosses the circle represents an individual MEP, which is used to provide information in the second set of information. Figure 12 is an exemplary MTU 1208 is a MEP used to represent a first set of information; an exemplary MTU 1211 is another MEP used for the submission of the first set of information. Exemplary MTU 1209 is not used for the presentation of information in the first set or the second set of information in the case, although it is composed of Exemplified block 1205 transfers. Thus, in the shown time, MEP 1209 is not used to carry signals corresponding to the first or second data sets. Exemplary MTU 1210 is used for displaying information in the first information set and the second set of information.

In the example of Figure 12, each sub-block, for example sub-block 1207 can be used to provide information that uniquely represents a portion of the first set of information that uniquely identifies the small sub-block MEP. However, the second set of information may be a set of information, such as 10-bit information. To transmit a unique 10-bit information, you may need 210 = 1024 possible minimum transmission units. Can be used in 1205 block transfer opportunities are available from 1600 the minimum transmission units and the only MEP, selected to represent a specific value of 10-bit information. In this example, the SBM 1210 is a MEP used for the supply of information of the second set of information, the transmission information. Figure 12 shows a case in which each of the MEP, included in the second set of MEP is also included in the first set of MEP.

Figure 13 illustrates one method 1301 of transmitting two sets of information, such as information sets 1150 and 1160 of Figure 11, in accordance with the invention. FIG. 13 comprises a first device, such as device 1 1302 includes a transmitter, a transmitter 1, 1304 and a second device, for example device 2 1308 includes a transmitter, the transmitter 2 1310. Each device may be, for example, a base station or wireless terminal type those shown in Figure 17. The first set of information signals transmitted by 1150, for example one of the signal 1306 transmitted by the signal transmitter 1 1304. 1 1306 sometimes called a conventional or baseline signal. The second set of information signals transmitted by 1160, for example 1 signal 1312 transmitted by the transmitter 2 1310. Signal 2 is sometimes called a flashing signal. In the exemplary case of Figure 13 the signal 1 1306 uses the first set of minimum transmission units, while signal 2 1312 will use the second set of minimum transmission units. Some of the first set of SBM transmitted by transmitter 1 1304 will be the same as some of the second set of SBM, which leads to an overlapping of signal 1 and signal 2 1306 1312.

Figure 14 shows two method of transmission of two sets of information, such as information sets 1150 and 1160 of FIG. 11, in accordance with the invention. In the first method, illustrated in Figure 14, an exemplary device 3 1402, e.g. a base station or wireless terminal includes a transmitter, 3 a transmitter 1404 that can transmit signals corresponding to both the first and second sets of information 1150, 1160 respectively. FIG. 14 3 signal 1406 corresponds to the first set of information 1150 and uses the first set of SBM, while signal 1408 corresponds to 4 to a second set of information 1160 using the second set of SBM. Signal 3 1406 sometimes called a base signal or a conventional signal, whereas the signal 4 1408 sometimes called a flashing signal. 4 Signal 1408 transmitted at a higher power level than the 1406 signal 3, to the base of minimum transmission unit. In some embodiments, the power level at which the signal is transmitted in April 1408, at least 3 dB higher than the power level at which minimum transmission units convey corresponding 3 signal 1406. In some embodiments, the transmission power level of minimum transmission units used 3 for transmitting a signal 1406 can be varied. MTU transmit power level used for transmitting the signal 4 1408 may also be varied.

