Laboratory in a disk

The invention relates to diagnostic tests and their methodologies. Specifically, it describes diagnostic test blocks constructed on a CD-ROM and methods of using them.

There is a huge need for faster, less costly and simpler clinical trials. Ideally, the patient could do the research himself if he so wished. One way to achieve this is to miniaturize and integrate various research operations. Currently, examples of biolayer research (so-called due to the silicon particle printing techniques used to create them) are commercially available or are in the process of being developed. All of these first steps require a scanner and a computer.

Also available are disc-shaped cartridges for use in clinical trials in combination with UV / Vis spectrophotometry. U.S. Pat. 5122284 describes a centrifugal rotor that accommodates a plurality of interconnected fluid chambers connected to a plurality of cuvettes. The rotor is so adapted that it can be used in a conventional laboratory centrifuge and is made of materials which do not interfere with the tests in the reaction cuvettes and the photometric detection of the test results. The rotor configurations associated with similar type of analysis apparatus are described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. 5472603; · 5173193; 5061381; 5304348; 5,518,930; 5457053; 5409665; 5,160,702; 5173262; 5409665; 5591643;

5186844; 5,122,284; 5,242,606; and patents named there.

Lyophilized reagents for such systems are described in U.S. Patent 5,413,732.

huge amount of the same or

The principles of a centrifugal analyzer are adapted to a disk that can be used as an instrument in a CD driver (Mian, et al., WO 97/21090).

Mian provides a modified CD driver with dual functionality: 1 - used to read information stored on disk and 2 - used to rotate disk. However, Mian does not provide information on using the CD-driver's scanning capability to analyze the studies of interest to us.

Despite current advancements, there is a need for a simpler research design that enables research to be conducted quickly, efficiently, accurately, and at low cost. The present invention combines diagnostic assays with computers and CD technology. In the most preferred embodiment of the invention, only a computer with a CD-ROM drive is required. All chemical tests are performed inside a compact disc, which can be classified as an Integrated Biocompact Disc (IBCD). The same CD-ROM also contains encrypted software, that is, machine-readable instruction and control information, which provides the computer with instructions before, during and after the test.

CDi and DVDi represent the most economical and, in many cases, the best information storage environment. It should be noted that CDs and DVDs are widely used acronyms that may change in the future, even if the underlying technologies remain fundamentally unchanged. A CD- or DVD-driver in some respects is equivalent to a scanning confocal microscope. At the same time, these instruments are assimilated to good centrifuges, as the rotation speed of commercial drivers is 200-12000 rpm. and this speed can be adjusted within certain limits. Combining these three characteristics into a single analytical system results in a huge simplification compared to any other analytical technique. By the way, getting the job done is equivalent to or better than what many competing methods bring. Although the present invention requires slightly modified CD or DVD drivers, it is possible to incorporate these changes into commercial drivers. This will enable the present invention to be applied at the Patient Care Unit (POPC) and at home. Using CD or DVD drivers will ensure accurate numerical analysis of any sample without the use of any specific analytical tools.

The invention encompasses an optical disk adapted for scanning by an optical device having a first sector having substantially independent means for analyzing at least one predetermined location in the first sector of an analyte presumed to be present in the sample and not necessarily having controls in the second sector. for assay and analyte position information with respect to one or more analytes implicit in the sample (sample). The presence or absence of an analyte at said site is determined by a scanner using controls and position information. Depending on the type of assay, the disc may contain fluid storage means, fluid delivery means such as one or more capillary tubing, valves, batteries, dialyzers, columns, filters, electric field sources, wires, or other electrical conductors such as metal surface-mounted conductors. coatings and so on.

The disk may have one or more sample inlet openings so that the sample fluid reaches the assay sector. It is desirable that such openings be sealed such that, after introduction of the sample into the disk, the sealed disk containing the sample has a hermetically sealed device that can be disposed of appropriately by conventional means or other disposal mechanisms for biological waste. The disk assay sector is also divided into various sections for sample preparation and analyte separation, respectively. An appropriate subdivision for waste acceptance may also be provided. The research sector can be divided into many sub-sectors, each of which receives a sample. Each such sub-sector can analyze one or more analytics, depending on the specific task.

Another aspect of the invention is a research apparatus having an optical disk, a disk reader, and an information processor, the disk comprising a first sector with substantially autonomous assay means for localizing at least one implicit analyte in the sample at a predetermined location in the first sector; , which has control information for performing the assay and analyte position information with respect to one or more analytes, implicit in the example. The information enters the scanner and is processed by the information processor; the disk is adapted to be scanned by a scanning device and the information processor is adapted to detect the presence or absence of the analyte in said position using control information and position information. The apparatus may include a reader having a CD-ROM or DVD reader and an information processor, such as a personal computer.

