A spread spectrum wireless PBX.

Technical Field

0001The present invention relates to a wireless multiple access local area spread spectrum communications network, and, more particularly, to a wireless spread spectrum arrangement supporting a plurality of simultaneous private communications through a central private branch exchange (PBX) that serves to connect a plurality of local users to each other as well as to an external communications network.

2. Description of the Prior Art

0002A PBX network reduces the number of lines required between a group of local users and a remote communications exchange while supporting a certain number of simultaneous network accesses. Each PBX network makes use of an associated private branch exchange (PBX) functioning as an intermediary routing or switching device, which connects the local users with each other as well as with an external network. Calls made to or from the local network must first access the PBX, which then routes the call to its destination.

0003Wireless multiple access communications networks have been successfully implemented in certain applications. For example, a mobile radio system simultaneously routes a plurality of private communications through a central base station which performs the switching necessary to interconnect the appropriate users, utilizing, for example, frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation and frequency division multiple access (FDMA). In this regard see, for example, U.S. Patent 4,112,257 issued to E. G. Frost on September 5, 1978. Another radio system is the satellite-based communications system described in U.S. patent 4,291,409 issued to A. Weinberg et al. on September 22, 1981, wherein a central switching arrangement, phase shift keying (PSK) modulation and spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) are used.

0004In a paper by P. Freret et al. entitled "Applications of Spread-Spectrum Radio to Wireless Terminal Communications in Proceedings of NTC, November 30-December 4, 1980, Houston, Texas, Vol. 4, pp. 69.7.1-69.7.4, a multi-user wireless indoor communications system is disclosed, which features PSK-SSMA and a central, but nonswitching arrangement, supporting bidirectional radio transmissions between a local computer terminal user and a central computer. The use of diversity in such system to combat multipath interference is also suggested.

0005A demand presently exists for the flexibility and convenience of a wireless PBX network; unfortunately, all current PBX networks require physical interconnection. Several previously unsolved problems have precluded the evolution of wireless PBX networks. To begin with, the indoor office environment is particularly hostile to wireless multiple access communication, presenting especially aggravated multipath fading and multi-user interference problems. Moreover, many multiple access techniques that have been used for other wireless applications, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) are difficult to implement and call for additional complex circuitry. The Spread Spectrum Multiple Access technique, whose random multiple access capability permits simple implementation, has been found to tolerate only a low number of simultaneous users in a distributed controlled network, heretofore rendering it impractical for local area network applications. In this regard see, for example, G. L. Turin's article "The Effects of Multipath and Fading on the Performance of direct-Sequence CDMA Systems," in IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Communications, August 1984, Vol. SAC-2, pp. 597-603.

0006The problem remaining in the prior art is to provide a wireless PBX network, wherein the problems of multipath fading and multiuser interference are substantially alleviated.

Summary of the Invention

0007The foregoing problem in the prior art has been solved in accordance with the present invention which relates to a wireless PBX network, and, more particularly, to a wireless PBX network that uses the technique of direct sequence binary spread-spectrum multiple access.

0008It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a wireless PBX network wherein direct sequence spread spectrum multiple access is used for voice and data communications to support a plurality of local and local-external network calls. More particularly, the wireless PBX arrangement comprises a plurality of local user transceivers which are individually connected to a separate local user of the PBX network, and a central PBX including a plurality of PBX transceivers and a switching means. Each of the local user transceivers are matched to a separate one of the PBX transceivers, the matched pair of transceivers using a unique direct sequence spread spectrum code sequence for effecting private bidirectional communications therebetween. The PBX switching means functions to interconnect (a) two PBX transceivers for local calls or (b) a PBX transceiver and the external network for calls destined or originating outside the PBX network.

0009Other and further aspects of the present invention will become apparent during the course of the following description and by reference to the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

0010Referring now to the drawings in which like numerals represent like parts in the several views: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the wireless PBX network in accordance with the present invention;</li><li>FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a transmitter for use in the network of FIG. 1;</li><li>FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a receiver for use in the network of FIG.1;</li><li>FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a path select means for use in the receiver of FIG. 3;</li><li>FIG. 5 is a graph of typical multipath signals as processed by the path select means of FIG. 4;</li><li>FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an alternative receiver for the structure of FIG. 3;</li><li>FIG. 7 shows plots describing typical signals associated with the operation of the integration and latching means used in the alternative receiver of FIG. 6.</li><li>FIG. 8 is a block diagram of integration and latching means 60 for use in the receiver of FIG. 6.</li></ul>

