Hypoxic fire extinguishing composition and a system utilizing the same

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HYPOXIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING COMPOSITION AND A SYSTEM UTILIZING THE SAME n nvynnwnn now» nonw mo&gt; n&gt;vpio&gt;n “won 1 152,017/2

FIELD Or THE INVENTION

The present invention introduces the method, equipment, and composition ot a tire prevention and suppression system that utilizes a low-oxygen (hypoxic) environment to: • Instantly extinguish an ongoing fire • Prevent a fire from getting started.

It is to be noted that only subject matter embraced in the scope of the claims appended hereto, whether in the manner defined in the claims or in a manner similar thereto and involving the main features as defined in the claims, is intended to be included in the scope of the present invention, while subject matter described and exemplified to provide background and better understanding of the invention, is not intended for inclusions as part of the present invention.

With its mode of action based on the controlled release, of breathable fire-suppressive gases, this .human-friendly system is ’ completely ηόη-toxic, fully automated, and entirely self-sustaining. Consequently, it is ideally suited to provide complete fire protection to houses, industrial complexes, transportation tunnels, vehicles, archives, computer rooms and other enclosed environments.

With the majority of fires (both industrial, and non-industrial) occurring at locations with a substantial amount of electronic equipment, this Fire Prevention and Suppression System (FirePASS™) has the added benefit of requiring absolutely no water, foam or other damaging agent. It can therefore be fully deployed without -2- causing harm to the complex electrical equipment (and its stored data) that is destroyed by traditional fire suppression systems.

While this is extremely important to technology-intensive businesses such as banks, insurance companies, communication companies, manufacturers, medical providers, and military installations; it takes on even greater significance when one considers the direct relationship between the presence of electronic equipment and the increased risk of fire.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART

Current fire suppression systems employ either water, chemicals agents, gaseous agents (such as Halon 1301, carbon dioxide, and heptafluoropropane) or a combination thereof. Virtually all of them are ozone depleting,. toxic and environmentally unfriendly. Moreover, these systems can only be deployed postcombustion. Even the recent advent of the Fire Master 200 (FM 200) suppression system (available from Kidde-Fenwal Inc. in the U.S.A.) is still chemically dependant and only retards the progression of fire by several minutes. Once this fire-retarding gas is exhausted, a sprinkler system ensues that results in the permanent destruction of electronic equipment and other valuables.

Exposure to FM-200 and other fire-suppression agents is of less concern than exposure to the products of their decomposition, which for the most part are highly toxic and life threatening. Consequently, there is no fire suppression/extinguishing composition currently available that is both safe and effective. ·

In terms of train, ship, or airplane fires, the inability to quickly evacuate passengers creates an especially hazardous situation. The majority of the passengers who died in France’s Mont Blanc tunnel fire suffocated within minutes. In this case the problem -3- was further compounded by the presence of ventilations shafts. Originally designed to provide breathable air to trapped people, these shafts had the unfortunate side effect of dramatically accelerating the fire’s propagation. Especially devastating is the “chimney effect” that occurs in sloped tunnels. An example of this was the fire 5 that broke out in Kaprun’s ski tunnel in Austrian Alps.

In addition, ventilation shafts (which are present in virtually all multilevel buildings and industrial facilities) significantly increase the risk of toxic inhalation. This problem is further compounded by the frequent presence of combustible materials 10 that can dramatically accelerate a fire’s propagation.

While the proliferation of remote sensors has led to significant breakthroughs in early fire - detection, improvements in the prevention/suppression of fires has been incremental at best. 15 For example, the most advanced suppression system to combat tunnel fires is offered by Domenico Piatti (PCT IT 00/00125) at robogat@tin.it. Based on the rapid deployment of an automated vehicle (ROBOGAT), the Robogat travels to the fire site through the affected tunnel. Upon arrival it releases a limited supply of water and foam to initiate fire suppression. If necessary, the Robogat can insert a probe 20 into the tunnel’s internal water supply for continued fire - suppression. This system is severely limited for the following reasons: - The time that lapses between the outbreak of fire and the arrival of the Robogat is unacceptable. 25 - The high temperatures that are characteristic of tunnel fires will cause deformation and destruction of the monorail, water and telecommunication lines. - The fire - resistance of the Robogat construction is highly suspected.

The use of water and foam in high - temperature tunnel fires is only partially effective 30 and will lead to the development of highly toxic vapors that increase the mortality of entrapped people. -4-

One of the main safety deficiencies in modem passenger airplanes that still remain unresolved is a lack of proper firefighting and fire preventing equipment.

In fact, it is not the flames associated with onboard fire that kills most flight crews and passengers, but rather the smoke saturated with toxins such as. benzene, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. Although these and other chemicals are lethal, most victims die from carbon monoxide. This color- and odorless gas produced in abundance during fires, especially in enclosed compartments with insufficient ventilation, is extremely lethal even in small concentrations of less than one percent.

Toxic combustion products released in an enclosed compartment such as an aircraft cabin with no readily available escape means are of major concern in the air transport industry. This concern is of particular importance for passenger aircraft, because of constantly growing airplane capacity and increasing number of passengers that may be exposed.

The proliferation of toxic chemicals in modem advanced materials results in a cabin design completely made of plastics, fabrics, wiring and linings that can be extremely dangerous when they are heated sufficiently to produce gases. Survival in a toxic environment like this is limited to only a few minutes. Statistical analysis for the last decades shows that about 70-80 percent of fire fatalities result from toxic smoke inhalation. A modem passenger aircraft is fully saturated with electric and electronic equipment, interconnected by many miles of wires and cables. Emergencies of various origins can lead to electric short-circuits with consequent inflammation of the insulating coat and surrounding flammable materials. This is followed by a massive production of toxic aerosols, which pose the main hazard, according to human fire fatality experience. -5-

While the most important survival systems for aircraft, such as gas turbines and fuel tanks are sufficiently equipped with automatic fire-fighting systems, the passenger cabin and cockpit critically lack fire-preventive means. The use of standard 5 fire-extinguishing substances, like Halon 2000 or the like, cannot resolve the problem, because of the high toxicity of the products of their pyrolysis. United States Patent No. 4,726,426 (Miller) teaches such methods of fire extinguishing in an aircraft cabin as using ventilation ducts from the cargo fire extinguishing system, which would expose passengers to potentially lethal combinations of smoke, fire 10 suppressants and highly toxic products of their pyrolysis.

In case of fire on board, pilots must complete an emergency checklist in order to localize the fire’s origin. A pilot’s emergency checklist is too long to let the crew control fires in the air. For the crew of the Swissair 111 that crashed near Nova 15 Scotia in 1998, killing 299 people, it took 20 minutes after the first report of smoke until the crash, while the standard checklist requires 30 minutes to complete.

It is supposed that oxygen masks would save passengers and flight crews from toxic inhalations. In reality airline pilots are instructed not to release the masks when the 20 risk of an oxygen-fed fire would exacerbate the situation. Moreover, these masks are practically useless against combustion's poisonous gases. Standard oxygen masks for flight crews and passengers have openings in them to mix the cabin air with the . oxygen supply, thereby allowing a direct route for lethal gases to reach the lungs. Furthermore, the oxygen supply in a passenger aircraft provides less than 20% of the 25 oxygen flow required for respiration and lasts for only a few minutes.

Alternatively, increasing the fresh air supply, as offered in ECHO Air system of Indoor Air Technologies Inc. in Canada, will only propagate a fire and accelerate its lethality. Their patent application provided on www.indoorair.ca teaches that an 30 improved air ventilation system will allow the removal of contaminated air and -6- supply fresh air into an aircraft cabin more efficiently. Claiming an improvement on fire safety, this method in practice improves the oxygenation of a fire source. A recent study of the US Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) suggests that in the year 1999, on average, one US airliner a day made an emergency landing because of a short circuit, which led to sparking, with resulting smoke and fire in the pressu; zed cabin. Faulty wiring is the leading culprit.

Some organizations have taken drastic action to deal with the problem. In 1987, the US Navy ordered the removal of the most vulnerable wiring from its planes, and in 1999 NASA grounded its entire fleet of space shuttles when a wiring fault led to a launch being aborted. Yet every day, millions of passengers are still carried by commercial aircraft that are equipped with old wiring that cannot be properly tested for faults. In the US, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been mounting a probe into the problems that may afflict aircraft that have been flying for more than 20 years. The Aging. Aircraft Program has been running since 1988, prompted by an accident in which part of the roof peeled off an aging Boeing 737 in the sky over Hawaii. In 1996, TWA flight 800 came down off the coast of Long Island, killing all 230 people on board. Faulty wires inside a fuel tank were blamed as the most likely cause of the explosion. In the wake of that crash, checks on other airlines around the world led to the discovery of several other airplanes in which the insulation on aging wiring leading to sensors in fuel tanks had rubbed away through vibrations, or had been damaged during routine maintenance.

There are only 4 current methods of fire suppression in human - occupied facilities: ·,

The use of water The use of foam

The use of chemical flame inhibitors The use of gaseous flame inhibitors -6A-

Multiple patents and applications describe the use of inert gases and mixtures thereof • · for diluting enclosed atmospheres in confined spaces. This technology, called ' 5 “inerting”, has been used by the US Air Force and in many industrial applications since 1950. However, inerting could not be used in habitable atmospheres and some inventors came up with solutions to provide a parti al inerting by injecting inert gases and mixtures into confined spaces under strict electronic control in order to achieve 1.0%-12% oxygen concentration in the diluted air. This range of oxygen 10 concentrations was until present taken by researchers as dogma exemplifying the threshold of flammability for common combustible materials. ) - 1 An important step w'as made by Lambertsen et al, (US 4,807,706 and EP 0301 464 A) who invented an inert gas mixture that has been successfully marketed worldwide 15 as a mixture of nitrogen, argon and carbon dioxide. However, this invention, together with similar solutions (FR 2 748396 A and US 3 893 514 A), revealed the following disadvantages:

The gas mixture is expensive to make. 20 - It has to be transported and ins tailed at site in high-pressure containers . (additional expenses). .

The amount of the gas mixture must be precisely calculated so that in . each case it is released it provides an atmosphere with 10-12% 02 in which humans can breathe but fire will be extinguished. This is 25 unreliable because if a door or a window were open at the moment of a fire, there would not be enough gas to extinguish the fire. Alternatively, if an excessive amount of gas were provided, people . may die. Moreover, according to the laws of Thermodynamics, a gas released from a high-pressure container will have a very low 30 temperature and high density, which will keep the gas down at the floor in a highly concentrated and lethal form fora reclined person.

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The gas mixture cannot serve as a fire-preventative atmosphere, since it is not suited for human breathing and'it is impossible to supply large 5 quantities of the gas mixture for constant ventilation.