Another aspect of the present invention is an optical disk readable with a CD-ROM or DVD reader having independent means for analyzing an analyte presumed in the sample in at least one predetermined disk space and means for confirming the presence or absence of the analyte at said location. CD-ROM or DVD reader.

Brief description of the drawings

FIG. a schematic representation of the disk of the present invention.

2A. provides a more detailed schematic view of the sample preparation and research sector in the disk, illustrating the overall pattern of a typical research sector. layout.

2B. schematically depicts an expanded research sector that can perform immunoassays, DNA tests, cell counting, spectrophotometric assays, and electrolyte analysis.

FIG. provides a schematic representation of a disk illustrating a plurality of test sectors, each of which has an individual sample input port.

FIG. A more detailed schematic view of one of the research sectors shown in Fig. 3 is provided.

FIG. schematically depicts a chemically activated battery used in the present invention.

FIG. shows a schematic representation of a structure for performing dialysis on a disk.

FIG. provides a schematic view of a column that can be placed on disk.

FIG. schematically illustrates an electrically controlled valve for use in the present invention.

FIG. provides a schematic view of a set of reagents used in the present invention coupled to capillary tubules.

FIG. illustrates schematically the arrangement of linear test sites conveniently located within a disk research sector streaming channel.

11A-C. schematically depict variants of assay blocks that are specifically used for the detection of viral and bacterial particles and cells using common methodologies for site-specific localization of the substance to be detected.

12A-C. schematically depict variants of detection methods where opaque particles are used in place of reflective particles and bound to a reflecting surface. Broken (zig-zag) lines represent oligonucleotides, but can be any recognition molecule, such as antibodies. In this example, the particles are plastic spheres but can be liposomes, cells, and so on

FIG. a schematic representation of a test block illustrating a spacer molecule with component branches and a cleavage region bound at one end to a disk surface and to a transfer element (gold or latex sphere) at the other end.

14A. schematically depicts the first element of the study at the beginning of the study procedure.

14B. schematically depicts the second element of the study at an early stage of the study procedure.

14C FIG. provides 14A in Figs. a schematic representation of the assay element, where the branches of the analyte molecule are joined to form a splice loop between cleavage region groups.

14D FIG. Fig. 14B is a schematic view of Figs. an assay element wherein the branching of the analyte molecule is not joined and the linking loop is not formed between cleavage domain groups.

14E FIG. schematically depicts 14C in Figs. the assay element after cleavage of the mediator molecule. The transfer element remains bound to the disc surface at a separate point.

14F FIG. schematically depicts 14D in FIG. the assay element after cleavage of the mediator molecule. The transfer element is detached from the disc surface and can be washed from a specific location.

FIG. schematically depicts a set of cuvettes.

example shows cuvettes with

It combines four reagents and sample preparation chambers, as well as light sources.

FIG. schematically depicts a plurality of capillaries that can be used for isoelectric focusing.

FIG. schematically depicts an apparatus for measuring exact volumes.

An overall schematic view of an integrated bio-compact disk (IBCD) is shown in Fig. 1. Disk (Bio Compact Disk, BCD) can be virtually any shape and size. Its most practical form is a sphere having a diameter of 10-1000 mm, a diameter of 20-200 mm and a thickness of 0.1-20 mm, a preferred thickness of 0.5-3 mm. The disk has two sectors: the research sector 1 and the software sector 2. Center hole 3 for disk, - for insertion into a CD-ROM drive. Software for study control may be on a separate disk.

it is desirable that the software be combined with a specific analyte or analytical assay to minimize the possibility of subjective errors during the assay. The available IBCD components and individual operations are described in the description.

However, there is a disk,

In standard CD-ROM or DVD readers, the disc spins up to 16,000 rpm. speed. All CD-ROM and DVD readers have adjustable speeds within certain limits (200-16000 rpm). However, for some operations, it may be convenient to use different speed rotations, such as 1000-10000rpm, most preferably 2000-5000rpm. For any given study, the controlling software requests a rotation mode during the analysis. This mode, speeds, and synchronization of actions, including the period of non-rotation due to incubation, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, etc., are controlled to deliver the reagents and sample / sample to appropriate locations in the study sector as specified in the study protocols. Appropriate rotational speeds provide sufficient centrifugal force that can be used to provide fluid movement. Another energy source that can be easily applied to IBCD is chemical energy. The most suitable form of chemical energy is electricity supplied by batteries. Mechanical and chemical energy ensure the operation of many types of blocks. Important IBCDs may contain one or more components: capillaries, containers, filters, dialysis membranes, chromatographic columns, electrophoretic gels, valves, any micromechanical or electronic assemblies, including microprocessors, electrodes, particularly enzymatic electrodes, cuvettes, and assay units. Possible single operations are performed in blocks including: centrifugation, filtration, fluid transfer, fluid mixing, dialysis, column fractionation, heating, refrigeration, electroconversion, electrophoresis and analyte detection and reporting.

