High frequency subscriber telephone system for the simultaneous generation of several voice and/or data signals via either one radio frequency channel or several radio frequency channels

High frequency subscriber telephone system for simultaneously providing multiple voice and / or data signals over either one or more radio frequency channels

The present invention relates generally to telecommunication systems, and more particularly to a subscriber telephone system according to the preamble of a claim for providing a plurality of information signals simultaneously over one or more radio frequency channels.

The present invention provides a system according to the characterizing part of the claim for the wireless transmission of a plurality of information signals using digital time division circuits between a base station and a plurality of subscriber stations. Subscriber stations can be fixed 15 or mobile. The number of time division circuits is determined by the quality of the signal transmission. The base station is connected to an external information network, which may be analog and / or digital. The information signals are selected from the group consisting of audio, data, facsimile, video, data20 and instrumentation signals.

Mobile subscriber stations may optionally be relatively fast and relatively slow.

The modulation level of the signals and the power supplied to the system are set according to the signal current detection of the system.

The system is equipped with spatial diversity using a plurality of antennas that are optionally spaced apart to provide relatively high signal reception despite signal fading.

The base station operates on several radio frequency channel pairs. The function of each channel pair is implemented by combining a transmission channel circuit for processing a certain relatively large number of information signals received simultaneously over the telephone company's long-distance lines for simultaneous transmission to different subscriber stations over a given radio frequency channel and a reception channel circuit for processing multiple signals, received simultaneously from a particular radio frequency channel from different subscriber stations to provide an information signal for transmission over trunks.

Separate converters are connected to each long distance line, respectively, to convert signals received through the long distance lines into digital signal samples.

The transmission channel circuit includes a certain number of separate signal compression devices for the simultaneous compression of digital signal samples derived from different converters, respectively, to provide a certain number of separate compressed signals, a channel control unit coupled to the compression devices for periodically combining the compressed signals into a single transmission channel bit stream with each corresponding compressed signal having a repetitive periodic slot in the transmission channel bit stream associated with the predetermined discrete channel compression device and the unit transmission channel channel

The gear unit connects the corresponding separate conversion devices to the designated separate packaging devices.

The remotely connected processor unit is connected to the trunk lines and responds to an incoming call paging signal received over one trunk line by providing a slot assignment signal indicating which of the separate compression devices the switch must be connected to one separate conversion device connected to one trunk line to the packaging device, which is thus engaging the gear. The remote processor maintains a memory of which time slots are thus designated and examines this memory when it receives an incoming call request and then provides a time slot assignment signal that provides a compression device connection associated with one of the time slots not assigned to the second longline.

The call processor is connected to the remote processor and responds to the slot assignment signal, causing the switch to perform the switching indicated by the slot assignment signal.

i

The receiving channel circuit includes a receiving unit for receiving the receiving channel signal and processing the receiving signal to provide a receiving channel bit stream comprising separate compressed signals at their respective respective repetitive periodic time wages, a relatively large number of separate signal synthesis devices, each associated with a different time wage in the receive channel bitstream for reconstructing digital signal samples from separate compressed signals including associated receive channel bitstream time slots and a control unit for separating the separate compressed signals from the receive channel bitstream and distributing the separated signals.

Separate re-conversion devices are respectively connected to each long-distance line for re-converting digital signal25 samples into information signals for transmission over the respective long-distance lines. Each separate conversion means is associated with one separate conversion means and is connected to a common trunk line together with the associated separate conversion means. 30 The switch connects the corresponding separate conversion devices to the assigned separate synthesis devices.

The remote processor responds to an incoming call paging signal received over a single remote line by providing a slot assignment signal to indicate which of the separate synthesis devices the switch must connect to one separate retransmitter connected to one remote line and thus assign a slot is thus engaged by the gear means. The remote processor maintains a memory of which slots in the receive channel bitstream are thus named and examines this memory when it receives an incoming call, and then provides the call processor with a slot assignment signal to connect to a synthesis device associated with one of the slots not assigned to another remote.

The system of the present invention uses advanced digital and high density integration electronics technologies to provide low cost, reliable and high quality communication media for various market segments. One preferred embodiment uses a fixed base station installation that is centrally located to communicate with a large number of subscriber stations located in a nearby geographic area. The central base station may be connected to a public switched telephone network exchange station by a private branch exchange (PBX) connected to incoming telephone long distance lines. Subscriber stations in the system can be fixed, portable or mobile in nature and can operate in either relatively quiet or fast motion. The subscriber stations communicate with the base station via UHF radio channels and with the user via conventional two-wire DTMF touch tone telephones or RS-232C or non-conventional telephone stations (e.g. 4-wire). The system can be used to replace existing wired local subscriber loops or to provide high quality telephone service to areas where wired connections are not feasible or economical.

One feature of the system of the present invention is the ability to use time division multiple access (TDMA) and digital speech coding to allow simultaneous multiple use of frequencies in a particular network. Any feasible number of high quality audio circuits can operate on a given frequency channel (25 kHz channel difference) at the same time. By way of example, four such circuits are used. This provides both spectrum and economic advantages over existing analog radiotelephone systems that can only make one conversion at a time on a given frequency channel.

Features that provide a low cost fixed, mobile, and portable service include the use of low10 frequency digital audio coding (less than 16 kilobits per second) combined with spectrally efficient digital modulation techniques. For example, the combined use of 14.6 kilobits per second audio coding technology and 16-level DPSK modulation allows four simultaneous full-duplex conversions to be performed on one pair of kHz bandwidth channels, which are 25 kHz apart throughout the spectrum, and in particular in the 400500 MHz and 800-950 MHz segments. This combination provides good quality speech over a distance of at least 20 km.

To be competitive with wireline lines, a significantly larger subscriber population must be available than can be simultaneously maintained on a given pair of 25 kHz channels. For example, a 12-channel25-pair system that maintains 47 simultaneous calls may have a total disconnection plus interconnection population of 500 subscribers (with the desired peak hour closure probability limiting the maximum number). Thus, a subscriber call query control scheme that provides meaningful speech 30 switching delays is also an important feature of the present invention.

Additional features of the present invention have been described in connection with the description of the preferred embodiment.

Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing a radio frequency subscriber telephone system of the present invention in general.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the base station of the system of Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the subscriber station of the system of Figure 1.

Figure 4 shows the message segments developed by the subscriber stations and the base station to establish a connection between the two subscriber stations.

Figure 5 shows various data processing modules located in a remote control processor unit (RPU) in the base station of Figure 2.

Figure 6 shows the processing of incoming and outgoing BCC messages by the RPU at the base station of Figure 2.

Figure 7 shows the processing of incoming and outgoing PBX messages by the RPU at the base station of Figure 2.

Figure 8 shows the processing of collection messages by the RPU at the base station of Figure 2.

Figure 9 shows the memory map of the RPU at the base station of Figure 2.

Figure 10 shows the processing of messages related to the RCC state by the message processing module (MPM) shown in Figure 5.

Fig. 11 shows the processing of messages related to the channel status by the message processing MPM shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 12 is a block diagram of a subscriber terminal interface unit (STU) at the subscriber station of Figure 3.

Figure 13 shows the signal interface between the PBX and the VCU at the base station of Figure 2.

Figure 14 shows the signal interface between the STU and the VCU at the subscriber station of Figure 2.

Figure 15 shows the timing dependence for the PBX-VCU interface signals shown in Figure 13 and the STUVCU interface signals shown in Figure 14.

Figure 16 shows the signal interface between the VCU and the CCU at both the base station of Figure 2 and the subscriber station of Figure 3.

Fig. 17 shows a timing dependence for the transmission channel signals of the VCU-CCU signal interface shown in Fig. 16.

Fig. 18 shows a timing dependence for the reception channel signals of the VCU-CCU signal interface shown in Fig. 16.

Figures 19A and 19B show timing dependencies, respectively, for transmission and reception call blocks transferred between a VCU and a CCU for 16-level PSK modulation.

Figure 20A shows the input and output data timing and content for the receive channels between the VCU and the PBX (or STU) for 16-level PSK modulation.

Figure 20B shows the timing and content of the input and output data for the transmission channels between the VCU and the PBX (or STU) for 16-level PSK modulation.

Fig. 21 is a block diagram of a CCU for both the base station of Fig. 2 and the subscriber station of Fig. 3.

Fig. 22 shows the operating architecture implemented from the CCU programs of Fig. 21.

Fig. 23 is a timing diagram for transmitting RCC and 16-level PSK audio data on the transmission bus of the CCU of Fig. 22.

Figure 24 is a timing diagram of the RCC and 16-level

To transmit PSK audio data on the receiving bus of the CCU of Fig. 23.

Fig. 25 is a block diagram of the base station modem of Fig. 2 and the subscriber station of Fig. 3.

Fig. 26 shows the signal connection between the CCU, the modem 30 and the base station STIMU of Fig. 2.

Fig. 27 shows the signal connection between the base station modem of Fig. 2 and the RFU and the subscriber station of Fig. 3.

Fig. 28 is a block diagram of the tapir of the antenna interface 35 of the subscriber station of Fig. 3.

Fig. 29 is a block diagram of the antenna interface circuit of the base station of Fig. 2.

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The following abbreviations are used in the description

Abbreviation Definition

A / D Analog to digital converter

ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

AGC Automatic Gain Control

AM Amplitude modulation

BCC Baseband control channel

BPSK Binary phase shift keying modulation

BW Bandwidth

CCU Channel control unit

CODEC Combined encoder and decoder

DEMOD Demodulator (modem receiving part)

D / A Digital-to-analog converter dB Decibel

DID Direct internal selection

DMA Direct memory search

DPSK Differential Phase Shift Key Modulation

DTMF Two-tone multi-frequency signaling diagram

ECL Emitter-connected logic

FCC United States Telecommunications Commission

FIFO Queue Memory

FIR Filter with finite impulse response

Hz Hertz (cycles per second)

I Stage

IF Intermediate frequency kbns Kilobits per second kHz Kilohert km Kilometer

LSB Least significant bit

MDPSK Multiphase Differential Phase Shift Keying Modulation

MHz Megahertz

<td></td><td>MODEM</td><td>Combined modulator and demodulator</td>

<td></td><td>MPM</td><td>The message Processing Module</td>

<td></td><td>ms</td><td>milliseconds</td>

<td></td><td>OCXO</td><td>Oven controlled crystal oscillator</td>

<td> 5</td><td>PBX</td><td>Private branch gear or automatic clutch</td>

<td></td><td>PCM</td><td>Pulse Code Modulation</td>

<td></td><td>PSN</td><td>Public connected network</td>

<td></td><td>PSTN</td><td>Public switched telephone network or other connecting carrier (typically Telco)</td>

<td> 10</td><td>Q</td><td>quadrature</td>

<td></td><td>QPSK</td><td>Kvadratuurivaihesiirtoavainnusmodulaatio</td>

<td></td><td>RBTG</td><td>Back Tone Generator</td>

<td></td><td>RAM</td><td>Direct Access Storage</td>

<td></td><td>RCC</td><td>Radio-control channel</td>

<td> 15</td><td>RELP</td><td>Residual-based linear prediction</td>

<td></td><td>RF</td><td>radio Frequency</td>

<td></td><td>RFU</td><td>Radio Frequency Unit</td>

<td></td><td>RPU</td><td>Remote control unit</td>

<td></td><td>ROM</td><td>read-Only Memory</td>

<td> 20</td><td>RX</td><td>Reception</td>

<td></td><td>SHF</td><td>Super high frequency (3,000 - 30,000 MHz)</td>

<td></td><td>SIN</td><td>Subscriber identification number</td>

<td></td><td>SLIC</td><td>Subscriber loop interface circuit</td>

<td></td><td>ST IMU</td><td>System timing unit</td>

<td> 25</td><td>STU</td><td>Subscriber station telephone interface unit</td>

<td></td><td>SUBTU</td><td>Subscriber timing unit</td>

<td></td><td>TDM</td><td>Time division multiplexing</td>

<td></td><td>TDMA</td><td>Time division multiple search</td>

<td></td><td>Telco</td><td>The telephone company</td>

<td> 30</td><td>TX</td><td>Transfer</td>

<td></td><td>UHF</td><td>Ultra high frequency</td>

<td></td><td>UTX-250</td><td>A switch that includes processing and connection and that can be, but is not necessarily, a PBX</td>

<td></td><td>UW</td><td>A unique word</td>

<td> 35</td><td>VCU</td><td>Äänikoodekkiyksikkö</td>

<td></td><td>VCXO</td><td>Voltage controlled crystal oscillator</td>

<td></td><td>VHF</td><td>Very high frequency (30-350 MHz)</td>

In this specification, it should be noted that when a particular band (e.g., 454-460 MHz) is used in the described embodiment, the invention is similarly applicable to at least the entire VHF, UHF, and SHF bands.

Referring to Figure 1, the system of the present invention provides local loop telephone service using UHF radio between subscriber stations (S) 10 and base station 11. As basic weapons 11, it provides call connections directly between radio-based subscriber stations 10 and is connected to a telephone company (Telco) central station 12 for calls to or from the system.

For example, the described system operates on a common carrier channel pair in the band 454 MHz to 460 MHz. This special frequency group contains 26 separate channels. The channels are 25 kHz apart with a permissible bandwidth of 20 kHz. The difference between the transmit and receive channels is 5 MHz, whichever is lower, the center frequency is designated for base station transmissions. As mentioned earlier, the system can also operate on other UHF20 channel pairs.

The transmission method from the base station to the subscriber station (transmission channel) is time division multiplexed (TDM). Transmission from a subscriber station to a base station (receiving channel) is time division multiple access (TDMA) ·

All systems are designed to fit together

CFR with FCC Parts 21, 22 and 90 as well as other relevant regulations.

Communication between the base station 11 and the subscriber stations 10 is implemented with digitally filtered multiphase differential phase shift keying (MDPSK) 25 kHz spaced full duplex channels in the 454-460 MHz band, thus satisfying the 20 kHz bandwidth requirements as defined in 90 (e.g. 21.105, 22.105 and 90.209).

This system can also be used for other bandwidths and band differences in any meaningful part of the VHF, UHF, and SHF spectra.

The symbol frequency of each 25 kHz FCC channel is 16 kilosymbols per second in both directions. Audio transmission is implemented using 16-level PSK modulation and audio digitization at an encoding frequency of 14.6 kbps. Alternatively, the modulation may be two-level (BPSK) or four-level (QPSK). Mixing of different modulation levels can be used on the same channel simultaneously. In time division multiplexing, the system generates one conversation for each of the two multiple phases at 14.6 kbps (4 phases provide 2 conversations, 16 phases provide 4 conversations, etc.) or more, if possible for lower frequencies. This is, of course, just one example, because, as shown in the following table, many different combinations of bits / symbols or phases and codec frequencies of the modem can be used.

table 1

2-way conversations or duplexing using different codec frequencies

<td> 20</td><td>modulation phase</td><td>14.4 kbps</td><td>6.4 kbps</td><td>2.4 kbps</td>

<td></td><td> 4</td><td> 2</td><td> 4</td><td> 8</td>

<td></td><td> 8</td><td> 3</td><td> 6</td><td> 12</td>

<td></td><td> 16</td><td> 4</td><td> 8</td><td> 16</td>

<td></td><td> 32</td><td> 5</td><td> 10</td><td> 20</td>

<td> 25</td><td> 64</td><td> 6</td><td> 12</td><td> 24</td>

<td></td><td> 128</td><td> 7</td><td> 14</td><td> 28</td>

The base station is capable of transmitting and receiving on any or all of the available FCC 25 kHz separate frequency channels in the 454-460 MHz band, where the channels are selectable. The channel frequency selection for each audio channel is automatically implemented in the base station one at a time, but can be bypassed by the operator console interface established for the base station.

The base station may have a transmitter output power of typically 100 W for each frequency channel.

The base station provides modulation control and slot and frequency channel assignments to the subscriber station. In addition, the base station maintains adaptive power control with respect to the subscriber stations periodically to minimize time slot differences and interference from adjacent channels.

The connection between the telephone company's long-distance lines and the TDM time slots on the selected channel is implemented at the base station preferably using a digital switch, although it is possible to replace it with an analog switch.

The base station provides triple spatial diversity capability on the receive channels.

The subscriber station is capable of operating with a diversity of three branches. The transmit power is typically adjustable between 0.1 and 25 W, but can be set in other power15 ranges. When real-time full-duplexes are detected through voice subscriber stations, the radio frequency system operates in half-duplex using appropriate time division multiplexing methods.

The subscriber station connections to any telephone instrument for voice communications or to a telephone may be built into the system. In addition, data connections such as the RS-232C standard 25-pin interface are established for 9,600 bandwidth data transfers between subscribers. The base station and the subscriber station can obtain operating power from any 25 meaningful sources, either internal or external.

Fig. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a base station that maintains the simultaneous operation of two transmission and reception frequency channel bars. Each channel can handle four telephone connections simultaneously. In a preferred embodiment, there are a plurality of transmission and reception channel pairs. Each channel has multiple time slots.

One of several available time slots is required for a radio control channel (RCC).

Connections between the PSTN and the subscriber stations have been established and are maintained in a private branch exchange (PBX) 15 located at the base station. The PBX 15 is a model UTX-250, a shelf product developed by United Technologies Building Systems Gruop. Many existing features of a basic PBX system are used to control the telephone company interfaces required in the system of the present invention. The PBX 15 also converts audio information to or from the PSTN into 64 kilobits per second, / U-following computed pulse code modulated (PCM) digital nodes. From this point, voice information is processed in digital form throughout the base station and subscriber stations up to the interface circuitry, which connects to the subscriber telephone only as far as the subscriber transmitter and line receiver allow.

The digital audio information from the PBX 15 is next processed by an audio compression system known as a codec 16, which reduces the frequency of the audio information by 64 kilobits per second to approximately 14.6 kilobits per second or less. Codec 16 uses either a residual-based linear prediction algorithm (RELP) or an SBC encoder-decoder to perform this audio frequency compression. Typically, four codecs 16 are included in one audio codec unit (VCU) 17 to perform audio compression for four or more times25 on each frequency channel. Each base station VCU can handle four or more full duplex voice connections for each channel pair for both the transmission channel and the receive channel, the connections established by the PBX 15 determine which voice call is handled by which VCU 11 and which codec 16 is selected in the VCU 17. The circuits of each VCU 17 are implemented in such a way that a voice call at a certain frequency and time slot assignment at the base station is always handled by the same VCU codec 16.

Each VCU 17 is connected to a channel control unit (CCU) 18. The CCU 18 controls the operation of the TDMA and also acts as a link layer protocol processor. Each CCU 18 takes the transmission channel outputs of the codecs 16 to the corresponding VCU 17 and transmits the data at a suitable time slot and in a suitable format to the modem unit 19. Each CCU 18 determines modulation levels under the control of the remote processor unit RPU 20 for transmission (such as 2-, 4- or 16-level PSK modulation). Each CCU 18 also processes control information for transmission to subscriber stations over the time of the radio control channel (RCC) and during the uplink control bits on the voice channels. Each channel pair includes a series-connected combination of a VCU 17, a CCU 18, and a modem 19.

The appropriately formatted transmission path from each CUU 18 is transmitted at a frequency of 16 kilosymbols / second to the corresponding modem 19. Each modem takes these synchronized symbols and converts them into a Gray-encoded multilevel phase shift keying (PSK) format. The modem transmission channel output is a modulated intermediate frequency signal. This signal is fed to a radio frequency / intermediate frequency processing unit (RFU) 21, which then converts the intermediate frequency signal into a radio frequency UHF signal in the 450 MHz range. The control signals for the modem 19 and the RFU 21 are obtained from the corresponding CCU 18, which operates under the general control of the RPU. The UHF signal is amplified by power amplifiers in the RFU 21 and transmitted via the antenna interface unit 22 to the transmitting antenna 23 for transmission by radio.

The base station receive function is substantially inverse to the transmit function. Each RFU 21, modem 19, CCU 18, VCU 17, and PBX 15 are full duplex in nature.

The remote control processor unit (RPU) 20 is a central control processor that transmits interface data and control messages to the CCU. The RPU 20 includes a general purpose computer based on the Model 6800 microprocessor that performs sophisticated system control functions and control mechanisms for setting up, disconnecting, and maintaining a call. The RPU 20 also communicates with the call processor 24 in the PBX 15 to control the connections between the codecs 16 and the telephone company's remote links implemented in the switching matrix 25 of the PBX 15.

Each subscriber station is a relatively small unit located in place of each user in the system5. The subscriber station connects the user to the base wall of a normal telephone and / or computer terminal or a combined acoustic transmitter / receiver via a UHF radio channel. The operation of the subscriber station is very similar to the base station. However, when a base station can operate on one or more frequency channels simultaneously each, providing capacity to maintain multiple speech circuits, the subscriber station normally operates on only one frequency at a time.

Figure 3 is a block diagram of a subscriber station. The functional distribution is very similar to that of the base station (Figure 2). The user interface function is performed by the subscriber's telephone interface unit (STU) at the subscriber station. The related function at the base station is performed by the PBX module. The STU at the subscriber station also performs all the control functions of the subscriber station in the same way that the RPU operates at the base station. Subscriber stations act as slaves to the base station master in the overall control architecture of the system. The STU may be associated with an external instrument or it may transmit and receive acoustically.

Following the flow of data through the subscriber station, the user's voice or data information is first processed by the subscriber terminal unit (STU) 27. The audio signal inputs from the user's telephone are received and digitized in the VCU 28. The format for digitized speech signals is identical to the base station PBX 15. The subscriber station includes a VCU 28, a CCU 29, a modem 30a, and a FRU 31a that perform similar functions to the corresponding components described above in the base station architecture description associated with Figure 2. One difference in the operation of the subscriber station is that usually it is limited to only one audio channel at a time. The subscriber station essentially operates in a half-duplex mode, transmitting in part of the TDMA frame and receiving in another part of the TDM frame. With a frame size of 45 ms, the half-duplex nature of the subscriber station is perceptible to the user, who hears a continuous voice input from a party at the other end of the call connection. The STU 27 and the VCU 28, as well as the modem 30a, can be duplicated to perform more than one subscriber conversation.

The half-duplex operation of the subscriber station offers the possibility to make more efficient use of the available space10 and the hardware of the station. The VCU and CCU of the subscriber station operate in substantially the same manner as the base station, at least as regards the processing of voice data. However, the modem 30a is adapted to operate in a half-duplex manner using either the receiving or transmitting portion of the modem, but not at the same time. The primary savings here are that the RFU 31a does not need to operate in full-duplex mode. This saves power because the RF power amplifier is only operating half the time. The radio frequency transmitting antenna 32a can also be connected to act as a second receiver20 during the receiving portions of the frame using the radio frequency antenna antenna switching function. In addition, no duplexer is required.

Each subscriber station also includes a multipath network including three modems and a multipath combiner circuit 33. The multipath multiplexer circuit 33 collects demodulated reception information from each of the demodulators of the three modems 30a, 30b and 30c and combines these three streams to form one best guess symbol stream. The demodulation circuits or demodulators 30 in the three modems 30a, 30b, 30c are connected to separate radio frequency RFUs 31a, 31b, 31c and thus to separate antennas 32a, 32b, 32c.

