Laboratory in a disk

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to diagnostic analyzes and their methodology. More specifically, the present invention relates to portions of diagnostic analyzes collected on a compact optical disc and to a methodology for their use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is a great need to make analyzes faster, cheaper and easier to perform. Ideally, patients should test themselves when needed. One way to do this is to reduce and integrate the various analytical operations. Currently, commercially available or in the development phase, a large number of bio-chip analyzes (so-called because some techniques use silicon chip photolithography techniques). All of these procedures, however, require the use of a reader and a computer.

Disc-shaped cassettes are commercially available, which, in conjunction with UV and visible spectrometry, are used for clinical analysis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,284 describes a centrifugal rotor comprising a number of interconnected fluid chambers connected to a number of cuvettes. The rotor is adapted for use with a conventional laboratory centrifuge and is made of substances that allow photometric detection of the results of the analyzes performed in the reaction cuvettes. A large number of rotor configurations and similar devices have already been described for the same or similar types of analysis. See, for example, U.S. Pat.

5,472,603; 5,173,193; 5,061,381; 5,304,348; 5,518,930;

5,457,053; 5,409,665; 5,160,702; 5,173,262; 5,409,665;

5,591,643; 5,186,844; 5,122,284; 5,242,606; and the patents cited therein. Lyophilic reagents for use in such systems are described in U.S. Patent 5,413,732.

The basics of a centrifugal analyzer were adapted for a disc that can be used as an instrument in a compact disc drive (CD drive) (Mian et al.

WO 97/21090 Application). Mian describes a custom CD drive with a dual function: 1. used to read information stored on the disk and 2. used to rotate the disk. However, Main is not talking about using the readability of a CD drive in actual analysis.

Despite recent advances, there is still a need for a simpler configuration that performs analysis faster, more efficiently and accurately, and at a lower cost. The present invention combines diagnostic procedures with computer and compact disk technology. Preferably, a computer with a CD reader is the only instrument we need. All the chemistry is done inside a compact disc, which can also be called an integrated biocompact disc (IBCD).

The same compact disc is encoded with software, that is, instructions and control information that the hardware recognizes (reads) and provides to the computer before, during and after analysis.

CDs or DVDs (DVD - Digital Versatile Disc =

Digitally variable disk; Op. ) are the most economical and usually the best storage medium. It should be stressed that CDs and DVDs are currently used acronyms that may change in the future, even if the technology remains essentially the same. A CD or DVD drive is in many ways equivalent to a confocal scanning microscope. At the same time, these instruments are comparable to good centrifuges, because for commercial drives the speed is between 200 and 12,000 rpm and can be adjusted within certain limits. By combining these three properties in the same analytical system, a great deal of simplification is achieved compared to any other analytical technique. Performance is comparable or better with all competing methods. Although this invention requires slightly modified CD or DVD drives, these changes can be made to commercially available drives. This will enable the use of this invention both at home and for Point-Of-Patient-Care (POPC) purposes. The use of CD and DVD drives will allow accurate digital analysis of any sample, without any specific analytical preparation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an optical drive adapted for scanning by a scanner. It shall consist of a first sector containing analytic binders of the analyte suspected to be in the sample, to at least one previously designated location in the first sector and, optionally, a second sector containing controls for analysis and location information of one or multiple analytes suspected to be in the sample, which are accessible to the reader and where the presence or absence of the analyte at said site can be determined by the reader using controls and location information of the analyte. Depending on the nature of the analysis, the disc may contain fluid storage agents, fluid transfer agents such as one or more capillary tubes, flaps, batteries, dialysers, columns, filters, electric field sources, wires, or other electrical conductive agents such as surface metal linings and the like.

The disk may have one or more sample inlets to deliver the sample fluid to the analysis sector. Such entry points can preferably be sealed so that after application of the sample to disk, the sealed disk together with the contained sample is a hermetically sealed device that can be properly discarded, that is, normally or in accordance with other methods of bio-waste management. Also, the disk analysis sector is appropriately divided into different subsections for sample preparation and analyte separation. A waste collection subsection may also be provided. The analysis sector can be divided into a large number of subsectors, each of which adopts a sample. Each subsector can perform analysis for one or more analytes, depending on the particular application we are working with.

The present invention further relates to an analysis apparatus comprising an optical disk, a disk reader and an information processor, wherein the disk comprises a first sector containing analytical means for localization of the analyte suspected to be present in the sample, at least one previously. a specific position in the first sector and optionally also a second sector containing control information to perform the analysis and location information of one or more analytes suspected to be in the sample, accessible to the reader and can be processed by an information processor, wherein the disk is arranged to be readable by the reader and the information processor to be able to determine the presence or absence of the analyzer at a specific location using controls and location information of the analyte. The device may include a CD-ROM or a DVD reader and an information processor, such as a PC.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to an optical disk adapted for a CD-ROM or DVD reader containing analytical procedures for binding an analyte suspected to be present in a sample to at least one predefined location on the disk, and detection means the presence or absence of the analyte at the sites mentioned, using a CD-ROM or DVD reader.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS is a schematic representation of a disk of the present invention.