Typically, IBCDs are made of two parts with upper and lower sides. The bottom half can have almost all the blocks, while the top half can be a flat cover with only a few blocks, eg ..

electrodes and conductors. In the present invention, the number of layers may exceed two and many blocks, as modules, may be prepared in advance. Reagent containers, cuvette sets, columns, micromechanical units, light sources, and microprocessors are most advantageously installed as modules. Various characteristics can be embossed in soft plastic. The various blocks can be bonded by thermal or UV vulcanization, fused together, joined by additional mechanical means, mechanically inserted or simply closed inside a smaller component within the larger one. Some areas may be treated with, for example, plasma ammonia to make them hydrophilic. The surface can then be treated with various molecules to render the surface inert or, conversely, to have specific adsorptive properties. Silylation is a common method for surface treatment (Virtanen, JA, Kinnunen, PKJ and Kulo, A.,

Organosilanes and their Hydrolytic Polymers as Surface Treatment Agents for Chromatography and Electronics, U.S. Patent 4,756,971). Covalent attachment of detergents will reduce the adsorption of proteins such as albumin, as well as the adsorption of soluble proteins. Metal electrodes and wires can be vaporized on desired areas. Masks or resistors can be used for plasma localization or metal deposition. Capillary tubes and fluid storage and retention units may be embedded in optical discs or chemically or by injection molding. As shown in Fig. 2, the test sector may have a sample inlet port 14. It is desirable to seal the sample port in such a manner that the disk is effectively sealed, except for the necessary channels for fluid flow, and protected from any biological contamination. Using well-known various means, such as centrifugal force, etc., a portion of the sample is fed to the sample preparation site 15, which may contain reagents, etc., for testing. Alternatively, or together with the reagents, the delivery is provided at a precision of 1.

may be required for the kit already in the sample preparation segment of the reagent kit 6 in the sample preparation segment 9. additional details of the reagents are shown. It may be necessary to at least partially separate the analyte from the sample, and this may be done in the sample separation segment, generally designated as 7. If the separation process requires electricity, a battery is provided 8. Additional battery details are shown in FIG. and described below. The resulting sample is further transmitted to the test site 9. In an optimal embodiment of the invention, the test site comprises a test block, as described in detail below. The analyte, if present in the sample, binds to a predetermined disk space and the presence of the analyte is detected by a scanning device from the information, which identifies the particular analyte in the position to which it is bound. A waste compartment is provided for collecting reagents or sample volumes that are larger than the volumes to be introduced for the assay, and the various compartments and fluid transfer channels allow, respectively, the flow of liquid throughout the assay sector.

In one embodiment, a plurality of study sectors 11, 12, 13, etc. may be provided as shown in Figure 3

Figs., With individual sample inlet openings 14, 15 _z 16, respectively. Each sector operates essentially as described, simultaneously conducting different studies in specific sectors with multiple analogues or multiple patients. The sector specific details are shown in Fig. 4, where the various possible blocks are identified by the same numbers as used in the preceding description.

Blocks

As shown in Fig. 5, a battery consisting of two layers of metal, such as copper and zinc, may be provided, which are respectively on the lower and upper sides of the cavity. During unemployment they are separated by an air layer. As the disc rotates, the cavity between these metals is filled with dilute inorganic acid, depending on the type of metal electrode. In the case of copper and zinc, it may be dilute sulfuric acid containing copper ions and the battery is activated. This battery generates 1.5V for about 1 hour. This time is longer than the time required for analysis. Longer-life batteries can be made from other materials and thicker metal layers if necessary. It is important that the battery is deactivated when water enters the cavity between the metal layers. The activation and deactivation cycles may be repeated several times. If higher potential is required, several batteries may be combined. Photodiodes may be embedded in the electrical circuit. In this case, it is intended that the computer controlling the investigation has information on active electrical circuits. A miniaturized, pre-assembled battery can also be used, which can be activated by connecting the electrical circuit with a salt solution such as sodium chloride.

Capillaries are preferred for fluid and air transfer. Very small volumes of fluid can also be stored in capillaries. It is good for air capillaries to be hydrophobic, whereas capillaries in contact with water are hydrophilic. If necessary, capillaries may be circular or rectangular. The usual depth is from 10 µm to 500 µm, while the width is between 50 µm and 2 mm. Air capillaries are of larger dimensions to prevent the formation of a pressure gradient unless otherwise desired. The current velocity depends on the rotational speed, capillary dimensions and viscosity of the IBCD and the density of the fluid. The physical properties of the fluid are determined by the nature of the study and the rotation speed is limited to a certain size on a CD-ROM or DVD reader. In this way, the capillary dimensions are used to control the fluid transfer rate. Capillary tubes may be provided with bottle necks, i.e., with cross-sectional narrows, to control fluid flow at a desired rate. Hydrophobic and hydrophobic may be used for the same purpose.

