Glazing pane for screening solar radiation and process for producing thereof

The present invention relates to a glazing pane or a glass pane with solar shielding properties and a method for producing such a pane.

Solar control reflective glazing has become a valuable material for architects to use on the exterior of buildings. Such panes have aesthetic qualities in that they reflect the immediate surroundings and, since they are available in a number of colors, provide design opportunity. Such panes also have technical advantages in that they protect the occupants of a building from solar radiation by reflection and / or absorption and eliminate the confusing effects of intense sunshine, which gives an effective shield against the gliding and improves visual comfort and reduces eye fatigue .

From a technical point of view, it is desirable that the glazing panel should not let through too large a portion of the total irradiating solar radiation, so that the interior of the building is not overheated in sunny weather. The transmittance of all incident solar radiation can be expressed by the solar factor. As used here, the term solar factor means the sum of the total energy that is transmitted directly and the energy that is absorbed and re-radiated on the side away from the energy source as a proportion of the total radiant energy that is incident on the coated glass.

Another important application of reflective transparent solar control glazing is in vehicle windows, particularly for motor vehicles or railroad cars, where the aim is to protect the occupants of the vehicle from solar radiation. In this case, the main energy factor to consider is the total energy transmitted directly (TE), since the energy that is initially absorbed and re-radiated (AE) is dissipated by the movement of the vehicle. The main goal of the vehicle window is thus to have a low PD factor.

The properties of the coated substrate discussed here are based on the standard definitions of the International Commission for Lighting - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE).

The standard lighting or lighting means mentioned here are the CIE lighting C and the lighting A. The lighting C represents average daylight with a color temperature of 6700 ° K. Illumination A represents the radiation from a Planck radiator at a temperature of around 2856 ° K.

The light transmittance (TL) is the light flux that is transmitted by the substrate as a percentage of the incident light flux.

Light reflection (RL) is the light flux reflected from a substrate as a percentage of the incident light flux.

The selectivity of a coated substrate for use in building glazing is the ratio of light transmission to solar factor (TL / FS).

The purity (p) of the coloration of the substrate relates to the excitation purity, which is measured with the illumination C. It is specified according to a linear scale on which a defined white light source has a purity of zero and the pure coloration has a purity of 100%. The purity of a coated substrate is measured from the side opposite to the coated side.

The term refractive index (n) is defined in the CIE International Lighting Vocabulary 1987, page 138.

The dominant wavelength (λ₀) is the peak wavelength in the range that is transmitted or reflected by a coated substrate.

Emissivity (e) is the ratio of the energy emitted by a given surface at a given temperature to that of a perfect emitter (black body with an emission of 1.0) at the same temperature.

A number of techniques are known for forming coatings on a vitreous substrate, including pyrolysis. Pyrolysis generally has the advantage of producing a hard coating which eliminates the need for a protective coating. The coatings formed by pyrolysis have permanent abrasion and corrosion resistance properties. It is believed that this is particularly due to the fact that the process involves the deposition of coating material on a substrate that is hot

AT 408 978 B is. Pyrolysis is also generally cheaper than alternative coating methods such as spraying, especially in terms of operating capital. The deposition of coatings by other methods, for example spraying, resulted in products with very different properties, in particular a lower resistance to abrasion and occasionally a different refractive index.

A wide variety of glazing panel coating materials have been proposed and for various desired properties of the glazing. Tin oxide, SnO₂, is widely used, often in combination with other materials, such as other metal oxides.

GB-1455148A teaches a process for the pyrolytic formation of a coating of one or more oxides on a substrate, in particular by spraying compounds of a metal or of silicon in order to modify the transparency and / or the light reflection of the substrate or to make it antistatic or to give electrically conductive properties. Examples of oxides given include ZrO₂, SnO₂, Sb₂O₃, TiO₂, Co₃O₄, Cr₂O₃, SiO₂and mixtures thereof. Tin oxide (SnO₂) is considered beneficial because of its hardness and its ability to have antistatic or electrically conductive properties. GB-2078213A relates to a sequential spray method for the pyrolytic formation of a coating on a vitreous substrate and relates in particular to tin oxide or indium oxide as the main coating constituents. If the metal precursor for the coating is tin chloride, this is advantageously doped with a precursor selected from ammonium bifluoride and antimony chloride in order to increase the electrical conductivity of the coating.

It is also known that when coating tin oxide by pyrolysis of SnCl₄is formed, the presence of a dopant such as antimony chloride (SbCI₅), which is directly linked to the tin chloride SnCI₄ mixed, which improves absorption and reflection for some radiation near the solar infrared.

It is an object of the invention to provide a pyrolytically formed glazing panel with solar shielding properties.

It has been found that this and other valuable goals can be achieved by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to apply a pyrolytic coating containing tin and antimony oxides in a specific relative ratio.

Thus, according to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a glazing panel comprising a vitreous substrate bearing a tin / antimony oxide coating layer containing tin and antimony in an Sb / Sn molar ratio of 0.01 to 0.5, this coating layer being formed pyrolytically by chemical vapor deposition, as a result of which the substrate coated in this way has a solar factor FS of less than 70%.