A is a more detailed schematic representation of sample preparation and disk analysis sector showing the overall appearance of a conventional analysis sector a.

B is a schematic representation of an analysis sector capable of performing immunoassays, DNA tests, cell counts, spectrophotometric analyzes and electrolyte analyzes.

is a schematic representation of a disk of the present invention that represents a number of analysis sectors, each with its own input part for the sample.

is a more detailed schematic representation of one of the analysis sectors presented in Figure 3.

is a schematic representation of a chemical battery useful according to the present invention.

is a schematic representation of a structure providing dialysis function on a disk of the present invention.

is a schematic representation of a column that can be included on a disk of the present invention.

is a schematic representation of an electrically controlled damper useful according to the present invention.

is a schematic representation of a series of reagents in coupled capillary tubes useful in the present invention.

is a schematic representation of a layout of linear analysis positions suitably arranged in flow tubes in the disk analysis sector of the present invention.

11A-C is a schematic representation of various assay elements that are particularly useful for the detection of viral and bacterial particles and cells, using a general methodology for specific restriction of the substances to be detected to specific sites.

12A-C is a schematic representation of various detection methodologies in which opaque particles are used instead of reflective particles to attach to reflective surfaces. The zigzag lines represent oligonucleotides, but they can be any recognizable molecule, such as antibodies. In this case, the particles are plastic spheres or beads, but they can also be liposomes, cells, and the like.

Figure 13 is a schematic representation of an analytical element of the present invention representing an intermediate molecule with two side components and a cleavage site attached at one end to the disk surface and the other end to a message element (gold or latex sphere).

14A is a schematic representation of the first analysis element of the present invention at an early stage of the analysis process.

Figure 14B is a schematic representation of the second analytical element of the present invention in the early stage of the analytical process.

Figure 14C is a schematic representation of the analysis element of Figure 14A, where the analyte molecules bind to the side components and form a binding loop between the sides of the cleavage site.

Figure 14D is a schematic representation of the analysis element of Figure 14B, where the analyte molecules do not bind to the side components and no binding loop is formed between the two sides of the cleavage site.

Figure 14E is a schematic representation of the analysis element of Figure 14C after the intermediate molecules are cleaved. The message transfer element remains bound to the disk surface at the cleavage site.

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14F is a schematic representation of the analysis element in Figure 14 D after the intermediate molecules are cleaved. The message transfer element is detached from the surface of the disk and can be flushed from the cleavage site.

is a schematic representation of a set of cuvettes. In this case, four cuvettes, a reagent, a sample preparation chamber, as well as light sources are shown.

is a schematic representation of the capillary arrangement that can be used to perform isoelectric focusing.

is a schematic representation of a device for measuring accurate volumes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The complete schematic representation of the Integrated Bio Compact Disk (IBCD) is shown in Figure 1. The Bio-Compact Disk (BCD) can actually be of any shape and size. For most practical applications, it is circular, with a diameter of 10-1000 mm, preferably of 20-200 mm and a thickness of 0.1-20 mm, preferably 0.5-3 mm. Disk (10) contains two sectors: the analysis sector (11) and the software sector (12). The center hole (13), however, is provided to accommodate the compact disc in the reader. Analysis monitoring software may be on a separate disk, but it is better if the software on the disk is linked to analysis for a single analyte or analytes, so as to reduce the possibility of human error during the analysis. The following description describes the possible components and operating units of the IBCD.

In standard CD-ROMs and DVD readers, the disc spins at speeds of up to 16,000 rpm.

For all CD-ROMs and DVD readers, the speed can be adjusted within certain limits (between 200 and 16,000 rpm). For some operations it is preferable to use rotation at different speeds, for example from 1000 to 10,000 rpm and preferably from 2000 to 5000 rpm. For any particular analysis, the rotation area during the analysis is determined by the control software. This mode of velocity and time range, including those times during which there is no rotation due to incubation, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and the like, is controlled for delivery of reagents and sample to appropriate locations in the analysis sector, as determined by the analysis procedure. The rotational speeds at our disposal allow the development of important centrifugal forces that can be used to mix liquids. Another source of energy that can be used in IBCD is chemical energy. The most appropriate form of chemical energy is released by the battery in the form of electricity. Mechanical and chemical energy make it possible for many components to function. Important components of an IBCD may include one or more of the following: capillaries, vessels, filters, dialysis membranes, chromatographic columns, electrophoresis gels, flaps, any micromechanical or electronic components, including microprocessors, electrodes, special enzyme electrodes, cuvettes, and analysis elements . Possible operations that can be performed with the components include the following: centrifugation, filtration, fluid transfer, fluid mixing, dialysis, column separation, heating, cooling, electroconvection, electrophoresis, analyte detection and signaling.

