Method of making coating's lover layer on glass

The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a backsheet on glass. The purpose of this layer is to suppress irrigation and to protect the upper layers sensitive to alkali metal ions from penetration of these ions from the glass surface.

British Patent Specification No. 2,031,765B discloses thin, transparent, reflective, ultraviolet reflective coatings intended to improve the insulating properties of windows and which, by virtue of their electrical conductivity, can also serve as resistive heaters, for example to remove ice or condensed water from the surface of the windows. According to British Pat. 2 031 756B, the use of these coatings is currently limited by the fact that they cause irradiation, especially in reflected light. This iris is considered to be unsatisfactory from an aesthetic point of view, and the problem is exacerbated by the fact that the iris color changes even with slight variations in the coating thickness. In British patent specification no. 2 031 756B proposes to overcome this problem by depositing an iris-reducing backsheet on the glass under the semiconductor layer, the preferred type of backsheet suggesting a layer with a refractive index in the range of 1.7 to 1.8, and thickness in the range 64 to 80 nm. According to the specification, this layer can be formed by simultaneously depositing a mixture of components, the deposition of which should lead to obtaining the desired refractive index. It can be, for example, a mixture of 84 + 3% silicon nitride and the rest of silica, sometimes referred to as silicon oxinitride.

Films of this type may be formed by depositing in the form of silicon vapors, e.g.₃)₂SiH, (C₂H ,.) ₂Whitefish₂ (CH 2 J 2 Si, SiCl₄ or SiBr ?, further oxygen sources, for example molecular oxygen, water or N₂And nitrogen sources such as N₂H₄, NH4, HN4, CH₃NHNH₂ or (CH.j)₂NNH₂or a simultaneous source of oxygen and nitrogen, for example NO, NH, may be used₂OH, N₂H₄H₂0, on a hot glass at a temperature of 500 to 600 ° C.

Although it would be desirable to use a suitable irradiation-reducing layer, the backsheets proposed in British Patent No. 2,031,756B were not used on a larger scale. This may be due to various difficulties associated with the deposition of these layers, in particular the long deposition time and also the difficulty of obtaining layers of sufficient quality and thickness.

British Patent Specification No. 2,163,146A discloses methods for making barrier coatings on a glass surface to prevent alkali metal ions from penetrating into the topsheets that are sensitive to such ions, such as indium and tin oxides, from penetrating.

The patent discloses a process for the production of transparent barrier coatings which are well transmissive and prevent the penetration of alkali metal ions by pyrolyzing silane on a hot glass surface at a temperature above 600 ° C in the presence of a gaseous electron donor. The presence of an electron donor causes the incorporation of oxygen from the glass into the coating to form a transparent layer up to 50 nm thick on the glass surface.

The electron donor for use in carrying out the method of British Patent Specification No. 2,163,146A may be compounds that contain electron pairs, either in the form of bonds or as free pairs, which electrons may be transferred to the electron structure of a suitable recipient. The use of an electron donor results in the binding of oxygen from the glass and the silicon from the silane to form a transparent barrier coating on the glass. Although the mechanism of this reaction is not entirely clear, it probably involves adsorption of an oxygen-free electron donor, such as ethylene, which is considered to be reducing despite the fact that it usually contains a small amount of oxygen, for example alcohols or carbon monoxide.

Since transparent barrier coatings can be obtained in the absence of free oxygen and compounds generally regarded as oxidizing agents, the barrier coatings can be applied to a glass web moving on a molten metal bath without the risk of oxidizing the molten metal.

The use of an oxygen-free electron donor reduces the risk of oxidizing silane before it

By depositing on the glass surface and the risk of oxidation of the molten metal on which the moving glass strip is deposited, unfortunately, there is not enough oxygen from the glass to produce iris-suppressing layers as recommended in British Patent No. 2 031 756B. Thicker layers can be obtained using oxygen-containing electron donors such as carbon dioxide, but using a combination of silane and carbon dioxide either results in thin layers or poor durability, or matt white coatings can occur when coating attempts are made.