Alternatively, the Hypoxic breathable fire-extinguishing composition of this invention is totally free of all these disadvantages: 10 - It can be cheaply produced at site. - No transportation costs are required. - The oxygen content in a confined space cannot drop below the 02 concentration in the hypoxic composition in any circumstances, which makes it absolutely safe. In fire-suppressive mode the composition in 15 high-pressure containers contains 12% 02, and in prevention mode hypoxic generators constantly ventilate a confined space with the breathable composition containing 16% 02 or less, if needed.

The hypoxic composition can be used as a constant fire-preventative atmosphere since large quantities can be produced at site with a preset 20 oxygen concentration of 16%; this does not require expensive electronic feedback equipment. ) Wagner Ernst Werner et al teaches (in DE 198 11 851 C2 or WO 99 47210 A) a method of reducing oxygen content in confined spaces via introduction of pure 25 nitrogen or inert gas mixture or extracting oxygen from such space. The system relies, heavily on the electronic feedback from a complicated electronic system of oxygen transducers, monitors and controls in order to regulate an amount of nitrogen introduced into aconfined space or an amount of oxygen extracted therefrom.

Failure of such a feedback system will definitely result in the loss of human life. 30 Moreover, the invention does not provide at “base inerting level” a possibility of constant ventilation of a human-inhabited space, which is necessary for removing

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water vapors, carbon dioxide and other gaseous products of human and industrial 5 origin. Additionally, bacteria and mould will always grow on the walls of a non- ventilated space. And finally, injecting more nitrogen from gas cylinders for “full inertihg” in the case of fire will definitely cause cold and heavy nitrogen to settle to the floor, instantly killing everybody who may recline at this level. ' 10 Present invention is totally free of all these disadvantages. It does not require expensive electronic feedback and control equipment, since the oxygen content does . ) not have to be regulated at all, which provides the highest possible reliability of the system. 15 The invented system in prevention mode constantly ventilates an environment with fresh hypoxic air, removing excessive carbon dioxide and other gases and providing safe and healthy conditions for inhabitants. ' . . . . '

The system in suppression mode allows the use of ambient air in the confined space 20 without all the disadvantages of the “bas e inerting level”, of Wagner et al. Injection of the cold hypoxic composition from high-pressure containers provides no risk of suffocation at the floor level because the composition itself is safe for breathing. ) · ' - . .

The main difference between these prior art.solutions and present invention is that in 25 the Hypoxic systern, a pre-generated (or ready-to-use) breathable fire- extinguishing composition containing oxygen is injected into a human-inhabitable confined space, not an inert gas or mixture supposed to dilute the oxygen content in confined space to a desired level, as teaches prior art.

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The present invention employs a radically different approach: the use of hypoxic breathable air for the prevention and suppression of fire. This hypoxic environment completely eliminates the ignition and combustion of,all flammable materials. Moreover, it is completely safe for human breathing (clinical studies have, proven 5 that long term exposure to a hypoxic environment has significant health benefits).

Hypoxic breathable air can be inexpensively produced in the necessary amount through the extraction of oxygen from ambient air.

In terms of fire prevention, a constantly maintained hypoxic environment .can 10 · completely eliminate the possibility of fire while simultaneously providing an extremely healthy environment. In terms of suppression, this invention can instantly turn a normoxic environment into a hypoxic environment with absolutely no adverse effects to human life. This is extremely useful in the case of a flash fires or explosions. 15

Based on the exploitation of the fundamental differences between human physiology and the chemo-physical properties of combustion, this entirely new approach completely resolves the inherent contradiction between fire prevention and providing a safe breathable environment for human beings. Consequently, this invention is a 20 radical advance in the management of fire and will make all current chemical systems obsolete

Hypoxic Fire Prevention and Suppression Systems will completely prevent the massive socioeconomic losses that result from the outbreak of fire. 8 152,017/2

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention there is now provided a prefabricated breathable hypoxic fire-preventive or fire-suppressive composition for providing a breathable fire-preventive or fire-suppressive atmosphere in enclosed spaces, said composition being ready-to-use for injecting into said spaces and comprising a gas mixture containing oxygen and nitrogen, characterized in that said gas mixture contains more than 12% and less than 18% of oxygen for permanent use as a fire-preventive atmosphere; or said mixture contains more than 10% and less than 16,8% of oxygen for episodic use as a fire suppression agent.

The present invention also provides a system for providing breathable fire-preventive atmosphere in enclosed spaces, said system comprising an enclosing structure having an internal environment (11, 91, 101, 110, 130, 140, 171, 191, 221, 241, 251, 272) therein containing a breathable fire-preventive composition with an oxygen content below 18% and an entry (12, 131, 172, 192) communicating with said internal environment, characterized in that said internal environment being constantly ventilated with a prefabricated breathable composition having an oxygen content of more than 12% and less than 18%, newly generated by an oxygen-extraction device (20, 50, 92, 102, 111, 132, 143, 173, 193, 262) or regenerated by a life-support system (223, 232, 242, 252)

Also provided is a system for providing a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere in enclosed spaces, said system comprising an enclosing structure having an internal environment (91, 101, 110, 140, 151, 201, 211, 275, 281, 301) therein containing an internal atmosphere and an entry communicating with said internal environment; characterized in that said system comprises a gas storage container (97, 104, 108, 112, 122, 153, 202, 214, 265, 284, 302) holding a hypoxic fire-suppression composition containing oxygen in a range of more than 10% and below 16%, and nitrogen; the amount of said composition detained in or released from said container being calculated so that when the composition is released into said enclosed space, it provides a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere having an oxygen concentration in a range from 10% to 16%. 9 152,017/2

In preferred embodiments of the present invention the interior space is the interior of an aircraft; said fire suppression composition being a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide having an oxygen concentration more than 10% and below 16%, and carbon dioxide content above 5%; said fire-suppression agent, being released inside said interior in case of fire, providing said breathable fire-suppression atmosphere with oxygen content ranging from 10% to 16% and carbon dioxide content of approximately 4% to 5%, whereby the system comprises an onboard fire and smoke detection system (285, 305) that initiates the system by opening the discharge valve(s) and shutting down the aircraft ventilation system. 10

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen and nitrogen molecules in a hypobaric or natural altitude environment 15 FIG. 2 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen and nitrogen molecules in a normbaric hypoxic environment with the same partial pressure of oxygen. FIG. 3 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen and nitrogen molecules in a normbaric normoxic environment; or in ambient air at sea level. FIG. 4 illustrates schematically a working principle of normbaric hypoxic fire 20 prevention and suppression system. FIG. 5 presents a schematic view of the working principle of hypoxic generator HYP-100/F. FIG. 6 provides future modification of the same generator shown on Fig. 5. FIG. 7 illustrates a working principle of a membrane separation module. -1 Ο ΡΙΟ. 8 illustrates the comparison of a flame extinction curve and a hemoglobin/oxygen saturation curve upon the introduction of reduced-oxygen air in a controlled environment. FIG. 9 shows a schematic view of the invented system for house dwellings. 5 FIG. 10 presents a schematic view of the invented system for multilevel buildings. FIG. 11 shows a schematic view of the invented system for industrial buildings. FIG. 12 presents schematic view of a portable fire-suppression system for selected rooms in any type, of building. FIG. 13 illustrates the unique properties of the invented system in mobile 10 modification. FIG. 14 presents a schematic view of the invented system when implemented into the ventilation system of an underground military facility. FIG. 15 presents a schematic view of the system’s working principle in an automobile tunnel. 15 FIG. 16 presents a schematic cross-sectional view of a tunnel with a localizing curtain- deployment system. FIG. 17 shows a schematic view of the invented system for electric railroad or subway tunnels. FIG. 18 shows a frontal view of the tunnel’s entry, with separating door. 20 FIG. 19 presents a schematic view of the invented system for tunnels of mountain ski trains or funiculars. FIG. 20 shows a schematic view of the On-Board FireP ASS that can be used in trains, buses, subway cars or other passenger vehicles. -11-

Fig. 21 illustrates the implementation of the FirePASS technology into the ventilation system of a current passenger airliner. FIG. 22 presents the implementation of the FirePASS in the next generation of airliners that can fly above the Earth’s atmosphere (or for space vehicles). 5 FIG. 23 illustrates the general working principle of the autonomous air-regeneration system for hermetic human-occupied spaces. FIG. 24 shows the implementation of the hypoxic FirePASS technology into an autonomous air-regenerative system of a military vehicle. FIG. 25 presents a schematic view of a hypoxic fire-extinguishing breathable 10 composition as part of the internal atmosphere of a space station.

Fig.26 presents a schematic view of the Marine FirePASS system for use in marine vessels, e.g. tankers, cargo, cruise ships, or military vessels. FIG. 27 illustrates the working principle of the Marine FirePASS.

Fig. 28 shows the implementation of Aircraft Fire Suppression System into aircraft 15 cabin design.

Fig. 29, 30, 31 and 32 illustrate schematically the working principle of the AFSS.

Fig. 33 illustrates the variance in oxyhemoglobin’s saturation at 10% 02 in inspired air containing ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration in one case and increased up to 4% CO2 content in another case. 20 Fig. 34 shows a diagram representing an average physiological response to the exposure to the invented breathable hypoxic fire-suppressive composition at altitude of 2.5 km or onboard of modem passenger aircraft.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION -12-

This invention is based on a discovery made during research conducted in a Hypoxic

Room System manufactured by Hypoxico Inc. The inventor discovered that that the processes of ignition and combustion in a normbaric, hypoxic environment are far different from the ignition and combustion process that occurs in a hypobaric or natural altitude environment with the same partial pressure of oxygen.

For example, air with a 4.51” (114.5 mm of mercury) partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude of 9,000’ (2700 m) can easily support the burning of a candle or the ignition of paper.

However, if we create a corresponding normbaric environment with the same partial pressure of Oxygen (4.51” or 114.5 mm of mercury), a candle will not bum and paper will not ignite. Even a match will be instantly extinguished after the depletion of the oxygen-carrying chemicals found at its tip. For that matter, any fire that is introduced into this normbaric, hypoxic environment is instantly extinguished. Even a propane gas lighter or a gas torch will not ignite in this environment

This surprising observation leads to an obvious question: “Why do two environments that contain identical partial pressures of oxygen (identical number of oxygen molecules per specific volume) effect the processes of ignition and combustion so differently?””

The answer is simple: “The difference in oxygen concentration in these two environments diminishes the availability of oxygen to support combustion. This is due to nitrogen molecules interfering with the kinetic properties of oxygen molecules”. In other words, the increased density of nitrogen molecules provides a “buffer zone” that obstructs the availability of oxygen.

Fig. 1 presents a schematic view of the density of oxygen and nitrogen molecules in a hypobaric or natural environment at an altitude of 9,00072.7 km. (All other atmospheric gases are disregarded in order to simplify the following explanations). -13-

Dark circles represent oxygen molecules, and hollow circles represent nitrogen molecules.

Fig. 2 shows the density of molecules in a hypoxic environment with the same partial pressure of oxygen (4.51” or 114.5 mm of mercury), but at a standard atmospheric 5 pressure of 760 mm of mercury.