IBCD is made of two parts, upper and lower halves. The lower half can contain almost all components, while the upper half is a flat cover with only a few components, such as electrodes and wires. The number of layers of the present invention may be more than two and many components may be made as models before. As such, reagent containers, cuvettes, columns, micromechanical components, light sources and microprocessors can be used. Different things can be printed on soft plastic. The various components can be glued, thermally or with ultraviolet rays (UV), fused together, bonded with complementary mechanical properties, mechanically stapled or simply placed into a larger component. Some areas can be treated, for example, with ammonium plasma, so that these areas remain hydrophilic. The surface can be further treated with various molecules to keep the surface inert or to give it certain adsorption properties. Silylation is a general method of surface treatment (Virtanen, JA, Kinnunen, PKJ and Kulo,

A., Organosilanes and their hydrolytic polymers as surface treatment agents for use in chromatography and electronics, (organosilanes and their hydrolytic polymers, as surface treatments for use in chromatography and electronics) USP 4,756,971). Covalent binding of detergents reduces the adsorption of proteins such as albumin and also reduces the adsorption of soluble proteins. Metal electrodes and wires can be drawn to desired areas. We can use resistors to localize the plasma treatment or the metal vapor, or cover areas that we do not want to process for the duration of the treatment. Capillary tubes and compartments for storing and retaining liquids can be applied to the optical disc or formed by chemical processes or injection molding. As shown in Figure 2, the analysis sector may contain a sample entry site (14). This site is preferably sealed to prevent biological hazards. The disc is thus effectively sealed except for the necessary flow to allow fluid flow.

By various means, for example by centrifugal force and similar means well known in the art, a portion of the sample is introduced into the sample preparation site (15), which may already contain reagents and the like to perform the analysis.

Alternatively or in conjunction with reagents already in the sample preparation section, a reagent delivery line (16) may be added to this section to deliver the reagents in the desired order to the sample preparation sector. Further details on the type of reagents are given in Figure 9. At least in part, the analyte must be separated from the sample, which can be performed in the sample preparation section (17). The battery (18) is required if the separation process requires electricity. Further details of the battery are shown in Figure 5 and described below. The resulting sample is then transferred to the analysis site (19). Preferably according to the present invention, the assay site contains an assay element as described in more detail below. If the analyte is present in the sample, it binds to a previously specified location on the disk. The presence of the analyte is determined by the reader, using information that identifies the particular analyte with the site to which it binds. The waste collection area is required to collect excess reagents or samples that exceed the amount specified for use in the analysis. The various compartments and channels for the flow of liquids are adequately ventilated to allow the flow of liquids across the entire surface of the analysis sector.

One of the possibilities contemplated by the present invention is a larger number of analysis sectors (21, 22, 23, etc.) than shown in Figure 3. Each of the sectors is connected to its sampling point (24, 25, 26). The operation of each sector is basically the same as described above, although different analyzes may be performed in different sectors at the same time, for several different analytes or for several different patients. The individual sector is presented in more detail in Figure 4, where the various possible components are denoted by the same numbers as in the descriptions above.

Components

As shown in Figure 5, a battery is required that can consist of only two metal layers, for example copper and zinc, which form the top and bottom layers.

They are separated by air during storage. When the disk is rotated, the space between these two metals is filled with dilute mineral acid, depending on the nature of the metal electrodes. In the case of copper and zinc, it can be dilute sulfuric acid that contains copper ions and the battery is thus activated. Such a battery generates a voltage of 1.5V for only an hour, but this is enough to complete the analysis. If necessary, batteries can be made from other substances or thicker metal layers that last longer. However, it is important that water that enters the space between the metal layers deactivates the battery. The activation and deactivation cycle can be repeated several times. If more potential is needed, several batteries can be connected in series. Photodiodes can also be included in the circuit. In this case, we enter the active circuit data into the computer controlling the analysis. A small pre-made battery can also be used, which is activated by interrupting the electrical circuit with a solution of salt, such as sodium chloride.

For the transfer of liquids and air, the use of capillaries is best.

Small volumes of liquids can also be stored in capillaries. It is best if the air capillaries are hydrophobic and those that come in contact with the water are hydrophilic. If necessary, the capillaries may have a circular or rectangular section.

Typical depth is between 10 and 500 pm and width is between 50 pm and 2 mm. Air capillaries should be larger in size to prevent pressure build-up unless necessary. The flow rate depends on the rotation frequency of the IBCD, the dimensions of the capillaries, and the viscosity and density of the fluid. The physical properties of the liquids are determined by analysis, and the rotation frequency is limited to a certain limit by a CD-ROM or DVD reader.