At the base station, three receiving antennas 34a, 34b and

34c are spaced at a suitable distance from each other to provide 35 uncorrelated spatially separate signals for processing in a multipath network. The operation of the multipath network does not affect the operation of the CCU and can thus be replaced by a single modem operation at any time when the multipath function is not required.

The base station also includes a spatial multipath5 for each transmission and reception channel pair. Although the multipath network is not shown, the base station diagram of Fig. 2 is the same as the subscriber station diagram of Fig. 3, which shows the connection of the multipath network to one transmission and reception channel pair. Thus, each transmission and reception channel pair at a base station actually includes three demodulators and one modem connected to a multipath connector circuit, as shown in Figure 3.

Accurate timing synchronization between the base station and the subscriber stations is critical throughout the system. Host pain for the entire system is provided at the base station. All subscriber units in a given system must be synchronized to this position in terms of frequency, symbol timing, and frame timing.

The base station includes a system timing unit (STIMU) 20 35 that provides a high precision timing reference clock signal at 80,000 MHz. This 80 MHz reference clock signal is split down to produce a 16 kHz clock signal and a 22.222 Hz (45 ms duration) frame probe marker signal. All base station transmission timing is generated from 25 of these three synchronized host frequencies. 80 The MHz clock signal is used in modems 19 and RFUs 21 for accurate intermediate and radio frequency baseband frequencies. The 16 kHz clock signal provides symbol frequency timing for transmissions on all base station frequencies30 la. The 45 ms marker signal is used to indicate the first symbol in the new frame. This marker is active for a single symbol period (62.5 microseconds, which is equal to 1 / 16,000 Hz). All frequency channels at the base station use the same time reference for transmission. Three 35 timing signals (80 MHz, 16 kHz and a frame beginning marker / SOF /) are provided for each modem at 19 base stations.

The modem 19 transmits the appropriate clock signals to the CCU 18 and the RFU 21 in the same serial transmission and reception channel pair. 16 kHz and the SOF marker are used by the CCU 18 for timing the transmission of audio and control symbols5 according to the prevailing frame structure at this frequency. The reception timing at the base station is in principle identical to the transmission timing at the base station. In other words, the SOF marker and symbol clock signals should be precisely aligned between the transmit and receive signals. However, since full timing synchronization cannot be required for subscriber station transmission, the reception timing of base station modems 19 must match the symbols coming from the subscriber station. This is required in order for the sampling period in the reception function of the base station modem 19 to provide the best estimate of the symbol received from the subscriber station. A small elastic buffer in the CCU 18 connected to the receiving operation of the modem 19 compensates for this small timing shift.

Subscriber stations throughout the system synchronize their ai20 carreferences to the base station host time base. This synchronization is accomplished through a multi-step procedure in which the subscriber station initially obtains a base station time reference using RCC messages from the base station. This procedure is described below.

Once the subscriber station has initially acquired the time reference from the base station, the tracking algorithm in the demodulators of the subscriber station modems 30a, 30b, 30c keeps the subscriber station's reception timing accurate. The subscriber station forwards its own transmissions back to the base station by a small amount of time 30 in order to move the transmission time delay caused by the call to the subscriber station. This method results in the transmission from all subscriber stations being received at the base station in the correct phase relationship with each other.

the system timing unit (STIMU) 35 provides a time base for all base station transmissions. STIMU 35 • · includes a high-precision (3 x 10-9) oven-treated crystal oscillator operating at a fixed frequency of 80 MHz. This basic clock frequency is divided in 5,000 STIMUs to generate 35 16 kHz symbol clock signals and again 5,720 frame start (SOF) marker signals.

These three time comparisons are buffered and transferred to each base station modem.

The subscriber timing unit (SUBTU) (not shown in Fig. 3) generates an 80 MHz clock signal, a 16 kHz symbo10 timing signal and a 45 ms frame marker signal for the subscriber stations. These signals are identical to the signals in the STIMU of the base station, except that the 16 kHz clock signal is used at the subscriber station as the reception symbol timing. The 16 kHz clock signal is used at the base station for transmission timing. The transmission timing at the subscriber station is provided by a delayed version of the reception timing of the subscriber station. The delay is a variable amount determined by the alignment calculation between the base station and the subscriber station.

The timing reference signal for the subscriber station is provided by a voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO) operating at a nominal frequency of 80 MHz. The actual frequency is set by the subscriber station modem to be frequency locked to the base station timing reference received at the input of the subscriber's high frequency unit.

The following policies define procedures for system control, collision avoidance, and call signaling in the system as well as for the transmitted frame structure. When referring to these components of system 30, reference is made to the base station components described above in connection with Figure 2, unless otherwise indicated.

The system uses 20 kHz bandwidth full-duplex channels in the 450 MHz spectrum band at 25 kHz center distances and implements multiple simultaneous exchanges per channel. Each full-duplex channel includes reception and transmission frequencies that are 5 MHz separately. The lower frequency of each channel is designated for transmission to the base station and is called the forward frequency. The higher frequency of each channel, called the return frequency, is assigned to the subscriber stations for transmission. Thus, the base station transmits at the forward frequency and receives at the reverse frequency. The opposite is true for subscriber stations.

The ability of a system to provide a spectrally efficient method of transmitting multiple audio channels on the same frequency is primarily dependent on the operation of the modem. Modem 19 must operate to provide 3.2 bits / Hz efficiency when operating in 16-phase DPSK mode at 16 kilosymbols / second.

The modem 19 is, strictly speaking, a mechanism for converting 1,2,4 or more bit symbols from the CCU 18 into a phase modulated intermediate frequency carrier for transmission and reversing the process on the receiving side. All control for frame timing and mode selection is performed from the CCU 18. The interface between the CCU and the modem 19 may consist of two 4-bit unidirectional synchronized (16 kilosymbols / second) data buses (Tx and Rx). In addition to the 8-bit status, the control bus generates control information for the modem and reports the status from the modem to the CCU 18. The modem 19 also provides the CCU 18 with a 16 kHz host symbol clock signal. At the base station, this clock signal is received from the master oscillator in the system timing unit 35, to which the entire base station (and thus the entire system) is synchronized. At the subscriber station, this clock is derived from incoming symbols received from the base station. As a result, all transmissions are compared to the time base at the base station. The main function of the subscriber modem is to synchronize the local subscriber clock signal to the base station time comparison by decoding the timing of the received symbols.

The transmission modulator block of the modem uses an FIR digital filter to generate a digital representation of the waveform used to modulate the radio frequency carrier. The resulting digital stream is converted to analog form and mixed with an intermediate frequency of 20.2 MHz to the transmission frequency. The signal is then sent to the RFU for filtering, further conversion to radio frequency, and amplification before transmission.

The demodulator block of the modem receiver receives the intermediate frequency reception signal from the RFU 21 at an intermediate reception frequency of 20 MHz. This signal is converted down10 to the baseband, then digitized with the A / D conversion function. The resulting digital samples are processed by a microprocessor-based signal processing unit. This function performs filtering, equalization, and synchronization algorithms for the input samples and then demodulates the PSK15 signal to provide a symbol flow at a frequency of 16 kilosymbols / second. The signal processing unit also operates in a self-teaching mode to be used to teach the processing unit the imperfections of the analog filters used in the reception flow. Once the signal processing unit is taught, the digital equalization process of the demodulator compensates the input samples for these imperfections in the analog filter components. This technology allows the use of less expensive, lower tolerance analog components and increases the ability of the entire system to demodulate weak or noisy signals.

The demodulated symbols of the modem are output at a symbol frequency to the CCU 18 during the reception operation. Modem 19 provides a timing associated with this symbol flow. Both the base station and the subscriber station derive the timing of the 30 reception functions from the incoming reception signal.

A more detailed description and specification of modem functions and features is provided below in connection with Figure 25.

The basic TDM / TDMA channel per subscriber provides a total of 16 kilobits / second in both directions for each conversation. Of this channel capacity, 1.43 kilobits / second in both directions is required for the uplink control and demodulation preambles. The VCU thus operates at a fixed data rate of 14.57 kbps. This is the same as 328 bits per codec frame period set to be half the modem frame period or 22.5 ms.

To accommodate multiple conversations per channel, each channel is divided into time slots according to a time division multiplexing (TDM) scheme. These time slots determine the frame format of the system. The system frame length consists of a predetermined constant number of symbols. The frame duration of the system is optimized taking into account the audio coding frequency and the number of data collection symbols required by the modem 19 at the beginning of each burst. The number of time slots in the system frame depends on the modulation level of the channel. For example, if the channel modulation level is QPSK, then the system frame consists of two time slots per frame. By increasing the modulation level of the channel, the number of information bits encoded per symbol increases and thus the data frequency of the channel increases. With a 16-level DPSK, the system frame is divided into four time slots, each of which processes the audio data frequency for a single conversation. It is important to note that even at higher modulation levels, the number of symbol times required to synchronize the modem remains constant.

The format of the system frame ensures that the modem subscriber station never has to operate in a full-duplex mode (i.e., transmit and receive at the same time). Thus, the time slots at the return and forward frequencies are shifted apart with respect to time by at least one time slot time.

The system frame for the system is fixed for a duration of 45 ms. The symbol transmission frequency is fixed at 16 kilosymbols / second. Each symbol is transmitted for an equal length of time, equal to 1 / 16,000 seconds (62.5 microseconds). This results in a fixed 720 symbol per frame numbered 0-719 from the beginning of the system frame. These 72T ^ symbols may consist of 1, 2 or 4 bits of information each corresponding to 2, 4 or 16 phase modulation frequencies.

The system frame time (45 ms) is further divided into two or four time division time slots depending on the modulation format for the time slots that make up the frame. Each time slot can be one of three types of time slots: (1) a radio control channel (RCC), (2) a 4-phase audio channel10 va, and (3) a 16-phase audio channel. The RCC is always transmitted in binary (2-phase) modulation mode. The RCC and the 16-phase audio channel time slot both require 180 symbols for transmission, i.e. quarter of the system framework section. Since the 16-phase audio channel transmits four in15 information bits per symbol (i.e., 2 = 16 phases), the 16-level audio channel transmits 720 bits of information per frame. This corresponds to a bit rate of 18 kilobits / second. Some of these bits are used for modem overhead and control purposes, resulting in an audio bit rate of 14.57 kilobits / second. 4-phase audio channel interval required

360 bits for transmission, which is the same as half of the system frame period. Each symbol in this time slot type consists of one of four different phases so that two bits per symbol are transmitted (2 = 4 phases). The bit rate at Tu25 is 16 kilobits / second. Same as for a 16-stage audio channel. The same number of bits (not symbols) is reserved for modem overhead and control purposes so that the audio information frequency is 14.57 kilobits / second, as is the 16-phase 30 audio channel slot type.

A system frame on any given frequency channel can consist of any combination of three time slot types within the following five conditions:

1. The maximum number (720) of symbols is transmitted in each35 system frames. Combinations of the three time slot types can be combined at a certain frequency to accomplish this.

In the event that the entire channel capacity is not full in the base station frame transmission (i.e., less than 720 symbols are transmitted in the frame), zero symbols are added to fill the 720-symbol frame capacity. The Nol5 glass symbol is a symbol that has no transmitted energy.

2. Only one frequency with a multi-frequency base station contains an RCC slot type. Only one RCC operates at a given time throughout the system. The frequency at which the RCC operates is set by the system start parameter and is only changed when this frequency channel is no longer available for some reason. The RCC time slot is always assigned to the first symbols of the system frame 180 (marked time slot 0).

3. The base station frequency can operate in standard transmission mode. The subscriber station does not transmit more than half of the total frame time. The subscriber station, when conducting a single conversation, transmits only 25% of the frame during operation in RCC or 16-phase voice channel mode. The subscriber station transmits% of the frame during operation in 4- phase voice20 pole mode. A subscriber station may transmit in only one time slot during any given frame while maintaining a single conversation.

4. All 4-phase audio channels must start transmission with symbol number 0 or 360. That is. either the first half or the second half of the frame may include a 4-phase audio channel.

V

5. Transmissions between forward and reverse frequencies are named so that a return message of a certain time slot starts with 180 symbols of transmission after transmitting a forward frequency message. This removes the requirement for the subscriber station to transmit on the return frequency while receiving on the forward frequency.

Based on these conditions, up to four voice channels can be processed on a single frequency if all four calls consist of a 16-phase voice channel format operating at 14.4 kilobits / second codecs.

The time slots in the system frame are numbered based on the location in the frame structure. The numbering system does not have to be continuous. When a plurality of time slots in a unit consist of 4-phase time channel time slot types, the numbering system skips over the second time slot period included in the longer 4-phase time slot. The slot numbering system for return frequencies (i.e. subscriber) transmissions are arranged alternately with respect to the base station (forward frequency) transmission numbering. Thus, a subscriber receiving information in the forward frequency slot 2 transmits in the slot 2 at a return frequency that is half a frame separate from it in terms of time. Tables 1-5 show the possible frame formats and the numbering associated with each time slot.

<img file="FI104676B_D0001.tif" />

table 1

Radio control channel structure: BPSK

Outbound Channel:

| &lt;------- System

<img file="FI104676B_D0002.tif" />

<td> &lt;-11,25-&gt;</td><td>&lt;-Ll, 25-&gt;</td><td>&lt;-Ll, 25-&gt;</td><td>&lt;-ll_z25-&gt;</td><td>ms</td>

<td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td>Interval no</td>

<td>MAJOR</td><td> 180</td><td></td><td></td><td>Number of symbols</td>

<td>3PSK</td><td>16-PSK,</td><td></td><td></td><td>Modulation Type</td>

<td>AM intermediate</td><td>Starting the filter</td><td>Bittitahdistuskuvio</td><td>RCP</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 8</td><td> 46</td><td> 112</td>

Function

Number of symbols

Return Channel:

<td> &lt;-11.25-&gt;</td><td> &lt;—11.25—&gt;</td><td> &lt;-11.25-&gt;</td><td> &lt;-11.25-&gt;</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 180</td><td> 180</td>

<td></td><td></td><td>BPSK</td><td>16-PSK,</td>

<td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td>

Interval no

Number of symbols

Modulation type ms

<td>Area 1</td><td>Starting the filter</td><td>Bit sync pattern</td><td>UK</td><td>RCP</td><td>Area 2</td>

<td>XX</td><td> 8</td><td> 49</td><td> 8</td><td> 112</td><td>3-XX</td>

Function

Number of symbols

/2

Table 2

4-phase audio channel frame structure

Outbound Channel:

l &lt;--------- System Frame

- 45 ms&gt; l | &lt;------ 22.5 ms -----&gt; | &lt;------ 22.5 ms -----&gt; |

360

360

Interval no

My symbols.

<td>Starting the filter</td><td>Bittitahdistuskuvio</td><td>The code words</td><td>VCF 0</td><td>VCF 1</td>

<td>ö</td><td> 13</td><td> 6</td><td> 164</td><td> 164</td>

Function

Number of symbols

Return Channel:

| &lt;------ 22.5 ms -----&gt; [&lt;------ 22 ^ 5 ms -----&gt; |

360

360

Interval no

Number of symbols

<td colspan="5"></td><td></td>

<td>Starting the filter</td><td>Bit sync AGC</td><td>The code words</td><td>VCF 0</td><td>VCF 1</td><td>functions</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 18</td><td> 6</td><td> 164</td><td> 164</td><td>Number of symbols</td>

Table 3

--16-phase audio channel frame structure

Outbound Channel:

System | &lt;““ ““ frame ⁼ 45 ms ---------&gt;

<td>&lt;-Ll, 25-&gt;</td><td>&lt;-L1,25-&gt;</td><td>&lt;-Ll, 25-&gt;</td><td>&lt;-Ll, 25-&gt;</td><td>ms</td>

<td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td>Interval no</td>

<td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td>Number of symbols</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Starting the filter</td><td>Bittitandis i patterns visually I</td><td>The code words</td><td>VCF 0</td><td>VCF 1</td><td>Function</td>

<td>e</td><td>⁵ i 1 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 82</td><td> 82</td><td>Number of symbols</td>

Return Channel:

&lt;-Ll, 25-&gt; | &lt;-11,25-&gt; | &lt;-ll, 25-&gt; | &lt;-ll_;25-&gt; I ms

<td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td rowspan="2">Interval no Number of symbols</td>

<td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td> 180</td>

<td colspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td>Starting the filter</td><td>Bit sync AGC</td><td>The code words</td><td>VCF 0</td><td>VCF 1</td><td>Function</td>

<td> 8</td><td> 5</td><td> 3</td><td> 82</td><td> 82</td><td>Number of symbols</td>

Table 4

Structure of both modulated frames: 2/16-PSK and 4-PSK

Henokanava:

system | frame ~ 4 5 ms

<td> &lt;- 11_;25 -&gt;</td><td> &lt;- 11,25 -&gt;</td><td> &lt;------22,5------&gt;</td>

<td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td>

<td>2/16-PSK</td><td>16-PSK,</td><td>4 PSK</td>

<td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td> 360</td>

ms

Interval no

Modulation Type

Number of symbols

Return Channel:

<td> &lt;-------22_;5--------&gt;</td><td>&lt;-U_;25-&gt;</td><td> &lt;-11,25 -&gt;</td>

<td> 2</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td>

<td>4 PSK</td><td>2/16-PSK</td><td>16-PSK,</td>

<td> 360</td><td> 180</td><td>MAJOR</td>

ms

Interval no

Modulation type Number of symbols

For an explanation of each slot symbol, reference is made to Figures 2-1 ... 6-3.

• ·

Table 5

Mixed modulation: 4-PSK and 16-PSK

Outbound Channel:

<td> &lt;--------22,</td><td> 5-------</td><td></td><td> &lt;-</td><td> 11,25 -&gt;</td><td> &lt;- 11,25 -&gt;</td><td>ms</td>

<td colspan="3"> 0</td><td colspan="2"> 2</td><td> 3</td><td>Interval no</td>

<td colspan="2">4 PSK</td><td></td><td></td><td>16-PSK,</td><td>16-PSK,</td><td>Inflexion-</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>type</td>

<td colspan="2"> 360</td><td></td><td></td><td> 180</td><td> 180</td><td>symbols</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Num.</td>

<td>Return Channel:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> &lt;- 11,25 -&gt;</td><td> &lt;- 11,25</td><td> -&gt;</td><td> &lt; —</td><td colspan="2"> -------22,5--------&gt;</td><td>ms</td>

<td> 2</td><td colspan="2"> 3</td><td colspan="3"> 0</td><td>Interval no</td>

<td>16-PSK,</td><td>16-PSK,</td><td></td><td></td><td> 4-</td><td>-PSK</td><td>Inflexion-</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>type</td>

<td>MAJOR</td><td> 180</td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"> 360</td><td>symbols</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Num.</td>

Referring to Table 3, the structure of 180 symbolic 16-phase audio channel time slot types is described. The first eight symbols of this slot type are shown as filter start bits. The filter start-up period included at the beginning of each slot type is the time during which no energy is transmitted, giving the receiving station modem 19 time to clean its filter in preparation for the new slot.

The start of the filter is followed by a bit synchronization cycle. During this time, a degenerate 16-phase pattern is transmitted that simulates a variable BPSK signal. The receiving block of the modem 19 uses this field to form the transmitter block of the modem for the phase reference.

Next, a 12-bit codeword is used to provide synchronization between the subscriber and the base station and to exchange control and status information. The codewords are used to change the current state of the connection, uniform quality, and power and timing settings. Each control word is encoded in 10 bits using a Hamming code that allows single error correction and double error detection. The CCU 18 determines the gain and synchronization loss by monitoring the number of consecutive codewords received correctly or incorrectly, and the CCU 18 transmits the synchronization changes to the RPU 20 at the base station. The subscriber station

The CCU 29 transmits the synchronization changes to the STU 27.

The Hamming code adds five parity bits to the five information bits to provide a 10-bit code. Each parity bit is computed by making a m10 dulo-two addition of all bits at the codeword locations that contain the bit represented by the parity bit. Although the codeword is transmitted all data bits in succession followed by all parity bits by arranging the parity bits in places in the word with only one bit (the place represented by the bit) and placing the data bits in other places, the code can be visualized as follows:

3 place: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 information:

Pl P2 Dl P3 D2 D3 D4 P4 D5 P5

P = parity bit

D = data bit

<td>P1 = Dl</td><td> +</td><td>D2</td><td> +</td><td>D4 + D5</td>

<td>P2 = Dl</td><td> +</td><td>D3</td><td> +</td><td>D4</td>

<td>P3 = D2</td><td> +</td><td>D3</td><td> +</td><td>D4</td>

P4 = D5

P5 ₌ The total parity bit

When a codeword is received, the barity bits are calculated from the received data bits and compared to the received parity bits. If the calculated total35 parity bit differs from the received total bit, then the calculated parity bit is processed in the exclusive

1C4676

With bits received in the OR circuit to indicate an invalid bit address. If the calculated and received bits are the same and the other four bits are not, two errors are indicated. If all parity bits are the same, the data has been received correctly.

The rest of the time slots contain two audio codec packets each containing 328 bits of information.

Table 2 shows the symbol structure for a 4-phase audio channel. The structure is very similar to a 16-phase audio channel. Differences occur due to certain allocations of symbols depending on the fixed number of symbols required per time slot for above purposes, where other bit allocations are made with a fixed number of bits.

The Radio Control Channel (RCC) performs two functions, providing a basis for subscriber stations and initial acquisition of system timing from the base station, and providing out-of-band signaling between the base station and the subscriber station.

The format of the radio control channel time slot is the same for the forward and return channels except for the following fields. The first eight symbols of the control slot transmitted by the base station (forward channel) include an amplitude modulation slot (AM slot), which is a period during which no energy is transmitted. This interval is used by the subscriber stations to uniquely identify the control channel. There are some additional symbols at the beginning and end of the return channel control interval to ensure that the subscriber stations may have some symbols off in their timing.

All time slots include the transmission of eight zero symbols, a filter start field that allows the modem to clean its receive filter to prepare for the new time slot. The next field in the interval is a fixed-bit synchronization pattern. Posted pattern

BPSK signal. The receiving modem uses this field to provide a phase reference and frequency lock to the transmitting modem.

The CCU 18 continuously searches for a unique word (UW), which is a sequence of eight symbols, to identify the incoming RCC message. The base station CCU 18 must fully verify a valid RCC message in each RCC slot. It performs this task by swiping an individual word in a ± 3 symbol window relative to the nominal UW location based on the timing of the host system. The search algorithm starts at the nominal UW location and moves one symbol to the right and left until it (1) finds the UW pattern and (2) confirms the correct RCC checksum. The search will end as soon as (1) and (2) are satisfied or all possibilities have been exhausted.

The transmission information, the RCC message and the power information are sent to the RPU after 20 successful searches.

Upon receiving RCC data, the subscriber station CCU 29 may be in one of two states: frame search or monitoring. The frame search mode is used to retrieve the receive frame timing 20 from the incoming RCC data and starts automatically when the RCC synchronization is lost. Monitoring mode is activated whenever reception frame synchronization is achieved.