As can be seen, both environments contain identical amounts of oxygen molecules per specific volume. However, in the second case (shown on Fig.2) the relative amount of nitrogen molecules versus oxygen molecules is approximately 6:1 to 4:1, respectively. 10 When the kinetic properties of both gases are compared it is discovered that nitrogen molecules are both slower and less permeable (by a factor of 2.5) than oxygen molecules. This relative increase in the number of inert nitrogen molecules obstructs the kinetic behavior of oxygen molecules. This reduces their ability to support ignition and combustion. 15 Fig. 3 shows that at sea level, the oxygen/nitrogen composition in ambient air has a greater partial pressure (159.16 mm of mercury) of oxygen than air found at 9,000’ (114.5 mm). It should be noted that ambient air in any portion of the Earth’s atmosphere (from sea level to mount Everest) has an oxygen concentration of 20.94%. However, the ambient air found at sea level is under substantially more 20 pressure: Therefore the number of gas molecules per specific volume increases as the distance between the gas molecules is reduced. “Hypoxic Threshold” and its physiological background 25 During the last decade a substantial amount of data has been accumulated on the physiological effects of hypoxic environments. Extensive laboratory experimentation -14- along with in-depth clinical research has established clear benefits of normbaric, hypoxic air in fitness training, and disease - prevention. Oxygen concentrations in normbaric breathing air (at altitudes up to 2600 m) with the corresponding partial pressure of oxygen have absolutely no harmful side effects on the human body. (Peacock 1998)1

This elevation is inhabited by millions of people throughout the world, with no detrimental health effects (Hochachka 1998).

Analysis of data derived from numerous experiments by the inventor has led to the conclusion that under normbaric conditions it is possible to create an artificial environment with breathable hypoxic air that can simultaneously suppress ignition and combustion

Multiple experiments were conducted focusing on ignition suppression and flame extinction in a normbaric environment of hypoxic, breathable air. It was found that the ignition of common combustible materials was impossible once the oxygen content dropped below 16.8%. During combustion tests, diffuse flames of various tested materials were completely extinguished when oxygen content fell below 16.2%.

This discovery justifies the creation a new scientific term: “Hypoxic Threshold” which represents the absolute flammability limits of any fuel in an artificial atmosphere with oxygen content of 16.2%. Flame extinction at the Hypoxic Threshold results in the instant elimination of combustion; including an accelerated suppression of glowing. This results in the continued suppression of toxic fumes and aerosols.

These experiments unequivocally prove that a breathable, human - friendly environment, with oxygen content underl6.2 %, will completely suppress ignition and combustion. -15-

In terms of partial pressure of oxygen, the Hypoxic Threshold (16.2% 02) corresponds to an altitude of 2200 meters. This is identical to the altitude that is used to pressurize passenger aircraft during routine flights. It has been proven to be 5 completely safe, even for people with chronic diseases such as cardiopulmonary insufficiency (Peacock 1998). A normbaric environment at Hypoxic Threshold provides a fire-preventive atmosphere that is completely safe for private dwellings, or the workplace. It is 10 scientifically proven that the physiological effects of mild normbaric hypoxia are identical to the effects exhibited at the corresponding natural altitude. Millions of people vacation at these altitudes (2 to 3 km) with no harmful side effects

The schematic diagram provided in Fig. 8 contrasts the differing reactions of two 15 oxygen-dependent systems (a flame and a human body) when exposed to a hypoxic environment.

Curve Y represents the decline in combustion intensity (corresponding to the height of a stabile diffusion flame) in relation to the declining oxygen content in a controlled environment. 100% corresponds to the maximum height of a flame at an 20 ambient atmospheric oxygen content of 20.94%. When oxygen content in the controlled atmosphere drops below 18 %, a sharp decline in flame height can be observed. At hypoxic threshold X (16.2 % 02) the flame and its associated glowing are completely extinguished.

In terms of prevention, the Hypoxic Threshold can be set at 16.8%. This is due to the 25 fact that a diffuse flame receives supplemental oxygen through a combination of convection and free radical production from decomposing fuel - the factors that are not present until post-ignition. However, in order to insure maximum protection each future embodiment will require an environment with oxygen content at or below the “Hypoxic Threshold” (16.2%). -16-

Curve Z illustrates the variance of hemoglobin’s oxygen saturation with as it relates to the partial pressure of inspired oxygen. In ambient air (at sea level), average hemoglobin saturation in vivo is 98%. At dynamic equilibrium molecules of oxygen are binding to heme (the active, oxygen - carrying part of hemoglobin molecule) at the same rate oxygen molecules are being released. When the PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) is increased, the rate that oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin exceeds the rate at which they are released. When the PO2 decreases, oxygen molecules are released from hemoglobin at a rate that exceeds the rate at which they are bound.

Under normal thermal conditions, the saturation of hemoglobin remains above 90%, even if exposed to an alveolar PO2 of 60 mm Hg (which corresponds to an altitude of 3300 meters or 14% 02 in normbaric hypoxic air). This means that oxygen transport will continue at an acceptable rate despite a significant decrease in the oxygen content of alveolar air.

It is important to note that a partial pressure of the inspired oxygen can only determine the hemoglobin saturation in the alveoli. All the following oxygen transport and metabolism depend only from the balance between the body’s cellular demand and the body’s vascular delivery capacity. In standard atmospheric conditions the partial pressure of neutral diluting gases has no influence on the metabolism and transport of oxygen.

In contrast, the ability of oxygen molecules to support combustion is substantially impinged as the relative concentration of neutral or inert gases fin this case - nitrogen) increases.

The radically different properties of these oxygen dependent systems is the crucial factor that allows a hypoxic environment at the Hypoxic Threshold to be completely safe for human life, but not support combustion.

The diagram presented in Fig.8 clearly illustrates that the Hypoxic Threshold does not significantly alter the saturation of hemoglobin in vivo. Conversely, the Hypoxic Threshold instantly extinguishes any flame. It should be noted that curve Z -17- represents the hemoglobin saturation curve of an individual who is exposed to hypoxia without previous adaptation. In cases where a hypoxic environment is used proactively (for fire prevention), individuals quickly adapt to the reduced oxygen level and will have normal hemoglobin saturation levels. 5 Consequently, there is absolutely no risk to people who spend an extended period of time in a hypoxic environment. In fact numerous medical publications describe the significant health benefits associated with long-term exposure to normbaric hypoxia. More information on these studies can be found at Hypoxico Inc’s website (www.hvpoxico.com). 10 In addition, further studies indicate that high levels of humidity enhance the capability of a hypoxic environment to suppress combustion. This is due to the fact that fast moving water molecules create a secondary buffer zone that makes oxygen molecules less available to support ignition or combustion.

Fig. 4 shows a schematic view of a basic concept of a fire protected normbaric (or 15 slightly hyperbaric) human-occupied space 11 for living or working

Fig.4 illustrates a particular case of a room 11 having racks of electronic equipment 13 (or stored flammable materials) located in a noimbaric environment with oxygen concentration at or below the Hypoxic Threshold. This environment provides absolute fire safety by: 20 · Preventing combustible materials from igniting • Instantly suppressing electrical or chemical fires.

Hypoxic environments with an oxygen content of 17% to 18% can also provide limited protection against ignition and combustion. However, it is advisable for public areas (e.g. museums, archives etc.) to maintain an oxygen concentration at a 25 level from 15% to 16.8%. For human occupied public facilities that require superior fire protection an oxygen content of 14% to 15 % is recommended. Facilities that require only short periodical human visits may employ environments with oxygen content ranging from 12% to 14%. This corresponds to an altitude of 3 km to 4.5 km (10,000’1 14,500’). -18-

The hypoxic air inside the computer room 11 is maintained at approximately 67°F (18°C) by a split air-conditioning unit (14) and is connected to an external heat exchanger (15) by a hose 16. Warm air enters the unit 14 through an intake 17, gets chilled, and then exits the unit 14 through an outlet 18. Hot refrigerant and water condensation (from air) are transmitted through a connector hose 16 into an external unit 15. At this point the refrigerant gets chilled, and the condensation is either evaporated or removed. The working principle of a split a/c unit is well known and shall not be described in this patent. A suitable device—PAC/GSR is made by the Italian company DeLonghi. Larger split a/c systems are also readily available. For facilities that do not contain computer equipment air conditioning is not required A Hypoxic generator 20 is installed outside a room 11. The generator 20 takes in ambient air through an intake 21 and extracts oxygen. Oxygen-enriched air is then disposed of through outlet 22. The remaining hypoxic gas mixture is transmitted inside the room 11 through the supply outlet 23. Excessive hypoxic air leaves the room 11 through a door 12 in order to equalize the atmospheric pressure inside the room 11 with the outside environment.

The door 12 for personnel entry is not airtight— allowing excess air to the exit room 11. For a 20 cubic meter room, a gap of approximately 5mm is sufficient for immediate pressure equalization. For some applications it is beneficial to create a slightly hyperbaric environment. This can be easily accomplished by making the room 11 airtight and eliminating gaps around the door 12. Other possibilities are described in previous U.S. patent Nos. 5,799.652 and 5,887.439.

The number of hypoxic generators needed for a room 11 depends on a combination of its size and the number of people that occupy it. The generator best suited for a 20-m3 room would be the HYP-100/F. This is currently available from Hypoxico Inc. of New York. The HYP-100/F employs a PSA (pressure-swing adsorption) technology that extracts oxygen from ambient air. This maintenance free unit weighs only 55 lbs (25 kg) and requires only 450W. A nitrogen generator with the same capability would be 3 times heavier and would consume 2-3 times more power. An -19- additional advantage of the hypoxic generator is its ability to increase the humidity of hypoxic air. To avoid accidents, the oxygen concentration setting cannot be changed by the user.

Fig. 5 illustrates the working principle of hypoxic generator 20. The compressor 24 5 takes in ambient air through an intake filter 21 and pressurizes it up to 18 psi.

Compressed air is then chilled in a cooler 25 and is transmitted through a conduit 26 into a distribution valve 27. This is connected to multiple separation containers or molecular sieve beds 29 via a manifold 28. Depending on design needs, these can be installed in a linear of circular fashion. The number of molecular sieve beds may l' : ’ vary from one to 12. HYP-100/F is designed with 12 molecular sieve beds in a circular formation, pressurized in 3 cycles, four beds at a time. This is accomplished by a rotary distribution valve 27. In this particular case a small electric actuator motor 30 drives a rotary valve 27. Both the design, and the working principle of rotary distribution valves, motors and actuators are well known and will not be 15 described further. All of these parts are widely available from valve distributors.

Each molecular sieve bed 29 (or group of beds, in case of HYP-100/F) gets pressurized in cycles via a valve 27 that selectively redirects compressed air into each bed. These beds 29 are filled with molecular sieve material (preferably zeolites) that allow oxygen to pass through while adsorbing most other gases; including water 2Ω vapors (this is important for the end product). Oxygen (or the oxygen-enriched fraction) passing through the zeolites is collected in collector 31 and is released through a release valve 32. It is then disposed into the atmosphere through an outlet 22.