This is how the dimensions of the capillary are used to adjust the fluid transfer rate. If necessary, restrictions on the capillary profile can be used to control the velocity of fluids in capillary tubes. Hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity can also be used for the same purpose.

The exact dimensions of the capillary network and chambers can be calculated using the Navier-Stokes equation:

pv = pb - Vp + pV²v where p is the density, p is the pressure, v is the velocity, b is the force field of the body, μ is the viscosity and V is the differential operator of the parts (Mase, Continuum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1970). Pressure is a scalar field while v and b are vector fields. Commercially available computer software is also available to solve the Navier-Stokes equation for more complex geometry.

The reservoirs and compartments on the disk are used for sample intake, for storing reagents, for carrying out reactions and for collecting waste. Typical depth is between 1 and 2000 μπι, preferably between 10 and 800 μπι. They can be of any shape, although the cross section is preferably round or rectangular. The compartments are hydrophilic, except for one part of the waste collector that is led by an air capillary, which is hydrophobic. The reaction regions can be formed by electrodes for heating and electroconvection for electrochemical purposes. Electrodes are preferably vaporized gold films. These compartments may also have flaps that act chemically or electrically as described below. Storage containers can be covered with metal to prevent water from entering the plastic. Reagents can be placed earlier in cassettes that are actually impermeable. These cassettes can be closed and manually opened during storage by piercing or by a flap or pin that opens when a sample cassette is inserted into the disc. The cassette can also be opened by centrifugal force when the IBCD starts to rotate. In any case, during the analysis, a proper flow of fluids with computer control via a CD or DVD reader is maintained.

Fluid flow during analysis can be monitored using a reflective element. The reflecting element uses a laser beam that is in the CD or DVD reader and the fact that the refractive index of the fluid, even if it is transparent, differs significantly from the refractive index of the air. Thus, the laser beam is reflected back to the CD or DVD reader in the presence of air and in the presence of fluid in the other direction, or vice versa. Another method for monitoring fluid flow is to use an active light source such as an LED or a semiconductor laser. Such light can be amplified by an electrically conductive fluid such as plasma or a buffer that closes the electrical circuit.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) can be used to transfer information from an IBCD to a CD or DVD drive and to a computer. The LCD has a large number of points that reflect light when above the LC film potential. For example, these points can be in linear rows so that one end of the low potential is used to reflect light, while at the other end, in order to obtain the same result, the potential is much higher. A CD or DVD drive can localize reflective points and the potential of the circuit can be measured accordingly. The change in potential can be caused by an electrochemical process on one of the electrochemical cells. For example, cholesterol oxidase coated electrode produces hydrogen peroxide in the presence of cholesterol. Hydrogen peroxide changes the potential of the circuit and the amount of cholesterol can be determined.

Filters can be used to remove large particles such as cells, dust, and the like from a soluble sample. Accordingly, filters are included as part of the sample input area. The filters can be made of porous plastic or plastic, glass, cross-woven cotton or cellulose and the like. These substances may take the form of circles or similar shapes, depending on the intended use. Plastics such as Teflon can be used in film form.

Since chaotropic substances are repeatedly used to denature the oligonucleotides during sample preparation, it is a good idea to have dialysis agents on the disk to remove salts before the analysis is performed. As shown in Figure 6, the dialysis unit is prepared by placing the dialysis membrane (27) on either of the two halves (upper and lower) of the disk compartment (10). Considering the small volumes, the buffer is already inside the dialysis membrane and usually no buffer is needed on the other side of the membrane, opposite the fluid layer.

As shown in Figure 7, the column can be prepared by filling section (28) with a suitable gel, adsorbent or ion exchanger such as silica gel and Sephadex (selected substance) for a particular application which column to use). Put the filter (29) on the other end. Examples of possible uses include separating smaller molecules from larger molecules and fractionating hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. The ion exchange column is particularly useful for separating nucleic acids from other biomolecules. Columns may also be used for other purposes that are appropriate or necessary for carrying out any analysis.

Figure 8 shows a damper (30) which may be at one end of a column or reaction vessel having two outlet capillaries (31 and 32). There are two more electrodes (33 and 34) that are not initially charged, and a conductive metal plate or foil (35) which is designed to seal one or the other capillary, depending on its position with respect to each capillary. The metal plate is inclined to close one of the capillaries when there is no flow and to open the previously closed capillary. When the flow is flowing, it opens the first capillary. In this case, the damper is made of a thin gold plate, which is electrically connected to the nearest electrode and mechanically pressed against the other drainage capillary. When the battery is activated, this electrode repels the gold plate and the other electrode attracts it. As a result, the gold plate is compressed against the other drainage capillary. Other conductive metal foils can be used, and in most processes conductive and non-corrosive metals are preferred. The battery can be deactivated as previously described and the flap returns to its original location.