The exact dimensions of the capillary network and the chambers can be described by the Navier-Stokes equation:

pv = pb - Vp + pV²v where p is density, p is pressure, v is velocity, b is the force field of the body, μ is the viscosity and V is the differential operator due to (Mase, Continuum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, 1970). Pressure is a scalar field, while v and b are vector fields. Commercial computer software is suitable for solving the complex geometry of the Navier-Stokes equation.

Containers or sections formed on disk are used for sample introduction, reagents storage, reactions and waste collection. They have a depth of about 1-2000 pm, preferably about 10-800 pm, and can have any conceivable shape, although a round or rectangular cut is preferred. The sections are hydrophilic except for one end of the waste container which has a hydrophobic air capillary. Reaction sections may be formed with electrodes for heating, electroconversion, or electrochemical purposes. It is desirable that the electrodes be of high quality cured gold film. The sections may also have valves which are electrically or chemically controlled as described below.

Storage containers may be covered with metal, preferably gold, to prevent water from penetrating inside the plastic. Reagents may also be pre-packaged in sealed cartridges. These cartridges may be closed during storage and are opened manually by puncturing or opening a valve or plug during insertion of a sample cartridge into a disc. Also, the opening of the cartridge can be facilitated by centrifugal force as the IBCD begins to rotate. In either case, the test maintains a proper fluid current controlled by the computer via a CD or DVD reader.

During the test, the flow of liquid can be controlled by a reflecting element. The reflector uses a laser on a CD or DVD reader and the fact that, even when the liquid is clear, its reflection index is significantly different from that of the air. In this way, in the air, the laser light is reflected back to the CD or DVD reader, and in the opposite direction to the liquid, or vice versa. Another method to control the liquid current is to use an active light source such as an LED or a semiconductor laser. Such light can be enhanced by the presence of an electrically conductive fluid, such as plasma or a buffer, which activates the interconnection of the electronic circuit.

LCdisplacement can be used to transfer information from the IBCD to the CD or DVD reader and to the computer. An LC-display can have a large number of dots (pixels) reflecting light when LC-films have potential. These dots may, for example, be arranged in a linear order such that low potential is needed at one end to reflect light, while at the other end the potential must be significantly higher to obtain the same result. The CD or DVD reader is capable of localizing the reflecting dots and, accordingly, the potential in the circuit can be measured. A change in potential can result from an electrochemical process occurring in one of the electrochemical cells. For example, an electrode coated with cholesterol oxidase in the presence of cholesterol will generate hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide will change the potential of the electrical circuit and cholesterol can be quantified.

Filters may be used to remove large particles such as cells, dust, etc. from the soluble sample. Filters are usually inserted as part of a sample input block. Filters can be made of porous plastic, glass, cross-stitched cotton or cellulose, etc. These materials may be in the form of columns or similar forms, as the case may be. Plastics such as Teflon can be used in film form.

Since chaotropic agents are often used in denaturing oligonucleotides during sample preparation, it is appropriate to provide dialysis agents on the disk to remove salt prior to assay. As shown in Fig. 6, the dialysis unit is prepared by placing the dialysis membrane 77 on one or both sides (top and bottom) of the disk-formed section. Given the small volumes, the amount of buffer that is already inside the dialysis membrane is usually sufficient and does not require a buffer on the other side of the membrane opposite the fluid layer.

The column may be prepared as shown in Fig. 7 by filling section 18 with the required gel, adsorbent or ion exchanger, e.g. silica gel, Sephadex, etc. (specific material is selected for the particular case) and placing a filter 19 at the other end. separation from larger and fractionation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. The ion exchange column is particularly suitable for biomolecules. prior to applications, any separation of nucleic acids from other columns per se is suitable for others that may be useful or necessary for any particular study.

FIG. illustrates a valve labeled as 20 <which may be located at one end of a column or reaction container having two discharge capillaries 21 and 22. In addition, there are two electrodes 23 and 24 that are not initially charged (shown position) and conductive a metal foil 25 adapted to close one or the other capillary, depending on the position in the capillary. The metal foil is so constructed that it closes one capillary when no current runs, and opens a previously closed capillary and closes another capillary when the current flows. As an example, the valve is made of a thin gold foil that is mechanically pressed against the other outflow capillary and connected to the nearest electrode. When the battery is activated, the gold foil is pushed away from the nearest electrode and attracted to another electrode. In this way, the gold foil is pressed against the other outlet. Other conductive metal foils may be used, but for most operations conductive and stainless metal are preferred. The battery can be deactivated as previously explained and the valve is then moved back to its original position.