In addition, in attempts to produce high-transparency barrier coatings, for example, no more than 2% less than that of the original glass, using the silane / ethylene combination of British Patent Specification No. 2,163,146A, the barrier properties of the coatings are insufficient for some use.

Thus, it would be desirable to provide a method that would normally be applicable to the production of float glass while providing bottom layers that would reduce irradiation as recommended in British Patent No. 2,031,756B. The method should be applicable to conventional glass manufacturing lines to form coatings that would effectively prevent the migration of alkali metal ions from the glass at high transparency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a gaseous mixture of silane, unsaturated hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide at a temperature of 600 to 750 ° C to a hot glass surface to form a transparent layer containing silicon and oxygen on the glass surface.

With the method according to the invention, in comparison with the known methods, it is possible in a short time to deposit a quality backing layer on the glass. This layer reduces irradiation and is a barrier to the migration of alkali metal ions. Moreover, the components used are not strongly oxidizing in nature, so that there is no risk of oxidation of the molten metal on which the glass is deposited.

Both the topsheet and the topsheet may be applied to the glass in the bath on which the glass is produced. In this case, the topsheet may be a fluorine doped tin oxide layer deposited by pyrolytic decomposition of a solid as described, for example, in British Patent Specification No. 2 156 386B, a liquid as described, for example, in British Patent Specification 1,523,991, or a vapor source such as tin chloride gas in the presence of water vapor and hydrogen fluoride. The decomposition can be carried out when the strip enters the molten metal.

If the topcoat used is to be an infrared reflecting coating, the reflecting layer will typically have a thickness of 200 to 500 nm. Thicker layers may be used, for example with a thickness of up to 1000 nm, however, the use of such layers is usually not necessary in order to reduce the irradiation of the backsheet. If the coating is to conduct electrical current, for example in a resistive heater or liquid crystal, the thickness of the coating will depend on the electrical conductivity required, but will typically be in the range of 100 to 1000 nm.

The silanes are preferably monosilane of the formula SiH4, but other silanes, optionally substituted, in gaseous form, for example dimethylsilane (CH), may also be used.₃)₂Whitefish₂ and disilane₂h₆.

Of the unsaturated hydrocarbons, ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons, acetylenically unsaturated compounds such as acetylene, or aromatic compounds such as toluene can be used, but it is usually best to use an unsaturated hydrocarbon which is gaseous under normal conditions. The unsaturated hydrocarbon is preferably an olefin, in particular an olefin containing two to four carbon atoms. A particularly preferred material is ethylene.

The proportion of the individual components in the feed gas mixture and the flow rate of said gas mixture above the glass surface can be controlled to obtain a backsheet with a desired refractive index and a desired thickness.

Carbon dioxide is an oxygen source, so that although only a small amount of oxygen is available from the glass surface, transparent layers up to 80 nm thick can be prepared as desirable in British Patent No. 2,031,756B. Moreover, by appropriately controlling the relative proportions of the gaseous components, lower layers with a refractive index in the range of 1.7 to 1.8 can be obtained, as desired according to British Patent Specification No. 2,031,756B. In a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the proportions of the gaseous components of the gaseous composition for depositing the backsheet and the rate of flow of the gaseous composition above the hot glass surface are controlled to produce a backsheet with a thickness of 60-80 nm and 6 to 1.8.

In another embodiment of the method of the invention, the proportions of the gaseous composition used to deposit the backsheet and the rate of flow of the gaseous composition over the hot glass surface are controlled so as to deposit the backsheet with a thickness and refractive index within such a range that this backsheet is transparent by at most 2% less than uncoated glass, providing an effective barrier against the ingress of alkali metal ions from the glass. The transparency of the coated glass preferably ranges to a value that is only 1% lower than that of the original glass. The term effective barrier means that the backsheet permits a passage of at most 100, preferably at most 60 micrograms of sodium, expressed as NagO, per dm² glass.