The substrate is preferably in the form of a ribbon of vitreous material such as glass or other transparent solid material. In view of the property of the incident solar radiation that is absorbed by the glazing pane, especially in environments where the pane is exposed to strong or prolonged solar radiation, there is a heating effect on the glass pane, which may require the glass substrate to be subsequently Hardening process is subjected. However, the durability of the coating makes it possible that the glazing pane can be installed with the coated side facing outwards, thus reducing the heating effect.

Preferably the substrate is clear glass, although the invention extends to the use of colored glass as the substrate.

The Sb / Sn molar ratio in the coating layer is preferably at least 0.03, and more preferably at least 0.05. This helps ensure a high level of absorption. On the other hand, this ratio is preferably less than 0.21 from the viewpoint of achieving a high level of light transmittance (TL). Most preferably the ratio is less than 0.15, since above this level the coating layer shows an impermissibly high degree of absorption, coupled with poor selectivity.

Coated substrates according to the invention offer the advantage of a light reflection (RL) of less than 11%. Architects prefer this low level of reflection in a building glazing panel. It prevents the panes from causing glare in the vicinity of the building.

AT 408 978 B

It can be valuable to avoid interference between the glass of the substrate and the tin / antimony oxide coating layer. As an example, it has been found that when a tin oxide coating is pyrolytically formed from tin chloride on a soda-lime glass substrate, the sodium chloride tends to become incorporated into the coating as a result of the reaction of the glass with the coating precursor material or its reaction products, and this leads to cloudiness in the coating.

Thus, an intermediate haze-reducing coating layer is preferably disposed between the substrate and the tin / antimony oxide coating layer. The haze reduction layer can be formed pyrolytically in an incompletely oxidized state by placing the substrate in an undercoat chamber with an undercoat chamber. Contacting undercoat precursor material in the presence of oxygen in insufficient amount to fully oxidize the undercoat material on the substrate. The term incompletely oxidized material is used here to denote a real suboxide, ie an oxide of a lower valence state of a polyvalent element (e.g. VO₂ or TiO) and also to denote an oxide material that has oxygen vacancies in its structure: an example of the latter material is SiO_xwhere x is less than 2, which is the general structure of SiO₂ may have, but has a proportion of voids that would be filled with oxygen in the dioxide.

It is preferred that the haze-reducing coating layer comprises a silicon oxide having a geometric thickness such as about 100 nm. The presence of a silicon oxide underlayer on soda lime glass has the particular advantage of inhibiting the migration of sodium ions from the glass, whether by diffusion or otherwise, into the tin / antimony oxide coating layer, either during the formation of this upper layer or during a subsequent high temperature treatment.

Alternatively, the sub-layer may be an anti-reflective sub-layer such as an oxidized aluminum / vanadium layer as described in GB-2248243A.

The glazing panels according to the invention have a solar factor of less than 70%, preferably less than 60% and in some cases preferably less than 50%. The preference for a solar factor of less than 60% results when the panes according to the invention are arranged with the coated side facing outwards, ie facing the energy source. In general, this position results in an improved solar factor compared to the position of the pane with the coated side away from the energy source. The need for a solar factor of less than 50% arises for buildings in parts of the world with high levels of solar energy. Even a lower solar factor may be desirable for vehicle sunroofs.

The use of colored glass is one way of achieving a lower solar factor and is widely used in both architectural and automotive glass. In comparing the effectiveness of the coating layers, therefore, it is necessary to take into account any difference between the types of glass on which the respective coatings are deposited. Thus an example of a coating according to the invention on clear glass gave a solar factor of 63%, while an equivalent coating on a green colored glass gave a solar factor of 44.5%.

It is also desirable that the glazing panel transmit a reasonable amount of visible light to allow natural lighting of the interior of the building or vehicle and to allow the occupants to see outside. It is desirable to increase the selectivity of the coating, ie to increase the ratio of permeability to solar factor. In fact, it is preferred that the selectivity be as high as possible.

In general, it is preferred that the light transmittance (TL) of the pane according to the invention is between 40 and 65%. Nevertheless, a pane with a light transmission of less than 40% can be used as a roofing pane, for example as a sunroof for a vehicle.

The tin / antimony oxide coating is preferably 100 to 500 nm thick. Thick layers of tin / antimony oxide, in particular layers with a low molar Sb / Sn ratio, can provide a glazing pane with the advantageous combination of low solar factor (FS) and low emission. Another way of achieving this combination is to apply the tin / antimony oxide layer of the invention to a low emission layer of doped

AT 408 978 Β

To deposit tin oxide, for example tin oxide, which is doped with fluorine. However, this is a disadvantage in the sense that it requires the deposition of an additional layer, which is time consuming and expensive.

In principle, another way to achieve a combination of low solar factor and low emission could be to form a tin / antimony oxide layer containing a dopant such as fluorine. For example, GB-2200139A teaches a method of forming a pyrolytic tin oxide coating by spraying a solution which, in addition to the tin precursor, contains compounds which in the coating contain fluorine and at least one of antimony, arsenic, vanadium, cobalt, zinc, cadmium Lead, tungsten, tellurium and manganese.