While in frame paging mode, the subscriber station CCU 29 25 must fully verify a valid RCC message immediately after the RCC time slot is received at the subscriber station. Like the base station CCU 18, its 29 performs this task by swiping the individual word i 3 in the symbol window with respect to the nominal UW location to the base 30 support timing derived from the modem ΆΜ-slot expression. The search algorithm starts at the nominal UW location and moves one symbol to the right and left until it (1) finds the UW pattern and (2) confirms the correct RCC checksum. The search will end as soon as (1) and (2) have been met or all possibilities have been exhausted. Information about a successful search is used to set • · set the reception frame markers developed by the ^ CCU. The search ends when (1) and (2) above are satisfied for three consecutive frames with the UN in the nominal position. ' The STU 27 receives information about the frame search as it occurs. RCC messages are not sent to the STU 27 during frame search mode.

When the frame search is completed, the subscriber station CCU 29 enters the monitoring mode. Only the nominal UW location is checked to avoid the possibility of an incorrect UW search. If the UW is not detected as five consecutive frames, then the channel is found to be out of sync and the poor search mode is enabled (this transition should be very unlikely or the system is unsatisfactory). STU 27 is informed of this loss of synchronization. During monitoring mode, RCC messages with the correct checksum and subscriber ID number (SIN) are passed to the STU 27.

The remaining time slots are used to exchange information between the base station and the subscriber stations. The data block consists of 12 bytes. The first eight data bits contain a Link Field, which contains system status information, collision, detection and reservation information.

The purpose of the connection layer protocol is to express erroneous messages on the radio control channel. The connection protocol also resolves disputes in the RCC slot.

The connection field contains the bulk, system busy, collision, broadcast detected, and slot reservation bits. These bits are set by the base station CCU 18 and read by the subscriber station CCU 29.

The base station sets the bulk transmission bit to indicate that the bulk message has been sent. When the subscriber unit receives a time slot with this bit set, it performs normal synchronization and error checking, but does not pass the message further to the corresponding RPU 20 or

STU: lie 27 if the message was received without errors.

* · I

The system busy bit indicates that all voice channels are named and no new call queries should be attempted (at a fixed time).

The collision bit resolves dispute issues involving two or more subscriber stations attempting to transmit in the same control slot.

The Transmission Detected bit indicates that the base weapons have detected a transmission on the return control channel.

The slot reservation bit reserves the next slot on the bone control channel pa10.

The remainder of the data block is used to indicate and exchange information during call set-up and release procedures. The data block is followed by a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for the individual word and time slot 15 data blocks. The CRC is used to indicate errors that occur during the transmission of RCC messages. The CRC algorithm includes dividing the data group by a predetermined bit sequence and transmitting the remainder of this division as part of the data block. The polynomial for developing CRC is in the form:

P (x) = 1 + x⁵ + x¹² + x¹⁶ (Total 1)

If the CRC does not verify the receipt of the received message, the message is not passed from the CCU 18 to the RPU 21 at the base station 25 or from the CCU 29 to the STU 27 at the subscriber station.

When the subscriber station first turns on and enters the line, the subscriber station must obtain system timing and reference tuning from the base station. This acquisition is performed via transmission responses on the radio control channel30 (RCC) and the cleaning is performed on the audio channel. The events leading to the acquisition of the system are as follows:

1. When power is first applied to the subscriber station, the system starts and the subscriber station CCU 29 issues a series of commands to the subscriber station modems 30a, 30b,

30c for demodulators, leading to RCC acquisition.

2. The demodulator of each modem 30a, 30b, 30c is first set to its learning mode. During this time, the modem teaches the digital filters of its receiver the characteristics of its analog reception filters. Analog filters can deteriorate due to time and temperature effects. Each modem automatically sets its digital filter coefficients during learning mode to compensate for these degradations. After the CCU 29 has received the status from the demodulators of the modems 30a, 30b, 30c that the learning10 sequence has been completed, the CCU sets the reception frequency to the assumed RCC frequency. The CCU then commands the modem to acquire the RCC frequency and look for a typical amplitude modulation interval of the RCC, referred to as the AM interval. The AM slot is a period of 16 symbols in which no energy is transmitted from the base station at the beginning of the RCC transmission. All other transmitted slot types contain only eight symbol zero transmissions. The additional eight zero information symbols at the beginning of the slot burst uniquely identify this burst as an RCC.

3. The first function of the demodulators of the modems 30a, 30b, 30c is to perform a coarse frequency acquisition. The received signal is processed in a digital phase locked loop and the subscriber VCXO is set to the base station for the transmission frequency. After the frequency acquisition, the modem starts the AM slot search. The modem searches for a symbol sequence with little or no amplitude. When this sequence is detected for a set of frames, the modem sets the AM radar signal to start the CCU frame timing circuit. If the AM intermediate sequence is not detected, the modem returns

CCU status that the RCC acquisition has failed. The CCU then starts searching for alternative RCC frequencies in the same way.

4. After detecting the AM interval, the demodulators of the modems 30a, 30b, 30c perform a more accurate frequency search and start bit synchronization setting. The first 60 symbols of the RCC control slot are a fixed bit synchronization pattern used by the modem to lock in the base station phase (bit timing). At this point, the RX clock at the subscriber station is useful as a symbol clock.

5. The subscriber station CCU 29 has received a rough symbol timing layout via an AM probe from the modem. After frequency search and bit synchronization, the CCU examines the data received from the modem and searches for a unique RCC word. This unique word gives an absolute symbol number reference to the frame. The CCU then sets its symbol counter according to the readings in this reference. The subscriber station is now unified and locked to the timing of the base station transmission system (both frequency and symbol timing).

6. The remainder of the system scheduling search determines the area delay between the base and subscriber stations. This delay can range from 0 to 1.2 symbol times (in one direction) in the system. During call setup, the subscriber station sends a message to the base station via the RCC.

7. The base station modem 19 is always looking for bursts of new subscribers. These bursts may be delayed by 0-3 symbol time from the beginning of the base station frame host reference. During each time slot, the demodulators of the base station modems 30a, 30b, 30c search for a transmission in the RCC return time slot. All timing and phase information must be derived during the first part (introduction) of the time slot, otherwise the time slot and its information will be lost. There is no second possibility when receiving control slots for incoming traffic. Incoming traffic control slots are received according to the Aloha queuing scheme by the RCC described below following this breakdown of events leading to a system search.

8. During each time slot, the base station modem 19 performs a fast AGC setup and bit timing estimate during the first 60 symbols of the time slot. The clock signals in the receive block are set to compensate for the subscriber station distance delay. The received data is then transmitted to the base station CCU 18. The CCU 18 detects the location of the individual word in the stream and determines the total area delay between the base station and the subscriber station. Modem 19 transmits AGC information to CCU 18 to determine TX power settings for subscriber station 18. Modem 19 also provides connection qualities for fractional time information to CCU 18. The connection quality is used to determine if a collision has occurred. Poor connection quality measurement indicates that the signal was not of good quality, most likely due to the simultaneous transmission of more than one subscriber in the RCC slot. The fractional time estimate is the value calculated by the modem 19 from the fractional area delay between the base station and the subscriber stations.

9. This power and area delay information is processed by the CCU 18 and forwarded to the RPU 20. The RPU 20 formats this information into the RCC format and transmits this information to the subscriber station via the RCC control slot. The subscriber station CCU 18 decodes this information and makes the required settings for the transmission power and area delay counters in both the modem 19 and the CCU 18. The CCU 18 updates its own TX integer symbol frame counter and updates the modem's TX clock fractional delay counters.

10. During call connection to the subscriber station, the base station RPU 20 makes a frequency and time slot reservation for the voice call. This information is transmitted through the RCC and the subscriber station CCU 29 sets the RX frequency and commands the modem to start voice slot detection. AGC, timing, and frequency information is forwarded from the RCC operation to the voice channel operation. This is possible because all frequencies in the system are synchronized to the same frame timing reference at the base station.

11. To set the exact timing of the subscriber station, a specification procedure is applied at the beginning of each voice connection. During the specification phase, the communication over the voice channel is similar to that on the control channel, the modulation level is BPSK and the messages are in RCC format, but the AM slot is not developed at the base station, these new RCC messages are only exchanged between CCUs 18 and 29. The modem 19 is placed in the specification mode at the base station and in the outbound traffic control mode at the subscriber station. During refinement, the subscriber station CCU 29 generates a message that substantially includes a fixed bit pattern with a variable portion indicating acceptance or rejection of a message previously received from the base station. The base station modem 19 transmits the timing and power settings to the CCU 18 for each received time slot. The power settings are sent to the subscriber station continuously. The timing settings and control information 10 indicating the continuation or end of the refinement mode are sent after the calculation period. The base station CCU 18 collects the timing settings from the modem 19 for 30 frames, averages, and sends the settings to the subscriber station CCU 29. Then another frame refinement operation 30 is performed by the base station CCU 18 and the results are again sent to the subscriber station CCU 29. The refinement phase is terminated by the base station CCU 18 and the voice connection is initiated when the variation of the settings received from the modem 19 is within an acceptable range, such as 1% or the refinement period has lasted for a maximum of 20 hours.

During call setup and unloading, subscriber stations communicate with the base station by sending messages through the RCC return slot. The traffic characteristics of subscriber stations attempting to retrieve an RCC can be described as stochastic in nature. When a subscriber station wants to send a message to a base station, some form of control mechanism must pass which subscriber station is allowed to send because multiple subscriber stations could try to send in the same time slot. The age-shifted Aloha diagram so30 is associated with a very large number of subscribers trying to access the RCC channel relatively irregularly.

The time-shifted Aloha scheme allows subscriber stations to send messages in a designated RCC time slot completely independent of whether other subscriber stations are trying to transmit in the same control slot. The natural consequence of this independent operation is that messages from different subscriber stations can be sent at the same time and thus collide. To handle collisions, this diagram requires that a positive acknowledgment (ACK) be sent from the base station after correct receipt of the subscriber station message. If the ACK is not received within the maximum allowable time required for transmission and processing delay in both directions (approximately 1-2 frame times), the subscriber station must retransmit the message. The retransmission may be caused by an error in the reception of the ACK at the subscriber station. In general, subscriber stations cannot determine the cause of the problem. Thus, a random delay is selected by the subscriber station before retransmitting the message to avoid repeated collisions with other senders who may have interfered with the previous collision.

A complication that arises from the Aloha diagram is that the channel can become unstable if the random retransmission delays are not long enough. When this happens, the channel gets stuck in retransmissions and the throughput drops to zero. The weaning technology minimizes this problem by increasing the average random retransmission delay for each subscriber station during successive retransmissions.

The consequences of collision retransmissions and access delay stability control are that the delays are typically geometrically distributed. Thus, in order to avoid large variations in the delay, it is necessary to use the channel with a response of significantly less than 36%.

In particular, an utilization rate of 20% or less makes it unlikely that more than one retransmission will be required due to collisions. Using a random delay, e.g., eight frame times for 45 millisecond frames, the average total delay for one retransmission is then 450 ms (i.e., the average delay includes: the original transmission for one frame delay plus one frame delay for acknowledgment plus an eight frame random delay).

To ensure that the utilization rate does not exceed 20%, it is necessary to monitor the average time T between call inquiries per subscriber, the total number of subscribers N and the frame time F for values ​​less than 36%, the utilization rate is given by the formula NF / T. When F = 45 ms, N = 1,000 subscribers and

T = 30 minutes, then the utilization rate is 1.5%.

Thus, 20% of the maximal utilization rate can be maintained for a thousand subscriber population, each of which make a call on average every half minute after the 10-frame time is 45 ms access delay of approximately 45 msec and requires one retransmission and the average access time is approximately 70-80 ms. The price paid for a significantly lower average delay is an increased delay variation, which at 20% or less utilization15 degrees should often not exceed two retransmission times, i.e. one second.

The use of an Aloha diagram seems to be well suited for a system with a large number of subscribers requiring relatively irregular access to the control channel20 and should allow the design goal of one second smaller verticals to be achieved for the expected population parameters. In contrast, polling and fixed TDMA technologies provide unacceptable delays.

All steps of call processing, including call set-up, call disconnection, and time slot switching, require the exchange of information through the control channel and / or the voice slot control section. The following describes the different steps of call handling with respect to both the subscriber station and the base station concept.

The subscriber identification number (SIN) of the subscriber station and the dialed numbers are two call control items that must be entered in the call inquiry message to the base station in each call made by the subscriber station. For calls from a subscriber station to another subscriber station, the user dials the number into the i · · register in the subscriber station's memory. The user initiates the connection with the subscriber station by pressing the transmission key or allowing the time to expire. Only when the number is fully assigned and stored in the subscriber station is the radio channel used. Thus, the customer can key in at a quiet rate without tying up valuable radio control channel (RCC) bandwidth or time.

The sequence of messages generated by the subscriber stations and the base station to establish a connection between the two subscriber stations is shown in Figure 4. The control channel connection level10 protocol is used to ensure several error states that arise due to channel errors. Further, the messages received by the central station on the return control frequency are automatically verified in the next control interval of the forward control frequency. The following paragraphs provide a brief explanation of the exchange of messages to establish a call between two subscriber stations.

When the base station receives a call inquiry message on the control channel from the subscriber station A, it first checks the received SIN for errors. If the SIN is incorrect, the message is dropped. Without a valid SIN, the base station does not know who sent the message. If the dialed numbers are incorrect or incomplete, the base station sends a clear message on the forward control channel frequency to the requesting subscriber station A together with the status information 25 defining the problem.

If the original attempt is correct and allowed (i.e., the destination unit is not busy), the voice channel is reserved for the source subscriber station A and the base station sends the page in the form of an incoming call message on the forward control frequency to the destination30 subscriber station B. If the destination subscriber station B does not answer the page with a call accepted message after two attempts or returns a busy status message via a clear query message, then the base station sends a clear message to the originating subscriber station A together with the reserved status information (i.e., the destination unit cannot be reached) or that the destination subscriber station is not responding to the page.

If the ^ destination subscriber station B accepts the incoming call, then the call accepted message is sent back to the base station and the voice channel is reserved. When the synchronization of the voice channel is reached, the destination subscriber station B generates an audible call which is heard by the destination subscriber station B and also generates a callback tone via the voice channel to the source subscriber station A.

When the destination subscriber station B disconnects from the connection, the voice slot control section changes from the synchronization call expression to the synchronization call indication, and call development messages are generated for the voice channel through the base station between the subscriber stations. The destination subscriber station B terminates the audible call and interrupts the callback tone from the voice channel at this point. The circuit is now ready and voice / data exchange can begin.

Placing a call on an external telephone is performed in the same way as calling another subscriber station. The subscriber station only dials the desired numbers and presses the send key or waits for the time to expire. This develops a radio interrogation message for the base station. The base station decides whether to retrieve another subscriber station or connect to an external long distance line. In this case, an external long distance is connected and the dialed numbers are pulsed out to the long distance. As the numbers are pulsed out, an audio frequency is allocated to the originating subscriber station. When a subscriber station receives a subscriber connection message, it changes frequency and synchronizes itself to the designated voice channel. When the audio channel is complete, the subscriber station's headset is disconnected from the local silence and connected to an external long distance line. From this point on, the destination call center generates all the call propagation tones.

An incoming external call connects the long distance to the base station. The source telephone exchange transmits 2-5 digits identifying the unique numbers of the destination subscriber station SIN to the base station via a direct dial telephone (DID).

If the selected ^ subscriber station is not busy, the basic weapons send a paging message via RCC to the appropriate subscriber station. Three possible situations can arise. First, the subscriber station accepts the incoming call and processing proceeds, as explained below. Secondly, there is no answer. In this case, the base station attempts the retrieval process twice. If the base station performs retrievals without a response from the subscriber station, then a callback tone is generated at the source unit. The third mode is the result of 10 subscriber stations dialing a number (i.e., the handset is picked up) and returning a clear query message on the control channel. In this case, the reserved voice is returned to the originating subscriber station.

In the case of a successful paging query, the voice channel is reserved, an external call is generated to the telephone set of the destination subscriber station while an audible callback tone is generated for the calling party from the subscriber station. When the destination subscriber station answers the call (i.e., the base station detects a handset pick-up), the external call and the callback message are both deleted. At this point, the audio channel is ready for discussion.

Normal call termination is initiated when the subscriber drops the handset. The base station detects that the headset is lowered via the audio channel control section. The channel is not allowed to be reused until the base station sees the subscriber station that has lost synchronization with that channel. If the interrupted call is to another subscriber station, an indication that the handset is dropped is sent to the other subscriber station in the voice channel control section. The subscriber stations re-synchronize themselves to the RCC transmissions and send clear interrogation messages to the base station.

The call also ends five seconds after the base station has disconnected from the radio subscriber station.

The audio connection may be lost due to fading or channel interference at the destination receiver. The following states are checked, at the subscriber stations and at the base station, to determine if there are connection problems: The connection quality value returned from the subscriber or base station receiver is below a predetermined threshold for consecutive receipts, word sync loss is expressed for multiple consecutive transmissions.

Messages from the base station are sent to all operating subscriber stations. These messages are sent from the base station via the radio control channel. The purpose of the transmission message is to make all operating subscriber stations aware of changes in system operation (ie a change in RCC frequency or a command for modems to enter self-test mode, etc.). These messages are not acknowledged from subscriber stations.

Remote Control Processor Unit (RPU)

The RPU acts as a control computer in the base station architecture, it is connected to the CCU 18, which are connected to the radio equipment and the PBX 15, as shown in Figure 2.

The RPU 20 coordinates the necessary actions to handle the radio call. The RPU 20 exchanges messages with the subscriber stations, PBX 15 and CCUs 15 to establish and disconnect. Call handling functions include reserving and releasing radio channels. The RPU 20 also maintains a database that reflects the current state of the system, the database containing information about the state of the hardware, subscriber stations, connections, and radio channels in the system.

Call origination begins when the RPU receives a message either from a PBX call processor 24 for a call received from an external line or from a subscriber for a call to an external telephone or another subscriber. Communication from the subscriber takes place on a radio control channel (RCC) via the base station CCU 18. The RPU 20 reserves a voice channel and exchanges messages with the subscriber station, PBX, and CCU ^ 18 to establish a connection.

The disconnection begins with a message received from the PBX 15 or the subscriber indicating that the handset has been dropped from the CCU 18 indicating that synchronization 5 has been lost on the radio control channel. The RPU informs the CCU 18 and the PBX 15 of the disconnection and the RCC is released.

The RPU software performs the following functions:

1. Handles subscriber, CCU, and PBX messages that control call set-up, call termination, and channel allocation;

2. Launches and maintains a read / write system database;

3. Maintains a system control terminal that allows system queries and manual system control;

4. Handles BCC interfaces by maintaining a baseband control channel connection protocol over a 9,600-byte asynchronous serial interface;

5. Handles the PBX connection by maintaining the PBX message protocol; and

6. Maintains an activity logic that generates diagnostic and rough billing data.

The RPU software maintains one serial interface to the PBX call processor 24. It also maintains serial interfaces to each CCU in the base station structure 18.

The RPU hardware includes a general purpose computer based on the Motorola Model 68000. This machine is equipped with one megabyte of random access memory (RAM) and 10 megabytes of uninterrupted hard disk memory. The I / O consists of a system control terminal and a unit that maintains eight asynchronous serial data interfaces.

As shown in Figure 5, the RPU software package simulates a system that includes a timing module

40, a BCC interface module (s) 41a, 41b ... 41n, a PBX35 interface module 42, a control terminal module 43, a data acquisition 104676 module 44, a message processing module (MPM) 45, and a data module 46.

All modules, with the exception of the database module, are started from the scheduling module 40. The modules are connected to each other via a mailbox system. The database module 46 is based on a collection of subroutines for obtaining information into the database.

The timing module 40 generates a trunk code for the RPU software. It is responsible for the timing and activation of all other modules W. It is also responsible for maintaining event timers and mailboxes that allow communication within and between processes.

The BCC interface modules 41a, ... 41n maintain an asynchronous serial interface and a connection layer protocol. They 15 also monitor the state of communication with the CCUs 18.

The PBX interface module 42 maintains an asynchronous serial interface to the PBX call processor 24.

The control terminal module 43 provides a system user interface that allows system status queries and 20 changes and messaging between the RPU 20 and the rest of the system.

The data acquisition module 44 generates coarse operational information for diagnostic and system analysis purposes.

The message processing module processes all received RCC, BCC and PBX messages. It performs all the space and calls set up and disconnected that the PBX 15 does not make and reserves the radio channels. It also includes a background task that monitors the 18 states of the CCUs.

The database module 46 provides a rigid interface to all data structures required for call processing. It includes a frequency allocation task that names radio channels.

The RPU database contains a structure that describes the system structure, including information about all subscribers and the status of all radio channels. These structures are described as follows:

The RPU database contains a baseband control channel data structure for each CCU 18 in the system.

The subscriber identification table (SIN table) contains a selected list of all valid subscribers. The list has been selected to allow subscriber approval. The SIN table has one input for each subscriber in the system.

The RPU software performs part of the subscriber unit's call processing. This processing is performed in the message processing module. Call processing is implemented by message exchanges between the MPM 45, the PBX module 42 and all BCC modules 41.

Initiating a call from a subscriber station

This section briefly explains the normal call setup procedure for a call initiated by a subscriber. The subscriber (source subscriber) picks up the handset, dials a valid telephone number (destination telephone number) 20 and presses the send button or waits for the time to expire. The home mode and station sends a call request message via the control channel to the base station. The BCC modules 41 of the RPU receive the radio interrogation message and transmit it to the MPM 45. The MPM 45 accepts a simple dialed number and sends a radio interrogation message to the PBX module 42, which forwards the message to the PBX control processor 24. The PBX call processor 24 accepts the selected numbers and returns a local call message to the RPU 20. The MPM 45 designates a voice slot forwarding subscriber -to the station. The MPM 45 generates a handover 30 command for the CCU 18, which includes a voice time slot assigned to the originating subscriber station. The MPM 45 generates a call switching command for the originating subscriber station, which command names the audio frequency and time slot for the originating subscriber station. The MPM 45 generates a reservation message for the PBX call processor 24, which instructs the PBX call processor 24 to reserve the message channel. At this point, the home subscriber station is fully turned on. It is now waiting to connect to the destination via the PBX switching matrix 25. The destination can be either another subscriber station or a telephone to which it must be connected via the telephone company's long distance 14, this is irrelevant.

Receiving a call at a subscriber station

This section briefly discusses how to handle an incoming call to a subscriber station. The PBX call processor 24 determines that the call is routed to the subscriber station. The PBX call processor 24 generates an incoming call / message. This message contains information about the nature of the incoming call, in particular whether the call is coming from an external long distance line 14 or from another subscriber station. The RPU PBX modules 42 receive the PBX message from the PBX call processor 24 and forward it to the MPM 45. If the call comes from another subscriber station, the MPM 45 sets an index from both the subscriber and destination subscriber stations to the subscriber and commands the associated CCUs 18 to enter the internal state. The MPM 45 generates a paging message for the subscriber station defined in the incoming call call20 sa. The correct subscriber station responds with a call accepted message. The MPM 45 responds to the call accepted message by generating a handover message to the appropriate CCU 18 and a call switching message to the appropriate subscriber station. The MPM 45 then generates a reservation message for the PBX call processor 24, which causes the PBX switch 25 matrix 25 to make the final connection for the incoming call.