Usually, when the proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon increases relative to the silane, coatings of lower thickness and lower refractive index are obtained. The ratio of unsaturated hydrocarbon to silane is preferred in a volume ratio of 2: 1 to 5: 1, but other ratios may also be used, for example 1: 1 to 8: 1 or higher. The unsaturated hydrocarbon is likely to exert its adsorption on the glass surface, but probably the more strongly the unsaturated hydrocarbon is absorbed on the glass, the lower the unsaturated hydrocarbon content is required to achieve the desired effect. The ratio of carbon dioxide to silane is preferably in the range 2 °. 1 to 8: 1, although other volume ratios may be used, for example 1: 1 to 20: 1 or even higher. Higher ratios are usually used only at very low silane concentrations.

The gas mixture will usually contain an inert carrier gas, for example nitrogen, in an amount of, for example, 10 to 90% based on the total volume of the gas mixture.

By increasing the flow rate of the gaseous mixture of the composition, an underlayer of increased thickness is obtained. It was also observed that in this case a lower layer with a higher refractive index was obtained.

The glass to be processed is preferably maintained at a temperature of 630 to 720 ° C.

The process according to the invention facilitates the production of iris-reducing backsheets serving as a barrier for the migration of alkali metal ions with high transparency for visible light directly on the glass production line. Furthermore, the reactants used are not strongly oxidizing in nature, so that the process of the invention can be used directly on a float glass ribbon in a molten metal bath without the undesirable risk of molten metal oxidation.

The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention. In these examples, unless otherwise indicated, the percentages given are volumetric and the gas flow is measured at a pressure of 69 kPa and a temperature of approximately 20 ° C. The refractive index and the thickness of the backsheet are calculated according to the wavelength and reflection. The transparency of the coated glass is expressed as dT, which is the difference between the transparency of the glass coated with the backing and the transparency of the uncoated glass in percent. The effectiveness of the bottom layer as a barrier to the penetration of alkali metal ions is determined as follows. Two 10 cm glass samples are cut²and the samples are joined using a silicone rubber ring interposed therebetween with an inner diameter of 8.5 cm to form a cylindrical chamber whose walls are defined by the coated glass surface and the inner surface of the silicone rubber ring. The chamber in the rubber ring is filled with deionized water, the hole is closed and the chamber is immersed in a 96 ° C water bath for 48 hours. The solution is then removed and analyzed by flame spectrometer CS 274417 B2 for sodium. The amount of sodium is determined and expressed in micrograms of Na₂O na dm² glass exposed to water in the chamber.

Example 1

A 6 mm float glass web at a belt speed of 322 m / h is coated with a backsheet by introducing a gaseous mixture onto the glass surface in a molten metal bath at a point where the glass temperature is above 645 c. The gaseous mixture consists of 11% monosilane, 23% ethylene,% carbon dioxide and 44% nitrogen as the carrier gas. The gaseous mixture is allowed to flow in parallel with the glass surface in the direction of movement of the glass by laminar flow, using the apparatus described in British Patent Specification No. 5,940,549. 1 507 966, modified so that the path of application of the gas mixture to the glass surface was extended to approximately 0.2 m. The gas mixture flow rate was 22 liters of gas per minute per meter of coated glass.

In this way, a clear bottom layer was deposited on the glass surface with no opaque spots at a layer thickness of 76.1 nm and a refractive index of 1.77.

Examples 2 and 3

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using an increased flow of ethylene and carbon dioxide. In this way, a coating with a small reduction in thickness and refractive index was obtained. The conditions and results used are shown in Table 1 together with the corresponding parameters of Example 1 for comparison.

Examples 4 to 8

The process of Example 1 is repeated, using different gas mixtures and varying the proportion of ethylene to carbon dioxide, while the proportion of monosilane to ethylene and carbon dioxide remains the same as the gas flow. The conditions used and the results obtained are shown in Table 2.

The use of a higher proportion of ethylene to the silane, for example in Examples 4 and 5, results in a very thin backsheet, usually having a thickness of less than 55 nm. By lowering the ethylene to silane ratio and increasing the carbon dioxide to silane ratio, a lower thickness layer is usually obtained, as in Examples 6 and 7, but the thickness of the lower layer decreases if the carbon dioxide to silane ratio rises above ratio 8: 1.