The CD-R or CD-RW driver laser has a power of up to 10 mW, which allows you to heat objects up to high temperatures of up to 600 ° C. The power is high enough to make holes in a variety of materials, including plastics. Plastics must have a dye that absorbs laser light. Thermal expansion may be used for reversible closure. For example, a bimetallic foil compound is very temperature sensitive.

A piezoelectric can be used with the valve. Similarly, piezoelectricity can be used to measure ultra-low fluid volumes, eg sample nanolitrates can be split for different assays.

Valve-like operations can be performed chemically by precipitating a solid chemical compound from the solution and / or by dissolving the sediment. The first outlet of such a valve is closed by settling the chemical in the capillary. The compound may be, for example, silver chloride. Chloride ions may be present in the main fluid stream while individual side capillaries contain pure water and silver nitrate in water.

has a configuration such that

The side capillaries first water and then the main fluid stream.

silver nitrate passes into which contains chloride. The moment the silver ions reach the intersection of the sections, the capillary is plugged, acting as a shut-off valve. Conversely, the capillary may initially be blocked by a precipitate of a soluble compound, such as sodium chloride. The cap of the sodium chloride of the capillary is dissolved and the capillary is opened by the addition of any aqueous solution.

It is desirable to use the test unit at the test site. Briefly, the assay unit (Fig. 13) comprises a splitting mediator 26 covalently connected at one end 27 to the disk surface 28 and at the other end 29 'to the transfer member 30. optimum transmission element variants described herein include reflective gold spheres or opaque latex spheres. There are also two recognition elements 31a, 31b ·, later referred to as branches, which are covalently connected to each broker such that one branch is connected to each side of the broker breakpoint 32. Optimal branch variants described herein include oligonucleotides, antibodies, and oligonucleotide-antibody conjugates. Assay blocks can be used to detect the presence of an analyte and to receive its signal in both positive and negative recognition (Fig. 14). A positive recognition (Figs. 14A, C and E) is when analyte 33 binds to both arms 31a and 31b, forming a set of connecting loops 34 between the two halves of a spacer divided by cleavage site 32. The negative recognition (Figs. 14B, D, and F) is when analyte 33 binds to only one or none of the branches 35a, 35b and thus does not form a loop connecting the two halves of the mediator. When the positive recognition is accompanied by the splitting of the mediators, the connection from the disk to the transfer element remains intact (Fig. 14E). On the other hand, fragmentation of mediators in the assay unit, accompanied by a negative recognition, results in disc disconnection in the transfer elements (Fig. 14F). In this way, the negative identifiers end up releasing the transfer elements and are easily removed, while the positive recognition ends in the transfer elements remaining in their particular sectors of study. In any case, the results can be immediately monitored on a CD-ROM or DVD reader.

Additional embodiments of the invention described herein employing reflective or opaque transfer molecules and positive and / or negative recognition tests are performed over a wide range of possible studies. For example, in some assays, the branches may be joined prior to sample placement and the analyte binding will disable the branches. In this case, the positive identifier ends in the transmission element disappearing, whereas the negative identifier ends in the transmission element delay.

Other variants of the assay reaction described herein have no branching intermediates. In one such alternative scheme, the surface of the IBCD may be plated with a metal, preferably gold, and the analyte will bind to opaque particles such as latex beads or colored liposomes on the metal surface.

Non-transparent spheres in the study blocks

Previous research blocks relied on the binding of reflective particles to the transparent surface of IBCD. The situation may be altered so that opaque particles will be attached to the reflecting surface. This solution is particularly useful when large cells are tested and is depicted in FIG.

A metal film is deposited on the plastic surface. The information can be encrypted in this layer of metal, as on regular CDs. This information may include position addresses and other information relevant to the investigation. Next, the metal layer is covered with a plastic layer. This is then aminated as described above, and instead of gold spheres, large latex spheres (10-50 µm in diameter) containing dyes are attached to the substrate via mediator molecules. These latex spheres are partially coated with recognition molecules as described previously for gold spheres. The recognition cells bind the latex spheres to the substrate, even if the mediator is cleaved, and the dye contained in the sphere prevents laser light from reflecting off the metal surface. Conversely, if the appropriate fluorescent dye is used and the laser light wavelength is appropriate, the fluorescent emission of the spheres may be used to control the assay. The specialized device and task required for this can be facilitated by the use of blue lasers when available on CD-ROM or DVD readers.

In the simplest version of the cell detection assay, the latex spheres are not fused to the IBCD prior to the assay, but are introduced after the cells fuse with the IBCD. By forming a suspension of latex spheres, the recognition molecules on the spheres bind to the appropriate cells and these cells are immobilized. These latex spheres can then be monitored for reduced reflection on the CD-ROM or DVD reader.