Drop correction

This section briefly discusses the RPU 20's response to channel fading while a conversation is in progress. The CCU 18, which processes the audio channel that fades, sees the channel lose sync. CCU 18 generates a non-synchronization event message. The BCC module 41 receives the event message and forwards it to the MPM 45. The MPM 45 sends a call disconnection message to the PBX call processor 24 and puts the subscriber into sleep mode and the channel in the resolved state.

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Processing of an incoming BCC message

The BCC message is transmitted over a 9,600 baud asynchronous interface from the CCU to the 18 RPU 20. The BCC module 41, which handles this particular CCU interface, reads the message si5 and checks the connection level information bit to ensure the integrity of the incoming message. If the BCC module 41 determines that the message is acceptable, the appropriate acknowledgment is returned to the sending CCU 18. Otherwise, the attempt or negative acknowledgment is returned. The BCC-mo10 dule 41 now sends a message to the MPM 45. This message is placed in a message handling mailbox 48 which uses mailboxes generated by the timing module. (See Figure 6.)

If there is no more input from the CCU 18 and the BCC Mailbox 49 containing the outgoing messages to the CCUs is empty, the BCC module 41 closes and control is transferred to the timing module 40.

The timing module 40 activates the next module in the rotation sequence and this module operates until it closes. The timing module then activates another, etc. At some later point, the timing module activates the MPM 45.

The MPM 45 then reads the BCC message along with any other messages that have queued it in its mailbox 48. The BCC message is identified and processed. Such processing may include changes to the database and the development of new messages. Figure 6 shows the data path of the incoming message.

Outbound BCC message development

Figure 6 also shows the data converter of the outgoing BCC message. The outgoing BCC message is generated by the MPM 45 depending on a particular event. The message is constructed in the MPM 45 and is forwarded to the BCC module 41, which processes the target CCU 18. After this message and other possibly necessary messages have been sent, and if there are no more messages, in the MPM mailbox 48 ,

The MPM closes and control returns to the timing module.

The BCC module reads the message from its mailbox 49 and adds the appropriate connection level bits to the outgoing message. It then sends the message out of the serial data port to the CCU 18.

Processing of RCC messages

An incoming RCC message is treated in exactly the same way as an incoming BCC message because the RCC message is a type of BCC message. An outgoing RCC message is also created and sent in the same way as an outgoing BCC message.

Incoming PBX message processing

The PBX message is received from the PBX call processor 24.

This message passes through an asynchronous interface of 9,600 baud to the RPU 20. Referring to Figure 7, the PBX module 42 of the RPU reads the PBX message and sends it to the MPM mailbox size 15. When there are no more incoming characters and the PBX mailbox 50, containing the outgoing PBX message is empty, the RPU PBX module 42 closes and control is transferred back to the scheduling module 40.

The MPM 45 reads the PBX message together with any other messages that have queued it in its mailbox 48. The PBX message is processed based on the type of message and the prevailing state of the subscriber defined in the message. Processing may include changes to the database, changes to the subscriber's status, and the development of new messages. Figure 7 shows the data path of the incoming PBX message.

Outbound PBX message development

Referring again to Figure 7, the outgoing PBX message is generated by the MPM 45 depending on the event. The message is constructed in MPMz 45 and mailed to the PBX module

42. After this message and any other messages that may be required are sent, and if there are no more messages in the MPM letter box, the MPM 45 closes and control returns to the timing module 40.

The timing module 40 continues to activate the other modules in the rotation sequence until the PBU PBX module 42 of the RPU is activated.

The PBU PBX module 42 reads the PBX message from its mailbox 50 and then forwards the message out of the serial data port to the PBX call processor 24.

Development of data collection messages

At the relevant points in each module in the RPU software package, a message containing the appropriate information is mailed to the data acquisition module 44. This information is time compressed and entered into a file. Figure 8 shows data collection routes.

Input / output module control terminal

Input block 43 of the control terminal module forms the command sequence and identification together with the commands accepted. Accepted control terminal commands have the ability to query and update the RPU database and send messages to the RPU modules. The output resulting from the control terminal display commands is transferred directly to the control terminal port.

timing module

The timing module 40 is considered to be a special system module and is responsible for the timing of all RPU modules. The main responsibilities of the scheduling module 40 are to select the next module to be performed and to establish communication within and between the modules.

While all the different RPU modules can be considered as separate modules, in reality all the modules are one application process of the Regulus operating system. The timing module 40 performs rotational scheduling of other RPU modules. The timing module 40 manages the stack memory of each virtual RPU module by allocating a fixed portion of the stack memory space to each virtual module at startup. Then, just before it is the turn of each module to run, the stack memory pointer is changed by the timing module 40 to point to the appropriate stack memory address for the correct module. The memory map of the RPU 20 is shown in Figure 9.

Each RPU runs until it closes. When a module closes, it returns control back to a timer that allows another module to take turns and run. There are several ways to close a module: by calling GETEVENT (), which forces the module to close until a certain event is in effect, or by calling WAIT (), which closes for a certain number of seconds, or by calling BLOCK (), which closes the rotation scheduling loop for one round.

Another main task performed by the timing module 40 is communication between the modules. Mailboxes 10 are used as a means of sending or receiving messages from other modules. Each module can check the mail in its mailbox using the MAILREAD () call. Similarly, a module can send mail to another module using the MAILSEND () call. The scheduling module includes a separate mailbox for each module in the scheduling loop. When one module sends a message to another module, the message is copied to the destination mailbox. Later, when it is the object's turn to run, the timing module checks its mailbox to determine if there is a message in the mailbox. If so, the timing module develops an event of type MAIL, which forces the module to shut down if it is closed, with the call GETEVENT (), and thus it is time to run.

The scheduling module also maintains a list of events for each module in the scheduling loop. Events can consist of mail or scheduling events. Mail transactions are generated whenever the scheduling module determines that messages are valid for the currently running module. The module can place a timing event in the timing list30 by calling PUTEVENTQ along with the number of seconds to wait before the event needs to be developed. The timing module 40 checks the event list of the module with each round through the rotation scheduling loop, looking for timing attenuations. When a timing expiration35 is indicated, the appropriate module is taken into a run and the event is returned to the module via a GETEVENT () call.

The scheduling module 40 includes routines used to initiate RS-232 interfaces between the CCU 18 and the RPU 20 between the PBX 15 and the RPU 20. These routines, which take absolute software control from the RS-232 interfaces, turn off the normal processing of control sequences with the Regulus operating system. Other routines are used to smooth I / O buffers and to read and write terminal input and output. The timing module 40 also monitors the system time for all RPUs.

BCC interface module

Each BCC module 42 provides an interface between the CCU 18 and other software modules in the RPU 20. The messages exchanged between the CCU 18 and the RPU 20 consist of binary data of varying lengths transmitted over an asynchronous communication link 15. The BCC module 41 is required to establish message integrity over a communication link that includes error detection, message sequencing, and message acceptors.

The hardware interface between the CCU 18 and the RPU 20 consists of a 9,600 baud RS-232 asynchronous interface. The inputs to this module 41 contain messages received from the CCU or other RPU software modules. Messages from this module are fed either to the CCU via the RS-232 interface or to other RPU software25 modules via a suitable mailbox.

The purpose of this module 41 is to handle message traffic between the RPU 20 and the CCU 18. This module 41 continuously checks the messages received from the CCU 18 and directs them to the correct RPU software module.

Similarly, this module constantly checks messages from other RPU software modules assigned to the CCU

18. The alternating bit protocol is used to limit outgoing messages (i.e., unacknowledged) to one in both directions. The sequence and gain bits serve as the necessary flow control to implement this function. The protocol is described in more detail in the following sections.

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In the following explanation, one entity that can process messages is named us or us and another is named they or them. The protocol can be explained by indicating the operations performed when the sa5 message is received. There are only four basic functions that depend on two conditions. These conditions are determined by comparing the sequence and acknowledgment bits to the expected hits in the received message.

In an received message, the ACK bit is expected if it is the same as the SEQ bit of the last message you sent. Similarly, a SEQ bit is expected if it differs from the SEQ bit of the last received message. In other words, the expected conditions are that the incoming message accepts our most recent message and we also accept each newcomer as one message.

The actions when a message is received are now combined into four combinations of the above conditions:

1. ACK is expected, SEQ is expected. The last message we sent20 will be marked as accepted (allowing us to send a new message). The incoming message is being processed (we will accept it in the next message we send).

2. ACK is expected, SEQ is not expected. We mark the last message we sent as approved (allowing us to send a new message). We reject the received message (we do not accept it).

3. ACK is not expected, SEQ is expected. If we have sent a message that has not yet been approved, we will resend it. If we do not have such a message, then something has gone wrong with the item and we should return it, as described below. Processing the received message.

4. ACK is not expected, SEQ is not expected. Our latest message has not arrived. Please resubmit. Discard the received message.

The return bit is used to return the SEQ and ACK bits. When we receive a message with the return bit on, it should be accepted as a new message regardless of its SEQ bit and should be acknowledged. Further, the ACK bit5 ti in the received message reflects the SEQ bit of the last message they received from us. We should process this bit before sending the next message. As an example, if we receive a message with an ACK / SEQ number of 4 (return = 1, ACK = 0, SEQ = 0), then

The ACK / SEQ number in the response should be 1 (return =

0, ACK = 0, SEQ = 1). Either side can recover when it thinks the protocol has dropped out of pace.

When we receive a message from them and a new message is not valid or a standard response does not appear soon, we confirm the message by sending a special ACK message. The ACK bit acknowledges the received message, but the SEQ bit does not change from the last message we sent. This causes them to process the confirmation and ignore the incoming message. The content of this message is a zero message.

However, since this message is ignored in any case, the content of this message should be irrelevant.

PBX interface module

The PBX module 42 connects the UTX-250 PBX25 to the call processor 24 and the other software modules of the RPU 20. Messages exchanged between two machines must consist of ASCII character-oriented message exchange. The ASCII character is defined herein to be 7- or 8-bit ASCII. Both the PBX call processor 24 and the RPU

20 must be able to accept characters with even, odd, or no parity at all. The text of the messages consists of strings of varying lengths or printable characters.

Hardware interface to PBX call processor 24 and

The RPU 20 consists of 9,600 baud RS-232 asynchronous interfaces.

The inputs to the PBX module 42 include messages received from the PBX call processor 24 or other software modules of the RPU. Messages from this module are sent either to the PBX call processor 24 or to other software modules of the RPU 5 via a suitable mailbox.

The purpose of the PBX module 42 is to handle message traffic between the RPU 20 and the PBX call processor 24. This module continuously checks the messages received from the PBX call processor 24 and directs them to the correct RPU software module 10. Likewise, this module continuously checks messages from other RPU software modules assigned to the PBX call processor 24.

Each character received from the PBX call processor 24 is checked for a match greater than 15 for a&gt; signal indicating the beginning of a message or a carriage return signal indicating an end of a message. This module is capable of handling full-duplex messaging.

The console module

The control terminal module 43 is an operator window to the current state of the RPU. The control terminal makes it possible to display information regarding the current status of the subscribers and radio channels, change the connection and channel states and send messages to the PBX;

The control terminal module 43 forms an interface to the base station operator terminal. The control terminal module 43 processes the input from the terminal and executes the command. Data 30 is retrieved from and written to the database, screens are entered into the terminal box, and messages are sent to other modules. The interfaces for this module include:

(1) Characters are entered using the operator keypad.

(2) Characters are printed on the operator screen.

(3) Data is retrieved from and written to the database.

(4) ^ messages are sent to PBX, BCC and message processing modules.

A group of parsing routines enters characters from the operator keyboard. The data entry prompt is displayed at the beginning of each command line, the data is buffered, the editing characters are processed, the entry is repeated on the screen, and the data is separated into characters. By equipping the parser with a group of data structures that describe all possible commands and valid characters in each command, the parser performs identification of the input data, responds to question marks, and displays control words for data entry. Each character is checked for the expected type of data, the keywords are matched to the list of acceptable entries, and the numbers are converted to integers. When the command line entry is completed, additional acknowledgments are performed, the numbers are checked to be within range, and for some commands, the system status is checked before the command is executed.

The commands fall into three categories: (1) commands that display information about the database, (2) commands that change the database, and (3) commands that send messages. Information can be displayed in subscriber, connection, CCU and channel mode. All display commands require retrieving information from the database and formatting the data entry into the operator's display. Modification commands include the ability to force a subscriber connection to a particular channel and the ability to allow and block channels. Modification commands are used to test the frequency allocation algorithm. All modification commands write to the database.

PBX, BCC, and RCC messages can be sent from the control terminal module 43 to several other modules in the system. The SENDMSG commands provide the operator with all the information needed for the message, the message is formatted and passed on to the detected module.

PBX messages are sent to the RPU's PBX module 42, which sends the message out to the PBX call processor 42. The BCC and

RCC messages can be sent from the RPU 20 to the CCUs 18 via the BCC modules 41, which add connection level protocol bits to the outgoing messages. The input from the CCU 18 is simulated and the messages, including both BCC and RCC messages, are transmitted to the MPM 46.

Data Collection module

The data collection module 44 is responsible for collecting RPU events or messages. The data acquisition module 44 maintains the following three disk files: an event log with information similar to the billing information, an error log consisting of error messages, and a message log consisting of system warning messages.

The data acquisition module 44 consists of a group of subroutines called other RPUs. Each subroutine is responsible for compressing the message and writing the message to the correct disk file. Each subroutine has a global flag that determines whether or not a message should be collected. Global flags are set and reset using control terminal commands.

Message Processing Module (MPM)

The MPM 45 performs high level call handling functions between the PBX 15 and the subscriber stations. It is responsible for call handling functions, such as initiating paging, reserving voice channels, and controlling call progress tones to both the subscriber's telephone and an external telephone. The MPM 45 also processes the status messages it receives from the CCU 18. For example, channel status information consisting of connection quality or subscriber status is processed by the MPM 45.

The MPM 45 is organized into a state machine with PBX and

BCC messages are characters to a state machine that processes messages. The MPM 45 processes the characters by updating the database, outputting the necessary responses, and then moving on to the next state.

The MPM 45 uses the system mailboxes maintained by the scheduling module 40 to receive 104676 messages from other RPUs and to send messages to them. The MPM 45 also uses subroutines in the database module to retrieve or update the status information in the database.

As previously explained, the MPM 45 is organized into a state machine. Characters that force the execution of a concept consist of messages or the end of time. The MPM 45 determines the type of character (i.e., timer, RCC message, PBX message, etc.) and the subscriber station or channel already affected by the character. The MPM 45 processes the character by developing appropriate message responses and moving on to the next state.

MPM 45 actually consists of two-state tables. The RCC state machine shown in Figure 10 is used to process messages from the PBX call processor or RCC messages from the subscriber station. The channel state machine shown in Figure 11 is used to process messages received from the CCU 18.

Initially, all subscribers are in RCC sleep mode and all channels are in channel sleep mode, indicating that no connections have been established or are in progress.

The status changes for a typical outside call to a subscriber are as follows. An external call message is received from the PBX call processor 24, 25, which message includes the telephone number of the call subscriber station. The paging message is sent to the subscriber station and the status of the subscriber station is set to search. When a call accepted message is received from a subscriber station, the status of the subscriber station is set to active. At this point, the channel 30 is named and the PBX call processor 24, CCU 18 and subscriber station are informed of the channel naming. The channel is placed in the ring-sync-standby mode (Figure 11). When the CCU 18 indicates that synchronization has been reached, the channel is set to the synchronization ring mode. Finally, when the CCU 18 indicates 35 that the subscriber has picked up the handset, the channel is set to the pacing handset raised. The pacing headset raised mode indicates that an audio connection is established.

A call from a subscriber to a subscriber begins with the receipt of a call request message from the originating subscriber station. The originating subscriber station is located in the dial-up mode and a radio interrogation message is sent to the PBX call processor 24. The PBX call processor 24 then returns a local call message to the originating subscriber station and an incoming call message to the destination subscriber station. Depending on the local call message, the channel is allocated, the PBX call processor 24, the CCU 18 and the originating subscriber station are informed of the designation. The channel status of the source subscriber is set to the handset raised to the synchronization wait mode until the channel is synchronized. When the base station CCU 18 detects a transmission from the originating subscriber, it generates a synchronization15 handset raised channel event message. The RPU 20 processes the channel event message by changing the channel state of the synchronization headset to raised. An incoming call message for a destination subscriber station is treated in the same manner as an external call message, as described above. Therefore, the channels associated with the connection are set to the internal state as long as both subscribers are in sync.

Disconnection begins when one of the parties to the connection hangs up. When the external telephone is dropped, the handset count fox message is received by the MPM 45 from the PBX call processor 24. When the subscriber drops the handset, the CCU 18 sends a message indicating that the subscriber station has dropped the handset. In both cases, the other party is notified of the disconnection, the channel is placed in the disconnected state, and the subscriber station is placed in the disconnect state. When the CCU 18 indicates that synchronization has been lost, the channel and the subscriber station are placed back to sleep.

background Tasks

MPM 45 uses a background task routine. The background task is initially associated with the CCUs 18 after a cold or warm restart. Also, once the system is operational, the background task monitors the CCUs 18 to keep the database valid and the RCC named.

BCC messages generated by both CCUs 18 and BCCs 41 are received from BCCs 41. Messages are sent to CCUs 18 via BCCs 41.

Data is written to and retrieved from the database. Initially, all CCUs 18 send baseband sely messages so that the RPU 20 can determine the current state of the system. All information received from the baseband event or response messages is stored in the RPU database. When the RPU 20 receives a baseband event message indicating that the CCU 18 is ready and not reset (i.e., the CCU 18 has not just turned on), the frequency assigned to the CCU 20 is marked and allocated. The CCU 18 must then send channel query messages to update the database to the current state of the system. The start of the CCU is completed when each CCU 18 has either responded to all valid query messages or it has been determined that the CCU 18 is down. At this point, a frequency is assigned to each CCU 18 that indicated it was ready and reset (i.e., the CCU has just been turned on). If the control channel is not named CCU 18, then the RPU 20 attempts to name the control channel. The first choice is to name the control channel to the CCU 18 from the first frequency, as this is the place where the subscriber first searches for the RCC. The next choice is any CCU 18 where time slot zero is not in use and the last choice is CCU 18 with a connection time slot zero. If all functional

CCUz 18 already has a connection in time slot zero, so one of the connections in time slot zero is terminated and a control channel is assigned to this time slot.

Once the RPU 20 has been connected to all CCUs

18 with, the state 18 of the CCUs is monitored from the CCUs 18 or

Via status messages received from the BCC modules 41.

• ·

The BCC modules ^ 41 continuously monitor the connection path to each CCU 18. The CCU 18 is considered to be inoperative when a baseband event message is received indicating that the CCU 18 is not ready. At this time, the CCU 18 is marked as incomplete in the database. Further, all connections are disconnected, all channels are reset to the default state, and the frequency allocated to CCU 18 is released. If the CCU 18 included a control channel, then the new control channel is named.

When a baseband event message is received indicating that the CCU 13 is ready and returned, a frequency is assigned to the CCU 18. If the control channel is no longer assigned to the CCU 18, then the time slot zero of the returned CCU is designated by the control channel.

If a baseband event message is received indicating that the CCU 18 has lost communication with the RPU, then channel query messages (i.e., one for each of the four channels) are sent to the CCU 18 to update the RPU database with the current state of each CCU channel. When a response is received to each channel request message20, the current channel status and connection information is updated in the database. If the channel is in sync standby mode, then it is assumed that the subscriber is no longer connected to the connection and the connection is disconnected.

Initially, CCUs 18 are queried from RPUs 20 for their initial states. The CCUs 18 also send event messages whenever power is applied to them or they change state. The message exchange keeps the RPU database up to date with the current state of the system.

database module

The database module 46 includes database interface routines necessary for accessing the database. They form a compressed single-wire interface to a database for any module that requires access to the information in it. The set of main routines tar35 is irrigated together with the SIN table and the BCC table.

Access to all fields in these tables is established by access routines.

The database module is also responsible for starting the database at startup. All significant fields are given the appropriate initial values ​​at the beginning of the database module.

The database module also provides:

(1) Routines to support the start of TUT;

(2) For subscriber searches of the binary search routine in the SIN table;

(3) Routines and tables to support frequency CCU enumeration;

(4) Diagnostic display information control; and (5) Frequency grouping.

Database module 46 is a collection of routines that allow controlled access to the database for other modules. By channelizing all accesses through database routines, the database is essentially hidden from external modules. This allows the database to be modified without requiring modifications to any other modules. When the database changes, only the interface routine to the changed part of the database needs to be changed.

Booking Frequency Assignment

The frequency allocation task performed by the RPU 20 selects the appropriate frequency and time slot for the subscriber station that requires the voice channel. The selection algorithm takes into account the type of call (i.e., internal or external) and the modulation level (i.e., 16-level or 4-level). Although the frequency allocation function is functionally independent of the database module 46, it is closely linked to the data structures in the database. Due to this fact, this function is described separately from the database module, although it is technically routine from the database module 46.

The MPM uses a frequency allocation task during call setup. It makes extensive use of data structures in the database module.

All frequency reservation queries fall into one of two categories. The first is the external source category and the second is the internal destination category. The Internal Destination category covers the incoming part of the internal call (i.e.

item). The external source category covers all other cases that involve external calls, whether they are incoming or outgoing or from an internal call.

The input to the frequency allocation task consists of an index10 in the SIN table of the subscriber station requiring the channel and an index in the SIN table of the underlying subscriber station. The index of the originating subscriber station is valid only when the channel is set up for an internal destination call. All other times, the index of the underlying subscriber is a predefined invalid index named DB NULL. These indexes provide access to all the information required to allocate a suitable channel (i.e., to allocate frequency and time slot).

The frequency allocation routine returns a TRUE value if the dra20 frequency interval combination is successfully allocated. Otherwise, it returns FALSE. The selected frequency and time slot, if reserved, are entered in the SIN table for the subscriber station that requires frequency naming.

Each frequency is divided into four TDM time slots. The RPU 25 database maintains a reading of how many time slots are available at each location. When the reservation requirement falls into the external source category, the time slot is selected from the time slot portion with the largest number of seats. Once a slot location is selected, the first frequency on which this time slot 30 is available is selected. In fact, it does not indicate which time interval is selected when the query falls into this category. However, this technique tends to spread the system load evenly over all time slots and, more importantly, it increases the probability of optimal time slot allocation for both parties to the internal call. This is because system timing calculations have shown that the optimal slot assignment from subscriber to subscriber for calls is when the base station transmission time slot for each subscriber is in the same slot on different frequencies. Assigned by the subscriber to the subscriber to the origin of the call the easiest 5 min reachable slot location, then the probability is higher than if the time comes the destination subscriber station is able to reserve this same slot location on another frequency. For example, if location # 2 is the most easily accessible location, then it will be selected. When the destination 10 wide station reservation request is processed, it is most likely that a second time slot at location # 2 is available for selection, thus allowing the optimal time slot slot designation to be performed.