Examples 9 to 13

The process of Example 1 was repeated using a gas mixture containing 10% monosilane, 25% ethylene, 25% carbon dioxide and 40% nitrogen at different flow rates. The results are shown in Table 3 (Examples 9-11). It was found that both the thickness and refractive index of the backsheet increased with increasing flow.

The procedure of Example 9 was repeated using the same flow rate of silane, ethylene and carbon dioxide, but at an increased flow rate of nitrogen. The flow rates and properties of the backsheet are given in Table 3 (Examples 9, 12 and 13). It has been shown that the thickness of the backsheet decreases with increased refractive index as the nitrogen flow rate increases.

Examples 14 to 19

In these examples, which were carried out similarly to the method of Example 1, backsheets were made on float glass with a thickness of 6 mm under the conditions given in Table 4, the refractive index and layer thicknesses being also shown in Table 4. Then they were float glass deposited layers of tin oxide doped with fluorine deposited from a gaseous mixture of tin chloride, water and hydrogen fluoride. The tin oxide layer and color were then measured in light reflected from the coated side of the glass (CIE) Illuminant C) and as in Examples 14 and 17, these colors were compared with similar colors of fluorine doped tin oxide coatings, but without the backing layer.

The color scale used and the evaluation methods are given in The Measurement of Appearances, RS Hunter, edited by John Wiley and Sons, 1975. The results obtained are shown in Table 5.

It will be appreciated that the backsheets effectively prevent irritation when using tin oxide layers with the backsheet deposited by the method of the invention.

Examples 20 to 23

The process of Example 1 was repeated using a gas mixture containing 10% silane, 20% ethylene, 30% carbon dioxide and 40% nitrogen at a flow rate of 50 rpm per meter of glass, at a glass thickness of 2.1 mm at a speed of 1 130 m / h. The gaseous mixture was passed over the glass surface at a point where the glass temperature was approximately 645 ° C.

A layer of high transparency was formed on the glass so that the transparency of the coated glass was only 1.1% lower than that of the uncoated glass. The effectiveness of the backsheet as a barrier against the migration of alkali metal ions was measured as 90 micrograms Na₂0 na dm² the glass surface as described above.

This procedure was repeated using different gas and glass compositions of 6 mm and 4 mm thickness. The temperature of the glass at the coating site, the speed of the glass strip, the composition of the gas and its flow, together with the properties of the coated glass, are given in Table 6. Comparing the results of Examples 21 and 22, it is evident that as the glass temperature and silane concentration increase and the ethylene / carbon dioxide / silane ratio is reduced to a greater degree than necessary to compensate for the reduction in gas flow rates (55 to 24 l / min) obtained according to Example 22, approximately twice as thick as the coating obtained according to Example 21. In all the examples, a good barrier effect was obtained, however, the coating of Example 22 was most transparent due to the transparency of the uncoated glass.

Examples 24 to 30

These examples illustrate the use of butene as an unsaturated hydrocarbon together with strong and carbon dioxide to form backsheets that suppress unwanted discoloration and are also an effective barrier to the penetration of alkali metal ions. The procedure in these examples was the same as in Example 1, but the coating was applied only to a narrow strip of glass at the edge of the moving glass strip. The glass had a thickness of 6 mm, moved at a speed of 360 m / h and was coated at a temperature of 685 ° C. The coating conditions, gas composition, gas flow rate and layer properties are summarized in Table 7.

Satisfactory layers suppressing the formation of different colors were obtained in Examples 25 to 27 and also in Example 24. These layers had a thickness of 60 to 80 nm and a refractive index in the range of 1.6 to 1.8. In Examples 28 to 30, in which a slower gas flow was used, coatings of lower thickness were obtained, which provided a very good barrier against the penetration of alkali metal ions while ensuring good transparency compared to uncoated glass. Comparing Examples 24 to 30 with the previous examples, it is clear that a higher gas flow is required to produce coatings of similar thickness. In the examples 24 to 30, this is probably due, at least in part, to the fact that the method of the examples was carried out on a narrower strip of glass, so that a large part of the gas was outside the edges of the coated glass.