When the zeolites in one of the beds 29 become saturated with oxygen depleted air, 25 the compressed air supply is blocked by a valve 27. This bed then depressurizes, allowing oxygen-depleted air to escape from the zeolites in the bed 29. It is then transmitted through a manifold 28 into a hypoxic air supply conduit 23..This oneway release valve 32 keeps the oxygen-enriched fraction in the collector 31 under minimal pressure (approximately 5 psi). This assures that during the depressurization 10 15 20 25 -20- of the bed 29 sufficient oxygen can reenter. This purges the zeolites that are contaminated with nitrogen and water, thereby enhancing their absorption capacity. A motorized rotary actuator 30 may be replaced with a linear actuator with a mechanical air distribution valve 27. The motorized actuator 30 may also be replaced by a set of solenoid, or electrically operated air valves 27. However, this will require the addition of a circuit board, making the generator 20 more costly and less reliable. Solenoid valves, mechanical valves, electric valves and linear actuators are widely available and will not be described further.

Fig. 6 shows a hypoxic generator 40, which is available from Hypoxico Inc. This model works on compressed air provided by a compressor 24 and does not require additional electric motors, switches or circuit boards. In this case the distribution valve 47 is comprised of one br more air-piloted valves mounted on a manifold 48. Air-piloted valves are driven by compressed air and do not require additional support. The compressed is cleaned by a long-life HEPA filter 49 available from Hypoxico Inc. Suitable air-piloted valves are available from Humphrey Products in Kalamazoo, MI, U.S.A. Numerous combinations can be employed in distribution valve 47 in order to distribute compressed air in a cyclical manner. A suitable valve can be selected from this group, which includes electrical, mechanical, air piloted, or solenoid valves. Both linear and rotary configurations are available with actuators controlled by pressure, mechanical springs, motors or timers. It is not possible to cover all potential air distribution solutions in this patent. The number of molecular sieve beds in this model may vary from 1 to 12 (or more). HYP-100/F provides hypoxic air with 15% oxygen at the rate of 100 liters per minute (different settings from 10% to 18% are available and must be preset at the factory). The HYP-100/F is tamper resistant, as an unauthorized individual cannot change the oxygen setting. Larger size generators up to 1200 L/min are also available from Hypoxico Inc. 1( 15 -21-

The hypoxic generator 20 supplies hypoxic air with approximately 15% greater humidity than the surrounding ambient air. In mild climates, this increased level humidity along with the appropriate temperature provides a perfect environment for computers. In drier climates, or when a nitrogen generator is used in place of a hypoxic generator 20, it is advisable to install a humidifier 19 (optional in other cases) to maintain the room at approximately 40% relative humidity. Any humidifier that is certified for public use is acceptable.

Multiple generators 20 can be placed in a special generator room with its own a/c system and a fresh air supply above 500 ff/h (14 m3/hour) per each HYP-100/F generator. This is convenient for larger facilities with multiple rooms 11. In this case, larger air-conditioning units working in the recycle mode should be installed. Hypoxic generators will provide sufficient ventilation and fresh air supply. Every hypoxic generator is equipped with a HEPA (high efficiency particulate arrestance) filter that provides almost sterile air. In addition this “clean environment” is also beneficial for fire prevention as they substantially reduce dust accumulations on computer equipment.

Room 11 may also represent a computer cabinet 13. In this case, hypoxic air supplied by a miniature size generator 20 is chilled by a small heat exchange module 14 (both will be available from Hypoxico Inc.).

Any oxygen extraction device, such as a nitrogen generator or an oxygen concentrator can be used instead of a hypoxic generator 20. However, this will create significant disadvantages. PSA (pressure-swing adsorption) and membrane separation nitrogen generators require much higher pressures. The result of this is a less power efficient unit that is heavier, noisier, and costlier to maintain. Moreover, nitrogen generators are inefficient and create an extremely arid product that would require extensive humidification. Other oxygen extraction technologies, such as temperature-swing or electrical current swing absorption, may also be employed in the oxygen extraction device 20. Most of these technologies rely on the use of an air pump and an air separation module. The design and working principle of such air 25 -22- separation modules (employing both molecular-sieve adsorption and membrane separation technologies) is well known and widely available.

Fig. 7 shows a schematic view of a nitrogen generator or oxygen concentrator employing an oxygen-enrichment membrane module 50. Extracted oxygen is disposed of through an outlet 53. Dry compressed air is delivered via an inlet 51 into a hollow-fiber membrane module 50. Fast moving oxygen molecules under pressure diffuse through the walls of hollow fibers and exit through the outlet 53. Dry nitrogen or a nitrogen enriched gas mixture passes through the hollow fibers and is transmitted through an outlet 52 into the room 11. The employment of this technology in the Hypoxic FirePASS system would require additional humidification of the room’s 11 environment

Both, nitrogen generators and oxygen concentrators require sophisticated computerized monitoring equipment to control and monitor oxygen levels. This makes them unsafe for human occupied facilities.

The principle of a normbaric hypoxic environment for fire prevention and suppression could be applied to any room. Enclosures of any shape and size including buildings, marine vessels, cargo containers, airliners, space vehicles/space station, computer rooms, private homes, and most other industrial and non-industrial facilities will benefit from a fire-preventative hypoxic environment.

In a large computer facility, each rack with computer equipment 13 may be enclosed in its own hypoxic room 11. This energy sparing strategy will provide a normoxic environment between the racks 13. In addition, it will not interfere with a facility’s current fire suppression system. Moreover, the facility may use a much cheaper sprinkler system, as water will not be able to damage computer equipment that is enclosed inside the hypoxic room’s watertight panel enclosures. Hypoxico Inc. in New York manufactures suitable modular panel enclosures of any size. In this case, air-conditioning for each enclosure becomes optional as the facility might already be sufficiently chilled.

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-23-

Fig. 8 illustrates a comparison of flame extinction curve Y and hemoglobin saturation curve Z in a controlled atmosphere during the gradual reduction of oxygen (This has been explained earlier).

Fig. 9 shows a schematic view of a private home with a dual mode modification of 5 the FireP ASS system. The system can be set in the preventative mode or the suppressive mode. A house 91 having installed the Home FireP ASS system will include a hypoxic generator 92 with an outside air intake 93 and distribution piping 94. Discharge nozzles 95 will be located in every room. 10 This type of hypoxic generator 92 incorporates an additional compressor (not shown) that allows hypoxic air to be stored and maintained in a high-pressure storage container 97, via pipe 96.

Hypoxic air used in fire-preventive mode should have oxygen content of approximately 16%. In the suppressive mode the oxygen content in the internal 15 atmosphere (after the deployment of the FireP ASS) should be between 12% and 14%.

Smoke and fire detectors 98 installed in the home will initiate the Home FireP ASS in the suppressive mode (in the prevention mode fire ignition is impossible). All detection and control equipment is available on the market and will not be described 20 further.

The storage container 97 can contain hypoxic air under a pressure of approximately 100 bar (or higher), when a smaller tank is desired. The container 97 should be installed outside of the home 91, preferably in protective housing. High-pressure gas storage containers and compressors are readily available in the market. The hypoxic 25 generator 92 for the Home FireP ASS is available from Hypoxico Inc.

The working principle of the system can be described as follows. The hypoxic generator 92 draws in fresh outside air the through the intake 93, and supplies -24- hypoxic air into a high-pressure container 97 through a built - in compressor. Recommended storage pressure in the tank is approximately 100 bar.

The system has two operating modes: preventative mode and suppressing mode. 5 When the home is left uninhabited (during working hours or vacations), a fire - preventive mode is initiated by pressing a button on the main control panel (not shown). This initiates the system by starting the hypoxic generator and allowing the slow release of hypoxic air from the container 97 into the distribution piping 94.

Nozzles 95 are located in every room in the house. Consequently, a fire - preventive 10 environment (with an oxygen content of 16%) can be established in approximately 15 minutes. In addition, a hypoxic environment can be created with an oxygen concentration below 10%. This.is a very effective deterrent against intruders, as it is an extremely uncomfortable environment to be in. When people return home, they can quickly establish a normoxic atmosphere by opening windows or using a 15 ventilating system (not shown). When.the fire-preventive environment is created, the ‘ generator 92 will refill the container 97 with hypoxic air.

If desired, a hypoxic fire-preventive atmosphere can be permanently established, making the container 97 obsolete. In the preventive mode, the generator 92 of the 20 Home FirePASS will constantly provide a human friendly normbaric hypoxic environment with oxygen content of 16%. This corresponds to an altitude of 2200 m above sea level. This breathable fire-preventive atmosphere provides a number of health benefits (described on www.hvpoxico.com') and excludes the possibility of combustion (even smoking inside house 91 will be impossible). For cooking 25 purposes, electric appliances must be used. Household heating appliances that run on gas or liquid fuel can be made operational by installing an air supply duct that allows outside air to be drawn for combustion.

The system’s fire suppression mode is tied directly to smoke or thermal detectors 9S, installed in each room of the house. A signal from a smoke detector 98 is transmitted 30 to the main control panel, which opens an automatic release valve (not shown). This 10 -25- results in the rapid introduction of the hypoxic gas mixture from the container 97. Release nozzles 95 can be equipped with small air-powered sirens that are activated upon the release of hypoxic air. It is recommended that hypoxic gas should be released into all rooms simultaneously. However, in order to reduce the size of container 97, the release of hypoxic air can be limited to the room in which smoke was detected. Given FireP ASS’s reaction time of less than one second, this should be more than sufficient to suppress a localized fire. More concentrated hypoxic fire suppression agent with oxygen content from 0.1% to 10% can be used as well, in order to reduce the size of the storage container 97. The exact size and amount of the fire suppression agent should be calculated so that when released, it creates a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere having oxygen concentration from 10% to 16%.

To reduce costs, the Home FirePASS can operate in suppression mode without the i 5 installation of generator 92. In this case the system will consist of a high-pressure tank 97, gas delivery piping 94 and a detection and control system 98. A local service company can provide the requisite maintenance and refilling of the gas storage tanks 97.

Fig. 10 is a schematic view of a multilevel building 101 with the Building FirePASS 2". installed in fire-suppressive mode. A larger FirePASS block (available from Hypoxico inc.) installed on the roof of the building 101 has a hypoxic generator 102 providing hypoxic air (or fire extinguishing agent) through the extraction of oxygen from ambient air. The generator 102 communicates with a compressor 103, delivering hypoxic air at high 25 pressure to the storage container 104. Once there, it is maintained under a constant pressure of approximately 200 bar (or higher).

As shown in Fig. 10, a vertical fire agent delivery pipe 105 having discharge nozzles 106 on each floor can be installed throughout the entire building, either externally or -26- in an elevator shaft. Discharge nozzles 106 are installed with silencers to reduce the noise created by the release of high-pressure fire agent.