When a reservation query falls into the internal destination category, the time slot to be named is selected from the selection table. The selection table contains lists arranged from the most desirable to the most undesirable time slot location naming for the destination subscriber. This order is based on the slot naming of the starting subscriber. To this point, no modulation base has been mentioned. This is because the basic reservation rules do not change for the 4-stage and 16-stage slot selection, with one equally important exception. This is that only time slot zero or time slot two can be reserved for a 4-phase type connection. Due to this exception and the fact that two subscribers could be assigned to different modulation types, a total of four individual selection tables are required to cover all possible call combinations. They are as follows:

• I

Table 6

<td>current time interval</td><td>1st choice</td><td>Option 2</td><td>Option 3</td><td>Option 4</td>

<td>time interval 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 2</td>

<td>interval 1</td><td> 1</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td>

<td>interval 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td><td> 3</td><td> 0</td>

<td>interval 3</td><td> 3</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td><td> 1</td>

<td>value -&gt;</td><td> (1)</td><td>(2a)</td><td>(2b)</td><td> (3)</td>

Recommended time slot selection table for a 16-phase (destination) 16-phase (home) intercom.

Note that each column in each table has an associated value. This value indicates the desirability of a particular time interval. The most desirable time slots have a value of 1 and the less desirable time slots have values ​​of 2, 3, etc. If two or more columns in the selection table have equal desirability, then they have the same value number followed by a letter. For example, if the three columns have values ​​2a, 2b, and 2c, respectively, all three columns have equal preferences and their order (a, b, c) is arbitrary.

Table 7

The starting point

<td>current time interval</td><td>1st choice</td><td>Option 2</td><td>Option 3</td><td>Option 4</td>

<td>time interval 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td>

<td>interval 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 3</td><td> 0</td><td> 1</td>

<td>value · -&gt;</td><td>(la)</td><td>db)</td><td>(2a)</td><td>(2b)</td>

Recommended interval selection table for a 16-phase (destination) 4-phase (home) intercom call.

Table 3

The starting point

<td>current</td><td>1st</td><td>2nd</td>

<td>intermediate</td><td>Linta</td><td>Linta</td>

<td>time interval 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td>

<td>interval 1</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td>

<td>interval 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 0</td>

<td>interval 3</td><td> 2</td><td> 0</td>

<td>value -&gt;</td><td> (1)</td><td> (2)</td>

Recommended interval selection table for 4-phase (destination) 16-phase (starting) intercom

Table 9

<td colspan="2">current time interval</td><td>1st choice</td><td>Option 2</td>

<td>interval</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 2</td>

<td>interval</td><td> 2</td><td> 2</td><td> 0</td>

<td>value</td><td> — &gt;</td><td> (1)</td><td> (2)</td>

Recommended interval selection table for 4-phase (destination) 4-phase (starting) intercom

The frequency assignment function has two inputs. These inputs provide access to the crucial information required for proper frequency and time slot selection.

The first input is an index to the SIN table for the subscriber station that requires the channel. With this index, the frequency assignment can determine the default modulation type of the demanding subscriber. It also tells the routine into which the results of its selection algorithm are input (i.e., frequency and time slot numbers).

The second input of the frequency assignment task indicates the category of the frequency slot query. The value of the second input is either an index to the SIN table or is a previously specified invalid value DB NULL. If a valid index is received, the frequency reservation query is identified from the subscriber to the subscriber as the destination of the call and the selection tables should be used. If DB NULL is received, the query is considered to fall into the external source category and the most available slot location algorithm is used.

The frequency allocation task returns TRUE if the frequency slot combination is successfully allocated, otherwise it returns FALSE. It also provides one desirable side effect. If the reservation is successful, the basic10 band index and time slot fields of the SIN table are filled in for the requesting subscriber.

The frequency allocation algorithm can be divided into two steps. The first step, called the classification step, determines the category of the reservation query. The second step, called the selection step, finds and allocates the frequency slot combination using an appropriate algorithm defined by the reservation query category.

The classification step first determines whether to perform automatic frequency selection. If the requesting subscriber is set to manual mode, the specified manual modulation level, manual frequency, and manual time slot values ​​determine the frequency-slot modulation that must be allocated. If the specified frequency interval is available, they are assigned to the requesting subscriber. If the specified 25 frequency interval is not available, the routine exits, returning the FALSE value. If the requesting subscriber is set to automatic mode, no additional classification is required.

After determining that automatic selection should occur, the frequency allocation algorithm determines 30 query categories. These query categories are as follows: externally applies when the destination subscriber station is called from an external telephone, externally applies when the originating subscriber station calls an external telephone, externally applies when the originating subscriber station kut35 calls another subscriber station, from the inside applies when the destination subscriber station is called from another subscriber station.

If the query is from outside to inside, from outside to outside, or from inside to outside, the slot location is selected by searching for the most available location. Once a location is selected, all frequencies are examined sequentially until a free slot (or an adjacent slot pair in the case of a 4-phase query) is found at the desired location. At this point, the routine enters the appropriate values ​​in the SIN table and exits, returning the value TRUE. If the query falls into the last category (from inside to inside), additional information is required.

When an inside-in type query is made, two additional bits of information are required. The naming of the originating subscriber slot and the modulation type (4-phase or 16-phase) must be distinguished. Once this is done, the appropriate selection table is determined based on the modulation type of the source subscriber and the destination subscriber. After the table is selected, the initial subscriber time slot naming is used to determine the appropriate row of the selection table to use. Each successive element of the selected row contains the naming of an equally desirable or less desirable interval. The list continues until an available time slot is found, starting at the most desirable location and continuing until all time slot locations have been traversed. For each slot (or slot pair for 4-phase connections), each frequency is examined sequentially until the current slot (or slot pair) is found. The derived frequency and time slot values ​​are not input to the appropriate SIN table inputs and the routine exits, returning TRUE.

The slot count queue keeps track of the number of slots available for each slot location. These readings are maintained by the database module and are referred to as frequency allocation tasks.

The SIN table contains relevant information about each subscriber identified by the system. Subsequent searches are performed on the SIN table.

Modulation Level (Number): A subscriber modulation level that requires the frequency to be separated from this table along with the modulation level of the source subscriber during internal call setup.

Time slot number (number): The naming of the time slot of the originator in the internal call set-up must be displayed.

Interval number (write): The name of the subscriber requiring the channel is entered here.

Baseband Index (Write): The frequency naming of the subscriber requiring the channel is entered here.

The BCC table is used for the frequency slot combination available in the frequency allocation routine search 10. The following searches are performed on the BCC table:

Channel Status (Read): Channel status is verified to determine availability.

Channel Status (Read): The channel status is checked to determine that the specified channel is an audio channel.

Channel mode (write): The channel mode is changed when the specified channel is selected for reservation.

Channel control (write): The modulation type of the requesting subscriber is written to the channel control byte.

SIN Index (Write): Connects to the subscriber requesting the selected channel.

Frequency allocation routines have direct access to the database. This is necessary due to speed and frequency issues. Whenever possible, database interface routines are used to access 25 databases from frequency allocation routines.

Subscriber telephone interface unit (STU)

In its basic mode of operation, the STU acts as an interface unit for converting a 2-wire analog signal connected from a conventional telephone into 64 kbps PCM size digital samples. Referring to Figure 12, the STU includes a subscriber line interface circuit (SLIC) 53 that connects directly to a Type-500 touch voice telephone machine via lines 37. SLIC 53 provides suitable voltage and impedance characteristic curves for telephone operation 35. In addition, the SLIC 53 allows the input current to be input to the telephone and also performs the handset lowering / handset lifting indication. The signal outputs of the SLIC 53 on line 54 are analog audio frequency (VF) transmission and reception signals. They are then converted to PCM samples by PCM codec 55. PCM codec 55 uses the ^ u-255 compression algorithm to digitize audio signals.

8-bit samples at 8 kHz. PCM codec 55 is full duplex in nature. The digitized audio samples are then fed through line 56 to a mode selection multiplexer (MUX) 57. The mode of operation of the MUX is determined by the state control unit SCU 58 associated with the transmission and reception FIFO 59 of the MUX 57. The SCU 58 includes a substantially type 803 micro-controller. the driver. The SCU is connected to the SCU 29 via the RS-232 interface circuit 60 and further controls the operation of the SLIC 53.

The STU can essentially operate in one of three specific states. The first and most basic quality mode is the sound mode. In this mode, audio samples from the PCM codec 55 are transmitted through the mode selection MUX 57 and the VCU controller / receiver circuit 61 to the VCU 28, where they are further processed to reduce the bit rate from 65 kbps to 65 kbps.

14.6 kbps and then forwarded for transmission to the base station.

Another mode of operation is data mode. In this mode, the 64 kbps stream to / from the VCU 24 does not contain audio information25, but the information transmitted to the base station is a reformatted data stream from an external data source up to a 14.6 kbps channel data transmission frequency. The STU also includes an RS-232 data port 62 to allow connection of a data device (e.g., a terminal) via line 63 using a conventional 30 asynchronous RS-232 interface operating at a baud rate of 9,600 baud. The STU includes a UART and a timer circuit 64 for synchronizing data from the RS-232 data port 62. The VCU 28 packets the synchronized data so that it passes through the 14.6 kbps channel constraint. In this mode, full35 duplex data transmission is maintained.

The third state of the STU is the call setup state. In this mode, no data is transferred from the STU 27 to the VCU 28 via the mode selection MUX 57. However, the callback tone generator circuit 65 is connected to the mode selection MUX 57. This circuit digitally synthesizes tones that are used in the call location procedure, such as busy and error tones. During call placement, the DTMF numbers dialed by the user are indicated by the DTMF detector circuit 66 and processed by the SCU 58 to place the call. The callback tone generator circuit 65 returns the appropriate sounds to the user's headset. The call generator 67 is connected to the SLIC 53. The timer generator 68 generates timing signals for the PCM codec 55, the VCU controller receiver circuit 61, and the callback tone generator 65. After the call placement is completed, the STU switches to either audio mode or data mode for remote transmission.

An additional requirement of the STU is to provide for the cancellation of undesirable echo signals from long distance connections. The propagation delay of audio signals between the base station and the subscriber station will be well over 100 ms. Any reflected signals due to impedance mismatch at either end will result in unpleasant echo feedback. This problem is addressed at the base station by the echo cancellation system in the PBX mode. The STU must cause echo cancellation at the subscriber station. At least 40 dB echo cancellation is expected to be required for this repeal. However, the delay of the cancellation echo is very small because there is an interesting reflection between the SLIC 53 in the STU and the local telephone itself. This distance is typically only a few tens of meters and the delay is essentially zero.

031 the microprocessor controller in the SCU 58 performs the functions of the RPU 20 and the PBX call processor 24 from the base station. It communicates with the base station RPU 20 via messages transmitted on the radio control channel (RCC) and controls the 27 individual functions of the STU. The SCTU also communicates with the subscriber station CCU via 29 baseband control channels (BCCs). The RS-232 interface to the CCU 29 operates at a baud rate of 9,600 baud and is used to transmit control information between the CCU 29 and the STU 27 at the subscriber station.

Audio Codec Unit (VCU)

The audio codec unit (VCU) implements four full-duplex RELP audio compression systems. The design 10 of the VCU is identical to the base station and the subscriber stations. At the subscriber station, only a quarter of the total operational capacity is used (i.e. only one of the four channels). The interface to the STU 27 at the subscriber station is identical to the interface used by each of the four PBX channels in the base station VCU 17 15 interface. VCU 17, 28 uses a fully digital diagram to implement the RELP audio algorithm, as described in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 6,667,446 entitled RELP Vocoder Implemented in Digital Signal Processors, filed October 2, 1984 by Philip J. Wilson 20, which is incorporated herein by reference. .

Alternatively, a subband codec may be used. The processed data is transferred to the CCU 18, 29 via a common parallel bus interface controlled by the CCU software. The CCU 18, 29 sends control signals to the VCUs 17, 28 to determine the mode of operation and the structure of the VCUs 18, 29.

The procedures, functional description, and implementations associated with the VCU 17, 28 are described below.

The connections between the PBX 15 and the VCU 17 are shown in Figure 13. The connections between the STU 27 and the VCU 28 are shown in Figure 14. The connections of the STU 27 are a subset of the connections of the PBX 15, where the STU 27 forms only one full-duplex audio channel function. The timing ratios for the PBX and STU interfaces are identical and are shown in Figure 15. Table 10 explains the features represented by the symbols used in Figure 15.

Table 10

<td>symbol</td><td>Parameter</td><td>min</td><td>Type</td><td>Makx</td><td>Pp. ·</td>

<td>tw0</td><td>PBX frame width</td><td></td><td> 125</td><td> — —</td><td>ps</td>

<td>TWL</td><td>clock pulse width</td><td>M</td><td> 2,0</td><td> 2,2</td><td>ps</td>

<td>TW2</td><td>port 0 inactive width</td><td></td><td> 93,75</td><td> — — —</td><td>ps</td>

<td>TW3</td><td>port 0 inactive port 1 width</td><td> 5,9</td><td> 7,8</td><td> 9,7</td><td>ps</td>

<td>tw4</td><td>port 1 inactive port 0 width</td><td> 52,8</td><td> 54,7</td><td> 56,6</td><td>ps</td>

<td>TDO</td><td>start pulse - clock 0 delay</td><td> 0</td><td> 250</td><td> -800</td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>tdl</td><td>start pulse clock 1 delay</td><td> 0</td><td> 250</td><td> -800</td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>td2</td><td>at 0 - port 0 edge delay</td><td> 100</td><td> 1000</td><td> 2000</td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>td 3</td><td>clock 1 - port 1 edge delay</td><td> 100</td><td> 1000</td><td> 2000</td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>Tso</td><td>input data set-up time</td><td> 20</td><td> 1500</td><td> — — — —</td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>tsl</td><td>output data set-up time</td><td> 500</td><td> 1800</td><td> —</td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>Tho</td><td>output data retention time</td><td> 500</td><td> 2200</td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

Referring to Figure 13, PBX SDATO, lines 1, 2 and 3

70, 71, 72, 73 transmit data signals from the PBX 15 to the VCU to the base station. At the subscriber station, data signals are transmitted on line STU SDATO 74 from STU 27 to VCU 28 (Figure 14). The 8-bit / U-255 compressed serial data is sent to the audio codec30 during the active part of the PBX / STU GATEO or PBX GATE1 ... 3 at a clock frequency of 256 kHz. The data is timed to the VCU

17, 28 on the rising edge of the 256 kHz clock.

VCU SDATO, lines 1, 2, and 3 75, 76, 77, 78 transmit data signals from the VCU to the PBX 15 at the base station. VCU SDATO 35 line 29 transmits data from VCU 28 to STU 27 at the subscriber station. 8-bit_zu-255 computed serial data is sent

PBX 15 ^ or STU 27 audio codecs during PBX / STU GATEO or PBX GATE1 ... 3 during the active high part at 256 kHz. Data is timed out of the VCU at the rising edge of the 17, 28 256 kHz clock.

PBX GATEO, lines 1, 2 and 3 80, 81, 82, 83, transmit port signals from the PBX 15 to the VCU 17 at the base station. STU GATEO line 84 transmits gate signals from STU to 27 VCUs at 28 subscriber stations. The port signal is an active high signal used to allow the transmission of PBX / STU SDAT0, PBX SDAT1 ... 3 and VCU SDAT0 ... 3. This port signal is active for eight consecutive clock cycles every 125 microseconds.

PBX CLKO, lines 1, 2 and 3 85, 86, 87, 88 transmit 256 kHz clock signals from PBX 15 to VCU 17 at base station. The STU CLKO line 89 transmits a 256 kHz clock signal from the STU to the 27 VCUs at the 28 subscriber stations. The 256 kHz clock signal is used to schedule the PBX / STU SDAT0 and PBX SDAT1 ... 3 signals to VCU 17, 28 and the VCU SDAT0 ... 3 signal to PBX 15 or STU 27. However, the clocks have not been synchronized with any other clocks that has been developed in VCU 17, 18, CCU 18, 29 or modem 19, 30.

At the base station, the PBX-VCU interface converts four synchronized 64 kbps serial data channels into 8-bit parallel data, which is then made available to four transmission audio codecs at a sampling frequency of 16 8 kHz. At the status station, only one channel (channel 0) is changed via the STU-VCU interface. The required clocks and ports are established with PBX 15 and STU 27.

The PBX-VCU and STU-VCU interfaces also perform a complementary function to the receive audio codecs.

At the base station, 8-bit parallel data received from the four codec channels is converted into four kbps synchronized serial channels for transmission back to the PBX 15. At the subscriber station, one voice channel is changed and sent back to the STU 27.

The hardware connections between the VCU 17, 28 and the CCU 18, 29 are shown in Figure 16. The timing dependencies for the transmission and reception channels between the VCU and the CCU are shown in Figures 17 and 18, respectively. Tables 11 and 12 explain the features represented by the symbols used in Figures 17 and 18, respectively.

Note that Figures 17 and 18 detail the events that occur during VCBTP shown in Figures 19A and 19B. Individual interface signal attributes are given in the following sections.

Table 11

<td colspan="2">symbol Feature</td><td>Min.</td><td>Max.</td><td>Pp.</td>

<td>TD1</td><td>audio codec block transfer period</td><td> -</td><td> 750</td><td>, us</td>

<td>td2</td><td>TCVC response time</td><td> 1,25</td><td> 15</td><td>/ / US</td>

<td>tD3</td><td>CCU DMA response time</td><td></td><td> 1,25</td><td>/ , us</td>

<td>td4</td><td>kättelyviive</td><td></td><td> 15</td><td>/ ns</td>

<td>td5</td><td>VC-period delay block</td><td></td><td> 150</td><td>/ US</td>

<td>th1</td><td>control data retention</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>th2</td><td>status data Pinto</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>th 3</td><td>TC data retention</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>tsl</td><td>setting up control data</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>ts2</td><td>setting up status data</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>ts3</td><td>Setting up TC data</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>TW1</td><td>writing width</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>TW2</td><td>Chapter width</td><td></td><td></td><td>the so-called</td>

<td>TW3</td><td>blind poll width</td><td> 1,5</td><td></td><td>/ US</td>

Table 12

<td colspan="2">symbol Feature</td>

<td>TD6</td><td>block transfer cycle</td>

<td>TD7</td><td>CCU data response time</td>

<td>td8</td><td>VC-response</td>

<td>td9</td><td>kättelyviive</td>

<td>TD10</td><td>VC-period delay block</td>

<td>TH4</td><td>control data retention</td>

<td>TH5</td><td>status data hold</td>

<td>th 6</td><td>RC data retention</td>

<td>TS4</td><td>setting up control data</td>

<td>TS5</td><td>setting up status data</td>

<td>TS6</td><td>Setting up TC data</td>

<td>tw4</td><td>writing width</td>

<td>tw4</td><td>Chapter width</td>

<td>TW6</td><td>block query width</td>

Min.

1,25

Max.

750 ,25

150

Pp.

/ US / US / US ns / US ns ns ns ns ns ns

1.5 ns ns / US

Figures 19A and 19B show timing dependencies between a plurality of transmit and receive call blocks transferred between VCU 17, 18 and CCU 18, 19 for 16-level phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. At the top of Figure 19A is the system frame timing to which all transmissions are compared. This frame timing is also applicable to Figure 19B. One modem frame is 45 ms long and contains four audio time slots (or channels). Each audio time slot consists of two speech data system audio block periods (SVBPs), each containing 82 symbols (requiring 5.125 ms) and an additional 16 overhead data symbols requiring 1.0 ms frame time.

For transmission channels, one 328-bit block (41 bytes) of processed speech is transmitted from the VCU 17, 28 to the CCU

18, 29 before the start of each SVBP during the audio codec block transfer period (VCBTP). The 64 kbps input data stream of the VCU associated with the processed speech block is shown divided into voice codec block periods (VCBPs) which are

22.5 ms long. Referring to transmission channel 0 in Fig. 19A, the unprocessed VC input data in the VCBPs OA1 and OB1 relates to the processed data in the VCBPs OA1 and OB1. It should also be noted that the VCBPs for channels 0 and 2 are staggered by half of the VCBP (i.e., 11.25 ms) for the VCBPs for channels and 3.

For the receive channels (as shown in Figure 19B), one 328 bit block (41 bytes) of processed speech is transmitted from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCUs 17, 28 at the end of each SVBP during the VCBTP. As with the transmission channels, the time skew of the VCBP over the VCBTP is application dependent and the (maximum) side setting of one VCBP is shown in Figure 19B. To understand the relationship between the input line of the audio codec and the output data, reference is made to Figs. 15A and 19B. The speech data compressed for receive channel 0 transmitted during VCBTPs OA10 and OB10 is associated with the processed extended data stream in VCBPS OA10 and OB10.

TCADDR lines 90 transmit transmission channel assignment signals from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCUs 17, 28. These three address lines are used to select the current transmission channel address.

The TCDATA bus 91 transmits address channel data signals between the VCU 17, 28 and the CCU 18, 29.

The TCDAV line 92 transmits the transmission channel data availability signal from the VCU 17, 28 to the CCU 18, 29. The TCDAV / signal indicates to the CCU 18, 29 that the data byte is available in the TCDATA register. The TCDAV signal remains down until the TCDACK signal is activated.

The TCDACK line 93 transmits the transmission channel data acknowledgment signal from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCUs 17, 28. The TCDACK / signal ports the data to the TCDATA bus and returns the TCDAV /.

The TCSCWR line 94 transmits the transmission channel status / oh35 write signal from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCU 17, 28. The TCSCWR signal writes the audio codec control word to the appropriate transmission channel control register specified by the TCADDR lines. The data is stored in the register at the rising edge of the TCSCWR signal.

The TCSCRD line 95 transmits the transmission channel status / control read signal from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCU 17, 28. The TCSCRD signal ports the status byte to the TCDATA bus from the voice codec status register designated by the TCADDR lines.

The BLOCKRQ line 96 transmits the block polling signal

From CCU 18, 29 to VCU 17, 28. The BLOCKRQ signal is used to initiate the transmission of a 41-byte data block from the audio codec (defined by TCADDR lines) to the CCU 18, 29 via the TCDATA bus. The audio codec uses BLOCKRQx to start VCBP timing.

The TCVCRST line 97 transmits the transmission signal of the transmission channel audio codec from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCU 17, 28. The transmission audio codec determined by the TCADDR lines is restored.

The RCADDR lines 98 transmit the receive channel address signals from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCU 17, 28. These address lines are used to select the current receive channel address as follows.

The RCDATA bus 98 transmits the reception channel data signals between the CCU 18, 29 and the VCU 17, 28.

The RCDAV line 100 transmits the reception channel data availability signal from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCU 17, 28. The RCDAV signal indicates to the audio codec determined by the RCADDR lines that the data byte is available in the RCDATA register. The RCDAV signal ports the data to the RCDATA bus in the RCDATA register and returns the RCDACK line.

The RCDACK line 101 transmits an acknowledgment signal of the reception channel data from the VCU 17, 28 to the CCUs 18, 29. The RCDACK signal indicates to the CCUs 18, 29 that the data has been read

From the RCDATA register and that another byte can be transferred

From CCU 18, 29.

The RCSCWR line 102 transmits the receive channel status / control write signal from the CCU 18, 29 to the VCU 17, 28.

The RCSCWR sign ^ ali writes the control word to the appropriate audio codec control register specified by the RCADDR lines. The data is stored in the register at the rising edge of the RCSCWR signal.

The RCSCRD line 103 transmits the channel status / control read signal from the VCU 17, 28 to the CCU 18, 29. The RCSCRD signal ports the audio codec as a status word to the RCDATA bus from the status register whose RCADDR lines are gone.