For example, a coating could be formed from reaction components which contain tin, antimony and fluorine in the ratios Sb / Sn = 0.028, F / Sn = 0.04. It has been found, however, that the presence of fluorine has the apparent disadvantage of hindering the introduction of antimony into the coating rather than effectively reducing emissions. For example, reactants containing antimony and tin in the ratio Sb / Sn = 0.028 gave a coating with an Sb / Sn ratio of about 0.057, while the same reactants plus a fluorine-containing reactant in an amount such as F / Sn = 0.04 gave a coating with an Sb / Sn ratio of about 0.038.

The invention accordingly provides the advantage of simultaneously delivering a solar factor (FS) below 60%, an emission of less than 0.4 (preferably less than 0.3) and a light transmission (TL) of more than 60%. The coated product thus fulfills two important functions. In winter it keeps the heat in the building because of its low emission. In summer it resists the penetration of solar heat into the building and thus avoids overheating inside the building due to its low solar factor. This is achieved in particular with coatings which have an Sb / Sn ratio between 0.01 and 0.12, in particular 0.03 to 0.07 and a thickness between 100 and 500 nm, for example between 250 and 450 nm.

Preferably the tin / antimony oxide coating layer is an exposed coating layer and the glazing slide contains only one such tin / antimony oxide coating layer.

However, it is possible to provide one or more further coating layers, either by pyrolysis or by other coating methods, in order to achieve certain desired optical qualities. It should be noted, however, that the tin / antimony oxide layer, when applied by pyrolysis, has sufficient mechanical durability and chemical resistance to suitably serve as an exposed layer.

The panes according to the invention can be installed in single or multiple glass arrangements. While the coated surface of the pane can be the inner surface of the outer glazing pane, so that the coated surface is not exposed to the ambient weather conditions, which could otherwise reduce its service life more quickly through pollution, physical damage and / or oxidation, coatings produced by pyrolysis, generally greater mechanical resistance than coatings produced by other methods, and they can therefore be exposed to the atmosphere. The panes according to the invention can usefully be used in laminated glass structures, for example where the coated surface is the inner surface of the outer laminate.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a method for forming a glazing panel is provided, comprising the chemical vapor deposition of a tin / antimony oxide layer from a reaction mixture on a vitreous substrate, this mixture of reactants having a source of tin and a source of antimony and the molar Sb / Sn ratio in this mixture is from 0.01 to 0.5, whereby the substrate coated in this way has a solar factor FS of less than 70%.

If it is desired to produce pyrolytically coated flat glass, it is best to do so when the glass is freshly formed. Proceeding in this way has the economic advantages that there is no need to reheat the glass for the pyrolysis reaction and it also has advantages with regard to the quality of the coating, since it is ensured that the surface of the glass is in a fresh state. Preferably, therefore, this underlayer precursor material is brought into contact with an upper surface of a hot glass substrate which is freshly made

AT 408 978 B formed flat glass is formed.

Thus, the glazing panels according to the invention can be manufactured as follows. Each pyrolytic coating step can be carried out at a temperature of at least 400 ° C, ideally from 550 ° C to 750 ° C. The coatings can be performed on a sheet of glass moving in a tunnel oven or on a ribbon of glass while forming while it is still hot. The coatings can be formed within the lehr that follows the ribbon forming apparatus or within a float tank on top of the ribbon while the latter floats on a bath of molten tin.

The coating layers are applied to the substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This is a particularly beneficial method as it provides coatings of regular thickness and composition, such coating uniformity being particularly important where the product is to cover a large area. CVD offers many advantages over pyrolysis methods using sprayed liquids as reaction materials. With such spray methods it is difficult both to control the evaporation process and to obtain good uniformity of the coating thickness. Moreover, the pyrolysis of sprayed liquids is essentially based on the production of oxide coatings such as SnO₂and TiO₂ limited. It is also difficult to make multi-layer coatings using spray liquids as each coating deposition causes significant cooling of the substrate. In addition, chemical vapor deposition is more economical in terms of raw materials and results in less loss.

The product with a CVD coating is physically different from those with coatings obtained by spraying. In particular, a spray coating retains traces of the sprayed droplets and the path of the spray gun, which CVD does not.

In order to form each coating, the substrate is brought into contact with a gaseous medium in a coating chamber which contains the reaction mixture in the gas phase. The coating chamber is fed with the reaction gas through one or more nozzles, the length of which is at least equal to the width to be coated.

Methods and devices for forming such a coating are described, for example, in French patent FR-2 348 166-A (BFG Glassgroup) or in French patent application FR-2 648 453-A1 (Glaverbel). These methods and devices lead to the formation of particularly strong coatings with advantageous optical properties.

Two successive nozzles are used to form the tin / antimony oxide coatings. The reaction mixtures containing the sources of tin and antimony are fed into the first nozzle. If this mixture contains chlorides, which are liquid at ambient temperature, it is vaporized in a stream of anhydrous carrier gas at an elevated temperature. Evaporation is facilitated by the spraying of these reagents in the carrier gas. To generate the oxides, the chlorides are brought into the presence of water vapor which is led to the second nozzle. The steam is superheated and is also injected into a carrier gas.