When fire is detected, a signal from a central control panel initiates the opening of a release valve 107 forcing stored hypoxic air (fire agent) into the distribution pipe 5 105. Given the FirePASS’s rapid response time, the creation of a breathable fire- suppressive environment on the affected floor should be sufficient. However, as an added precaution, hypoxic agent should be released to the adjacent floors as well. The Building FireP ASS will release sufficient amount of the hypoxic fire suppression agent (with oxygen content below 10%). to the desired floors creating a 10 breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere with oxygen content of approximately 12%- 15%

The positive pressure of the hypoxic atmosphere will guarantee its penetration into all. apartments and will instantly suppress a source of fire in any room. In addition, by establishing a hypoxic environment on the adjacent floors, a fire will be unable to 15 spread to the upper portion of the building. A key advantage of this system is that it can be incorporated into the fire-sensing/fire-extinguishing equipment that is currently in place (such as employed by a sprinkler system, gas - suppression system, etc.) 20 Separate floors may have an individual fire detection system connected to an individual Floor FireP ASS, as shown on the bottom of Fig.10. High-pressure hypoxic gas containers 108 can release hypoxic agent throughout the floor via distribution piping 109 with discharge nozzles in each room. In order to reduce the storage pressure and the size of container, a very low oxygen concentration may be 25 used in the stored gas, provided that a safe breathable atmosphere will be established in each room with oxygen content of about 12%-15%. Freestanding fire-extinguishing units with hypoxic fire agent can be used in selected rooms in the building. Such units are described later in connection to Fig.12. -27-

Fig. 11 presents a schematic view of an industrial building 110. The ground floor has no separating walls and can be open to the outside atmosphere, e.g. for unloading, etc. In this case, FirePASS should include separating partitions, or curtains 115, that can be dropped down in case of fire or installed permanently (e.g. in form of soft 5 clear flaps). .

The Hypoxic generator/compressor block 111 and gas storage container 112 are installed on the roof or outside of the building 110. The Building FirePASS delivers hypoxic air through distribution piping 113 and discharge nozzles 114. In the case of a localized fire (in a room or on an upper floor), the FirePass will instantly discharge ll hypoxic air in an amount that is sufficient to establish the Hypoxic Threshold of 16.8% 02, but comfortable enough for human breathing (14-15% recommended, or 10-14% for some applications).

When smoke and/or fire are detected on the ground floor, curtains 115 (which are stored in curtain holders 116) are released thereby separating the floor into localized 15 areas. This will block the ventilation and movement of air. When fire is detected, the building’s ventilation system should be immediately shut down. Hypoxic air is then instantly released into the affected area (and the adjacent area), causing the fire to be rapidly extinguished.

Curtains 115 should be made from a fire-resistant synthetic material that is soft and 2_ clear. Vertical flaps of the curtains 115 will allow for the quick exit of people who are trapped in the affected area.

FirePASS system can establish a hypoxic environment below Hypoxic Threshold on a specific floor or throughout an entire building. If required, this fully breathable, fire-suppressive atmosphere can be maintained indefinitely, providing a lifeline to 25 people that are trapped inside. This embodiment is suitable for providing fire- preventive and fire-suppressive environments for numerous applications.

For example, nuclear power plants could be maintained in a fire-preventive state. If an accident does occur, than the oxygen content should be reduced to approximately -28- 10%. This extreme hypoxic environment is still safe for a minimum of 20 minutes, giving trapped people time to escape and protecting their bodies from radiation that provides less damage when oxyhemoglobin saturation drops below 80%. When lower oxygen concentrations are used, adding carbon dioxide to the fire suppressive 5 agent can further stimulate breathing..

Both Home FirePASS, and Building FirePASS, can be installed in a strictly preventive mode. In this case, storage containers 97, 104 and 112 become optional, as the generator will be constantly pumping hypoxic air into the distribution piping. This creates a permanent fire-preventative environment. 10 Another cost effective solution would be to provide each room with its own automatic fire suppression apparatus. Fig. 12 shows a freestanding fire-extinguishing unit 121 having a gas storage container 122 inside. A release valve 123 (preferably burst disk type) can be opened by an electro-explosive initiator 124 that is actuated by a thermal/smoke-detecting device on the control block 125. When smoke or fire is 15 detected, a signal from the control block 125 actuates the initiator 124. This causes the valve 123 to open and release the hypoxic fire extinguishing composition through discharge nozzles 126 in each room. An extended-life battery, with an optional AC power connection can power the control block 125.

Storage container 122 contains the appropriate quantity of the hypoxic fire 20 suppression agent under high pressure. The oxygen content in the fire suppression composition is approximately below 10%, so when released, it will provide a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere at or slightly below the Hypoxic Threshold. The amount of hypoxic fire-suppressive agent in the container 122 can be easily adjusted for each room by changing the gas storage pressure. 25 Carbon dioxide can be added to the fire-suppressive agent in necessary quantities, thereby replacing the corresponding part of nitrogen. This will stimulate the breathing process if the hypoxic atmosphere having an oxygen content below 14%. -29-

The amount of carbon dioxide added to the fire agent should be calculated so that its content in created fire-suppressive atmosphere will achieve approximately 4%-5%.

The container 122 is surrounded by protective filling 127 that cushions it against impact and provides it with thermal protection. Discharge nozzles 126 are equipped with silencers or noise traps in order to reduce the noise from discharging gas.

Units 121 can be temporarily installed and are an excellent alternative to costly fire suppression systems that require permanent installation.

Fig. 13 demonstrates the unique abilities of a mobile FirePASS system for industrial applications. For example, a broken tank or vessel 130 having a hatch 131 can be welded in a hypoxic environment. This is not feasible using current suppression systems as an empty container may still contain explosive vapors. A Mobile FirePASS unit 132, producing approximately 2 cubic meters of hypoxic air per minute would quickly reduce the tank’s 130 oxygen content to 14%. This hypoxic fire-extinguishing composition will be heavier than the explosive vapors in the ambient air. Consequently, it will act like a blanket, covering the surface of the inflammable liquid. Therefore a completely safe working environment will be created inside the tank 130. Lower oxygen concentrations can be used if the welder has a dedicated breathing supply. In this case, the welder will expire air with an oxygen content of approximately 16.5%. This level is close to the hypoxic threshold and will not negatively influence the surrounding environment.

In this environment all types of cutting or welding can be safely employed, including electric welding and oxygen-acetylene torches. Even if a spark, or molten metal touches the kerosene, ignition will not occur.

Similar mobile FirePASS units can be used in numerous applications where repair work must be done in an explosive or fire hazardous environment, e.g. inside a sea tanker, an underground gasoline vessel, a crude oil pipe etc. -30-

Fig. 14 presents a schematic view of an underground military installation 140 being maintained in a constant hypoxic fire-preventive environment. This is provided by a special Underground FirePASS system. Ambient atmospheric air is taken in via a ventilation intake 141, which is installed at a remote location. It is then delivered through a ventilation shaft 142 into hypoxic generator module 143. A downstream-side filtering unit 144 purifies the air, eliminating chemical and bacteriological contaminants.

Hypoxic air having an oxygen content of approximately 15% is delivered from a generator 143 into ventilation ducts 145 with discharge nozzles 146 evenly distributed throughout the facility 140. This provides each room with a self-contained breathable fire-preventive atmosphere at a slightly positive barometric pressure. Excessive hypoxic atmosphere exits the underground facility 140 via an elevator shaft 147 with a protected one-way ventilation opening on top (not shown). When the exit cover 148 of the shaft 147 slides open, the positive pressure and higher density of the hypoxic air prevents outside air from rushing in, which provides additional important feature of the system. This fire-preventive atmosphere provides additional protection from an explosion (e.g. from a penetrating bomb or internal accident) by stopping fire from propagate inside the facility.

Fig. 15 presents a schematic view of the Tunnel FirePASS system for automobile tunnels. This fire suppression system is self-adjustable and fully automatic. A high-pressure pipe 152 runs throughout the length of the tunnel 151. It can be installed alongside a wall 151 or below the ceiling. The pipe 152 is connected to a high-pressure container 153 outside the tunnel 151. The result of this configuration is a fully enclosed high - pressure gas circuit 152 - 153.. For longer tunnels it is advisable to have separate systems on each end. Additional systems can be added, if necessary, in selected sections. For example, a 25km tunnel recently opened in Norway would require at least 10 additional FirePASS units installed throughout its length. -31-

Gas discharge nozzles 154 are distributed evenly throughout the full length of the

tunnel. Each nozzle 154 services a separate section of the tunnel, e.g. A, B, C, etc. A ventilation system of the tunnel is not shown on this drawing in order to simplify this presentation. In case of a fire, each sector can be separated with soft flap curtains 155, held normally in curtain - holders 156 A Hypoxic generator 157 is installed outside the tunnel and communicates with a high-pressure vessel 153 through the compressor block 158. High-pressure container 153 and a pipe 152 contain breathable hypoxic air with an oxygen content below 15%. Generated by the hypoxic generator 157 and delivered into a container 153 via the compressor block 158, this air is at a barometric pressure of approximately 200-300 bar. Longer tunnels require the installation of multiple Tunnel FirePASS units as shown in Fig. 15.

The working principle of this embodiment can be explained as follows. If a fire occurs in section C it will be immediately detected by heat/smoke detectors 159 which are distributed at 5-meter intervals throughout the tunnel. The curtain holders 156 located between sections A. B, C, D and E will release flexible, transparent curtains. This will separate the fire in section C from the rest of the tunnel.

As shown in Fig. 16, the curtains 155 will be made from a synthetic material and have soft transparent flaps. These curtains 155 can be instantly inflated by a high-pressure gas cartridge or a pyrotechnic cartridge 161. These cartridges will be similar to those used in inflatable automobile bags. The cartridge will be initiated by a signal from the smoke/fire detectors 159. Suitable detection equipment is available from numerous manufacturers.

Simultaneously, the tunnels internal ventilation system will shut down and discharge nozzle 154 in section C will release hypoxic air under high pressure. This hypoxic air is stored in the pipe 152 and the container 153. The volume of hypoxic air released into section C will exceed the volume of section C by several times. Therefore,

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-32- sections B, C and D will undergo complete air exchange, ensuring the quick establishment of a breathable fire- suppressive environment. In shorter tunnels (under 1000 m) the volume of hypoxic air should be sufficient to fill the entire tunnel.

To calculate the amount of the hypoxic fire-extinguishing composition that needs to be released from the circuit 152 — 153 into sections B, C and D, a final concentration of 13% to 15% oxygen should be used in the fire-suppressive atmosphere where it should be released. This corresponds to an altitude between 2700 and 3800 meters, which is still suitable for human breathing. This hypoxic environment will instantly suppress any fire: This includes chemical fires, electrical fires, fires induced by inflammable liquids and fires from gas detonations. In addition, this environment will instantly suppress a fire from an explosion. This provides significant protection against a terrorist attack.