The BLOCKRDY line 104 transmits a block readiness signal from the ecus 18, 29 to the VCUs 17, 28. The BLOCKRDY signal is used to initiate the transfer of a 41 byte data block from the CCUs 18, 29 to the audio codec specified by the RCADDR lines. The audio codec uses the BLOCKRDY signal to initiate VCBP timing. The CCUs 18, 29 must have a data byte in the available RCDATA register before the rising edge of the BLOCKRDY signal.

The RCVCRST line 105 transmits the receive channel audio codec recovery signal from the CCUs 18, 29 to the VCUs 17, 28. The audio codec determined by the RCADDR lines is restored

RCVCRST signals.

The hardware of the receive channel VCU receives the byte input data block from the CCUs 18, 29 during VCBTP, as shown in 20A. After processing the data according to the prevailing mode of operation, the data compressed according to the 8-bit yU law is transmitted at a frequency of 8 kHz to the PBXm (STU) interface module. Data buffering is performed in VCUs 17, 28 to simplify the input / output requirements of CCUs 18, 29. Control information is transferred to the VCU

<img file="FI104676B_D0003.tif" />

17, 28 and CCUin 18, 29 via a group of control and status ports30 for each receive channel

At the beginning of the VCBPT, as shown in Figure 18. The receive codecs maintain the following modes of operation!

In the external mode, speech bandwidth expansion is performed at an input data rate of 14.6 kbps (328 bits every 22.5 ms) and an output data rate of 64 kbps. Speech data can also include DTMF tones.

In the internal mode, the previously compressed 14.6 kbps speech is transmitted from the CCU 18, 29 via the VCU 17, 28 to the PBX 15 or the STU 27. Since the PBX 15 or the STU 27 accepts 64 kbps data, data flow filling must occur. The output data (64 kbps) consists of a idle byte pattern (FF hex) until speech data becomes available from the CCU 18, 29. The synchronization byte (55 hex) is then output and is followed by 41 previously processed data bytes, after which the idle byte pattern continues. Figure 20A provides an example of the timing and content of input and output data for 16 PSK modulation.

In the silent mode, the speech data input blocks from the CCU 18, 29 are received but not used. The output idle byte pattern (FF hex) for PBX 15 or STU 27 is maintained to ensure line silence.

In standby mode, continuous hardware diagnostic routines are performed and the resulting status is stored in the status register. Block transfers to CCUs 18, 29 do not occur until the operating state is changed by a block query corresponding to the VCBTPA. The new control word (and operating mode) is read by an audio codec and the diagnostic status information is transmitted to the CCU 18, 29.

The VCU of the transmission channel receives an 8-bit / U-compliant PCM (at a sampling frequency of 8 kHz) from the PBX / STU interface. After processing the data, according to the prevailing operating mode, the output data is transmitted to the CCU in blocks of 18, 29 bytes during the block transfer period of the voice codec (VCBTP), as shown in Fig. 19A. Data buffering is performed in the VCU 17, 28 to simplify the input / output requirements of the CCU 18, 29. The control information is transmitted between the VCU 17, 28 and the CCU 18, 29 via a group of control and status ports for each transmission channel at the beginning of the VCBTP, as shown in Figure 17. The following procedures are maintained with transmission codecs:

In the external mode, speech bandwidth compression is performed at an output data rate of 14.6 kbps (328 bits every 22.5 ms). The processed speech data is transmitted in blocks of 41 bytes to the CCUs 18, 29. The speech data may also include two-tone multi-frequency tones (DTMF).

In the internal mode, previously processed speech data is transmitted from PBX 15 or STU 27 via VCU 17, 28 to CCU 18, 29. The 64 kbps input data stream consists of a wired byte pattern (FF hex) of one synchronization byte (55 hex), 41 bytes of previously processed compressed speech data, and additional idle bytes until the next pacing byte occurs. The audio codec monitors the input data for the synchronization byte present at the byte boundary, then buffers 41 bytes of speech data. The call block is then transferred to the CCU 18, 29 during the next VCBTP, as described above. Figure 20B provides an example of the timing and content of input and output data for 16-PSK modulation. The segment 1 output channel has a synchronization byte, and the segment 2 is a processed speech byte. The slashed segment represents the idle byte pattern. Note that bytes of synchronization and speech data do not occur beyond the VCBP limits.

In silence mode, input data from PBX 15 or STU 27 is received but not used. The 41 bytes of output speech data to the CCU contains a silence tone pattern.

In standby mode, hardware diagnostic routines are performed continuously and the resulting status is stored in the status register. Block transfers to CCUs 18, 29 do not occur until the operating mode is changed by a block query corresponding to the VCBTPA. The new control word (and operating mode) is read by the VCU 17, 28 and the diagnostic status information is transferred to the CCU 18, 29.

The codec frame is determined according to the application requirements of the RELP algorithm, but the frame must be the total fractional part of the audio codec block period (VCBP), which is 22.5 ms.

Due to the fact that the PBX 15 and the STU 27 operate asynchronously from the internal system timing, the means for data overruns and. to detect, report, and compensate for subtimes, must be included in VCU 17, 28. This state occurs approximately once in 5,000. VCBP. Because the expression of over / underruns is application dependent, the reporting of such errors is included in the status word. Data underflows can be compensated by repeating the last speech sample on demand and overflows can be handled by ignoring the speech sample (s) on demand.

After restoring any (or all) codecs, the VCBTPA will be the first block transferred from the CCU 18, 29, as shown, for example, in Figure 19A.

Control channel unit (CCU)

The channel control unit (CCU) performs similar tasks at both the subscriber stations and the base station. The hardware * used in these two drive types for CCU operation is, in fact, identical. The software at the subscriber station differs slightly from the software at the base station. The CCU performs many functions related to the formatting and timing of information related to operation on time division transmission channels. The basic inputs to the CCU come from four sources. First, there are the actual digitized samples that need to be sent. These are transferred to the CCU 18, 29 from the VCU 17, 29. (Figures 2 and 3.) This data may be coded audio samples or data samples from the RS-232 data port 10 in the STU. (Figure 12.) In any case, the digital channels operate at 16 kbps. The four channels can be handled in parallel by the CCU 18, with it operating at the base station with all four 16-level PSK transmission channels in operation. The subscriber station CCU 29 operates on only one stream, but this stream may be located at any of the four slot locations associated with the TDMA frame scheme. The second input to the CCU comes via the baseband control channel (BCC) from the STU 27 (at the subscriber station) or the RPU 20 (at the base station). This second input generates control messages related to operating modes, status and control information. Many of the BCC messages from the CCU 18, 29 are radio control channel (RCC) messages received by the CCU 18, 29. The CCU 18, 29 transmits control 5 information from the RCC messages to the STU 27 or the RPU 20 and receives in response to control messages from the RPU 20 or the STU 27. This determines what the CCU 18, 29 must do to the data from the VCU 17, 28. The third input source generates timing and status information from the modem 19, 30a. Modem 19 provides a host clock signal that is used in the VCU-CCU modem circuit. In addition, the modem 19, 30a generates a status bit for the accuracy of its sequential synchronization, RF AGC level settings, and other quality indicators used by the CCU 18, 29 to determine if there are sufficiently reliable connections on the channel. The CCU 18, 29 attempts to control the fine tuning of the current operation of the modem 19, 30a by means of commands to change the transmission power levels, AGC levels and timing / range calculations. Modem transmission quality level measurements are reported to RPU 20 or STU 27.

The fourth input source is the actual modem data received as symbols up to four bits each (depending on the modulation levels). These symbols are buffered, demultiplexed and fed to the receiving circuits of the VCU 17, 28 for decoding.

Figure 21 is a block diagram of the CCU. The architecture of the CCU is essentially the same as the architecture of two one-way direct memory paging (DMA) channels together with an intelligent microprocessor controller. The function of DMA channels is to transfer data from the VCU to the modem and vice versa. CCU connection

The VCU includes two parallel DMA buses, the TX bus

107 for the transmission channel (from VCU to CCU to modem) and

For the reception channel of the RX bus 108 (from the modem to the CCU

VCU for). The data processed in the transmitting circuits of the VCU is buffered

To the memory of the VCU until the CCU requires DMA transfer. 41 bytes are transferred to the CCU during each block period. Two of these blocks are transmitted per active voice channel (up to four voice channels ^ at the base station) per TDMA frame. The CCU receives these transmission bytes to the transmission audio codec via the interface module (TVCIM) 109 and buffers them to the transmission memory module (TMM) 110. Depending on the particular operation5 for a particular channel, the CCU processor implemented in the microcontroller module (MCM) 111 appends the control / synchronization prefix to the encoded audio bytes, thereby formatting a complete audio packet to be transmitted to the modem via the transmit modem interface module 112.

The MCM 111 maintains frame timing information and transmits the data to the modem at the correct time. Prior to transmission to the modem, the transmission data is converted by the MCM 111 from the 8-bit byte format used by the CCU to a symbol format containing 1, 2 or 4 bits per symbol depending on the modulation levels 1 for this time slot.

The reverse process is performed on the receive data from the modem. Data from the modem is received by the receive modem interface module (RMIM) 114 and buffered to the receive memory module (RMM) 115. This data is then converted from 1, 2, or 4 bits per symbol format used by the modem to an 8-bit byte format used by CCU and other baseband processing. internally used. The overhead and control bits are separated from the incoming data stream on the RX bus 108 by the MCM 111 according to the 25 frame timing information generated by the modem for the frame timing module (FTM) 116 and its own identification from the different codewords in the symbol year. The modified data is generated for the VCU via the receive tone codec interface module (RVCIM) 117.

The CCU also provides link-level control of radio control channel (RCC) transmissions at both base and subscriber stations. At the base station, the RPU has configured only one CCU to be handled by the RCC channel. The CCU controls the reception and formatting of messages from the RPU at the base station to the STU controller at the subscriber stations. This control function of the CCU includes the detection and error control of RCC messages as well as RCC104676 information for transmitting formatting and packeting over the radio link, the CCU also detects collisions at the incoming RCC at the base station. The CCU controls the powers for the subscriber stations in the area computing, which perform 5 boot-orientation attempts. The protocol for orientation and other RCC functions is described above.

Figure 22 shows the software application operating architecture of the CCU. The CCU 11a has three separate data paths: transmit bus TX 107, receive bus RX 108, and microcontroller local bus 119. Microcontroller 111 shares TX bus 107 with memory access controller (DMA) 120 and shares RX bus 108 with controller DMA controller 121. with. The microcontroller 111 uses these remote buses to control the DMA controller peripherals, control / status registers 122, and access 15 to both the transmit buffer memory 110 and the receive buffer memory 115. . The RS-232C link 123 between the RPU and the CCU is maintained by the UART on the micro20 controller chip 111. At the subscriber station, the RPU is replaced by the STU, but the interface remains the same.

Microcontroller 111 has access to three physically separate RAM zones: local RAM, transmit buffer, and receive buffer. The local RAM can be further divided into RAM on the chip and non-chip RAM. The counter and receive buffer can only be accessed by the microcontroller when the corresponding DMA controller is in sleep mode.

The transmission buffer 110 is divided into several separate segments. Each segment includes a voice or RCC packet body ready for transmission over the channel. The introduction and the unique word (RCC only) are constants given to the microcontroller 111 after the CCU reset. The codeword (audio only), audio data, and RCC data are written to the transmission buffer 110 by the microcontroller just before the DMA is transmitted to the modem.

19, 30a. Since the RCC zero ACK is fixed as words transmitted at a high frequency, it is stored as a separate unit in the transmission buffer 110.

The receive buffer 115 is divided into several separate segments. One segment is for storing audio data that is buffered and transmitted on the block base of the VCU. The RCC data is buffered separately from the audio data to allow it to be stored for a longer period of time. If necessary, the microcontroller 111 can maintain two frames of RCC history in the receive buffer 115, making the RCC copy task (from the buffer to local RAM) a critical event for less time.

The local RAM contains the work variables used by the microcontroller 111. An important data structure stored here maintains a baseband control channel (BCC) between the CCU and the RPU. One register bank of the local RAM is designated to generate basic queue information for the RS-232C interrupt handler. The pointer and length field in this bank define the active data block (TXDB) from which the data is read and transmitted. The TXDB contains length and pointer information for the next TXDB in the queue, thus forming a linked list. On the receive side, a loop buffer is used to store incoming data bytes. When a complete message is received, the interrupt handler flags the serial code to interpret it.

The microcontroller 111 uses its local bus 119 to access the modem, RPU, and CCU control / status registers 122. The bus also provides access through isolation logic circuits 124 and 125 to the TX bus 107 and the RX bus 108, respectively. To prevent content from being changed, the remote buses 107, 108 can only be accessed by the microcontroller 111 when the corresponding DMA controller 120 or 121 is in sleep mode.

The CCU and RPU communicate over link 123 via a full-duplex RS-232C interface called a baseband control channel (BCC). Asynchronous characters are 8-bit binary words and are transmitted at a frequency of 9,600 baud.

One start bit and one stop bit are used for data byte framing. Messages are terminated with an individual byte, using byte padding to avoid the presence of a private byte in the message. The alternating bit5 protocol and the 8-bit checksum are used to ensure link integrity.

Two external interrupts are maintained by the microcontroller. One is generated by the proximity DMA controller 150 and the other is generated by the receive DMA controller 121. These 10 interrupts occur when the respective controller 120, 121 terminates its block transmission, thus releasing its bus control to the microcontroller 111.

The BCC interface is controlled by an internal interrupt.

The software is interrupted during byte reception or transmission15.

At the base station, the CCU microcontroller 111 is responsible for controlling and monitoring all four channel data paths assigned to them, including the VCU 17, 28, the CCU 18, 29, the modem 19, 30a and the RFU 20, 31a. The subscriber gun20 racket microcontroller 111 controls and monitors the same hardware, but maintains only one data path. The CCU, in turn, is controlled by the RPU (base station) or the STU (subscriber station).

The CCU provides the VCU with operating mode information. Mode25 exchanges occur only at system time slot boundaries. During the speech reduction operation, the CCU also provides the VCU with information regarding the location of the VCU block in the system slot (there are two VCUs per system slot). The assignment of the VCU is provided by the CCU prior to data transmission, which implements the MUX / DEMUX task. The status of the VCU is read by the CCU after the transfer of each block and the appropriate statistics are maintained by the CCU. The CCU may also initiate a hard reset of the VCU and / or the VCU.

The microcontroller 111 generates a predominant modulation35 level for the symbol byte converter 126 on the RX bus 108 and for the byte symbol converter 127 on the TX bus 107.

My models are provided with information regarding the type of data to be received, RCC or voice, due to the different orientation procedures used to receive them. The modem provides the CCU with a fractional clock side setting, 5 AGC levels, and a connection quality value in each time slot. The frequency naming of the CCU is provided by the RPU or the STU. CCU controls the modem hard reset, self-test or the reception-side learning space start-up.

The CCU processes the full-duplex data stream through the transmission10 and reception buses 107, 108. During a certain time interval, a block of transmission audio data originating from the VCU is transmitted to the transmission buffer 110 via the transmission DMA controller 121. Each block is one VCU block in length, so two such transmissions are required for each audio channel. The CCU provides the VCU with a suitable channel address before the transmission, thus providing a multiplexing operation.

The preamble and codeword stored in the transmission buffer 110 are transmitted before the VCU data at the beginning of each time slot. The transmission DMA transfers data from the transmission buffer 20 to the relocking FIFO stack memory 128 because the modem receives data from the FIFO stack memory 128 as required. The byte symbol conversion is performed by the byte symbol converter 127 during transmission. The control of the transmitting DMA peripherals is handled by the microcontroller together with the generation and matching of the 25 codewords of the audio packet.

Vastaanottodatavuo is very much a mirror image of the transmit side. The data is written to the re-locking FIFO stack memory 129 as it appears from the modem 19, 30a. The receive DMA controller 129 clears the FIFO stack memory 129 in the receive buffer 115 as required. The symbol byte conversion is performed by the symbol byte converter 126 and the frame timing is performed by the clock circuit 130. The byte boundary is automatically aligned as long as the channel is in sync. As long as a complete VCU block is received, it will

The DMA block is transferred to the appropriate CCU. The control of the receiving controller DMA104676 is handled by the microcontroller 111.

The codeword expression is performed for each time slot. The microcontroller 111 performs this task by copying the codeword byte into the local RAM and comparing it to a list of valid codewords. During each time slot, the modem 19, 30a generates a fractional symbol page setting and an AGC value. These are read by microcontroller 111 and interpreted accordingly. If power or area problems occur, the subscriber station is informed of this via transmission code word 10.

The transmission RCU data is synthesized in the transmission buffer

110 On the CCU according to the contents of the RCC message queue. If the RPU has sent an RCC message to the CCU, this message is formatted in the transmission buffer 110. Otherwise, a null information message permanently stored in the transmission buffer is used.

110. Once the RCC packet is read, the RCC preamble, unique word, and RCC data are DMA sent to the modem 19, 30a, as needed. The CCU performs collision detection and sets the externally bound RCU collision detection bit accordingly.

The receiving RCC data processor has two modes:

frame search and monitoring. In frame search mode, the RCC channel is considered out of sync. Each incoming RCC message must be synchronized using a unique word expression algorithm. In monitoring mode, the RCC channel is at a rate of 25 and the unique word search algorithm is not displayed. The base station is always in frame search mode because subscribers with incorrect timing can appear at any time. At the subscriber station, the RCC data processor is in monitoring mode, except when the station has not required RCC synchronization.

In frame search mode, individual word (UW) detection is performed after each RCC time slot. The micro-controller

111 perform this task by swiping with respect to the unique word in the window relative to the position of the nominal unique word. Successful individual word detection provides the CCU with symbol timing information.

The receive RCC data is DMA transferred from the modem 19, 30a to the receive buffer 115. When the transmission is completed, the RCC data is copied to the local RAM of the microcontroller for processing. The receiving RCC packets are filtered by the CCU. The RCC packet is terminated for the RPU only if the unique word is expressed and the CRC is correct.

During the RCC operation, the corresponding VCU channel is placed in standby mode. There are no data transmissions between the VCU and the CCU during this channel period on either the transmit or receive data paths 107, 108.

The software runs on an Intel 8031 ​​microcontroller

111. Program recording is performed on external EPROMs on the local bus of the microcontroller. The software is required to respond to a DMA service request in real time, maintaining a 64 kbps data stream in both directions without losing data. The FIFO buffering performed by the stack memories 128 and 129 at the modem interface provides the required time interval for the microcontroller 111 to perform DMA block transfers and system control functions.

The software is divided into five separate modules: controller, data transfer, BCC transceiver, BMM control and usability. Each module is designed to have only one entry and exit point, except for interrupt and error conditions. A further exception to this is the usability module, which includes a range of usability routines that can be accessed directly from other modules. In general, communication between modules takes place using clopal variables defined in a separate data segment.

The controller module includes a start value function, maintains general program control, and performs basic self-test functions.

The data transmission module maintains data transmission control on the TX bus 107 and the RX bus 108 for both voice and RCC data, performs synchronization word detection for all modulation levels for both voice and RCC data, and maintains the CCU-RPU RS-232 communication link 123.

The BCC transceiver module performs BCC transceiver tasks, processes BCC queues, formats transmit BCC messages, processes receive BCC data, and transmits RCC data to and from the CCU via the BCC.

The BBM control module controls the hardware of the RFU, modem, VCU and CCU through registers, reads and interprets status information from these devices (e.g., modee10 min AGC, connection quality and symbol uncertainty), decodes buried codewords on the receive audio channel, formats the codeword transmission maintain a real-time software / hardware timer and perform online self-testing.

The usability module executes Miscellaneous usability routines that can be accessed from other modules.

The CCU software is divided into four separate processes that essentially run in parallel. Three of these are BCC data, TX DMA, and RX DMA processes, 20 which are interrupt-driven and are invoked only when a particular event requires attention. All three event-driven processes are housed in the data transfer module. The remaining process, distributed among all modules, is a background process that initiates, controls, and monitors the other three processes.

BCC messages arrive from the RPU (or STU to the subscriber station), are received and buffered by the BCC data process. When the complete message is received, the BCC data process notifies the background process via the mailbox 30. The background process queries this mailbox during its main loop, thus expressing any new messages. The messages are interpreted by the background process and the relevant operation is performed. A possible response is written to the transmission -BCC -s message queue by the background process and the BCC-data process is properly noted.

, BCC messages. can initiate a new configuration of CCU data channels. The necessary control information is written to the modem 19, 30a and the VCU 17, 28 at suitable times. The modem responds to one of its control words at time slot boundaries. The VCC expects state changes to occur in the first VCU block transfer. The background process is responsible for maintaining the correct control timing.

Status compilation is performed by a background process, a TX DMA process, and an RX DMA process. The latter two collect status words from the TX and RX pages of the VCU, respectively. This is necessary because these status registers can only be accessed via the TX bus 107 and the RX bus 108, which are dormant only for limited periods of time. The background process collects status information directly from the modem 19, 30a via station registers 122 on the local bus 119. Once all status information has been collected, it is compared by a background process and stored in specific status variables. Status queries received from the RPU are processed by a background process based on this status history.

Some status information, such as the AGC value and the fractional bit page setting, may make the operation of the CCU necessary. In addition to being stored as a status history, such data is used to correct subscriber power and area problems. In the case of RCC messages, power and range information is transmitted directly to the RPU as part of the RCC data. The background process performs this function by formatting a BCC message that contains RCC, AGC, and area data. When the packet is complete, it is placed in the transmission BCC queue and the BCC data process is informed. For audio channels, this status information is used to format codewords embedded in externally bound audio packets. The background process performs this formatting function and controls the transmission of the codeword over the audio channel. All codewords must be sent in a frame of five frames, forming a 5: 1 redundancy ^ slave. The TX DMA process automatically sends the codeword selected by the background process.

The background process also maintains a real-time software / hardware clock. This is done by polling one of the 8031. timers and counting the overflows. The real-time clock function forms the time basis for software timeouts and other time-dependent events. The background process ensures that system timing is maintained by querying the CCU hardware error indicators and verifying that data transfer events occur when they should occur in the system framework. The system framing information is generated by starting the system frame status line and a timer connected to a 16 kHz clock 130. Data synchronization is performed by a background process.

The BCC data process responds to RS-232 interrupts that can occur in both the transmit and receive directions of the port. The process simply feeds out the second byte on the transmission side or feeds in the second byte on the input side. The final boundaries of the message on the receiving side cause the BCC data routine to inform the background process.

The TX DMA process and the RX DMA process handle the transmit and receive DMA channels.

An explanation of the step-by-step data transfer function controlled by the software is provided below. Events in the data transfer process are marked with DMA controller interrupts. The interrupt occurs after the DMA controller completes the designated block transfer. Each pass starts at the beginning of the slot data transfer. Following Figures 23 and 24 may facilitate review of this section. Fig. 23 is a timing diagram for transmitting RCC and 16-PSK audio data on the transmission bus of the CCU. Fig. 24 is a timing diagram for RCC and 16 PSK data transmission on the receiving bus of the CCU. Tables 13 and 14 illustrate the characteristics of the time symbols shown in Figures 23 and 24, respectively.