Advantageously, nitrogen is used as the practically inert carrier gas. Nitrogen is inert enough for the purposes under consideration and it is cheap when compared to noble gases.

Underlayers of silicon oxide SiO₂ and SiO_x can be made from silane SiH₄ and oxygen as described in British patents GB 2234264A and GB 2247691A.

If a glass substrate containing an incompletely oxidized coating is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere for a sufficiently long period of time, it can be expected that the coating will tend to become completely oxidized, so that its desirable properties are lost. Therefore, such an undercoat is overcoated with a tin / antimony oxide layer while it is still in an incompletely oxidized state and while the substrate is still hot, thereby keeping this underlayer in an incompletely oxidized state. The time during which the freshly provided with the underlayer can be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere, such as air, before the underlayer is overlaid, without damaging the properties of the underlayer, depends on the temperature6

AT 408 978 B ture of the glass during this exposure and on the type of underlayer.

This undercoating chamber is advantageously surrounded by a reducing atmosphere. The choice of this feature assists in preventing ambient oxygen from entering the undercoat chamber and accordingly allows better control of the oxidation conditions within that undercoat chamber.

The oxygen required for the undercoat reactions can be supplied as pure oxygen, but this unnecessarily adds to the cost and accordingly it is preferred that air be supplied to the undercoat chamber to introduce oxygen therein.

It should be noted that the Sb / Sn molar ratio desired in the reaction mixture does not always match the ratio desired for the tin / antimony coating rate.

Preferably the source of tin is SnCl₄, Monobutyltrichlorotin (MBTC), and mixtures thereof. The source of antimony can be selected from SbCI₅, SbCI₃, Organoantimony compounds and mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable source materials are Sb (OCH₂CH₃)₃, CI₁₇Sb (OCH₂CH₃)₁₃, CI₂SbOCHCICH₃, CI₂SbOCH₂CHCH₃CI and CI₂SbOCH₂C (CH₃)₂CI.

The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

In the examples, the molar Sb / Sn ratio in the coating layers was determined by X-ray analysis, the number of X-ray counts of the respective elements being compared. While this procedure is not as precise as if calibrating by chemical dosing, the similarity of antimony and tin means that they respond equally to X-rays. The ratio of the measured number of observed counts of the respective elements thus provides a close approximation of their molar ratio.

Colored glass instead of clear glass was used, as indicated in some examples. The properties of the respective types of colored glass are shown in Table 1 below. In all cases, the properties were measured on glass samples that were 4 mm thick, which is the thickness of the glass used in all examples except Examples 1 to 7 (for which the thicknesses are shown in Table 2). The capital letters in the headings of this and the following tables (TL, TE etc.) have the meanings described above.

Regarding the calculation of the solar factor, it should be pointed out that for the light transmission (TL) below 60% the effect of the low emission is not negligible and should be taken into account. As the emission is reduced, so is the solar factor.

Table 1

<td>Glass type</td><td>Green A</td><td>Green B</td><td>Gray</td><td>Middle- Gray</td><td>Dark- Gray</td>

<td>ID in transmission (nm) [Illumination: C / A]</td><td> 505,4/508,5</td><td> 504,9/508,4</td><td> 470,1/493,9</td><td> 493,2/502,7</td><td> 478,9/502,7</td>

<td>Purity (%)</td><td> 2,9/3,4</td><td> 2,1/2,5</td><td> 1,5/0,8</td><td> 5,6/5,1</td><td> 2,6/1,8</td>

<td>TL (%) [Lighting: C / A]</td><td> 72,66/71,12</td><td> 78,44/77,20</td><td> 55,65/55,56</td><td> 36,80/35,76</td><td> 22,41/22,30</td>

<td>TE (%) (CIE)</td><td> 44,0</td><td> 52,3</td><td> 56,9</td><td> 25,9</td><td> 31,11</td>

<td>FS (%) visited side (CIE)</td><td> 56,8</td><td> 62,9</td><td> 66,3</td><td> 43,4</td><td> 47,3</td>

<td>TL / FS [Lighting: C]</td><td> 1,28</td><td> 1,25</td><td> 0,84</td><td> 0,85</td><td> 0,47</td>

AT 408 978 B

example 1

Clear soda-lime float glass moving at a speed of 7 m / min along a float chamber was undercoated at a coating station located at a point along the float chamber where the glass was at a temperature of about 700 ° C. The feed line was fed with nitrogen, silane was introduced with a partial pressure of 0.25% and oxygen was introduced with a partial pressure of 0.5% (ratio 0.5). There was a coating of silicon oxide SiO₂ obtained with a thickness of 100 nm.