A laser beam in the drives of a CD-writer or CD-writer that can also write to a CD has a power of up to 10 mW, which can heat objects to high temperatures, up to 600 ° C. The power is large enough to cause holes in various substances, including plastics. The plastic must contain a dye that absorbs laser light. Thermal expansion can be used for reversible shutter closing. For example, bending of bimetallic films is extremely sensitive to temperature changes.

Piezoelectric substances can be used as valves. Piezoelectricity can also be used to measure extremely small volumes of liquids, e.g. nanoliters of sample can be divided for several different analyzes.

Valve operations can be performed chemically, by depositing a solid chemical substance from the solution and / or dissolving the loaded solid. The first exit from such a system is closed by loading a chemical compound inside the capillary. The compound may be, for example, silver chloride. Chloride ions may be in the main fluid stream, while in the separate side capillaries pure water and silver nitrate are present in the water. The side capillaries are made by adding water first and then silver nitrate to the main fluid stream. The moment the silver ions arrive in the cross-section, it becomes clogged and this effectively acts as a damper. Capillary can also be clogged by a solid form of a soluble substance such as sodium chloride. The addition of any aqueous solution dissolves the flap from sodium chloride and the capillary opens.

The analysis element is preferably used at the analysis site of the present invention. Briefly, the analysis element (Figure 13) comprises cleavage separators (61) covalently bonded to one end (60) of the disk surface (59) and to the other end (62) of the message transmission element (65). Preferably, the data transmission element comprises reflecting golden spheres or opaque latex spheres. Also included are two recognition elements (63a and 63b), hereinafter referred to as side components, and covalently bonded to each separator such that one lateral component is bound to each side of each separator site (64). The side components described are preferably selected from the group consisting of oligonucleotides, antibodies and oligonucleotide and antibody binding. Analytical elements can be used to detect the presence of an analyte and to generate its signal, regardless of its positive or negative recognition (Figure 14). A positive recognition result (Figures 14A, 14C, 14E) is obtained if the analyte (66) binds to both side components (63a) and (63b), which results in the completion of the connecting loop (67) between the two sides of the separator, half-split with the cleavage site (64). A negative recognition result (Figures 14B, 14D, 14F) occurs when the analyte (66) binds to only one or none of the side components (68a, 68b) and consequently does not form a loop connecting both sides of the separator. When the splitting of the separators is followed by a positive recognition result, the connection between the message transfer element and the disk remains intact (Figure 14 E). After splitting the separators on the analysis element followed by a negative recognition result, the message transmission elements are separated from the disk (Figure 14 F). Thus, a negative recognition result results in separate message transmitters that are easily flushed, while in the case of a positive recognition result, the message elements remain bound in their compartments. In any case, the result can be seen immediately, using a CD-ROM or DVD reader.

The further embodiments of the invention described herein utilize both repulsive and opacified message transfer molecules and the positive and / or negative results of the assays, allowing for a range of different possible assays. For example, in some analyzes, the side components may bond before the sample is added and the binding of the analyte causes the bonding of the side components to break. In this case, the positive result of the analysis is due to the disappearance of the message transfer elements, while the negative result of the analysis is the result of the delay of the message transfer elements.

Other possible integrations of the analysis element described herein do not include separators with cleavable side components. In such cases, the surface of the IBCD is covered with metal, preferably it is gold and the analyte binds to cloudy particles such as latex spheres or liposomes with dyes on the metal surfaces.

Blurred spheres as analysis elements

The previous analysis elements are based on the attachment of reflective particles to the transparent surface of the IBCD. The position may also be opposite so that the opaque particles are bound to the reflecting surface. This approach is particularly appropriate when analyzing large cells and is generally shown in Figure 12.

Coat the surface of the plastic with a metal film. The data can be encoded on this metal layer, as is the case with conventional CDs. This information may include spatial information or other analysis related information. The metal layer is further covered with a layer of plastic. This is then reacted with an amino group as described above and instead of large beads, large latex beads (58) (10 to 50 pm in diameter) containing the dye and bound to the substrate via separators as described previously are used. These latex beads are partially covered with recognition molecules as described above for gold beads. In cell recognition, latex beads bind to the substrate even after the separators are cleaved, and the dye in the beads prevents the laser beam from reflecting off the metal layer. If appropriate fluorescent dye and laser wavelength are used, the fluorescence emission of the beads can be used to monitor the analysis. This requires the use of special devices and will be accelerated by blue lasers when used with CD-ROMs and DVD readers.