Nozzles 154 are equipped with special silencers to reduce the noise resulting from the high-pressure gas release. To alarm people both inside and outside the tunnel, it is also recommended that air sirens be attached to the silencers. In addition, as the oxygen content drops below Hypoxic Threshold, the combustion engines of the trapped automobiles will become inoperable. Consequently, there will be sufficient breathable air for many hours.

Gas release from the nozzles 154 is initiated by a signal from an automated system " of fire detectors 159. It is recommended that the volume of hypoxic air in the system 152 - 153 be sufficient to fill the entire tunnel. If this is not feasible, then the volume should be great enough to fill the affected section and those adjacent to it.

In some applications the pipe 152 can be kept at standard pressure, thereby reducing its weight. This can be accomplished by keeping the high-pressure hypoxic air strictly in the vessel 153. It is then released into the pipe 152 in case of fire. Consequently, a lighter and less expensive discharge mechanism at nozzles 154 can -33- be used. However, this requires the installation of a computerized fire detection and gas release system that automatically opens the release valve from the vessel 153 and feeds the hypoxic air into the pipe 152, which is then released through the nozzle 154 into the required sections. 5

If a fire breaks inside the tunnel 151 then localizing drop curtains 155 would be released throughout the entire tunnel (preferably every 50 to 100 meters). This will establish breathable fire-suppressive hypoxic environment throughout the tunnel and prevent any ventilation. In addition, accidents will be avoided as the hypoxic 10.,, environment prevents combustion in automobile engines.

After the appropriate personnel declare the tunnel safe, the discharge system will be closed and the curtains 155 will be retracted into the curtain holders 156. The ventilation system of the tunnel 151 will then be reopened, bringing in fresh air. 15

The oxygen content inside the tunnel will rapidly increase to 20.9% (the normal ambient concentration at any altitude), allowing combustion engines to resume normal operations. 20 Pressure monitoring transducers installed at the vessel 153 will turn on the hypoxic generator 157 and the compressor block 158 in case if the storage pressure drops, which may occur during maintenance or fire emergency. This automatic refill ensures that the system will always be ready to suppress a fire. 25 The Hypoxic generator 157 intakes ambient air from the outside atmosphere and extract from it a part of oxygen. It then directs the oxygen-depleted air with 02 content below 15% to the compressor block 158. Once there it is compressed to a barometric pressure of approximately 200 bar and then delivered into the vessel or storage container 153, communicating directly (or through a release valve) with the 30 pipe 152. -34-

As previously stated, curtains should be made from synthetic material. They should be soft, transparent and fully inflatable. They should have long vertical flaps, which overlap each other horizontally (as shown on Fig. 16). 5 These specifications insure the easy passage of vehicles through the curtains 155, as their transparent nature will not obstruct a driver’s view. They will provide sufficient sector-separation, even if a truck stops directly beneath them. Similar curtains have been successfully used by Hypoxico Inc.’s Hypoxic Room System to separate the hypoxic environment from the outside atmosphere. 10

Fig. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a cylindrical tunnel 151, focusing on the preferred embodiment of the curtain deployment system.

The curtain 155 is folded inside the curtain holder 156. A signal from a smoke/fire :.15 detection system initiates a high-pressure or pyrotechnic cartridge 161, which results in the release of gas. This causes the curtain 155 to inflate. The inflating curtain 155 pushes open the cover 162 of the curtain holder 156 and drops down to the pavement. Separate cartridges 161 may be installed above each traffic line. 20 Additional separating segments 163 are installed at both sides of the curtain, above and under the pavement, allowing communication cables and pipes to pass through.. Segments 163 are installed only at places where curtains 155 are installed. This combination provides a substantial air obstruction between separated sections, preventing natural ventilation. However, the curtains 155 do not prevent hypoxic air 25 released by the FirePASS to pass through them. Vertical segments 163 should be made from a soft plastic material in order to prevent damage to vehicles.

Electronic switches, thermal/smoke detectors, valves and monitors that are installed inside the tunnel will initiate the release of the hypoxic agent. These components are 30 widely available so they will not be described further. Various models of hypoxic generators 157 are offered solely by Hypoxico Inc. of New York. Various oxygen -35- extraction devices can be used for this application including but not limited to: pressure - swing absorbers, membrane separators, and units using electric current swing adsorption technologies. Multiple stage compressors 158 that compress air up to 200 bar or higher are also available from numerous manufacturers throughout the 5 world.

In certain cases, calculated amounts of nitrogen can be used to fill the high-pressure system. This will reduce the size, and weight of the system, but will require additional safety and monitoring equipment. When released, the exact amount of 10 nitrogen would mix with internal air providing hypoxic environment with oxygen content of 15%, or lower, if needed.

Fig 17 presents a schematic view of a cost-effective Tunnel FireP ASS for electric powered trains and other vehicles that do not use combustion engines. This 15 embodiment allows the inside of the tunnel. 171 to be maintained in a fire preventive environment, at or below the Hypoxic Threshold. However, this embodiment is not suitable for automobile tunnels, as combustion engines will not operate in such hypoxic environment. 20 The tunnel 171 is equipped with two separating doors 172 in the closed position, one on each end. When a train approaches the tunnel 171, the first door 172 opens, allowing the train to pass, and closes thereafter. As the train approaches the end of the tunnel, the second door opens, allowing the train to exit. One or more hypoxic generators 173 that have been installed outside the tunnel supply hypoxic air to the 25 interior of the tunnel 171. Hypoxic air with an oxygen content between 14 and 15% is created by the generator and then delivered inside the tunnel 171 through piping 174 and nozzles 175.This maintains a constant fire-preventive environment in the tunnel and transmits it inside the train, since its interior becomes ventilated with the hypoxic air. 30 -36-

The doors 172 can be made in different shapes, e.g. a slide, swing or folding doors being opened vertically or horizontally. Such doors are available by numerous manufacturers. Doors should be installed approximately 10 to 20 meters inside the tunnel to prevent them from being blocked by snow or ice. The electric contact cable 5 176 can be interrupted at the doors 172 or other joints and obstacles.

Fig 18 shows a frontal view of the tunnel’s entry with a closed door 172.

Fig 19 presents a schematic view of a ski train tunnel 171 similar to the one in 10 Kaprun, Austria (where 159 people died in fire in November of 2000). With a length of 3.3 km, this 3.6-meter-diameter tunnel has an average gradient of 39°. This caused a “chimney effect” which sucked air from the bottom of the tunnel, thereby fanning the flames. • 15 Doors 192 will prevent such a draft, keeping the fire-preventive environment inside the tunnel 191. Through a pipe 194 and evenly distributed (every 50 meters) discharge nozzles 195, a hypoxic generator 193 will provide the tunnel with the breathable fire-extinguishing composition at 15-16% oxygen content. Automatic doors 192 open when the train approaches, similar to doors 172 in the previous 20 embodiment.

In addition, the oxygen-enriched fraction produced during the extraction process can be forwarded to wastewater treatment plants, fisheries, metallurgy plants, paper bleaching and food processing plants, and other businesses, providing great benefit 25 to the local economy.

Fig. 20 shows a schematic view of an On-Board FirePASS system for passenger trains, buses, subway cars and other passenger vehicles. 30 This embodiment presents the installation of a fire suppression system inside a railroad passenger car 201. A high-pressure storage container 202 filled with the -37- hypoxic fire suppression agent is mounted under the ceiling or on the roof of the car 201. A container 202 is equipped with a discharge valve connected to distribution piping 203. Hypoxic agent is then discharged through discharge nozzles 204. 5 When fire is detected, a burst disc discharge valve (not shown) will be initiated by an electro-explosive initiator. Burst disc discharge valves and electro-explosive initiators are available from Kidde-Fenwal Inc. in the U.S.A. Suitable containers, piping and nozzles are also available from numerous manufacturers. 10 Hypoxic fire suppression agent with oxygen content below the Hypoxic Threshold is stored in container 202 under a barometric pressure of approximately 100 bar. Much lower oxygen concentrations can be used (from 0.01 to 10 %O2) since it is easy to calculate the volume of the fire agent that is necessary upon release in order to create a breathable fire-suppressive environment at Hypoxic Threshold. This lower oxygen 15 content allows to reduce both the volume, and weight of the high-pressure storage container 202.

For instance: in order to achieve fire - suppression at an oxygen concentration of 16%, a car or bus interior with a volume of 200 m3 would require approximately 75 20 m3 of a 2% oxygen hypoxic gas mixture. At 100 atm pressure it would require only 700-liter storage container or seven 1 OO-liter containers. The latter container would be substantially easier to install in a car 201. Pure nitrogen can be used as well, as long as it is released through multiple nozzles for better distribution. In this case, the oxygen content in the interior of the car must remain between 12% and 16%. This 25 would require only 60 m3 of nitrogen. This can be stored in 600-liter container at 100 atm (or 300 liter container at 200 atm pressure).

All nozzles must be equipped with silencers, to reduce the noise that is created by the release of high-pressure gas. 30

X -38-

The On-Board FirePASS can be installed on buses, ferries, funiculars and other passenger vehicles. Personal automobile fire - suppression systems can also be built using the same solution.

Successfully suppressing a fire on board an in-flight aircraft is extremely difficult, as the majority of theses fires are caused by electrical defects inside the aircraft.

In order to save on weight, an airplane’s construction is not strong enough to be pressurized at sea level. Consequently, all passenger aircraft are pressurized at altitudes ranging from 2 to 3 km. This reduces the pressure differential between the internal and external atmosphere while the plane is in flight. As a result of this the plane’s internal atmosphere has a lower partial pressure of oxygen. However, the internal atmosphere still has an oxygen content of 20.94%. Therefore, to achieve a fire preventative state (Hypoxic Threshold) an atmosphere corresponding to an altitude of approximately 4 km would have to be created. This would be too uncomfortable for most passengers. This unfortunate condition restricts the use of the FirePASS system in the preventive mode in current passenger airplanes.

Fig. 21 shows the implementation of the FirePASS technology into the ventilation system of a passenger airliner 211. All such airplanes depend on the outside atmosphere for fresh air. This requires a complicated air-intake system that will not be described here. A ventilation system with distribution piping 212 and nozzles 213 provides a normal mixture of recycled air (along with a small amount of fresh air). The piping 212 communicates with a high-pressure storage container 214 that is filled up with hypoxic fire-suppressive agent. The container 214 is equipped with a release valve, which is initiated by an electro-explosive device described in the previous embodiment shown in Fig.20.

In case of fire, the on-board fire/smoke detection system provides a signal that initiates the actuation of the burst disc valve by an electro-explosive device. Hypoxic fire suppression agent is released into the ventilation system and is evenly distributed -39- throughout the plane. The upper portion of Fig. 21 shows the movement of hypoxic air throughout the plane. The amount of the hypoxic agent that is released must provide a hypoxic threshold throughout the entire airplane. The signal from the fire/smoke detection system will also close the intake valves that allow fresh air to 5 enter the plane. A storage container (or multiple containers 214) containing hypoxic agent at a barometric pressure at approximately 50 bar should be equipped with a gradual release valve and silencer.