The undercoated substrate with a thickness of 6 mm was then immediately coated by CVD pyrolysis using a coating apparatus containing two successive nozzles. A reagent containing a mixture of SnCl₄ as a source of tin and SbCl_s was used as a source of antimony. The Sb / Sn molar ratio in the mixture was about 0.2. The reaction mixture was evaporated in a stream of anhydrous nitrogen gas at about 600 ° C and introduced into the first nozzle. Evaporation was facilitated by spraying these reagents in the carrier gas. Superheated steam was fed to the second nozzle. The water vapor was heated to about 600 ° C and was also injected into a carrier gas that was air heated to about 600 ° C. The flow rate of gas (carrier gas + reagent) in each nozzle was 1 m³/ cm width substrate per hour at operating temperature.

The coating process was continued until the geometric thickness of the tin / antimony oxide coating overlaid on the undercoated substrate was 185 nm.

Examples 2 to 7

In Examples 2 to 7, the procedure of Example 1 was followed, but with changes in such parameters as the reaction mixture, the presence or absence of an underlayer oxide, the ratio of Sb / Sn in the coating and reaction mixture, and the thickness of the glass substrate. For example, no undercoat was applied in Example 2 as compared to Example 1, and the tin / antimony oxide coating layer was 210 nm in thickness. The reaction mixtures were as follows:

Examples 2 and 3: the same as in example 1 (but with a low concentration of the reaction mixture in the carrier gas in example 3;

Example 4: MBTC and CI₁₇Sb (OCH₂CH3)_1i3;

Example 5 MBTC and CI₂SbOCH₂CH₃CI;

Example 6: MBTC and Cl2SbOCH₂C (CH₃)₂CI;

Example 7: MBTC and SbCI₃.

The variations in operating parameters for Examples 1-7 and results obtained are shown in Table 2 attached.

The glazing panes according to Examples 3 to 7 had a pleasant blue color in transmission: the dominant wavelength in transmission in the visible wavelength range was in the range from 470 to 490 nm.

Example 6 provided a glazing panel with the combination of low solar factor FS and low emission.

In a variant of Example 6, the SiO₂- Undercoating with an anti-reflective undercoating made of silicon oxide SiO_x replaced according to the operation of GB-2247691A. In another variant, the SiO₂- Undercoating replaced by an oxidized aluminum / vanadium layer according to GB-2248243A. In these variants, the glazing panels did not have a purple appearance when reflected from the uncoated side.

Example 8

Colored float glass Green A, moving at a speed of 7 m / min along a float chamber, was undercoated at a coating station located at a point along the float chamber where the glass was at a temperature of about 700 ° C. The feed line was fed with nitrogen, silane was introduced with a partial pressure of 0.2% and oxygen was introduced with a partial pressure of 0.5% (ratio 0.55). One

AT 408 978 B

Coating of silicon oxide SiO_x with x approximately equal to 1.8 was obtained with an index of refraction of approximately 1.7. The thickness of the coating was 40 nm.

The undercoated substrate with a thickness of 4 mm was then coated by CVD pyrolysis. A reagent containing a mixture of MBTC as a source of tin and d ^ S ^ OCh-hd-y ^ as a source of antimony was used. The Sb / Sn molar ratio in the mixture was about 0.195 (0.2 mass ratio). The reaction mixture was evaporated in a stream of anhydrous air at about 200 ° C and fed to the nozzle. Evaporation was facilitated by spraying these reagents in the carrier gas. Superheated steam, heated to about 200 ° C, was then introduced.

The coating process was continued until the geometric thickness of the tin / antimony oxide coating coated on the undercoated substrate was 120 nm.

Examples 9-14

In Examples 9-14, the procedure of Example 8 was followed but with modifications as shown in Table 2 attached hereto. In such parameters as the thickness of the underlayer, the Sb / Sn ratio in the coating and in the reaction mixture, the thickness of the tin / antimony oxide coating layer and the color of the glass. The results of Examples 8-14 are shown in Table 3.

The glazing panes according to Examples 9 to 14 had a pleasant blue color in transmission, the dominant wavelength in transmission being in the visible wavelength range from 470 to 490 nm (illumination C).

In a variant of Example 9, in which the green A glass was replaced by medium gray glass, the light transmission (TL) obtained was 20%, the light reflection (RL) was 10% and the energy transmission (TE) was 15%.

Examples 15 to 30

The procedure of Example 1 was followed for further Examples 15-30 with variations in the reaction mixture, the color and thickness of the glass substrate, the thickness of the underlayer oxide and the ratio of Sb / Sn in the mixture of reactants in the reaction mixture and the coating. For Examples 15 to 22 the reaction mixture was MBTC and CIvSbiOCI-kCHs) ^ without trifluoroacetic acid, while for Examples 23 to 30 the reaction mixture was MBTC and CI-i, 7Sb (OCH₂CH₃)₁₃ with trifluoroacetic acid. The F / Sn ratio in the reaction mixture for these examples was 0.04.

The variations in the operating parameters and the results obtained are shown in the attached Table 4 for Examples 15-22 and in the attached Table 5 for Examples 23-30. The silicon oxide SiO used in Examples 15 to 30_x had a value for x equal to about 1.8.