Detailed Description

0011FIG. 1 shows a wireless PBX network comprising a plurality of separate local user transceivers 10₁-10_k, each local user transceiver ¹⁰i comprising a transmitter 11 and a receiver 12; and a central PBX 14 which provides interconnections between local users and/or connects local users to an external communications network. PBX 14 is shown as comprising (a) a plurality of PBX transceivers 15₁-15_k, each of which comprises a transmitter 16 and a receiver 17; (b) a switching means 18 that interconnects local users to each other or to the external communications network; and (c) a call set-up receiver 19 that is responsive solely to brief call set-up information sent by any user transceiver 10₁-10_k at the onset of a call. Each of the PBX transceivers 15₁-15_k is matched to a corresponding user transceiver 10₁-10_k, respectively, to form a matched pair of transceivers 10_i/15_i which communicate between each other using a uniquely encoded direct sequence spread spectrum signal. More particularly, receiver 17 of PBX transceiver 15₁ only processes the uniquely encoded direct sequence spread spectrum signals received from transmitter 11 of user transceiver 10₁ and rejects other uniquely encoded direct sequence spread spectrum signals received from other user transmitters 11 of user transceivers ¹⁵₂-15_k. similarly, receiver 12 of user transceiver 10₁ is responsive solely to the uniquely encoded direct sequence spread spectrum signals transmitted by transmitter 16 of PBX transceiver 15₁ and rejects other uniquely encoded direct sequence spread spectrum signals from all other transmitters 16 of transceivers 15₂-15_k.

0012Each transmitter 11 or 16 functions to accept a digital information bit stream and encode it with a predetermined unique communicating spread spectrum chip sequence, designated as a particular one of sequences ^C_l-C_k, that is uniquely associated with the intended receiver 17 or 12, respectively, of the matched pair of transceivers. The encoded information bit stream is then decoded by the receiver 17 or 12 of the matched pair of transceivers that recognizes the transmission's communicating chip sequence C_i. Additionally, upon local initiation of a call by, for instance, user 1, transmitter 11 of user transceiver 10₁ uses a unique call set-up spread spectrum chip sequence C_X, that is common to all local transmitters 11 of user transceivers 10₁-10_K, designated solely for encoding and transmitting source and destination information to call set-up receiver 19 at PBX 14 for attempting to set up a call.

0013After decoding and demodulation of the received call set-up information by call set-up receiver 19 into appropriate control signals, these appropriate control signals are sent to a controller 20 associated with switching means 18 to either (a) check an associated controller memory 21 to see if a link is available, or (b) attempt to establish a link, between the destination user or the external communications network and the PBX transceiver 15₁ associated with user 1 in any manner known in the switching art. If the attempt is unsuccessful --i.e. if the indicated destination is "busy" or no appropriate link can be found through switching means 18-- then transmitter 16 of the exemplary PBX transceiver 15₁ uses the assigned communicating chip sequence C₁ that is unique to user 1 for transmission of a busy signal to receiver 12 of transceiver 10₁. on the other hand, if the link attempt is successful, the appropriate switches, or gates, of switching means 18 are closed and exchange of information may proceed, wherein, for example, user transceiver 10₁ receives a standard bit stream from user 1 and then transmits it via its transmitter 11 to receiver 17 of PBX transceiver 15₁ using the assigned unique communicating chip sequence C_l. The routing of this standard bit stream then proceeds through switching means 18 either to the external communications network or to another local user, in which latter case the standard bit stream would be switched to the PBX transmitter 15_i corresponding to the destination user, and the previously described wireless transmission/reception process would be repeated using the chip code ^Ci associated with the destination user's transceiver pair. If the call were to originate in the external communications network, switching means 18, which accepts signals directly from the external communications network, would route the destination address to controller 20. Controller 20 then would attempt to find a link through switching means 18 to the specified destination user and, if a link is found, route the received standard bit stream to the PBX transmitter 1⁷ of transceiver ^1si associated with the appropriate destination user.

0014During a call, each of the bidirectional transmissions can be sent in packets of information which include not only the encoded information originating or destined for a particular end user, but also include, for example, a short preamble comprising control information as, for example, one or more status bits indicating an on-hook or off-hook condition of the associated end user. Upon conclusion of call, the one or more status bits in each transmitted information packet may, for example, be altered at the user transceiver 15_i, instructing switching means 18 to terminate the link and free the associated transceivers 1⁰i and 15i.