Examples 31 to 36

Float glass samples of 3 mm thick and 10 x 10 cm in size were coated in the laboratory by heating the glass in a 650 ° C silica tube, then passing a gas consisting of silane, carbon dioxide, unsaturated hydrocarbon and nitrogen. The composition of the gaseous mixture and other conditions are shown in Table 8 together with the results of the light transmittance and barrier properties of the coated product. In the case of a gas containing unsaturated hydrocarbon, a high transparency has always been obtained along with good barrier properties of the coating, the transparency being at most 1% lower than that of uncoated glass.

Examples 37 to 40

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using a gaseous mixture of silane, ethylene and carbon dioxide in nitrogen, the coating being deposited on a 2 mm float glass at a belt speed of 1100 m / h.

The transparency of the coated glass was then measured and compared to the transparency of the uncoated glass to obtain a dT difference, and the effectiveness of the coating as an ion barrier was measured as described above. The coating thickness was too small to be measured by the above optical method and was thus measured using argon ions.

The coating conditions and results obtained are shown in Table 9.

Examples 37-40 describe the production of barrier layers after which the coated glass has a light transmittance of at most 1.5% lower than the uncoated glass (dT). Comparative examples show that in the absence of carbon dioxide the light transmittance is substantially lower (dT = 2.3%), although the backsheet is thicker than the backsheets in Examples 38 and 40. Comparison of Examples 37 and 38 shows that by increasing the ratio of dopants (ethylene and carbon dioxide) to silane, the thickness of the backsheet decreases and, consequently, the light transmittance improves, but the barrier efficiency is lower. A small reduction in the ratio of dopants to silane (Examples 37 and 39) reduces light transmission, but the coating thickness and barrier efficiency remain unchanged. By substantially reducing the ethylene content and increasing the carbon dioxide (Example 40), the thickness is reduced and the light transmittance is increased, but at the same time the barrier efficiency of the coating is substantially reduced.

The foregoing examples show that by controlling the proportions of the individual components of the gaseous mixture used in the process of the invention and the flow rate of the mixture on the hot glass surface, it is possible to obtain backsheets having the desired thickness and refractive index. The process according to the invention can therefore be used not only for the formation of iris-suppression layers, as disclosed in British Patent No. 5,362,549. 2 031 756B, but also for producing backsheets with very good light transmission and at the same time with very good barrier efficiency.

TABLE 1

<td rowspan="2">At- klad</td><td rowspan="2">Glass belt speed m / h</td><td rowspan="2">Glass temperature</td><td colspan="4">Gas composition in%</td><td rowspan="2">gas flow 1 / (min.m) matches</td><td colspan="2">Bottom layer</td>

<td colspan="2">sí_Hr C₂h₄</td><td>what₂</td><td>n₂</td><td>refractive index</td><td>thickness</td>

<td> 1</td><td> 322</td><td> 645</td><td> 11</td><td> 23</td><td> 23</td><td> 44</td><td> 22</td><td> 1,77</td><td> 76,1</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 322</td><td> 645</td><td> 9</td><td> 28</td><td> 28</td><td> 37</td><td> 26,25</td><td> 1,70</td><td> 73,7</td>

<td> 3</td><td> 322</td><td> 645</td><td> 8</td><td> 29</td><td> 29</td><td> 33</td><td> 29</td><td> 1,63</td><td> 73,6</td>

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<td>O</td><td>cu</td><td>O</td><td></td><td>P</td><td> 5</td>

<td>r-1</td><td></td><td> &gt;</td><td></td><td>• fí</td><td></td>

<td>XJ</td><td> &gt;1</td><td> 0</td><td></td><td>P</td><td> &gt;.</td>

<td>fí</td><td>C</td><td>rd</td><td></td><td>CU</td><td>r — 1</td>

<td></td><td>• rd</td><td>x;</td><td>O</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> £</td><td>rd</td><td>fí</td><td>CÚ</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> '&gt;1</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>CU</td><td>ε</td><td>E-*</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Φ</td><td>fí</td><td>'&gt; í</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>at</td><td> 44</td><td>C</td><td></td><td></td><td>CN</td>