In the second method, shown in Figure 14, an exemplary device 1410 device 4, such as a base station or wireless terminal includes a transmitter, the transmitter 1412. The transmitter 4 4 1412 includes a module 1411 of the 1st signal module 1413 second signal. Module 1411 generates a first signal 1414 signal 5 corresponding to the first set of information 1150. Module 1413 generates the second waveform signal 6 1416 corresponding to the second set of information signal 1160 and signal 1414 5 1416 6 1418 combiner module combined before transmitting MTU in the signal 1420. Signal 5 1414 is sometimes referred to as a conventional or baseline signal and signal 6 1416 sometimes called a flashing signal. Combiner module 1418 may perform superposition of two signals, signal 1414 and signal 5 6 1416. Alternatively, module 1418 can compare a set of combiner MTU that will be used to transmit a signal 5 1414 a set MTU that will be used to transmit a signal 1416 6 . combiner module 1418 can send information in the signal 1414 6 in each desired MTU, however, the module 1418 may be excluded from a set of SBM allocated for signal 5 1414 MTU those which have already been allocated for transfer of six signals 1416. For example, in the example of 11 MTU 1122 and MTU 1123 could be excluded from the transfer of the information signal 5 1141. Thus, the second set of information in the signal 1160 June 1416 punctures or replaces the first set of information 1150 in the signal in May 1414, which would have taken the same MEP. This embodiment assumes that the receiver is provided to detect and correct errors sufficient to restore the original data of the first set in 1150, part of which has not been transferred. Thus, instead of using the actual overlay signals corresponding to the second set, it can be transferred without overlapping the signals of the first set with a first set of overlapping signals to the actual transmission discarded. Then MEP used for transmitting the second set of information pierce MTU set in the shared transmission block, which had been chosen for transmission of the first set of information.

Figure 15 illustrates an example device 1502 device 5, such as a base station or wireless terminal, which can be used to produce the combined signals in accordance with the invention, and to obtain two sets of received information, the information A '1516 and information 'Information 1518. A' 1516 is a restored set of information corresponding to the first set of original information Information A 1150 11, prior to transmission. Information in the '1518 is a restored set of information corresponding to the first set of original information of the information in Figure 11, prior to the transfer. 5 Apparatus 1502 includes a first receiver 1 receiver 1506 includes a filter 1510 and impulse noise error correction module 1512. Combined signal 1520 signal 8 comprising signals that have been transferred together for some time, for example 3 signal 1406 (normal or baseline signal) and the signal on 13 April 1408 (flashing signal) at 13 was treated with 1 receiver 1506 , the filter 1510 filters out noise pulse or reject signal corresponding blocks MEP derived from the second set of information 1160. The remaining signal (normal signal) corresponding to the most MTU in set MEP corresponding to the first set of 1150 information processing unit 1512 fixes which recovers "lost information", and thus the received information sets A '1516 is a good representation of a set of information A 1150 to transmission. 5 apparatus 1502 also includes a second receiver, the receiver 2 1508 includes filter 1514 of the background noise. The combined signal 8 1520 also falls into bin 2 1508, wherein a filter 1514 background noise processes as noise signal corresponding to the first set of information 1150, e.g. signal 3 1406, removes and rejects the low level signal, leaving a signal (eg a flashing signal) from which it can be restored by a good representation of the second set of information in 1160 before transferring as adopted set of B '1518 data.

The second device, the device 6 shown in Figure 15 is sending combined signal and an information search device 5 similar device 1502. 6 1532 includes a first receiver 1 receiver 1540, and a second receiver, the receiver 2 1538. Receiver 1536 includes a 1 a decoder, the decoder 1 1540 includes a filter 1544 and a switching unit 1546 fixes. 2 Receiver 1538 includes a decoder, the decoder in February 1542, including a filter 1548 of the background noise. Operation 1532 6 is similar to that described in relation to assembly 5 1502, except that the unit 1532 is an additional 6 decoding. During its operation in 1536 and 1538 receivers work independently and in parallel. The first receiver 1536 processes the flashing signal as impulse noise and rejects flashing symbols as impulse noise or perform some other operations, such as the operation of saturation processing flashing component as well as could be handled any other impulse noise signals. 2 receiver 1538 decodes the flashing signal of the signal processing power as the lower background noise. The combined signal in September 1554 is similar to the combined signal in August 1520, includes both conventional and flashing signals. And adopted a set of "1550 data corresponds to a good reconstruction of the original A first set of information 1150 11, prior to transmission. The adopted set of "1552 data corresponds to a good reconstruction of the original information of the second set 1160 of FIG. 11, prior to transmission.