AT 408 978 B

<td></td><td> 110</td><td>CM O ώ</td><td> 70</td><td>CO O</td><td> 0,20</td><td>low</td><td> 55,0</td><td> 13,7</td><td> 59,6</td><td> 0,92</td><td> 479,3</td><td>CO ö "</td><td> 577,0</td><td>V CO CO</td><td>6ΖΌ</td><td>IO</td>

<td>&lt;o</td><td> 445</td><td>CM O öö</td><td> 70</td><td> 90‘0</td><td>Ot-'O</td><td>low</td><td> 47,5</td><td> 6,6</td><td> 47,2</td><td> &lt;□</td><td> 483,0</td><td> 8,0</td><td> 490,0</td><td> 6,0</td><td> 0.25</td><td>in</td>

<td>Ift</td><td> 105</td><td>CM O w</td><td> 70</td><td> 0,15</td><td> 0,20</td><td>low</td><td> 61,6</td><td> 11,7</td><td> 62,2</td><td> 0,99</td><td> 481,0</td><td> 8,7</td><td> 577,6</td><td> 35,2</td><td> 0.71</td><td>in</td>

<td>M</td><td>O CM</td><td>CM O w</td><td> 70</td><td> 0,19</td><td> 0,20</td><td>low</td><td> 51,0</td><td> 12,0</td><td> 58,4</td><td> 0,87</td><td> 478,8</td><td>ok</td><td> 579,5</td><td> 35,0</td><td> 0.84</td><td>OK</td>

<td> «9</td><td> 105</td><td>missing</td><td>O</td><td> 0,46</td><td> 0,20</td><td>4.36 Io 7.01</td><td> 65,5</td><td> 18,8</td><td> 66,0</td><td> 0,99</td><td>O 00</td><td> 4,9</td><td> 575,3</td><td>τ- ο</td><td> &gt;0.7</td><td>CO</td>

<td>CM</td><td> 210</td><td>missing</td><td>O</td><td> 0,48</td><td> 0,20</td><td> 2,09</td><td> 44,3</td><td> 12,0</td><td> 56,9</td><td> 0,78</td><td> -560</td><td> 3,9</td><td> 494,5</td><td>o'z</td><td> &gt;0.7</td><td>CO</td>

<td> -</td><td> 185</td><td>CM O w</td><td> 100</td><td> 0,48</td><td> 0,20</td><td> 0,07</td><td> 45,7</td><td> 0‘6</td><td> 55,3</td><td> 0,83</td><td> 587,5</td><td> 3,4</td><td> 472,3</td><td> 36,9</td><td> &gt;0.7</td><td>CD</td>

<td>example</td><td>Tin / antimony oxide thickness (nm)</td><td>Undercoating oxide</td><td>Undercoating thickness (nm)</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the coating</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the reactants</td><td>Turbidity (%)</td><td>(%) Ί1</td><td>RL (%) (coated side)</td><td>FS (%) (coated side) (CIE)</td><td>TL / FS</td><td>λο in transmission (nm)</td><td>Color purity in transmission (%)</td><td>Xd in reflection from the coated side (nm)</td><td>Color purity (%) in reflection from the coated side</td><td>emission</td><td>Glass thickness (nm)</td>

AT 408 978 B eo o&gt;

Φ λ

ns

<td> 14</td><td> 470</td><td>CD O w</td><td> 40</td><td> 0,09</td><td> 0,07</td><td>OO</td><td>36 [A]</td><td>&lt; r-</td><td>r</td><td> 27</td><td> 43</td><td>5.4 [A]</td><td>493.4 [A]</td><td>in</td><td>-576.0 [A]</td><td>&lt; in</td><td> 0,35</td><td>Clear soda Kalgas</td>

<td></td><td> 320</td><td>CD O ώ</td><td> 40</td><td> 0,09</td><td> 0,07</td><td>co ▼ "</td><td> 40/41</td><td>s- oo</td><td>r-</td><td>CM</td><td>i 39</td><td> 1,02/1,05</td><td> 501,0/491,6</td><td>I 7.2 / 8.6</td><td> -512,5/513,6</td><td> 15,4/14,5</td><td> 0,44</td><td>Green A I.</td>

<td>CM</td><td> 470</td><td>ö¹ώ</td><td> 40</td><td> 60*0</td><td> 0,07</td><td>oo</td><td> 6/6</td><td>l - N-</td><td>m</td><td>σ&gt;</td><td> 29</td><td> 0,31/0,31</td><td> 494,2/480,0</td><td> 7,0/11,8</td><td> -555,4/550,1</td><td> 2,1/6,6</td><td> 0,35</td><td>Dark gray</td>

<td>t— T-</td><td> 470</td><td>CD O «</td><td> 40</td><td> 0,09</td><td> 0,07</td><td></td><td> 31/32</td><td>s.</td><td>CO</td><td>OO</td><td> 36</td><td>68Ό / 98Ό</td><td> 497,2/487,2</td><td> 7,6/10,8</td><td> -576,9/559,8</td><td>6.01 / 1.2 I_____</td><td> ! 0,35</td><td>Green B</td>