<td> &gt;3</td><td></td><td>rd</td><td></td><td></td><td> 2</td>

<td> «</td><td>P</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td> 40</td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>fí</td><td>CU</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>CU</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td> &gt;</td><td>CN</td>

<td>Φ</td><td></td><td> 44</td><td></td><td></td><td>O</td>

<td>C</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td></td><td>fí</td><td>O</td>

<td></td><td> 44</td><td>ε</td><td></td><td>fí</td><td></td>

<td>ε</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td></td><td> &gt;1</td><td></td>

<td>'WITH</td><td>rd</td><td>C</td><td></td><td>rd</td><td> *4*</td>

<td>fí</td><td>P</td><td>Φ</td><td></td><td>CU</td><td>ffi</td>

<td> &gt;—1</td><td></td><td>υ</td><td></td><td></td><td>ΓΝ</td>

<td>fí</td><td> 0</td><td> &gt;1</td><td></td><td>vd</td><td>O</td>

<td>Ql</td><td>xj</td><td>cn</td><td></td><td>C</td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>XU</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td>Φ</td><td></td>

<td> 44</td><td>ε</td><td>C</td><td></td><td>&gt; N</td><td> •«4*</td>

<td></td><td>* fí</td><td>Φ</td><td></td><td> 0</td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>C</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td>i — 1</td><td>• H</td>

<td> 44</td><td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td>cn</td><td>ω</td>

<td>Vd</td><td></td><td>Vd</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>W</td><td>Φ</td><td> 0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>N</td><td>vd</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>I.E</td><td></td><td>• m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 0</td><td>Φ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>ε</td><td>C</td><td>N</td><td></td><td>fí</td><td>O</td>

<td>Ή</td><td>χΰ</td><td>xU</td><td></td><td>P</td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td>P</td><td>Xj</td><td></td><td> 0</td><td></td>

<td>XÚ</td><td>Vd</td><td>υ</td><td></td><td> «—1</td><td>fí</td>

<td> &gt;</td><td>XJ</td><td> 0</td><td></td><td>CU</td><td>ι — I</td>

<td>χΰ</td><td> 0</td><td>P</td><td></td><td>Φ</td><td> 44</td>

<td>rd</td><td>cu</td><td>cu</td><td></td><td>P</td><td>cn</td>

<td> 42</td><td> &gt;1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td> &gt;</td><td> ·»</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 42</td><td></td><td> 44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td>Vd</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>P</td><td> 1—1</td><td>cn</td><td></td><td>fí</td><td></td>

<td>and</td><td> &gt;1</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td>w</td><td></td>

<td></td><td>X2</td><td>Those</td><td></td><td>xtf</td><td></td>

<td>fí</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>cu</td><td></td>

<td>'fí</td><td>• rd</td><td>Φ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 44</td><td>cn</td><td>&gt; N</td><td></td><td>-P</td><td>XJ</td>

<td>ω</td><td>XD</td><td></td><td></td><td>cn</td><td></td>

<td>Vd</td><td>ε</td><td> *</td><td></td><td> 0</td><td>ε</td>

<td>N</td><td>w</td><td>xlj</td><td></td><td> &lt;—1</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td>fí</td><td></td><td> 42</td><td>fí</td>

<td>rd</td><td>XD</td><td>Φ</td><td></td><td>Φ</td><td>rd</td>

<td> &gt;1</td><td>fí</td><td>ε</td><td></td><td> &gt;1</td><td> 44</td>

<td> 42</td><td>C</td><td>fí</td><td></td><td>P</td><td>cn</td>

<td></td><td></td><td>C</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>C</td><td>rd</td><td>N</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> &gt;1</td><td>CU</td><td></td><td></td><td>Those</td><td></td>

<td>rd</td><td></td><td>O</td><td></td><td>fí</td><td></td>

<td>CU</td><td> &gt;</td><td>P</td><td></td><td>i — 1</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 44</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>vd</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>&gt; P</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>CU</td><td></td>

O

CN

IN

ΓΟΟ

CN rn in ic lo m in

LO LD LO

O

CN Comparative 1100 655 11.8 42.0 0 46.0 52 14 2.3 ^ 20