0015_FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a preferred arrangement of a transmitter 11 or 16. The preferred arrangement comprises an optional error correction code encoder 30, a selector 31 and a call set-up chip code generator 32 which are only found in transmitters 11 of user transceivers 10_i, a packet chip sequence generator 33, a chip code encoder 34, a modulator 35, an optional upconverter 36 and an antenna 37. Chip sequence generators 32 and 33 each produce a unique series of shorter-duration bits or "chips" repeated over each standard communication sequence bit period. At a user transmitter 11 in a transceiver 10_i, immediately upon initiation of a call, selector 31 functions to recognize such initiation, and select the output signal from call set-up chip sequence generator 32, which produces a chip sequence C_x that is uniquely associated with call set-up receiver 19 at PBX 14, for transmission to chip sequence encoder 34. Selector 31 may be activated to select call set-up generator 32 in response to, for example, a first setting of one or more status bits in each information packet which identifies the packet as being part of the brief call set-up bit stream that is intended solely for call set-up receiver 19 at PBX 14. The call set-up information from the associated user comprising, for example, origination and destination addresses, is also sent to chip sequence encoder 34, where it is encoded using the call set-up chip code C_x from generator 32 for transmission via modulator 35, upconverter 16 and antenna 37 to call set-up receiver 19 of PBX 14. Conclusion of the call set-up bit stream may then be indicated by a second setting of these status bit(s), causing selector 31 to change its selection from call set-up chip sequence generator 32 to packet chip sequence generator 33, which produces chip sequence C that is uniquely associated with the corresponding receiver 17 in the matched PBX transceiver 15_i and is used for transmitting the subsequent packets of information bits from the associated user to the destination address.

0016Regarding the main path through transmitter 11, the same input bit stream from the associated user that controls selector 31 is also fed to optional error correction code encoder 30, which, for example, adds hamming code bits to either the call set-up information or the subsequent packets of information bits during a call. The input signal, or the output signal from optional error correction encoder 30 when present, is also transmitted to chip sequence generator 34. Chip sequence encoder 34, which is responsive to the output from the selected one of chip sequence generators 32 or 33, may be implemented with a simple MOD 2 adder to carry out its function of encoding each bit contained in either the call set-up information or a standard input packet bit stream from a user with the repetitive bandwidth-spreading chip sequence C or C_i. The encoded output is then ready for modulation by any preferred technique such as binary phase-shift-keying by modulator 35 or a combination of differential encoding of the bits and binary phase modulation to provide differential phase-shift-keying modulation, which is more appropriate for operation in multipath fading office environments. The modulated signal may then be raised by optional upconverter 36 to the transmitting frequency if not already there. It is to be understood that the input signal to transmitter 11 or 16 could be at baseband, Intermediate Frequency (IF) or possibly some transmission ratio frequency.

0017The transmitter 16 included in a PBX transceiver ¹⁵i differs from transmitter 11 in user transceiver ¹⁰i in that transmitter 16 needs neither call set-up chip sequence generator 32 nor selector 31. Transmitter 16 sends information only to the receiver of its associated matched user transceiver 10_i, so it needs only packet chip sequence generator 33 to produce the chip code uniquely associated with the associated receiver 12 in matched user transceiver 10_i,

0018Refer now to FIG. 3, which depicts a block diagram of receivers 12 or 17. The preferred embodiment comprises at least one receiver subsection 40, which substantially rejects all signals except those transmissions that are encoded and modulated with the appropriate chip sequence. Accepted signals may then be passed on to an optional antenna select means 41 which is used only in multi-antenna embodiments that make use of the performance improvement offered by selection diversity. Antenna select means 41 may be included to compare signals from each receiver subsection 40 and select the strongest one. A demodulator 42 corresponding to modulator 35 in FIG. 2 then demodulates this signal and passes it on to hard decision means 43, which resolves it into a binary bit stream. Hard decision means 43 can be implemented with, for example, a simple binary threshold comparator that outputs either a binary one or zero. Synchronization means 44 then identifies each information packet, enabling proper interpretation of transmitted information. An optional error correcting code decoder 45 is provided when the transmitter 11 or 16 includes error correcting encoder 30. Error correcting code decoder 45 acts on the binary bit stream provided at the output of synchronization means 44, making a standard bit stream available either to user "i", if FIG. 3 represents a receiver 12 at the user end, or to switching means 17 at central PBX 14 if the arrangement of FIG. 3 represents a receiver 17. Use of an error correcting code such as the Hamming or _BCH codes improves performance by reducing the higher bit error rate that results from multi-user interference.