In the simplest version of detecting the presence of cells, before analysis, latex beads are not associated with IBCD but are added after the cells bind to IBCD. A suspension of latex beads is added and the recognition molecules on these beads bind to the appropriate cells and immobilize them. These latex beads can then be observed with reduced reflection using a CD-ROM or DVD reader.

Additional separator binding

One of the downsides of covalent separator bonding is that it is difficult to regenerate the disc after the separators are cleaved. If the separators are bound by complementary oligonucleotides rather than substrate, the disk may be regenerated after analysis has been completed. The separators or their residues are removed by heating or by using chaotropic reagents. Duplicates that bind separators can be denatured and the disk can be cleaned. The disk retains oligonucleotides bound to old separators. All oligonucleotides in one assay site are identical. They may be different at different sites of analysis or identical throughout the IBCD. We are adding new separators that have oligonucleotides complementary to those on the IBCD. After incubation, the complementary oligonucleotides of the separator and IBCD hybridize and the excess separators are washed away.

In this case, the oligonucleotide side components may bind to the separators before they bind to the surface. Gold beads are then added which bind to the thiol groups or to the disulfide bridges of the separator and the disk is thus ready for reuse.

The cuvette is used for UV / visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence or chemiluminescent analysis. The BCD cuvette is basically a capillary placed between the light source and the photodetector. Light can be directed through mirrors and wave rectifiers. The number of cuvettes per BCD varies between 0 and 10,000 and preferably between 0 and 50 per analysis sector. The sample enters most of the cuvettes via the sample preparation chamber. These chambers may already contain reagents, or the reagents may be stored in separate chambers and mixed with the sample while the sample travels to the sample preparation chamber. The sample and reagents can be electrically heated by infrared radiation generated by the photodiode. After the incubation time, the sample is transferred to the cuvettes. Transmitted or transmitted light is measured by a photodetector. It is best if the photodetector is inside the CD or DVD drive.

Preferably, light sources for photodiode and semiconductor lasers are spectrophotometric analyzes. It is possible to use CD or DVD drive light sources. However, at the moment, these instruments use only one wavelength corresponding to infrared or red light. If an internal light source of a CD or DVD drive is used, the photodiode or laser in Figure 15 is replaced with a mirror. Although a number of analyzes can be performed using infrared and red light, it is preferable to use additional light sources for several applications. We can produce a series of photodiodes that produce red, yellow, green and blue light. It is possible to produce photodiodes for any wavelength and, accordingly, the number of photodiodes can be up to 300, which covers the whole UV / visible spectral range. The advantage over photodiodes is that lasers produce more power and are more directional. Notably, microcavity and nanodot lasers are very small and can emit almost any wavelength. (microcavity laser devices are used to make caverns or holes of the order of 0.001 mm, and nanodot laser devices have a laser beam diameter of nm rank; Light sources can be formed as modules that can be attached to the disk before and removed after using the BCD.

Operation of units

The following is a description of the operation of the units: centrifugation, filtration, fluid transfer, fluid mixing, dialysis, column separation, heating, cooling, electroconvection and electrophoresis.

Centrifugal force is the major fluid transfer force in the IBCD. It can also be used for centrifugation, which is important in separating cells from plasma. In this case, it is best to include a filter in the sample inlet.

Sequence and timing are important in fluid transfer. In order to ensure the correct sequence of arrival at a particular reaction site, liquid species can be formed, as shown in Figure 9. In one of the inclusions, there are two capillaries (36 and 37) in fluid communication with each other via connecting capillaries (38, 39 and 40). One of the major capillaries is the air duct that allows fluid flow and is usually hydrophobic. Another major channel carries the reagents in liquid form and is usually hydrophilic. Coupling capillaries and associated cavities (41, 42 and 43) may serve to store reagents and retain their relative position relative to one another. The fluid portion to which they are directed and the time of their delivery are controlled by their locations, capillary size, density and viscosity of the fluids, and by the speed of rotation of the disk. The liquids are separated by small air bubbles, which prevents mixing unless mixing is necessary or desired. In order to prevent pressure build-up, air capillaries are bonded counter-flow with all liquid capillaries. Air capillaries are hydrophobic, which prevents liquids from entering them.

Mixing of the two solutions is accomplished by combining the two Y-shaped capillaries to ensure good mixing. After the merger in the capillary, the capillaries may be small and periodically expanded to guarantee even more effective mixing. It should be noted that the rotation of the IBCD results in efficient mixing in the vessels.

In dialysis, fluid is in contact with a buffer-containing membrane. The reduction in the molecular weight of the membrane can be between 300 and 500,000 Daltons. Since only a thin layer of fluid is in contact with the dialysis membrane, dialysis is very rapid. However, the liquid-to-buffer ratio is only between 1:10 and 1: 100, so dialysis is not quantitative. For most purposes, this is sufficient.