Complementary mediator binding

One obstacle to the covalent bonding of the mediator is that the disk is difficult to regenerate after the mediator has been split. Alternatively, if the mediators are attached to a substrate containing complementary oligonucleotides, the disk may be regenerated after completion of the assay. Mediators or their residues are removed by heating or by the use of chaotropic agents. The duplexes that bind the mediators are denatured and the disc can be cleaned. The disk retains the oligonucleotides that bind the old mediators. All oligonucleotides at one site are identical. They may be different in different study sites or identical throughout the IBCD. New mediators containing oligonucleotides complementary to existing IBCDs are being added. After incubation, the complementary oligonucleotides and IBCD hybridize to the mediator. Excess intermediaries are eliminated. In this case, the oligonucleotide branches may be attached to the mediators before the mediators are bound to the surface. The gold spheres are then added, bound by thiol groups or disulfide bridges on the intermediates, and the disk is ready for use again.

The cuvette is used for UV / Vis spectrophotometric, fluorescence or chemiluminescence tests.

The BCD cuvette is essentially a capillary that is placed between the light source and the photodetector.

Light can be adjusted by mirrors and wave rays, incubations

Transmission guides. The number of BCD cuvettes ranges from 0 to 10,000, preferably from 0 to 50 per study sector. Most cuvettes enter the sample through the sample preparation chamber. These chambers may contain preloaded reagents or the reagents are stored in separate chambers and mixed with the sample as it enters the sample preparation chamber. The sample and reagents may be electrically heated by infrared light generated by the photodiode. After a period, the sample is transferred to the cuvette. or the emission light is measured by a photodetector. The present invention is most advantageous when the photodetector is contained within a CD or DVD driver.

The most suitable light sources for spectrophotometric studies are photodiodes or semiconductor lasers. You can use a CD or DVD driver light source. However, these devices currently use only one wavelength, which corresponds to infrared or red light. When using an internal light source for CD or DVD drivers, Fig. the photodiode or laser is replaced by a mirror. While using infrared is a variety of additional uses to be special or red light can be studies, most studies benefit from light sources. For example, a series of photodiodes may be constructed to generate red, yellow, green and blue lights. It is possible to construct a photodiode for any wavelength and, accordingly, the number of photodiodes can. aim at 300 to cover the full spectrum of UV / visible light. Lasers are more powerful and better focused than photodiodes, making them more suitable. Micro-optical and nanodobe lasers, in particular, are small in size and can be designed to emit just about any wavelength. The light source can be constructed as a module that can be mounted on the disk before and after removal of the IBCD.

Individual operations

The individual operations are described below: centrifugation, filtration, fluid transfer, fluid mixing, dialysis, column fractionation, heating, refrigeration, electroconvection and electrophoresis.

Centrifugal force is the main force used to deliver fluids in IBCD. It can also be used for centrifugation, which is important for separating cells from plasma. In this case, it is useful to insert the filter in the sample receiving container.

In the fluid transfer operation, sequence and moment of action are important. Liquid kits may be formed as shown in FIG. In one embodiment, there are provided two main capillaries, 36 and 37, through which the fluid can flow through the connecting capillaries 38, 39, and 40. One of the major capillaries is the air channel through which the fluid can flow and is generally hydrophobic. The other major channel delivers reagents in liquid form and is hydrophilic. The connecting capillaries and the connected cavities can serve as reagent stores (designated 41, 42 and 43) without changing their orientation with respect to one another. The fluid section to which they are directed and the moment of delivery are controlled by their respective arrangements, capillary size, fluid density and viscosity, and disc rotation speed. Separate the liquids with the help of small air bubbles to avoid mixing, unless mixing is desired. To avoid pressure gradients, the air capillaries are connected to all fluid capillaries upstream. In addition, the capillaries of the fluids are hydrophobic to protect the fluid from entering the air.

Mixing of the two solutions is accomplished by combining two capillaries into a Y-shaped derivative. This alone ensures good mixing of the solutions. In order to guarantee even more efficient mixing, the capillary may have small periodic widening in the part after the joint. It should be noted that the rotation of the IBCD ensures efficient mixing of the solutions in the containers.

During dialysis, the fluid contacts a membrane containing a buffer. The molecular weight range of the membrane can range from 300 to 500,000 Daltons. Since only a very thin layer of fluid contacts the dialysis membrane, dialysis proceeds very rapidly. However, the liquid to buffer ratio is only between 1:10 and 1: 100, so dialysis is not quantitative. In most cases, this is quite sufficient.

Gel adsorption and ion-exchange chromatography are entirely possible. Chromotographic media is used to fractionate different types of molecules and separate them by capillaries, as in conventional chromatography. Using a valve, individual fractions can be separated and routed to the assay unit.