0019Receiver subsection 40₁ comprises an antenna 46 which is connected to an optional downconverter 47, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) matched filter correlator 48 and a path select means 49. The optional downconverter 47 accepts exemplary radio frequency (RF) transmissions and converts them to, for example, intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband as desired. It is to be understood that the downconversion process in downconverter 47 is dependent on the input frequency. More particularly, if the input signal is, for example, 900 MHz., then downconverter 47 could downconvert directly to baseband for further processing. If, on the other hand, the input signal is, for example, in the Gigahertz range, then downconverter 47 would downconvert to IF for further processing.

0020SAW matched filter correlator 48 is a device which is well known in the art and functions to process either the signal from an associated antenna 46 or demodulated signals at the output of downconverter 47 that are encoded with the one unique chip sequence that it is responsive to while substantially rejecting all other chip sequence encoded transmissions. SAW matched filter correlator 48 also strips the chip sequence from those signals it processes, providing a standard modulated bit stream at its output. Path select means 49 then compares the signals corresponding to different paths in a multipath reception at the SAW correlator output, gating out the strongest signal and suppressing the weaker ones as shown in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 4, path select means 49 may be implemented with, for example, a nonlinear amplifier 50, for suppressing signals from weaker paths, and a simple multilevel threshold comparator 51 for selecting the signal from the strongest path.

0021When selection diversity is desired to improve performance, a second receiver subsection 40₂ is provided which comprises a separate antenna 46, exemplary RF to IF downconverter 47, SAW correlator 48, and path select means 49 as shown in FIG. 3. The various elements 46-49 of second receiver subsection 40₂ function in the same manner as that described for receiver subsection ⁴⁰₁. Antenna select means 41 then compares the output signals from receiver subsections ⁴⁰₁ and 40₂ and outputs the strongest signal of those two signals.

0022Refer now to FIG. 6, which presents the block diagram of an alternative receiver arrangement to that of FIG. 3. The receiver of FIG. 6 features the performance improvement afforded by equal gain combining diversity reception without the extra hardware and complexity associated with selection diversity. Antenna 46, optional downconverter 47 and SAW matched filter correlator 48 perform as do corresponding elements in FIG. 3. However, the path select means 49 of FIG. 3, as well as the additional receiver subsections 402 - _40n required for the implementation of selection diversity are replaced by integration and latching means 60, negative polarity inversion means 62 and threshold comparator 51.

0023Shown in Fig 7(a) are typical multipath signal replicas present at the output of SAW matched filter correlator 48, each representing a binary 1 during the first sample clock period and a binary 0 during the second sample clock period. Diversity performance gain is achieved through the synchronous operation of integration and latching means 60, which may be implemented with an integrator 63 coupled to a data latch 64 as shown in FIG. 8. Integration and latching means 60 first integrates the energies of the demodulated multipath signal replicas from demodulator 42, which are shown in FIG. 7(b), over each period of the clock pulse from threshold comparator 51, which is shown in FIG. 7(d), yielding an integrator output as shown in FIG. 7(e), which may then be applied to clocked data latch 64. Such a latch may be realized with a simple _D flip-flop, which gates out and maintains through the duration of the clock period a high signal of predetermined amplitude if the signal at the D terminal is above a certain threshold at the occurence of, for example, the rising edge of the clock; or it gates out and maintains a low signal if the signal at the D terminal is below the threshold during the clock's rising edge. The resulting signal pulses provided by data latch 64, shown in FIG. 7(f), are made available to hard decision means 43 for resolution into a baseband bit stream. This bit stream is then fed to synchronization means 44 and optional error correction decoder 45, which function as previously described in the arrangement of FIG. 3. The clock pulses of FIG. 7(d), which synchronize the operation of integration and ―= latching means 60, are generated by first passing the SAW matched filter correlator output of FIG. 7(a) through a negative polarity inversion means 62 such as a square law detector, which inverts negative signals but does not invert positive signals, yielding a waveform as shown in FIG. 7(c). These exclusively positive signals from the output of means 62, which still include multipath signal replicas, are then fed to threshold comparator 51. Threshold comparator 51 gates out the strongest of the multipath replicas, providing the clock pulses of FIG. 7(d) to synchronize the operation of integration and latching means 60. Such synchronization enhances the ability of means 60 to combine only replicas of a given transmitted bit to form a given pulse at its output.