Figure 16 shows another an exemplary apparatus 1562 device 7, for example a base station or wireless terminal including a first receiver, the receiver 1 and the second receiver 1563, a receiver 1564. Receiver 2 1 1563 includes a decoder 1565 comprising a discarding module 1570 and module 1566, the error correction. 2 Receiver 1564 includes a decoder 1566 includes a filter 1567 of the background noise and the identification module 1568 MTU 2nd signal. The combined signal is obtained in October 1573 and sent to the receiver 2 decoder 1564. The receiver 1566 in February 1564 signal can be filtered out background filter 1567, and the information is decoded and issued as a set of information in the '' 1572 reconstruction of the original data set in 1160 at 11, before transfer. In addition, the identification module 1568 MTU 2nd signal identifies a set of SBM 1569 corresponding to the second (flare) signal, and sends this information to the decoder 1565 1573 1 receiver 1563. In certain embodiments, the identified set of SBM 1573 is one of the in-phase or quadrature components of tones at different times of the symbol.

Module 1570 drop in the decoder 1565 in receiver receives in January 1563 identified a set of MTU 1573 and refuse or remove information from these modules MEP before the information gets into the module 1566 bug fixes. Alternatively, the information identifying the second MEP or "flashing" of the signal may be transmitted directly to the error correction module 1566 1566, which can eliminate the influence of these MEP. A set of information '' in 1571 corresponds to the reconstruction of the first set of information 1150 11, prior to transmission. Dropping MEP identified and their effect on the signal of lower power is in stark contrast to the prior art method of decoding the superposition of which requires precise removal of components high power signal from the block of the received signal to recover the base signal.

Despite the fact that they have been described in the context of the OFDM system, the methods and apparatus of the present invention are useful in a wide range of communications systems including many communication systems do not work with OFDM, and / or non-cellular systems.

In various embodiments, the nodes contained in these materials, one or more modules to perform the steps corresponding to one or more methods of the present invention, such signal processing, message generation and / or transmission steps. Thus, in some embodiments various features of the present applied invention using modules. Such modules may be implemented using software, hardware or combination of software and hardware. Many of the above described methods or method steps can be implemented using machine executable instructions, such as software, included in a machine readable medium such as a memory device, e.g., RAM, floppy disk, etc. to control a machine, e.g. mainframe with or without additional hardware it to carry out all the above described methods or parts thereof, for example, one or more nodes. Accordingly, among other objects, the present invention is directed to a computer readable medium containing computer-executable instructions to control the machine, such as a processor and associated hardware, to enable it to perform one or more steps of the above-described method (s).

Numerous additional embodiments of the above described methods and apparatus of the present invention are apparent to those skilled in this art in light of the foregoing disclosure. Such variations are within the scope of the invention. The methods and apparatus of the present invention may be in various embodiments and are established, used with CDMA, orthogonal frequency division (OFDM), and / or various other types of communications as may be used to provide wireless communications links between nodes and the wireless terminals. In some embodiments base stations establish communications links with mobile nodes using OFDM and / or CDMA. In various embodiments, the wireless terminals may be implemented as notebook computers, personal data assistants (PDA) or other portable devices including receiver / transmitter paths and logic and / or routines, for implementing the methods of the present invention.

Technology of the present invention may be implemented using software, hardware, and / or combination of software and hardware. The present invention is directed to devices such as wireless terminals, base stations, communications system which implement the present invention. It also aims at providing methods, for example control and / or activation of wireless terminals, base stations and / or communications systems, such as host machines, in accordance with the present invention. The present invention also aims to provide a computer readable medium, e.g., ROM, RAM, CDs, hard discs, etc., which include machine readable instructions for controlling a machine to implement one or more steps in accordance with the present invention.