Both ion exchange chromatography and gel absorption are possible. The different molecular particles are separated in the chromatographic medium and are separated individually from the capillary, as in conventional chromatography. Using a damper, certain fractions can be selected and guided to the analysis element.

Heating is best done electrically. The upper and lower electrodes are separated by about 500 gm. If the solution contains ions, the system is short-circuited and heated. Heating can be interrupted by removing ions from the battery or from the container. A constant temperature can be achieved by incorporating a thermostat into the circuit. A bimetallic element is a very simple thermostat that can close a circuit below a certain temperature and open it above a higher temperature. Another mechanism for heating is provided by a laser CD or DVD drive. Particularly powerful lasers have CD-R drives. The top or bottom of the hole may have a liquid crystal film in which is, if necessary, insulated with a translucent layer. On the other side of the hole is a reflective layer. When the hole temperature is below the main transition temperature, the liquid crystals shed light and there is no reflection of light. Above the main transition temperature, the light is reflected back and heating may be interrupted or at least less efficient. Preferably, cooling is provided by endothermic dissolution, i.e. heat absorption, in the presence of a solvent. The cooling solution and the solution to be cooled must be separated by a thin film of aluminum, copper, silver or gold. It can also be cooled by passive air cooling. This method only cools to room temperature, but this is usually sufficient. Heating and cooling can be exchanged cyclically, in a single hole or in a series of alternating sequences of heated and cooled holes. This allows PCR amplification to be performed within the IBCD.

Electroconvection, electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing can be used in these applications. In electroconvection, the substance is transferred without attempting to separate it into components. In electrophoresis, separation is the main purpose. Separation is accelerated by the use of a gel that prevents convection. Because the distances are very short, the field strength is large enough for suitable electrophoresis. For the same reason, separation time is relatively short, between one and five minutes, or even less than one minute. Useful electroconvection can be performed in seconds. Isoelectric focusing is basic electrophoresis in a pH gradient. The pH gradient can be formed by the arrangement of parallel capillaries, each containing a different buffer, so that the pH can change gradually. This is shown in Figure 16. Much of the buffer remains in the capillaries and ensures the existence of a pH gradient during isoelectric focusing. When focusing is complete, the components can be removed via centrifugal force capillaries or performed orthogonal electrophoresis. This method permits the almost complete fractionation of human plasma proteins (Anderson, Tracy and Anderson, The Plasma Proteins, Second Edition, vol. 4, Academic Press,

Inc., 1984).

Figure 10 shows a particularly preferred configuration of the analysis site. The analysis element contains intermediate molecules and reflecting spheres as previously described, but in a linear row that can be conveniently located in one or more capillary channels at the analysis site of the disk. As described, the analyte binds to separator molecules that have side components that are acceptable or complementary to the analyte (as shown in A) and, after washing the analyte that binds, is positioned at the designated analysis site (as shown at B). The presence of bound analytes is determined by conventional site determination, such as conventional compact disk readers and appropriate software, as described.

Example 1

Analysis sector for oligonucleotide analyzes (Figure 2, analysis sector)

The DNA-containing sample was mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate to lyse the cells. Transfer the solution to a container labeled Sample Inside and rotate the disc. The sample is filtered and mixed with a mixture of complementary oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides are complementary to those being analyzed and ultimately have a thiol group. The hybridization is then allowed to continue with the sample labeled in the container. This vessel can also be heated, which is not shown in Figure 2. After proper incubation, the disk is rotated. While transferring the sample to a container labeled Sample Separate, mix it with the nuclease S solution delivered with the lateral capillary. The mixture is incubated in a container labeled Sample Separate, which has two gold electrodes and a damper as indicated in Figure 8. The lower electrode is covered with a separator with an isothiocyanate end group. This binds to a thiol group containing oligonucleotides, many of which hybridize to the sample. Non-hybridized parts of DNA are ratcheted and washed away. Then the battery starts working. This is adjusted to the rate at which the acid and copper ions flow into the empty battery. The vessel is heated, the bound oligonucleotides are released and the flap is closed.

Oligonucleotides are flushed into the assay region. After appropriate incubation, the ligases reach the assay region and the two side chains of the separator molecule are coupled if the sample contains a true oligonucleotide. Unstable separators are eliminated. If the separator contains a siloxane group, elimination is carried out by adding fluoride ions. The unbound gold beads are washed by rotating the IBCD at high speed. We can read immediately.