<td> 10</td><td> 320</td><td>CD O &lt;55</td><td> 40</td><td> 0,09</td><td> 0,07</td><td>O</td><td> 31/32</td><td> _</td><td>CD</td><td> |- 25</td><td> 5</td><td> 0,76/0,78</td><td> 494,8/481,9</td><td> 4,9/8,1</td><td> -511,8/512,2</td><td> 17,2/16,3</td><td></td><td>Gray</td>

<td>o&gt;</td><td> 120</td><td>CD O ώ</td><td> 70</td><td>oo O</td><td> 0,20</td><td>O</td><td> 39/20</td><td> 11/11</td><td> 00</td><td> 25</td><td>T</td><td>86Ό / 86Ό I.</td><td> 497,2/487,0</td><td>I 6.2 / 8.9</td><td> -572,5/566,9</td><td> 2,2/2,9</td><td>0.85 I__</td><td>Green A</td>

<td> 00</td><td> 120</td><td>Od O ώ</td><td> 40</td><td> 0,10</td><td> 0,07</td><td> 0,36</td><td> 53/55</td><td> 9/10</td><td> 00</td><td>V " CO</td><td>⁴⁵</td><td> 1,2/1,2</td><td> 505,5/498,6</td><td> 4,4/4,2</td><td> 487,9/478,1</td><td> 7,4/14,6</td><td>V- L - Q</td><td>Green A</td>

<td>example</td><td>Tin / antimony oxide thickness (nm)</td><td>Undercoat oxide</td><td>Undercoating thickness (nm)</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the coating</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the reactants</td><td>Turbidity (%)</td><td>TL (%) [lighting A / lighting C]</td><td>RL (%) (coated side) [lighting A / C]</td><td>RL (%) (uncoated side) [lighting C]</td><td>TE (%) (CIE)</td><td>FS (%) (coated side) (CIE)</td><td>TL / FS</td><td>λο in transmission (nm)</td><td>Color purity in transmission (%)</td><td>X_D. in reflection from the coated side (nm)</td><td>Color purity (%) in reflection from the coated side</td><td>emission</td><td>Color of the glass</td>

AT 408 978 B

<td> 22</td><td> 390</td><td>X O ώ</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,058</td><td> 0,028</td><td>CM</td><td> 53,1</td><td> 6,9</td><td> 8,2</td><td> 28,5</td><td> 40,1</td><td>CD CO_ x—</td><td> 1,20</td><td> 499,5</td><td></td><td> -550,3</td><td>O K</td><td> 0,27</td><td>Green B</td>

<td>Y " CM</td><td> 390</td><td>X O iw</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,058</td><td> 0,028</td><td>CM v-</td><td> 25,0</td><td>⁷'²</td><td> 00</td><td> 13,7</td><td> 32,9</td><td> 1,79</td><td> 0,76</td><td> 493,4</td><td> 7,5</td><td> -495,0</td><td>co</td><td> 0,27</td><td>Medium gray</td>

<td> ! 20</td><td> 390 ' —</td><td>X O ω</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,058</td><td> 0,028</td><td>CN γ-</td><td> 49,2</td><td> 8,0</td><td>S'9</td><td> 24,5</td><td> 40,9</td><td> 1,96</td><td> 1,20</td><td> 500,7</td><td> 4,7</td><td> -493,8</td><td> 4,4</td><td> 0,27</td><td>Green A</td>

<td>o&gt; T "</td><td> 390</td><td>X O ώ</td><td>i 80 (approx.)</td><td> 8900</td><td> 0,028</td><td>CM Y "</td><td> 61,0</td><td> 9,0</td><td> 00</td><td> 43,0</td><td> 54,7</td><td>CM</td><td>Y "</td><td> 496,0</td><td> 2,2</td><td> -495,2</td><td> 5,0</td><td>r- CM ö</td><td>Clear</td>

<td> 00</td><td> 320</td><td>X O &lt;55</td><td>60 (approx)</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,65</td><td> 28,2</td><td> 7,2</td><td>OS</td><td> 15,8</td><td> 34,4</td><td> 1,75</td><td> 0,82</td><td> 494,0</td><td> 5,8</td><td> 482,9</td><td> 18,0</td><td>0.29 y</td><td>Medium gray i</td>

<td></td><td>O CM CO</td><td>X O ώ</td><td>60 (approx)</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,65</td><td>O CD</td><td> 8,4</td><td> 00</td><td> 33,1</td><td> 47,2</td><td>CM 00 Y "</td><td>00 CM</td><td> 506,0</td><td> 2,3</td><td>oo</td><td> 15,8</td><td> 0,29</td><td>Green B</td>

<td>&lt;o</td><td> 320</td><td>X O ώ</td><td>60 (approx)</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,65</td><td> 55,7</td><td> 8,2</td><td> 7,3</td><td> 28,3</td><td> 43,6</td><td> 2,00</td><td> 1,27</td><td> 506,2</td><td>co</td><td> 484,2</td><td> 16,2</td><td> 0,29</td><td>Green A</td>

<td> 15</td><td> 320</td><td>X O &lt;55</td><td>60 (approx)</td><td> 0,053</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,65</td><td> 68,8</td><td> 8,9</td><td> 8,9</td><td> 50,8</td><td> 60,3</td><td> 1,35</td><td>in Y " Y "</td><td> 524,0</td><td>so</td><td> 482,9</td><td> 14,5</td><td> 0,29</td><td>Clear</td>