Heating is best done with electrical assistance. The upper and lower electrodes are separated by a gap of 500 μτη. If the solution contains ions, the system shortens and heating occurs. Heating can be interrupted by removing the ions from the battery or container. When the thermostat is connected to the circuit, a constant temperature can be achieved. A very simple thermostat is a bimetallic element that can connect an electrical circuit at lower temperatures and switch off at higher temperatures. A different heating mechanism is provided with the laser in CD or DVD drivers. CD-R drivers in particular have powerful lasers. Also, the top or bottom of the cavity may comprise a liquid crystal film which, if necessary, is insulated with a transparent layer. On the other side of the cavity is a reflective layer. When the temperature of the cavity is below the basic boiling point, the liquid crystal will scatter light and the reflection will not be monitored. At temperatures above the boiling point, light is reflected back and heating can be interrupted and is less effective. Refrigeration is best done by endothermic dissolution, heat absorption, dissolving solution and solution which will be separated by a thin film of aluminum, copper, or gold. Refrigeration can be exercising

Refrigerator

that is, the material is cooled by silver under passive air cooling. It only cools to room temperature in this way, but in most cases it is quite sufficient. Refrigeration and heating can also be performed in cycles in one cavity, or in sequentially alternating heating and cooling cavities. This allows PCR-amplifications to be performed inside the IBCD.

the applied isoelectric material is into the components.

Specific cases may include electroconvection, electrophoresis, and focusing. In the case of electroconvection, transfer is made without attempting to split it

In electrophoresis, separation is the primary goal. Separation is facilitated by the use of a gel which prevents convection. Because of the short distances, the current field strength is sufficient to conduct the electrophoresis. For the same reason, the time required for fractionation is relatively short and can be 1-5 minutes, or even less than 1 minute. Successful electroconversion can be accomplished in seconds. Isoelectric focusing is essentially an electrophoresis in a pH gradient. The pH gradient can be generated using a series of parallel capillaries, each with a different buffer, for a gradual change in pH. This is shown in Fig. 16. Most of the buffer will remain in the capillaries and this will ensure the presence of a pH gradient during isoelectric focusing. At the end of focus focusing, the components can move along the capillaries due to centrifugal force or orthogonal (orthogonal) electrophoresis. This method provides almost complete fractionation of human plasma proteins (Anderson, Tracy and Anderson, The Plasma Proteins,^nd Ed., Vol. 4, Academic Press, Ine., 1984).

A particularly favorable arrangement of the study sites is shown in Figs. The assay unit contains mediator molecules and reflective spheres as described above but is so linearly arranged that it can conveniently be located in one or more capillary tubules at the disk assay site. As described, the analyte binds to intermediate molecules that have branching, sensitive or complementary to the analyte (as in case A), and after washing, the analyte that is bound is localized at specific positions (as shown in case B). The presence of bound analytes is determined using conventional positioning with the aid of a disk reader and associated software as described.

example

Oligonucleotide analysis assay block (Fig. 2, assay block)

A sample containing DNA is mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate to lyse the cells. This solution is fed into a container labeled Sample Input and the disk begins to rotate. The sample is filtered and mixed with a mixture of complementary oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides are complementary to the oligonucleotides to be analyzed and also have a thiol group at one end. Hybridization is performed in a container labeled Sample Preparation. This container may be heated (not shown). After the appropriate incubation, the disk is rotated. When the sample is transferred to the container labeled Sample Preparation, it is mixed with the nuclease S solution supplied from the side capillary. The mixture is left to incubate Sample separation in a container having two gold electrodes and a valve as shown in FIG. The lower electrode is coated with intermediates containing the terminal isothiocyanate groups. They bind to thiol-containing oligonucleotides, several of which are hybridized to the sample. All non-hybridized parts of DNA are cleaved and washed. The battery then becomes functional. It is controlled by the speed at which acid and copper ions flow into an uncharged battery. The container is heated, the bound oligonucleotides are released, and the valve switches.

Oligonucleotides flow into the assay area. After an appropriate incubation, the assay area reaches the ligase and, if the sample has the appropriate oligonucleotide, the two branches on the mediator molecule combine. Labile mediators are cut off. If the intermediates have siloxane groups, the cleavage is accomplished by addition of fluoride ions. Free spheres of gold are washed at high speed by rotating the IBCD. The scan can be done immediately.