Example 2

Cell and virus detection element

Alternative assay elements described elsewhere are incorporated herein to detect viral and bacterial particles, cells and other particles longer than oligonucleotides, antibodies, antigens, and the like described previously. Viruses are usually almost completely circular particles with a diameter of less than 0.5 pm. The bacteria are usually round or rod-shaped. The maximum is less than 2 pm excluding flagella and other similar species. These pathogens are smaller or as large as the spheres of gold used to detect them and may be restricted by their interaction with the two side components of the separator. It is for this reason that the lateral component of the separator is connected to the surface IBCD and spheres of gold instead of the separator, as shown in Figure 11. The golden sphere binds to the molecule of the separator (45), to one end of the separator molecule and the other end to the separator. to the substrate surface (46). As previously described, the separator molecule typically has a cleavage site (47), such as a siloxane moiety. In contrast to the previously described inclusions, where the side components are bound to the separator molecules between the substrate and the cleavage site and between the gold sphere and the cleavage site, the side components are bound to the gold sphere and to the substrate surface. As an illustration, in Figure 11 the oligonucleotide (48) is bound to the substrate surface and the oligonucleotide (47) is bound to the gold spheres. The complementary oligonucleotides associated with specific binding pairs (50 and 51) bind to the substrate oligonucleotides and spheres of gold, as shown. This gives the molecules much more space to bind with antibodies or other recognition molecules. See publication WO 98/01533, which is hereby incorporated into the present invention.

Separators each have at least one vaccination site. In all respects, they are identical to those described above, except that they do not have side components attached. For example, when a molecule reaches an analysis site, a bonding loop is formed between the gold sphere and the substrate, if that molecule contains parts that form specific binding pairs with individual complementary molecules. When the separator molecule is cleaved, the gold sphere is retained on the substrate and the presence of cells can be detected as described previously. However, if no specific bond pairs are formed after splitting of the separator, the gold sphere does not remain bound to the substrate and is removed.

Other recognition molecules may bind to the substrate in a manner similar to the binding of separators. All separators on the IBCD are identical and bind simultaneously to the amino group or other analogous active groups on the surface. About half of the amino groups are used to bind the separators. The other half is used to bind recognition molecules to the substrate. If all the recognition molecules on the IBCD surface are similar, they can bind at the same time as the separators. However, if the recognition molecules are specific to each assay site, they can be divided by region by contact printing, inkjet printing, or microcapillary deposition.

After the gold spheres bind to the thiol groups of the separators, the other recognition molecules bind to the gold spheres, also via the thiol groups. For this purpose, the recognition molecules are first conjugated to a separator having a protected thiol or amino group. The amino group can be obtained by introducing a thiol group. The various recognition molecules that bind to the spheres of gold are deposited in a similar manner to the other recognition molecules that bind to the surface of the IBCD.

Recognition molecules may be oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides can be further hybridized with complementary oligonucleotide-biomolecule pairs. This approach permits the binding of sensitive and reactive biomolecules, such as proteins containing some amino and thiol groups.

Recognition molecules bound to spheres of gold can diffuse freely around the sphere, even though they are tightly bound. The cell, recognized by both recognition molecules, completes the connecting loop that binds the gold sphere to the surface of the IBCD. After splitting the separator, the gold sphere remains and is also detected by the CDROM reader or DVD reader.

A large number of different recognition molecules can be used at the same analysis site. The advantage of this approach is that all known mutants of a particular pathogen can be identified in one assay site. Different mutants may also be recognized by different assay sites containing specific recognition molecules.

IBCD is a versatile analyzer. It is easy to use and contains the most reagents in the most advanced form so that only the sample is added. It can be used in clinical laboratories, hospitals, medical clinics and at home.

For home use, the data can be transferred to the doctor's office via the Internet. The IBCD can be constructed by measuring each patient's genetic record each time. About 35 polymorphic points are enough for each person to have their own unique barcode. This eliminates the errors that may occur when replacing tubes or labels. Analyzes that can be performed are immunoassays, DNA tests, cell counting, measuring cell shapes, determining cancer cells in tissue samples, blood chemistry and electrolyte analyzes, but the invention is not limited to these assays. Other applications include test drug analysis, food analysis and environmental protection, and monitoring of pathogens and toxins in the affected area.

Example 3

Turbidimetric analysis of lipase activity

The reagent cavity contains 15 μΣ emulsion of stabilized trollein (250 μΜ) containing sodium deoxycholate (30 mM) and CaCl2 (100 μΜ) at pH 9.0 in TRIS buffer (25mM). The sample preparation chamber contains lyophilized porcine colipase (0.5 μρ). To this chamber was added 2 μΣ of serum, using the preparation shown in Figure 17, together with stabilized trollein and other reagents. Transfer a portion of the mixture (5 μΣ) to the cuvette. As the outlet capillary goes toward the center of the disc, backpressure prevents further flow. Absorbance is read at 340 nm at one-minute intervals. The change in absorbance (ΔΑ) over time (min) is a measure of lipase activity.

Given that the present invention is described with reference to certain well-defined representations, it should be noted that modifications, equivalents and changes which are apparent in the art to those skilled in the art will and will be included in the appended claims.