Excessive internal atmosphere is released from the airplane through a pressure- 10 sensitive relief valve 215 that is initiated by pressure increase inside the aircraft. This will provide sufficient air change inside the aircraft, removing smoke or toxic fumes from the fire source. The atmosphere aboard the aircraft will now be at the Hypoxic Threshold and will be suitable for breathing for a limited period of time, even for the sick and elderly. This limited breathing time will be sufficient, as a fire will be 15 suppressed in a matter of seconds. However, if exposure to the hypoxic environment must be prolonged, the simultaneous release of oxygen masks will allow passengers to remain comfortable. In order to counterbalance the effect of hypoxia human body a necessary amount of carbon dioxide can be added to the hypoxic fire agent that being released will create a breathable fire-suppressive atmosphere with 4%-5% of 20 carbon dioxide. This will allow safely maintaining such atmosphere for hours without any discomfort or risk for passengers’ health. The effect of supplementary' carbon dioxide is explained further in Fig. 33 and 34.

This method of fire suppression will immediately squelch any fire. Even smoke that 25 may be produced by residual glowing will be eliminated. Consequently, the safety of the people aboard the aircraft will be guaranteed.

Fig. 22 presents the FirePASS system aboard the next generation of airplanes that will fly above Earth’s atmosphere (including spaceships). These vehicles, which are . 30 similar to NASA’s Space Shuttle, do not depend on the intake of fresh air, as they -40- are equipped with autonomous air-regeneration systems. Consequently, these vehicles are pressurized at sea level.

For decades, researchers from NASA (along with other space agencies) have been 5 trying to find a human-friendly solution to suppress fires on board space vehicles (and space stations). The most advanced fire-suppression technology currently available uses carbon dioxide as the fire-suppressant. The advantage of using carbon . dioxide is that it can easily be removed from the enclosed atmosphere by absorbers utilized in life-support systems. However, the main drawback of carbon dioxide is 10 that upon its release, the atmosphere becomes non-breathable.

The implementation of the FirePASS system on such an aircraft (or space shuttle 221) requires the initial establishment and maintenance of the hypoxic threshold in the atmosphere on board of the vehicle. On the ground the vehicle 221 has been 15 ventilated through with hypoxic air supplied by the mobile FirePASS generator 222.

Passengers can board the vehicle at the same time through an antechamber-type gate.

Upon the completion of full air exchange, the atmosphere will be at the Hypoxic Threshold. The door of the vehicle 221 can now be closed and the cabin can be 20 pressurized. The internal atmosphere will now be recycled by an autonomous air- regeneration system 223. This system 223 contains a special chemical absorber (a complex composition of lithium and potassium super oxides) that absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. The control system is set to maintain oxygen content at the desired level (15% recommended). 25

One of the key benefits of the FirePASS technology is the ease in which it can be installed in vehicles of this nature, as no hardware modifications will be necessary. The environment can be altered by increasing the nitrogen content of the internal atmosphere. The air control system can be reprogrammed to maintain the artificial 30 atmosphere at or below the Hypoxic Threshold. This hypoxic composition will provide a healthy, comfortable environment with 100% protection against fire. -41-

Other inert gases such as argon and xenon, etc. (or mixtures thereof) can also be used in as fire-extinguishing ballast. However, the hypoxic threshold will be slightly different for each gas mixture. 5 The same fire-preventive composition is suitable for all hermetic objects including space stations, interplanetary colonies, and underwater/underground facilities. In the future, most of buildings will contain an artificial atmosphere that can be protected against fire by establishing a hypoxic environment with oxygen content below 16.8%. 10

Fig. 23 shows a hermetic object with an artificial atmosphere. The on board life support system (not shown) incorporates the autonomous air-regeneration system 231, maintaining a healthy comfortable environment at the Hypoxic Threshold. 15 The regeneration block 232 collects expired air through air intakes 233 and piping 234. The equipment on this block 232 removes a portion of the water and sends it to the water regeneration block of the main life-support system. Dehumidified air is sent into the block’s regenerative absorber 232 where excessive carbon dioxide is absorbed. In addition, an appropriate amount of oxygen is added, thereby insuring 20 that the internal atmosphere is maintained at the Hypoxic Threshold. A computerized control unit 235 maintains the temperature, the humidity, and the oxygen/carbon dioxide balance in the air-supply system 237. Nozzles 238 are distributed evenly throughout the enclosed space, or in each enclosed compartment. Supplemental oxygen (and nitrogen, if needed) is stored in containers 239. However, once the inert 25 ballast of nitrogen is introduced into the internal atmosphere, it will remain there without needing further regeneration. This ballast will automatically prevent oxygen content from rising above the initial settings, providing an additional safety in a case of failure of the computerized control equipment. 30 The same breathable fire-preventive composition with can be used in submarines, underground and underwater facilities, space and interplanetary stations. -42-

These environments have one thing in common: they cannot rely on the outside atmosphere for ventilation or air exchange. Fires in such environments are extremely dangerous and difficult to suppress. Oxygen is typically generated through chemical, biological or electrolytic means. In a modem spaceship (or space station) oxygen must be stored onboard the vehicle prior to liftoff.

If the maintenance of a constant hypoxic environment (fire preventive mode) is not feasible, then the system can be maintained in its fire-suppression mode. It can then be introduced when required. Depending on the size of the environment, the vehicle can be divided into fire - suppression zones. Localization can be achieved by separating different sectors of the environment with inflatable air curtains, hermetic doors or hatches. In case of fire the necessary amount of the hypoxic fire suppression agent will be introduced into the localized sector, instantly creating a hypoxic environment under the Hypoxic Threshold.

Fig. 24 shows the implementation of the FireP ASS technology into the autonomous air-regenerative system of a military vehicle. The tank 241 has a hermetically sealed environment with an internal breathable atmosphere under the hypoxic threshold. The working principle of this system is identical to the one that was described in the previous embodiment (Fig.23).

The air-regeneration system 242 employs a chemical absorbent that adsorbs carbon dioxide and releases the appropriate amount of oxygen. This maintains the internal atmosphere of the vehicle below the Hypoxic Threshold (preferably from 12 to 13%). Military personnel can easily adapt to this, environments by sleeping in a Hypoxic Room System (or Hypoxic Tent System) manufactured by Hypoxico Inc.

The same concept applies to military aircraft, submarines and other vehicles. One of the key advantages of employing a hypoxic, fire-extinguishing composition in military vehicles is that it provides a fire-safe internal environment for the soldier, even if the vehicle is penetrated by ammunition. -43-

Hypoxic fire-prevention compositions and methods employing FirePASS technology guarantee that a fire will not get started under any circumstances.

Fig. 25 is a schematic view of a space station 251 employing breathable hypoxic fire- 5 preventive composition as its permanent internal atmosphere. The air-regeneration system 252 continuously collects expired air from the station’s inhabitants. It then provides a comfortable fire-preventive atmosphere with oxygen content at or below the Hypoxic Threshold (15% level recommended). The working principle of this system is shown schematically in Fig.23. 10

The greatest advantage to implementing a breathable, fire-preventive composition into a hermetic, human-occupied environment is its ability to automatically maintain the Hvpoxic Threshold. Once introduced, the inert nitrogen gas from the hypoxic composition will always be present in such artificial 15 atmosphere in its original concentration - no refill or regeneration will be required. It cannot be consumed by the inhabitants or adsorbed by an air-regeneration system. This factor automatically maintains the Hypoxic Threshold (or a lower level of oxygen in a breathable range) in a hermetic artificial atmosphere being maintained at constant barometric pressure. 20

Fig.26 presents a schematic view of a marine vessel 261 such as a tanker, a cargo ship, a cruise ship or a military vessel. A ship cannot be completely protected by a fire-preventive atmosphere, as some rooms must be frequently ventilated with normoxic air. Consequently, the Marine FirePASS must be installed in dual mode. 25 The Fire Pass (operating in its suppression mode) can protect rooms that are frequently opened and/or ventilated. The following is a brief list of the appropriate operating mode of operation in a given area: - fire-suppression circuit (e.g. machine and upper deck personnel rooms) 30 - fire-prevention circuit (e.g. liquid or dry cargo area, arsenal, computer center and hardware storage rooms on board of a military vessel) -44-

The Marine FirePASS consists of a hypoxic generator 262 that takes in ambient air, and supplies the breathable.hypoxic fire-preventive composition through the fire-prevention circuit 263. Discharge nozzles 264 are located in each cargo or military 5 hardware compartment. The system constantly maintains a fire-preventive atmosphere through the continuous supply of air with oxygen content below the Hypoxic Threshold. Excessive air exits through simple ventilation openings or pressure equalization valves (not shown). 10 The fire-suppression circuit of the Marine FirePASS consists of a high-pressure container 265, a compressor 266 and distribution piping 267. Nozzles 268 are located in each room, plus any additional areas covered by the circuit.

The working principle of the Marine FirePASS is shown schematically on Fig. 27. 15 The generator 262 takes in ambient air, extracts oxygen, and then supplies the oxygen-depleted fraction to the fire-preventive circuit 271. The covered area 272 is constantly ventilated with fresh hypoxic air that exits the protected environment 272 through a ventilation hole 273. 20 The fire-suppressive composition is maintained under high pressure by a compressor 266 in a storage container 265. In case of fire, an electro-explosive initiator described earlier actuates a release valve 274. This causes the hypoxic fire-suppressive composition from the container 265 to replace (or dilute) the atmosphere in the fire-suppression circuit area 275. Consequently, a breathable fire-suppressive 25 atmosphere with an oxygen content under the Hypoxic Threshold (preferably between 10% and 14%) is established throughout the circuit.

Advanced Aircraft Fire Suppression System

The Aircraft Fire Suppression System (AFSS) described in the rest of this document 30 represents a cost-effective, highly reliable and practical solution to the fire -45- suppression problem on board any aircraft, especially present-day passenger airplanes that require pressurization at 2-3 km altitude, which represents a modification of the embodiment shown earlier on Fig.21.

Fig.28 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a passenger aircraft cabin 281 5 having AFSS (Aircraft Fire Suppression System) gas agent storage container 282 installed in the upper body lobe behind the ceiling.

Some aircraft designs do not provide enough space for installing container 282 in the upper body lobe. In such cases container 282 may be installed in the lower body lobe or anywhere in the aircraft body. Container 282 may have any form and 10 appearance—it may be installed in multiple quantities as insulation panels under the aircraft’s skin. For an existing aircraft, in order to reduce the cost of the conversion, it can be installed in one of the standard, airfreight containers that fit in the aircraft’s cargo bay.