example

Cell and virus detection assay unit

Alternative assays of the assay unit described herein are used to detect / · viral and bacterial particles, cells, and other particles larger than oligonucleotides, antibodies, and the like. , described earlier. Viruses are usually almost spherical particles with a dilution of less than 0.5 µm. Bacteria are either spherical or rod shaped. Their maximum dimensions do not exceed 2 µm except for flagellates and other similar external structures (filaments). These pathogens are smaller in size or about the same size as the gold spheres used to detect them, and their interaction with the two mediator branches may be restricted. As a result, these branches join the surface of the IBCD and the gold sphere in place of the mediator, as shown in FIG. The gold sphere binds to the mediator molecule 45 at one end of the mediator molecule and the other end of the mediator is attached to the surface of the substrate 46. The mediator molecule has a typical cleavage site 47, such as a siloxane group as described previously. In contrast to the foregoing embodiments, wherein the branches are attached to a mediator molecule between the substrate and the cleavage site, and the gold sphere and the cleavage site, the branches are linked to the gold sphere and the substrate surface. This is illustrated in Fig. 11, where oligonucleotides 48 and 49 are attached to the surface of the substrate, and oligonucleotides 50 and 51 are attached to the surface of the gold sphere. The complementary oligonucleotides are then conjugated to the specific binding pair elements designated 52, 53, 54 and 55 and added to the oligonucleotides on the substrate and gold spheres as shown in the figure. This provides more space for cells to bind to antibodies and other recognition molecules.

Every broker is still there. has at least one cleavage region. In all respects, they are identical to those described above except that they do not have attached branching molecules. If, for example, a cell enters the assay site and has groups that form specific binding pairs with their respective complementary elements, a linking loop is formed between the gold sphere and the substrate. When the mediator molecule is cleaved, the gold sphere remains on the substrate and the presence of the cell can be detected as described previously. However, if specific binding pairs do not form, the gold sphere does not remain bound to the substrate after cleavage of the mediator and is removed.

of the substrate. If all molecules are similar.

Antibodies and other recognition molecules may bind to the substrate in a similar way that mediators are attached. All mediators on the IBCD are identical and are simultaneously linked to surface amino groups or analogous active groups. About half of the amino groups are used to attach mediators. The other side is used to attach the recognition molecules to the surface of the IBCD, which can simultaneously be attached as mediators. Otherwise, if the recognition molecules are specific to each site, they can be distributed locally using contact printing, inkjet printing or microcapillary deposition.

After the gold spheres are attached to the thiol groups of the mediator, other recognition molecules are also attached to the gold spheres through the thiol groups. To this end, these recognition molecules are firstly coupled to a thiol or amino-mediated blocker. The amino group can be transformed and the thiol group introduced. The various recognition molecules fused to the gold spheres are distributed in a similar way in which other recognition molecules are bound to the IBCD surface.

The recognition molecules may be oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides can be further hybridized with conjugates of complementary oligonucleotides, biomolecules. This allows the attachment of sensitive and reactive biomolecules, such as proteins with multiple amino or thiol groups.

The recognition molecules attached to the gold spheres may diffuse about the sphere, although they are rigidly bound. A cell that is recognized by both recognition molecules.

completes the connecting loop that binds the gold sphere to the surface of the IBCD. After the split, the gold sphere remains and is detected by a CD-ROM or DVD reader.

Many different recognition molecules can be used in the same study site. The advantage of this solution is that all known mutants of a particular pathogen species can be detected in a single site. Likewise, various mutants can be detected at different sites in the study having specific recognition molecules.

IBCD is a versatile analyzer. It is easy to use and holds all reagents in its most progressive form, with just a sample attached. It can be used in clinical laboratories, hospitals, doctors' offices and at home. Information collected at home can be sent to the doctor's office via the Internet. The IBCD can be constructed so that each patient's genetic code is checked every time. About 35 polymorphism points are enough to assign each person a unique bar-code. This eliminates possible errors due to confused tubes or labels. Assays that may be performed include, but are not limited to, immunoassays, DNA tests, cell registration and cell shape measurement, detection of cancerous cell tissues, blood chemistry, and electrolyte analysis. Other applications include mass determination of future drug candidates (drug candidates), food and environmental safety analysis, and pathogen and toxin monitoring on the battlefield.

example

Turbidimetric assay of lipase activity

Reagent cavity contains 15 µL of stabilized triolein (250 μΜ) emulsion containing sodium deoxycholate (30 mM) and CaCl₂ (100 μΜ) dissolved in TRIS buffer (pH 9.0, 25 mM). The sample preparation chamber contains lyophilized porcine colipases (0.5 µg). Two microliters of serum, together with stabilized triolein and other reagents (using the apparatus shown in Fig. 17), are placed in the sample preparation chamber. Subsequently, part of the mixture (5 µL) is transferred to the cuvette. As the outlet of the capillary runs in the direction of the center of the disk, back pressure will stop the flow. The absorbance at 340 nm is read at one minute intervals. ΔΑ / min is a measure of lipase activity.

While the present invention has been described with reference to some specific embodiments, it is understood that further modifications and equivalents, and modifications thereof, will be apparent to those skilled in the art and form the subject matter of the invention.