<td>example</td><td>Tin / antimony oxide thickness (nm)</td><td>Undercoat oxide</td><td>Undercoating thickness (nm)</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the coating</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the reactants</td><td>Turbidity (%)</td><td>TL (%) [lighting C]</td><td>RL (%) (coated side)</td><td>RL (%) (uncoated side)</td><td>TE (%) (CIE)</td><td>FS (%) (coated side) (CIE)</td><td>TL / TE</td><td>TL / FS</td><td>λ₀ in transmission (nm)</td><td>Color purity in transmission (%)</td><td>λ₀ in reflection from the coated side (nm)</td><td>Color purity (%) in reflection from the coated side</td><td>emission</td><td>Color of the glass</td>

AT 408 978 B

<td> 30</td><td> 410</td><td>X O ώ</td><td>90 (approx.)</td><td> 0,037</td><td> 0,028</td><td>oq</td><td> 56,4</td><td>CO CO</td><td> 6,9</td><td> 30,6</td><td> 45,4</td><td>t— ω</td><td>M- CM</td><td> 543,7</td><td> 3,5</td><td> 507,0</td><td>O</td><td> 0,23</td><td>Green B</td>

<td> 29</td><td> 410</td><td>X O CO</td><td>90 (approx.)</td><td> 0,037</td><td> 0,028</td><td>CM</td><td> 26,9</td><td>&lt;N</td><td>CO</td><td> 14,6</td><td> ! 33,6</td><td> 1,73</td><td> 0,76</td><td> 502,7</td><td> 3,6</td><td> 491,8</td><td>CM</td><td> 0,23</td><td>Medium gray</td>

<td> 28</td><td> 410</td><td>X O CO</td><td>90 (approx.)</td><td> 0,037</td><td> 0,028</td><td>CM V "</td><td> 51,9</td><td>oo</td><td> 6,6</td><td> 26,1</td><td> 42,0</td><td> 2,00</td><td> 1,24</td><td> 535,9</td><td> , 3,7</td><td> 505,1</td><td>V</td><td> 0,23</td><td>Green A</td>

<td>²⁷</td><td> 410</td><td>X O CO</td><td>90 (approx.)</td><td> 0,037</td><td>00 s O</td><td>CM_ T "</td><td> 64,2</td><td> 8‘8</td><td></td><td> 47,2</td><td> 57,7</td><td> 1,36</td><td>O T "</td><td> 568,6</td><td> 3,5</td><td> 549,3</td><td> 3,3</td><td> 0,23</td><td>Clear</td>

<td> 26</td><td> 290</td><td>X O CO</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,82</td><td> 28,7</td><td> 8,0</td><td> 5,2</td><td> 16,6</td><td> 34,9</td><td>V</td><td> 0,83</td><td> 498,5</td><td> 3,3</td><td> 507,2</td><td> 11,3</td><td> 0,28</td><td>Medium gray</td>

<td> 25</td><td> 290</td><td>X O iz&gt;</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,82</td><td> 61,0</td><td>CM σ&gt;</td><td> 8,3</td><td> 34,7</td><td> 48,3</td><td>Tt</td><td> 1,27</td><td> 549,4</td><td> 2,7</td><td>508.9 I_</td><td> 9,6</td><td> 0,28</td><td>Green B</td>

<td> 24</td><td> 290</td><td>X O cö</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,038</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,82</td><td> 56,7</td><td> 9,0</td><td> 8,0</td><td> 29,5</td><td>^! 44,5</td><td> 1,90</td><td> 1,27</td><td> | 538,8</td><td>CD ci</td><td>508.6 I.</td><td>V O T "</td><td> 0,28</td><td>Green A</td>

<td> 23</td><td> 290</td><td>X O iz&gt;</td><td>80 (approx)</td><td> 0,38</td><td> 0,028</td><td> 0,82</td><td> 70,2</td><td> 10,0</td><td> 9,5</td><td> 54,3</td><td> 63,0</td><td>O CO V "</td><td> 1,11</td><td> 581,3</td><td>²⁹</td><td>510.3 I.</td><td>V " co</td><td> 0,28</td><td>Clear</td>

<td>example</td><td>Tin / antimony oxide thickness (nm)</td><td>Undercoat oxide</td><td>Undercoating thickness (nm)</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the coating</td><td>Sb / Sn ratio in the reactants</td><td>Turbidity (%)</td><td>TL (%) [lighting C]</td><td>RL {%) (coated side)</td><td>RL (%) (uncoated side)</td><td>TE (%) (CIE)</td><td>FS (%) (coated side) (CIE)</td><td>TL / TE</td><td>TL / FS</td><td>λ₀ in transmission (nm)</td><td>Color purity in transmission (%)</td><td>äd in reflection from the coated side (nm)</td><td>Color purity (%) in reflection from the coated side</td><td>emission</td><td>Color of the glass</td>

AT 408 978 B