The most preferred embodiment of the container 282 consists of a light rigid plastic, 15 metal or composite skin 283 containing inside a soft inflatable gas storage bag 284 made from a thin and lightweight synthetic or composite material. During normal aircraft operation storage bag 284 is inflated and contains under minor pressure a breathable fire suppressive agent consisting of hypoxic (oxygen-depleted) air with an increased carbon dioxide content. Using more accurate terminology, the AFSS fire 2 suppression agent consists of a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide with possible addition of other atmospheric gases, wherein nitrogen can be replaced in part or completely with an other inert gas or gas mixture.

The oxygen content in the breathable hypoxic fire-suppression atmosphere of the pressure cabin after the fire suppression agent being released must be below Hypoxic 25 Threshold of 16.8%, and preferably in the range from 14%-16% (depending on the pressurization level inside aircraft) or lower for some special cases described further below. The carbon dioxide content in this internal atmosphere should be -46- approximately 4-5%. The rest of the gas mixture (79%-82%) consists of nitrogen and other atmospheric gases.

Fig. .29 illustrates schematically the working principle of the AFSS that is tied directly to smoke or thermal detectors 285 distributed throughout the pressure cabin 5 281. A signal from a detector 285 opens a local automatic release valve 286 (or all at once, if desired) and is also transmitted to the main control panel, which automatically turns on blower 287 that operates the AFSS. In order to increase reliability of the system, a signal from any detector 285 should open all release valves 286. However, in some cases, a detector 285 that detects fire or smoke first 10 may open only a local valve or group of valves 286.

The opening of release valves 286 results in the rapid introduction of the hypoxic fire suppression agent from storage bag 284 into pressure cabin 281. At the same moment a high efficiency blower 287 sucks up air contaminated with smoke from the cabin through the air-collecting system 289 and pressurizes it in container 282 15 deflating bag 284 completely and forcing all amount of the hypoxic fire agent out of the bag 284 and into cabin 281, via conduit 288 and release valves 286.

As an option, in order to remove traces of smoke and other pyrolysis products from the cabin air, the air-collecting system 289 operated by blower 287 may continue to operate even after bag 284 is completely deflated. In this case the pressure inside 20 container 282 will rise until a certain value controlled by an optional relief valve (not shown here) releasing excessive gas mixture into outside atmosphere.

During normal aircraft operations, container 282 communicates with pressure cabin 281 through the blower 287, which allows equalizing its pressure during a flight.

It is recommended that hypoxic agent should be released into all cabin 25 accommodation simultaneously. However, in order to reduce the size' of container 282, the release of hypoxic fire agent can be limited to the space in which smoke or fire was detected. Given AFSS’s reaction time of less than one second, this should be more than sufficient to suppress a localized fire. If needed, pressure cabin 281 can be -47- also separated into different sections by dividing curtains as described in embodiments shown on Fig. 11,15 and 16.

Discharge nozzles 286 are equipped each with a release valve having an electrical or 5 electro-explosive initiator. Manual operation is also possible in case of power failure--a crewmember can pull open the nearest release valve, if needed. Suitable solenoid or burst disk-type valves, initiators and detectors are available from a number of fire equipment suppliers. 10 .... Relief valve 290, generally installed in an aircraft, provides a guarantee that the barometric pressure inside cabin 281 will be maintained within safety limits during release of the hypoxic fire-extinguishing agent. It is necessary to shut down the ventilation system (not shown here due to its complexity) of the cabin 11 when AFSS is initiated. The ventilation system can be turned on again after 5-10 minutes, 15 which is more than enough to detect the suppressed fire source and prevent it from reigniting.

While Fig.29 shows the AFSS at the beginning of the deployment, the Fig. 30 shows the same embodiment close to the end, when gas storage bag 284 is almost deflated 20 and the fire extinguished.

In order to simplify the AFSS, the local discharge nozzle valves 286 may be replaced just by one main valve in the upper portion of the delivery piping 288 as shown on Fig. 31 and 32. . 25

The embodiment presented on Fig. 31 and 32 shows the same solution, but using two inflatable bags 302 and 303 installed in a non-airtight container or frame 304 that is only needed in order to hold both bags in place. When AFSS is deployed, the blower 307 pumps air from the cabin 301 inside bag 303 that is initially deflated. While 30 inflating, the bag 303 applies pressure on bag 302 that already starts discharging the hypoxic fire-suppressive agent through valve 311 and nozzles 306. Valve 311 opens -48- by a signal from fire/smoke detectors 305 or manually by a crewmember. Inflating bag 303 will completely deflate bag 302 allowing all the gas out of the system. Pressure relief valve 310 will guarantee desired pressure in cabin 301.

The breathable fire-suppressive agent should be available on board of the aircraft in an amount sufficient for a complete air exchange in the cabin, if possible. The initial oxygen content in the fire agent and its storage pressure in bag 14 may vary. This depends on the storage space availability on board of aircraft. In any case these parameters are calculated in such a way that when the fire agent is released, it will provide a fire-suppressive atmosphere on board with an oxygen content of about 15%. The gas storage pressure may vary from the standard atmospheric up to 2-3 bar or even higher.

Once the AFSS is deployed, the cabin’s fresh air supply system must be automatically shut down. It is also recommended not to use it during the remainder of the flight. This will allow retaining the fire-extinguishing atmosphere in case the fire resumes, which usually happens during electrical incidents. Fresh air may be added in exact controlled amounts in order to keep the oxygen content in the cabin atmosphere between 15% and 16%

The hypoxic fire-extinguishing agent may be generated in flight, if needed, by an onboard hypoxic generator manufactured by Hypoxico Inc., or the ground service vehicle 222 shown on Fig. 22 can refill the system. This vehicle is equipped with a hypoxic generator and cylinders with stored carbon dioxide. The working principle of the hypoxic generator is explained entirely earlier in this document and in the previous patent applications provided above. Vehicle 222 provides ground service on AFSS and, if needed, refilling of the system with breathable fire-extinguishing composition. This composition consists of a mixture of hypoxic air gases generated at site from ambient air and carbon dioxide added to the mixture. Hypoxic generator utilizes the molecular-sieve adsorption technology that allows extracting a precise part of oxygen from ambient air and providing oxygen-depleted air with exact oxygen content. The concentration of oxygen in the fire-extinguishing composition -49- may vary from 16% down to 1% or even lower, and is always predetermined so that when released, the atmosphere in the aircraft’s cabin will contain approximately 15% of oxygen (may be lower for military vehicles).

Hypoxic atmosphere with a 15% oxygen content at barometric pressure of 2.5 km is 5 absolutely safe for general public (even without supplemental oxygen) for the time needed to localize and control the fire source (at least 15 minutes) or for the aircraft to descend to a lower altitude, which will increase barometric pressure on board and counterbalance effect of hypoxia.

However, the addition of only 4-5% of carbon dioxide to the hypoxic gas mixture 10 will allow retaining a fire-suppressive hypoxic atmosphere for hours without negative side effects on passengers’ health.

The diagram presented on Fig. 33 illustrates the variance of hemoglobin’s oxygen saturation with as it relates to the drop in oxygen content in inspired , air from ambient 20.9% to 10% under the following two conditions: 15 a) At ambient atmospheric carbon dioxide content of 0.035% and b) At increased carbon dioxide content of 4%

This illustration is confirmed by the results of an extensive research “CO2 - 02 Interactions In Extention Of Tolerance To Acute Hypoxia” conducted for NASA in 1995 by University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (Lambertsen, C. J.) 20 Curve R illustrates a drop in arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation from 98% to the level of about 70% during exposure to 10% 02 in the inspired air having ambient atmospheric carbon dioxide content..

Curve S represents physiological response to restored normocapnia in hypoxia when 4% CO2 was added to the inspired hypoxic gas mixture having 10% 02. It clearly 25 shows the effectiveness of carbon-dioxide-induced acute physiologic adaptation to. hypoxia. -50-

According to the NASA research report: “...carbon dioxide can increase brain blood flow and oxygenation, by dilating brain blood vessels. This increased blood (oxvgen) flow provides an acute, beneficial adaptation to otherwise intolerable degrees of hvooxia” 5 “In hvpoxic exposures, an increase in arterial carbon dioxide pressure can sustain brain oxygenation and mental performance.”

All this confirms that an addition of 4-5% CO2 to the breathable hypoxic' fire-extinguishing agent can provide guarantee that the use of such agent onboard of an . aircraft is absolutely safe. Moreover, a number of researchers confirm that exposure 10 to such hypercapnia level continuing for many days does not provide any harm to the human organism.

Fig. 34 shows a diagram representing an average physiological response to the exposure to the invented breathable hypoxic fire-suppressive composition at an altitude of 2.5 km, which corresponds to the barometric pressure on board a modem 15 passenger aircraft due to its pressurization at this altitude.

During flight, an average oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is about 96%. After about 20 minutes following the release of the breathable hypoxic fire-suppressive gas mixture, the arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation may drop on average to 93%, as . shown by curve Q on the diagram, provided that the gas mixture contains about 15% 20 02 and 4% CO2. Such an insignificant drop in oxyhemoglobin saturation can be observed during a moderate exercise at sea level, which is absolutely safe.

The AFSS allows maintaining hypoxic fire-retarding environment during the rest of the flight, if needed, by simply keeping the fresh-air-intake and ventilation systems of the pressure cabin off. Fresh air can be added automatically in limited amounts in 25 order to maintain oxygen content inside the aircraft cabin at a level of about 16%.

Such automatic system can be easily built by implementing an oxygen transducer. -51-

At the present time new composite materials have allowed stronger and lighter aircraft to be designed without the need for reducing interior atmospheric pressure by pressurizing at higher altitudes. Such airplanes will provide a standard atmospheric pressure on board during the flight and can also handle a slight increase in intemai 5 pressure. A deployment of the AFSS on board of such aircraft will induce an average drop in arterial oxyhemoglobin from 98% to about 95%, which would be hardly noticeable by a passenger.

The invented Hypoxic FirePASS, AFSS and breathable hypoxic fire-extinguishing 10 , compositions can be employed in any enclosed human occupied space, including but not limited to: rooms for data processing, telecommunication switches, process control and Internet servers, banks/fmancial institutions, museums, archives, libraries and art collections, military and marine facilities, passenger/military aircraft, space vehicles/stations, underground/underwater facilities; marine vessels; facilities 15 operating with inflammable/explosive materials, nuclear power plants, transportation tunnels and vehicles, apartment and office complexes, hospitals, private homes and other isolated human-occupied objects for living, working, travel, sport, entertainment and further human activities. More information will be provided on the Internet at: www.firepass.com. 20 , crrixan rwzn arn pnow pnszn irn nr “|»ob ,Ρ’ηη ηχΰ- ίώοώπ» mzrna π^πιώώ np’ioz .zruwan ms rnp"D“ ρ-ίΛ oxnm □ιηπη Pi? _____fi»04003 21 J' ·aoi 11»:«·Λ200 .(γγροίτο nzrnn) cras&amp;amp;'an nwa