Table 13

<td>time Symbol</td><td>Function</td><td>Max (ps)</td><td>Min (ps)</td><td>Type- (jus) pi</td>

<td></td><td>CCU DMA setup</td><td> 150</td><td></td><td> 100</td>

<td>SCB</td><td>VCU DMA transfer</td><td> 600</td><td> — </td><td> 100*</td>

<td>^tRCC</td><td>RCC transfer from CCU</td><td> —</td><td> —</td><td> 900</td>

<td>^ύΜ0</td><td>RCC tx modem block</td><td> ” —</td><td> 10350</td><td> 10350</td>

<td>^fcM2</td><td>1. Rx modem block</td><td> — —</td><td> 4300</td><td> 4300*</td>

<td>^fcM3</td><td>2. Rx modem block</td><td></td><td> 4225</td><td> 4825*</td>

* Based on RELP for VCU

Table 14

<td>time Symbol</td><td>Function</td><td>Max (ps)</td><td>Min (ps)</td><td>pi</td>

<td>^fcS</td><td>CCU DMA setup</td><td> 150</td><td> “ · ·</td><td>10C</td>

<td>^tVCB</td><td>VCU DMA transfer '</td><td> 600</td><td></td><td> 100*</td>

<td>^tM0</td><td>1. Tx modem block</td><td></td><td> 5225</td><td> 5825*</td>

<td>^tml</td><td>2. Tx-mode parent block</td><td>V * *</td><td> 4225</td><td> 4825*</td>

<td>^fcM2</td><td>RCC Rx modem block</td><td> “</td><td> 5600</td><td> 5800*</td>

<td>^fcRCC</td><td>RCC transfer to CCU</td><td></td><td></td><td> 900</td>

* Based on RELP for VCU

Transmission function - RCC

1. Receive TX DMA end of transmission interrupt. This signals that the processing of the previous time slot has been completed and the processing of the next time slot can begin. The TX DMA process is awakened.

a. Write out the control channel and modulation switching information. Modem 19, 30, and byte symbol converter 127 require this information.

b. Format any valid RPU RCU message in send buffer 110. Otherwise, prepare and send a zero acknowledgment message.

c. Initiate and allow DMA transfer from the transmission buffer

110 to modem 19, 30a pointing to the RCC preamble, the unique word, and the RCC data block.

d. Recover from the pause and resume background processing.

Transmission function - Audio

1. Receive a TX DMA transmission 1 'end interrupt. This signals that the processing of the previous time slot has been completed and that the processing of the next time slot can begin. The TX DMA process is awakened.

a. Write out the audio channel and modulation switching information for the next time slot. Modem 19, 30a and byte symbol converter 127 require this information.

b. Select the port address of the VCU and allow DMA transfer from the VCU to the transmission buffer 110.

c. Enter the VCU control word.

d. Cancel to start the VCU transfer.

e. Recover from the interrupt and resume background processing.

2. Receive TX DMA end of transmission interrupt.

This signals that the transfer from the VCU to the transmission buffer has been completed. The TX DMA process is awakened.

a. Read the VCU status word.

b. Enter the code word in the transmission buffer 110.

c. Initiate and allow DMA transfer from transmission buffer 110 to modem 19, 30a pointing to the voice preamble, codeword, and audio data block.

d. Recover from the pause and resume background processing.

3. Receive TX DMA end of transmission interrupt.

This signals that the first half-term transmission from the transmission buffer 110 to the modem 19, 30a is completed. The TX DMA process is awakened.

a. Select the port address of the VCU and allow DMA transfer

From the VCU to the transmission buffer.

b. Enter the VCU control word.

c. Abort the VCU to begin the transfer.

d. Recover from the pause and resume background processing.

4. Receive TX DMA end of transmission interrupt. 'This signals that the transfer from the VCU to the transmission buffer has been completed. The TX DMA process is awakened.

a. Read the VCU status word.

b. Start and enable the DMA controller 120 for transmission from the transmission buffer to the modem.

c. Recover from the pause and resume background processing. Reception function - RCC

1. Receive an RX MDA transfer end abort. This signals that the processing of the previous time slot has been completed and that the processing of the next time slot can begin. The RX DMA process is awakened.

a. Set up for BPSK modulation. Symbolity converter 126 requires this information. Modem 19, 30a has already received this information at this time.

b. Initiate and allow DMA transfer from modem 19,

30a to the receive buffer 115 for an RCC message.

c. Recover from the pause and resume background processing. AGC calculation and bit synchronization uncertainty handling should occur at this time.

2. Receive RX DMA transfer end abort. This signals that the RCC transfer from the modem 19, 30a to the receive buffer 115 has been completed. The RX DMA process has been completed.

a. Copy the RCC data to local RAM.

b. Recover from the interrupt and resume background processing. Prepare to transfer the received RCC to the RPU if a unique word is expressed and the checksum is correct.

Reception function - Sound

1. Receive RX DMA transfer end abort. This signals that the processing of the previous time slot has been completed and that the processing of the next time slot can begin. The RX DMA process is awakened.

a. Set up for properly modulated audio data. The symbol germ converter 126 requires this information. The modem has already received the information at this time.

b. Initiate and enable DMA transfer from modem 19, 30a to the receive buffer for the first half of the audio data slot.

c. Recover from the pause and resume background processing. AGC calculation, bit synchronization uncertainty, and codeword processing should occur at this time.

2. Receive an RX MDA transfer end abort.

This signals that the first half-term transfer from the modem 19, 30a to the receiving 115 is completed. The RX MDA process has been revived.

a. Select the port address of the VCU and allow DMA transfer from the receive buffer to 115 VCUs. Abort to start VCU transfer.

b. Recover from the interrupt and resume background processing.

3. Receive an RX MDA transfer end abort.

This signals that the first side of the transfer term receiving buffer 115 VCU lie is completed. The RX MDA process has been revived.

a. Start and allow the DMA controller 121 to transfer from the modem to the receive buffer for the other half of the time slot.

b. Recover from the interrupt and resume background processing.

4. Receive an RX MDA transfer end abort. This signals that the second half-term transfer from the modem 19, 30a to the receiving 115 is completed. The TX DMA process is awakened.

a. Select the port address of the VCU and allow DMA transfer from the receive buffer to 115 VCUs. Abort the VCU to start the transfer.

b. Recover from the interrupt and resume background processing. CCU Software Execution Software execution begins as a result of a hardware reset and the flow begins in the controller module. instructor module

100 takes care of all possible hardware and software startups before moving to the main maintenance loop. The controller module performs some basic self-test functions after a hardware reset and at the request of 5 RPUs. The main maintenance loop accesses the other modules in sequence. The design of the pilot module is such that the tasks are divided into identifiable time slices, ensuring that the main maintenance loop has a meaningful worst case periodicity. Tasks that require 10 real-time responses are handled through interrupt maintenance routines.

Each interrupt maintenance routine performs minimal processing to satisfy the maintenance query. This is done to preserve the serial nature of program execution as much as possible and to keep interrupt queuing to a minimum.

Typically, the interrupt service routine to move data to and from the terminal and sets the Boolean to indicate that the function has been completed. The serial code accessed from the main service loop then continues to process this information as required.

The CCU microcontroller 111 is a data stream in that software transactions are controlled by data arrivals and outputs. The exact system timing forms the framework for this data flow, however, software transactions are controlled directly from the data flow and not from the system frame markers. This implementation allows the software to respond to real events (such as data I / O queries) rather than artificial events (such as system timing markers). The software is based on hardware for converting the former asynchronous functions into events that are synchronous with the timing of the system frame. For this work, it is necessary for the software to ensure that the devices are turned on and ready before a system frame event occurs.

Thus, it is obvious that when the CCU software is not heavily loaded, it is called to react to events

101 and perform certain tasks within a limited time. This real-time processing is interrupt-controlled and thus requires significant care in its design. There are four potentially conflicting real-time events required from the microcontroller: transmit DMA service, receive DMA service, transmit RS-232 service, and receive RS-232 service. RS-232 interrupts have the lowest priority because they occur at a maximum frequency of one per millisecond. The software is designed so that the time constraint of one millisecond is not violated. Response times for processing audio and RCC data are more critical and their processing follows.

The relative timing of data transmissions on the transmission bus and the reception bus is shown in Figures 23 and 24.

The diagrams are drawn on an approximate scale and show a worst case timing diagram. The time-multiplexed nature of the transmission and reception buses is clearly shown in the diagrams. The dark cross-sections shown in the transmission and reception paths correspond to the activity of the microcontroller on the corresponding bus (t_c, t - ^). During this time, the corresponding DMA controller 120, 121 is in sleep mode. Short periods of DMA controller setup (t_VCB) correspond to VCU block transfers. During this time, the DMA controller is assigned to the corresponding VCU. The rest of the time (t_MQ, t_M1, t_M2, t_M3)

The DMA controller 120, 121 is reserved to serve the modem connection. The resynchronous FIFO stack memories 128, 129 at the modem interface create the primary timing constraint that appears from the timing diagrams. FIFO stack memories hold 16 symbols, forming a buffering time of one millisecond before underflow (TX) or overflow (RX). During this millisecond, the CCU may use the transmit or receive buses 107, 108 to complete block transfers to and from the VCU or copy the RCC data to the local RAM.

After power up, the CCU software performs an internal self-test and locates the VCU, modem, and

RFU to its default states. The microcontroller 111 monitors

102 system frame timing and begin performing block transfers to allow the VCU to achieve synchronization. Once data transfers are initiated, microcontroller 111 uses DMA block end interrupt to maintain system timing. This interrupt is directly tied to the data passage of the CCU and thus to the 16 kHz symbol clock 130. The VCU inherently maintains system timing through DMA transfer queries generated by the microcontroller 111 as a result of the block end interrupt. The microcontroller 111 continues to monitor the frame timing to ensure that proper system operation is maintained.

At the subscriber station, the start-up of the system is also followed by radio synchronization. This is done by locating the RCC and deriving the system timing from it. When the reception timing is established, the microcontroller 111 provides the transmission timing with the base station.

The data transfer module maintains real-time and background data transfer events in the CCU. Data transmissions are serviced by the transmission data path, the reception data path, the transmission BCC, and the reception BCC. All of these tasks are interrupt-driven events that require a real-time response. The module also performs the background task of synchronization data acquisition and line monitoring.

The transmission data path handler is awakened when the transmission DMA controller 120 requests service. This typically occurs after a DMA block transfer at the time the DMA peripherals wake up the end of the block transfer interrupt. The interrupt is received on one of the two internal interrupt lines in the Model 8031 ​​microcontroller 111. The service required for the interrupt depends on the type of data transmission, RCC or voice, and the occurrence time in the time slot.

Transmission data path interruption occurs at predictable moments during each time slot period. The interrupt times and durations are shown in Figures 23 and 24. At each occurrence, the microcontroller 111 is required to provide initial values.

For DMA peripherals for the next block transfer. This

103 the operation should be performed in 150 microseconds from the interrupt query to complete the interrupt. In the case of RCC data, the first maintenance query requires the microcontroller 111 to format the RCC message transmission buffer 110 prior to DMA transmission. This operation must be completed

900 microseconds. Because operations on the transmission path are usually short and require a rapid response, the interrupt is given the highest priority.

The only output of the transmission data path interrupt concept10 is the VCU status word collected after the VCU block transfer. This status word is analyzed by software in the BBM control module.

The receive data path handler is awakened when the receive DMA controller 121 requests service. This typically occurs after DMA block transfer, at some point

DMA peripherals wake up the end of the block transfer interrupt. The interrupt is received by one of the two internal interrupt lines 8031 ​​in the microcontroller 111. The service required for the interrupt depends on the type of data transmission, RCC or voice, and at the time of occurrence in the time slot.

The interruption of the receive data path occurs at predictable moments during each time slot period. The interrupt times and durations are shown in Figures 23 and 24. At each occurrence, the microcontroller 111 is required to provide initial ground values ​​to the DMA controller 121 for the next block transfer. This operation should be performed in 150 microseconds from the interrupt query to complete the interrupt if entering the initial values ​​of the DMA is the only task to be performed. In the case of RCC data, the latest maintenance query requires the microcontroller 111 to copy the RCC message from the receive buffer 115 to the local RAM after the DMA transfer. This operation must be completed in 900 microseconds. Because transmission path maintenance may occur during this time, receive path interrupts have a lower priority than transmission path interrupts. The receive data route interrupt handler may place VCU status104676

104 word available after each VCU block transfer. This status word is analyzed by software in the BBM control module. The handler also reads new RCC messages from the channel, which are then interpreted in the BCC transceiver module.

The BCC receiving module is implemented on a chip

With RS-232 UART. The UART is capable of generating a single internal interrupt that is triggered each time a byte is received or sent. The BCC handler polls the status bit to determine which of the two cases caused the interrupt and proceeds to serve the ports accordingly.

The baud rate generator is programmed for a nominal frequency of 9,600 baud, resulting in a maximum of 1,920 interrupts per second. Each interrupt must be pal15 Vella within one ms period to avoid data loss. Because the typical interrupt frequency is low and the response time is relatively long, interrupts in BCC data transmission have low priority.

The BCC data handler uses pointers to queue and unload data as it is received and transmitted, respectively. Only connection-level processing occurs here, including the byte padding and the addition of the end of the message. These functions are described in the system interface specifications.

Very little data processing occurs in the BCC transceiver module. Its main function is to place data in the queue and extract it from it when processing transmission, reception, and BCC data routes. The data synchronization data collection and monitoring described below comprise the main processing tasks of the BCC transmitter30 receiver module.

The expression of the synchronization word includes a synchronization operation at the symbol level. The term sync word is fundamental to the headline as well as the individual word

In RCC and for codeword in audio channels. A unique word (UW) is a fixed 8-bit pattern placed at the beginning of an RCC message. The codeword (CW) is usually what

105 any of the eight possibly 8-bit patterns placed at the beginning of the audio channel. In addition to its synchronization function, codewords are used to indicate the switching table, power settings, and range settings.

The basic CCU must continuously check for a valid RCC message at each interval. It performs this task by swiping an individual word in a ± 3 symbol window relative to the nominal UW location based on the timing of the host system. The search algorithm starts at the nominal UW location and moves one symbol to the right and left until (1) it finds the UW pattern and (2) verifies the correct RCC checksum. The search will end as soon as (1) and (2) are satisfied or all possibilities have been exhausted. Transmission information, RCC message and power information are sent to the RPU after a successful search.

During each time slot, the base station CCU checks the received voice data for a valid codeword. Only the nominal codeword location is checked because no active symbol synchronization has been performed during the voice operation 20. If the codeword is not expressed as five consecutive frames, then the channel is declared out of sync and the RPU is informed of the situation. It is the role of the RPU to perform the appropriate function at this point. The synchronization is determined to be restored after three of the five pe25 consecutive frames have successfully detected the codeword.

When a subscriber's CCU receives RCC data, it can be in two states: paging or monitoring. The frame search mode is used to collect the receive frame timing from the incoming RCC data and is automatically awakened when the receive RCC synchronization is lost. Monitoring mode is activated whenever reception frame synchronization is achieved.

While in frame search mode, the subscriber CCU must continuously check for a valid RCC message for each

After the RCC interval. Like the basic CCU, it performs this task by swiping a unique word ± 3 symbols

106 in the window with respect to the nominal UW location based on the timing derived from the modem AM interval detection. The search algorithm starts at the nominal UW location and moves one symbol to the right and left until it (1) finds the UW pattern and (2) verifies the correct RCC checksum.

The search will end as soon as (1) and (2) are satisfied or all possibilities have been exhausted. The transmission information from the successful search is used to set the reception frame markers generated by the CCU. Data collection ends when (1) 10 and (2) above are satisfied for three consecutive frames

With the UW in its nominal position. The STU is informed of the frame data collection when it occurs. RCC messages are not forwarded to the STU during frame search mode.

Once the framing data collection is completed, the subscriber station

The CCU enters monitoring mode. Only the nominal UW location is checked to avoid the possibility of incorrect UW data collection. If UW is not detected for five consecutive frames, then the channel is declared out of sync and frame search mode is enabled. The STU is informed in this asynchronous mode. During monitoring mode, RCC messages with the correct checksum and SIN are transmitted to the STU.

During each audio slot, the CCU of the subscriber station checks the received coded data for the correct codeword ratio. Only the nominal codeword location is checked because active symbol synchronization is not performed during the voice operation. All possible codewords are retrieved in this channel direction. The codewords can cause minor changes to the power and range values ​​of the subscriber station. Minor range changes can, in fact, lead to a change in the symbol as well as fractional range values. If the codeword is not expressed as five consecutive frames, then the channel is declared out of sync and the STU is informed of the situation. Synchronization is defined as restored after three of the five consecutive frames have successfully detected the codeword.

107

Additional meanings of the CCU

The transmission DMA transfer request between the transmission buffer 110 and the modem 19, 30a must be routed to the FIFO stack memory

128 full bit. This causes Ti 128 to always be full when completed.

Receive DMA Transfer Query and FIFO Stack DMA Block Transfer

DMA

DMA fills between the modem 19, 30a and the receive buffer 115 must lead to a stack memory 129 of empty bits. This includes that the FIFO stack memory 129 will always be empty when the block transfer is completed.

The software of the CCU controller forms a gateway to allow transfers, but the additional control forms a handshake block to initiate and maintain the transfer. This is especially important for a modem connection where frame timing is critical.

The microcontroller 111 should also have the ability to hold the DMA transfer. The software will not attempt to use the DMA bus during block transfer unless this control is enabled or the DMA peripherals are in sleep mode.

The resynchronous FIFO stack memories 128, 129 should be automatically cleared (reset) periodically. The frame timing information must be available to the microcontroller 111. This could take the form of a symbol clock input to the internal timer of the microcontroller.

When an RCC or audio packet is received at the rate of the CCU, symbol transmission should not be required to bring the packet to byte limits, from the modulation level.

Modem

The modem works

Base station modem and reception function.

position, transmitting during part of the TDMA frame and receiving during the second part of the TDMA frame. The third mode is self-adapting

This should leave regardless of one of the three operating modes, maintain full-duplex transmission. When in operation, the subscriber modem operates in half-duplex mode.

<img file="FI104676B_D0004.tif" />

108 Learning mode. One modem design includes all of these features. The modem performs a suitable function depending on the keying signals coming in from the controlling CCU.

The subscriber station modem 30a and the base station modem 19 are identical. The modem block diagram is shown in Figure 25.

Modem transmission blocks include TX symbol filter 132, digital-to-analog converter (D / A) 133, 200 kHz bandpass filter 134, mixer 135, and TX (transmitter) timing control circuit 136. Modem reception block includes mixer 138, analog-to-digital converter (A / D) 139, FIFO stack memory 140 and a microprocessor 141 of the TMS 320 model.

The transmitter block of the modem transmits the information input to it by the CCU as 16-level PSK modulation. The role of the CCU on the receiving side is to interpret the data as DPSK, QPSKz or 16 PSK. The modem transmits without knowing the modulation level.

The transmitter block of the modem is fully implemented as hardware and does not require layouts. The symbols received from the CCU are encoded and their corresponding waveforms are formatted to provide good interference characteristics and not to suffer from amplitude or group delay distortion. The justification for this concept is based on the assumption that the frequency band adjacent to the used band (in the range of 500-100 kHz) does not have strong interfering signals (power densities 30-40 dB above the signal). The transmitter block of the modem uses relatively wide IF filtering (100 kHz) so that the transmitted signal does not suffer from amplitude or group delay distortion and also filters out any harmonics generated by digital filtering in the baseband.

The TX symbol filter 132 is a fixed factor digital FIR (finite impulse response) filter. This filter 132 simulates a six-pole filter sampling104676

109 at a frequency of 50 samples per symbol per six symbols remaining in the FIR filter.

The modem receives symbols from its corresponding CCU at a frequency of 16 kilosymbols / second. These symbols are then converted to DPSK code to be input on line 143 to the FIR filter 132. The FIR algorithm requires that every other symbol be inverted before it enters the FIR filter. Gray code is used for DPSK encoding. This ensures that if a symbol was received incorrectly, it is a good idea to verify that the two symbols for the receiver codec are incorrect by only one bit.

The pulse response of the FIR filter 132 is cut off at 6T (T = 1/16 kHz). The FIR filter oversamples the symbols at 800 kHz so that each symbol is displayed 50 times during its 5T stay in the filter.

This is the same as the sampling frequency 3T / 25, where the sampling period is T / 25 so that samples are fed out every 3T / 25 period. The outputs are staggered so that only the first and fourth, second and fifth or third and 20 sixth pair of samples overlap at any time. Each of these T / 25 long samples is in fact divided into two parts. During the first half of the first sampling period, the I part of the output is calculated and during the second half of the period, the Q part of the output is calculated. Thus, the actual frequency at which the FIR filter 132 outputs data is 50 x 16 kHz = 800 kHz. I and Q sampling are staggered by half the sampling period, but this is corrected by FIR filter 132.

The signals representing the symbol inputs and im30 pulse responses in the FIR filter 132 and the sum of the two inputs are generated by eight kx 8 ROMs on line 144 depending on the symbols received on line 143.

FIR filter 132 outputs 10-bit digital samples on line 144 at 800 kHz. These values ​​are input to the D / A converter 133 for an analog waveform

110 to line 145. This waveform is a time division I and Q waveform of the symbol to be transmitted. This split waveform on line 145 is filtered by a 200 kHz bandpass filter 134 and fed through line 146 to mixer 135. The mixer local oscillator input is a 20 MHz intermediate frequency signal on line 147. The I and Q components are thus converted up to a 20.2 MHz intermediate frequency output signal on line 148. The output signal on line 148 is fed through a 20.2 MHz bandpass filter (not shown) and passed to RFU 21, 31a.

The desired signal output of the D / A converter 134 is centered at 200 kHz with a bandwidth of 32 kHz. By multiplying the 200 kHz waveform by 20 MHz, the output waveform mixes the I and Q samples with the intermediate frequency SIN15 and COS components. Thus, the 20 MHz signal can directly tell the output waveform and the exact component inputs are processed automatically. Thus, there is no need for a separate SIN (IF) / COS (IF) development circuit to multiply I / Q samples from the D / A, as at the receiver. This also removes the separation feed in the mixer from the baseband to the mixer output.

The output data stored in the FIR filter 132 of the transmitter is calculated to correct for any errors that may occur due to a 1/50 T difference in the I and Q time values. 25 The intermediate frequency filter in the RUF (Figures 28 and 29) also sums these two values ​​together to form the correct transmitted waveform because its bandwidth is relatively small compared to the intermediate frequency.

In the modem receiving block, mixer 138 mixes the analog waveform received from the RFU on line 150 via a 20 MHz bandpass filter (not shown) to a 20 MHz intermediate frequency signal on line 151 to down-convert the analog signal to baseband on line 152. The analog signal is thus converted to digital signal A / D to line 153, which is buffered in FIFO stack memory 140 for processing

111 by microprocessor 141. Microprocessor 141 performs frequency and bit tracking of the received digital signal and also performs FIR filtering and demodulation of the signal into a binary symbol stream fed on line 154 to the CCU.

In addition to analog and digital data signals that are processed by the modem, multiple control and status signals are sent to and from the modem. These signals are generally sent to the modem from the CCU. The modem also sends control signals to the RFU to control functions such as transmission power level, frequency, AGC, and antenna connection for multipath reception.

The modem connections are shown in Figures 26 and 27. The modem receives most of its inputs from the CCU. Other inputs are from RFU and timing units. The modem inputs are as follows:

The following lines transmit the described signals to the modem 19, 30a from the CCU 18, 29:

TX DATA lines 156 transmit a 4-bit symbol for transmission by the modem (2 bits for QPSK, 1 bit for BPSK). MOD BUS 157 is a bidirectional microprocessor bus that transfers control / status information to / from the modem. The MOD WR line 158 transfers the control signal to the latch in the MOD BUS modem. The MOD RD line 159 transmits a control signal to bring the modem status and other information to the MOD BUS line for transmission to the CCU 18, 29. The MOD RESET line 160 transmits a control signal to reset the modem. MOD ADD lines 161 transmit control signals to various locations to lock values ​​within the modem. TX SOS line 162 transmits a signal to start TX slot transmission. The RX SOS line 163 transmits a signal to start RX slot reception.

IF RECEIVE line 165 transmits the intermediate frequency receive frequency input signal to the modem 19, 30a

From RFU 21, 31a.

112

The following lines transmit the described signals to modem 19 from STIMU 35. The 80 MHz line 167 transmits the 80 MHz ECL clock signal. A similar signal is transmitted to modem 30a by a timing unit (not shown) at the subscriber station. The 16 kHz line 168 transmits the host TX CLK signal used at the base station. The SOMF line transmits the frame start signal to the base station from STIMU. This signal is not used in the modem but is transmitted to the CCU 18, 29.

Subsequent lines transmit the described signals from the modem 19, 30a to the CCU 18, 29. The TX CLK line 171 transmits a 16 kHz clock signal that provides the CCU with symbol transmission timing. The symbols are timed to the modem on the rising edge of this clock. At the base station, all time slots have the same host TX CLK. Thus, all signals from the base station are transmitted at the same time. At the subscriber station TX CLK, it has been moved aside by a fractional area delay by the modem based on the information input by the CCU. The RX CLK line 172 transmits a 16 kHz clock signal derived from the received signal. This signal is always generated at the subscriber station, but it is generated at the base station only during control slot data collection. This clock signal synchronizes the received symbol to the CCU and forms a symbol timing for the CCU. RX DATA lines 173 transmit a 4-bit received symbol timed by an RX CLK signal. MOD BUS 157 transmits status and data information from the modem. The MOD SOMF line 175 transmits the SOMF signal from the STIMU to the CCU at the base station. The AM STROBE line 176 transmits a top-down transition to provide a rough frame marker to the CCUs during RCC data acquisition at the subscriber station. This is a one-way line that is pulsed when microprocessor 141 determines the approximate location of the AM slot.

Subsequent lines transmit the described signals from the modem 19, 30a to each RFU 21, 31a. RF RX BUS 178 on

An 8-bit bus between the modem and the RFU block. This bus transmits AGC and frequency selection information to the RF RX block.

113

The modem controls the AGC values ​​to be transmitted and transmits the frequency selection information of the cCU. The frequency selection information is input to the modem CCU via the MOD BUS line 157. During learning mode, the modem controls the RF RX frequency selector5. RF TX BUS 179 is an 8-bit bus between the modem and the TX block of the RFU. This bus transmits TX power level and frequency selection information to the TX block of the RFU. The modem has nothing to do with these, so the information is only transmitted to the RF TX block. RX 80 MHz 10 The REF line 180 transmits the ECL 80 MHz reference clock signal to the RX block of the RFU. The TX EN line 182 transmits a signal to the TX block of the RFU to allow RF transmission. The RX EN line 183 transfers the signal to the RX block of the RFU to allow RF reception. The AGC WR line 184 transfers the write probe 15 to block the AGC data in the RX block of the RFU. RXFREQ WR line

185 transfers the write probe to the TX block of the RFU for frequency writeings. The PWR WR line 186 transmits the write probe to block the power information of the RFU to the TX block. The PWR RD line 187 transfers the write probe to read back the formation from the TX block of the RFU. The TXFREQ RD line 188 moves the read probe to read the retransmission frequency from the TX block of the RFU. The TXFREQ WR line 189 transfers the write probe to the TX block of the RFU for frequency writeings. The IF TRANSMIT line 190 transmits the transmitted signal at an intermediate frequency to the RFU.

Subsequent lines transmit the described signals from modem 19 to STIMU 35. VCXO BUS 192 is a 20-bit data bus to VCXOs in STIMU 35 along with control information for frequency tracking. The VCXO WR line transfers write 30 pulses to the VCXO circuit to block the VCXO BUX bus 192 to the VCXO. Similar signals are transmitted from modem 30a to a timing unit (not shown) at the subscriber station.

The operation of the base station modem is assigned to a fixed RF frequency. The communication at the base station is full duplex so the modem receiver and transmitter operate simultaneously. The modem is named to be as well

114 a control frequency channel modem, thus transmitting and receiving information only during a control time slot allocated in the radio control channel (RCC) format. All transmissions from the base station modems are synchronized to the host TX CLK 5 signal at 16 kHz on line 171. Unlike the subscriber modem, the base station modems 19 supply the CCU 18 with a fraction of the symbol time of the host TX CLK signal on line 171 and the derived RX CLK signal. on line 172 between modem 19. This information is then transmitted to the subscriber 10 station in the RCC so that the subscriber station delays its transmission so that its signal is received at the base station synchronously with all other time slots.

The base station modem 19 also transmits a zero energy signal in the control slot to form an RCC AM slot 15 (which provides a frame reference) when the RFU transmits a zero energy signal. This non-carrier portion of the RCC transmission is used for the original RX data acquisition at the subscriber station.

Modem 19 is unaware of the fact that the base station has four voice codecs multiplexed by CCU 18 for four 16 PSK subscriber slot assignments. Modem 19 accepts the bitstream from CCU 18 and treats the transmission as if it were a single codec subscriber.

All functions in the subscriber station modem 30a are derived from the received RX CLK signal on line 172, which is recovered from the received transmission. This acts as the host clock of the subscriber station. The TX CLK signal on line 171 to CCU 29 is not a master clock, like a base station. It is derived from the RX CLK signal on line 172 and vii30 at the fractional time selected by CCU 29.

The CCU 29 determines the delay from the RCC. The delay is determined by the distance between the base and subscriber stations. The subscriber station CCU 29 supplies this fractional time information to the modem 30a via the MOD BUS 157. Modem 30a relies on the fractional delay itself. The CCU 29 relies on the time of the TX SOS signal104676 for the integer symbol delay

115 received on line 162 delayed by the correct number of symbols. This process unifies the signals arriving at the base station with respect to changes in the area of ​​all subscriber stations.

Communication is half-duplex at the subscriber station.

Thus, when the transmitter is in sleep mode, it is disabled. The modem 30a, when not actively transmitting, is set to its receive state and can thus monitor the gain levels of the receive signal to be prepared when a burst arrives from the base station.

The subscriber station modem 30a does not transmit an AM security band for the RCC slot. This is not required because the base station defines the frame. Unlike fixed frequency base station modems 19, subscriber station modems 15a can also transmit or receive data on any of the 26 frequencies selected in the RFU CCU 11a 29.

The modem has several delay sources that have a pronounced effect on system timing. Such factors include analog filter delays, propagation delays, FIR filter processing delays, etc. These delays stagger the TX and RX frames from each other, and these staggers must be carefully considered.

The delay between the base station 25a of the TX SOS signal line 162 and the base station of the first received analog symbol peak is +7.4 symbols. Thus, there is a step between the TX and RX slots. To decode the incoming phase correctly, the modem must start sampling about 3.5 symbols before the peak gets 30 trees. As a result, the stage between the TX SOS signal and the start of RX sampling is about 4 symbols long.

At the base station, the start of the RX interval occurs at approx

T After the start of the TX interval. The start of the RX interval is defined as the time during which the first analog sample is taken into account to detect the first received peak.

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The subscriber station clocks are derived entirely from the 80 MHz host VCXO in the subscriber station timing unit (not shown). The VCXO is controlled by an analog line from the modem 30a. From this, all reception and transmission times are calculated. Modem 30a thus provides the CCU 29 with a 16 kHz RX CLK signal on line 172 derived from the incoming data stream. The CCU 29 itself detects a unique word on the control channel and can determine frame and slot markers from the individual word and the RX CLK signal on line 172. 10 The AM intermediate signal from the signal demodulated by the modem informs the CCU 29 where to look for the individual word.

Any time slot during modem reception

19, 30a perform frequency synchronization by data acquisition and then continue monitoring. The subscriber station VCXO has a micro15 under the direct control of the processor 141 via a D / A converter.

Microprocessor frequency data acquisition and tracking algorithms calculate the changes from the VCXO that are necessary to maintain synchronization.

The OCXO at base station, which is housed in STIMU 35, is fixed and acts as the master clock for the system. As a result, there are no frequency deviations in reception.

During reception in any time slot, the modem 19, 30a also performs bit synchronization on the bit synchronization scramble of the received data stream. The algorithm executes a 25 bit tracking loop inside the receiver. Microprocessor 141 controls the 80 MHz VCXO or OCXO (control slot demodulation only) variable frequency divider. Within the bit tracking loop, microprocessor 141 modifies the frequency division to provide bit synchronization.

During audio channel reception, the division values ​​have step sizes

0.1% of 16 kHz, but during the control interval the values ​​can change more sharply as much as +/- 50%.

Frame synchronization is handled in a completely different way at the base station and the subscriber stations. At the base station, the host35 SOMF (start of modem frame) signal is transmitted to the CCU 18 on line 175 from the timing unit on line 169 of modem 19

117 through. This is the host SOMF signal used for all transmission from the base station. From this and the symbol clock signal (16 kHz) of the host system, the CCU 18 can derive all time slot and frame signaling.

At the subscriber station, frame synchronization is performed by the CCU together with the individual word expression in the received RCC data stream. After the initial data acquisition, the modem 30a generates a one-stroke approximate frame marker (AM radar) on line 176. During the data acquisition, the modem 30a searches for an AM slot in the RCC. If the AM slot is detected, the modem 30a counts it a few frames and then generates an AM radar marker on line 176 to the CCU 29 at the AM slot frame location. The CCU 29 uses this radar marker to set the original frame marker counters (windowing), which can be modified with the CCU software for accurate frame synchronization. This also determines that the AM interval was detected and the RCC has been collected.

The time synchronization takes place under the control of the CCU 18, 29. The signals TX on SOS line 162 and RX on SOS line 163 are instructions to modem 19, 30a to start slot transmission or reception. These signals are synchronized to the TX CLK signal on line 171 and the RX CLK signal on line 172, respectively.

A self-adaptive mode is a feedback mode in which the modem enters its receiver to teach the coefficients of the digital FIR filter to correct for any degradations in the analog filters that may occur over time or temperature. The analysis is performed by reconnecting the transmitter data via the RF unit and receiving a known pattern at the receiver. The odds are optimized with a 5-condition LaGrangia system. These conditions are (1) received data stream, (2) 0.05 T delayed data stream, (3) 0.05 T forward data stream, (4) data stream from an adjacent upper channel, and (5) data stream from an adjacent lower channel.

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During learning, the microprocessor 141 transfers to the TX FIR filter 131 on line 143 a series of 32 learning symbols. This is done through the FIFO stack memory (not shown), which is allowed during the learning mode. Forward transfers / delays are made with a receive bit tracking circuit that increments two years by 0.05 T.

The CCU 18, 29 places the modem 19, 30a in a learning mode so that the modem's transmission block can read special learning data from the FIFO stack memory on the modem disk. The receiving station is moved forward / delayed for some tests. When the process is completed, the modem sends a status message to the CCU 18, 29 that the coefficients have been calculated. Currently, the CCU 18, 29 tests the modem by placing it in normal operation and writing out a layout pattern that commands the RFU 21, 31a for feedback and reads the returned data and tests its validity.

The modem is described in more detail in parallel in a U.S. patent application entitled Moden for Subscriber RF Relephone System filed the same day with this application by Eric Paneth, David N. Critchlow, and Moshe Yehushua, which is incorporated herein by reference.

RF / IF unit (RFU) and antenna connection

The RFU subsystem establishes a communication channel link between the modem and the antenna at both the base station and the subscriber station. The RFU acts as a linear amplitude to frequency inverter and is substantially transparent to channel data and modulation characteristics.

The antenna interface circuit for the subscriber station is shown in Figure 28. The RFU control logic circuit 192 is connected to the transmitter antenna 32 and the three receiver antennas 32a, 32b and 32c by the antenna interface circuit. The RFU control logic circuit 192 is also connected to the transmission block of the modem 30a and the reception blocks of the modems 30a, 30b and 30c. In fact, 32 and 32a are the same antenna.

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The antenna block transmission block includes an upconverter and amplifier circuit 193, a TX synthesizer 194, a power amplifier 196, and a TX / RX mode switch 197. The first receive block RX 1 of the antenna interface includes a downconverter and amplifier 198, an RX synthesizer switch, a multipath receiver block, TXn (n = 2, 3) includes a downconverter and amplifier 202, an RX synthesizer 203, and a preamplifier 204.

The RFU control logic circuit 192 generates the following signals to the transmitter block of the antenna interface circuit depending on the signals received from the transmission block of the modem 30a: (1) TX enable signal on line 206 to cause TX / RX switch 197 to allow transmission on transmitter antenna 32, (2) IF input signal on line 207 for upconverter and amplifier 193, (3) power control signal on line 208 also for upconverter and amplifier 193, (4) clock reference signal for synthesizer 194 and (5) the channel selection signal on line 210 also for TX synthesizer 194. The TX synthesizer 194 responds to the channel selection signal on line 210 by generating a TX frequency selection signal on line 211 for the upconverter and amplifier 193, which is the same as the difference between the desired transmission frequency and the intermediate frequency of the modem.

The RUF control logic circuit 192 generates the following signals for each receiver block of the antenna interface circuit depending on the signals received from the respective reception blocks of the modems 30a, 30b and 30c: (1) TX enable signal to lines 213 for actuating downconverter and amplifier circuits 198, 202 in receive modes, (2) automatic gain control (AGC) signal to lines 214 for downconverter and amplifier circuits 198, 202, (3) clock current signal to lines 215 for 199, RX synthesizer ) for the channel selection signal lines 216 also for the RX synthesizers 199, 203 depending on the channel selection signal on the lines 216 by forming

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For the RX frequency selection signal lines 217 for the down converter and the amplifier circuits 198, 202, which is the same as the difference between the desired reception frequency and the intermediate frequency of the modem. The downconverter and amplifier circuits 198, 202 generate intermediate frequency output signals on line 218 to the RUF control logic circuit 192 for input to the reception blocks of the respective modems 30a, 30b and 30c.

The upconverter and amplifier circuit 193 in the transmitter block receives the modulated intermediate frequency signal on line 207 to amplify it and change it to the selected RF channel frequency. A filter combination (not shown), amplifiers 196, 197, and level control circuits (not shown) are then used to generate the correct output level and to attenuate unwanted signals at the frame and harmonic frequencies. The output frequency of the transmitter is the sum of the intermediate frequency and the conversion frequency of the modem, which is synthesized at 25 kHz stops from the reference frequency supplied by the modem.

The subscriber station RFU acts as a half-duplex transceiver with the receivers inactive during transmission slots. The transmission burst frequency is high enough to simulate full duplex operation for the user. The designated frequency channel is then selected by the base station RPUs.

The antenna interface circuit for the base station is shown in Figure 29. The RFU control logic circuit 219 is connected to the transmitter antenna 23 and the three receiver antennas 34a, 34b and 34c by the antenna interface circuit. The RFU control logic circuit 219 is also connected to the transmission block of the modem 19 and the reception blocks of the modems 19, 19b and 19c. (Modems 19b and 19c are multipath modems not shown in Figure 2.)

The antenna block transmission block includes an upconverter and amplifier circuit 220, a TX synthesizer 221, a power amplifier 222, a high power amplifier 223, a power detector 224, and a bandpass filter 225. The antenna interface

121 the first receiving block RX 1 includes a down-converter and amplifier 230, an RX synthesizer 231, a preamplifier 232, and a bandpass filter 233. Each additional multipath receiving block RXn includes a down-converter and an amplifier 234, an RX synthesizer 235, a preamplifier 236, and a bandpass 236.

The RFU control logic circuit 219 generates the following signals to the transmission block of the antenna interface circuit depending on the signals received from the transmission block of the modem 19: (1) TX ON signal on line 239 to upconverter and amplifier 220 to turn on the transmit block to allow transmission by transmit antenna 23, (2) intermediate frequency input signal on line 240 also to upconverter and amplifier 220, (3) clock reference signal on line 24 to channel 24 also for TX synthesizer 221. The TX synthesizer 221 responds to the channel selection signal on line 242 by generating an RX frequency selection signal on line 243 for the upconverter and amplifier 220, which is the same as the difference between the desired transmission frequency and the intermediate frequency of the modem. A level control signal is generated on line 224 from power detector 224 to upconverter and amplifier 220.

The RFU control logic circuit 219 generates the following signals for each receiver block of the antenna interface circuit depending on the signals received from the respective reception blocks of the modems 19, 19b, 19c: (1) automatic gain control (AGC) signal for lines 245 downlink signal For RX synthesizers 231, 235 and (3) for channel selection signal lines 247 also for RX synthesizers 231, 235. The RX synthesizers 231, 235 respond to the channel selection signal on lines 247 by generating an RX frequency selection signal on lines 248 for the down converter and amplifier circuits 230, 234, which is the same as the desired reception frequency.

122 and the difference between the intermediate frequency of the modem. The downconverter and amplifier circuits 230, 231 generate intermediate frequency output signals on line 249 to the RFU control logic circuit 219 'for input to the receiving blocks of the respective modems 19, 19b, 19c.

The RFUs at the base station and the subscriber stations are similar except for an additional high power amplifier 223 which is used to increase the transmission power of the base station RF outputs. The basic function of RFUs at both stations is to convert the modulated intermediate frequency signal (20.2 MHz) from the transmitter block of the modem to the desired RF transmission frequency in the 450 MHz UHF range. The receiving side of the RF unit performs the opposite function by converting the received 450 MHz UFH signals down to an intermediate frequency signal at 20 MHz. The transmission and reception frequencies are set aside by 5 MHz. The RF units are programmed with the CCU control function to operate at different frequencies used in the overall system. Typically, the RFU of each base station is set to operate at a certain frequency designation from the initial setting of the system and is not changed. The number of RFUs at a base station corresponds to the number of transmission and reception frequency channel pairs maintained at the base station. Subscriber station RFUs typically change the operating frequency with each new telephone connection.

RFUs include variable AGC and transmit power level settings. The AGC gain is generated by the modem based on the calculation in the receiving block processor 141 in the modem. The transmission power level of the subscriber station is calculated by the CCU based on the messages received from the base station on the RCC channel and other control parameters.

If not all time slots on the frequency channel are in use, the RFU transmits the sleep pattern placed on it by the CCU. If the full frequency channel is not used, the transmitter for this frequency can be blocked by the CCU software via the modem.

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The switching time of many switches is microseconds.

will be below is

Three antennas and three formed. (One shipment,

Many of the separate RF / IF units of the base station RFU three receivers.) And the antenna interface components are identical to those described above for the subscriber station. This paragraph highlights the differences.

The base station RFUs and antenna interface circuits operate on a full duplex basis. All transmitters and receivers operate normally at 100% duty cycle. In addition, it is economically attractive for a base station to operate at a higher transmission power and to use lower noise picture receivers in conjunction with multipath reception. The transmitter is designed to operate at the highest allowable power level without dynamic control. The reception multiplicity is established by several receiving antennas and several modems.

The base station does not normally change the operating frequency or transmit power level during normal operation. The transmitter and 20 receive blocks are fully tunable for each of the 26 channels.

The transmission block of the base station antenna interface receives the modulated IF INPUT signal on line 239 from the modem and processes it as described in subscriber station block yl25. It is further amplified to the required power level and filtered by a cavity preselected bandpass filter 225 to reduce noise at operating frequencies of adjacent receivers and to reduce interference emission levels.

The receiving block of the antenna interface base station is similar to that described for the subscriber station, except that the front end is preceded by cavity-selective bandpass filters 233, 237, which help eliminate the decrease in sensitivity caused by adjacent or nearby transmitters. Low noise preamplifiers are also used to reduce the usable threshold signal level.

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All antennas 23, 34a, 34b, 34c have 30 dB isolation from other antennas. An additional difference is formed in the transmission and reception blocks to ensure a difference of approximately 80 dB between the transmitted signals and the received signals. Bandpass filter, preamplifiers are located next to a suitable transmit or receive antenna.

Multipath reception processing

Multipath reception is used to reduce the likelihood of experiencing channel fading below an acceptable threshold level. The multipath system is capable of adding three more branches from subscriber to base station and from base station to subscriber in addition to routes. The multipath equipment at both the base station and the subscriber stations includes a special multipath connector circuit, three modems, and associated RF units and antennas. Only one modem-RUFantenna combination has transmission capacity. Although the multipath connector circuit 33 is shown only in the diagram of the subscriber system of Figure 2, it is present and connected to the modems and the CCU at the base station Selma in the same way as at the subscriber station.

When operating in multipath reception, the base station or subscriber station uses three receiving antennas that are · separated by a distance large enough to ensure that the fading characteristics of the received signals are uncorrelated. These three antennas feed, via three identical reception blocks, at the antenna interface, a control logic circuit of the RFU, the intermediate frequency outputs of which go to separate modems for demodulation. The TMS 320 microprocessor in the multipath combiner circuit 33 (multipath processor) takes the outputs from the modems and provides a more reliable data flow to the other system in a manner that mimics a single modem. These two functions of acting as multipath combiners and appearing as a single modem for CCUs are the responsibility of the multipath processor hardware and software.

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The multipath processor reads from the three modems their data symbol, the AGC values ​​of the signal plus the noise level and the phase error (deviation of the expressed phase from the ideal 22.5 degree reference vectors). The algorithm used to determine the demodulated symbol includes majority voting and signal-to-noise ratio calculations for each modem to identify the modem most likely with the correct response.

The multipath processor CCU interface registers are nearly identical to the registers found in modems, with the exception that y additional registers are used to transmit information used in the multipath processing function, and thus only three address bits are required.

Because the I / O capabilities of the TMS 320 microprocessor are limited and most of the processing work is performed on one type of I / O register at a time, a special register that holds the address of the currently required register is in use. For example, the AGC value for each modem must be read, the highest value selected, and the result written to the I / O registers of the multipath processor, from which it can be read by the CCU. Addressing these registers is most efficiently performed if the address of the AGC register is first written to the port from which it is placed on the modem address lines. After this, the processor only needs to point to the correct register bank of the modem or microprocessor, thus speeding up I / O operations.

In a multipath system of a subscriber station, each modem has its own timing unit, and in a multipath system, the timing signals used by the three modems are not necessarily in phase. Because the modem clock signals of the three modems are not synchronized with each other, latches are needed to hold the data symbol output from each modem until the multipath processor reads it.

An important function of a multipath processor is to maintain connections between the CCU and the three modems. This connection

126 must be done fast enough to satisfy all the requirements of the CCUs, but not so fast as to overload the multipath processor.