System, method and computer program for an access control system

Cross-Reference to Related Applications

0001The present application claims priority from <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="AU2015900302"><text>Australian Provisional Patent Application No 2015900302</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="AU2015100112"><text>Australian Innovation Patent Application 2015100112 both filed on 2 February 2015</text></patcit>, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Field of Invention

0002The present invention relates to a system, method, mobile communication device and one or more computer programs for an access control system for controlling access to a restricted area. In one exemplary form, the access control system controls access to a vehicular parking area.

Background

0003When a driver of a vehicle wishes to park their vehicle in a parking station, a physical ticket is issued to the driver at the entry point when being granted access to the parking station. The driver can then present the ticket to a payment machine in order to pay for the time that the vehicle has been parked in the parking station. The ticket can then be presented to another ticket machine at an exit point to be allowed to leave the parking station. Such ticketing systems have numerous problems. For example, because of the design of particular vehicles and parking stations, some drivers find it difficult to collect the ticket from the ticket machine at the entry point or insert a ticket for reading with the ticket reader at the exit point without exiting the vehicle. Generally, the driver may also attempt to hold/find the ticket while driving within the parking station which can distract the driver and may result in accidents. Furthermore, if the ticket is lost by the driver, the driver is generally required to pay full fare in order to exit the parking station. Additionally, at busy parking stations, there can be an extensive queue of drivers at payment machines to pay for their respective parking. Furthermore, at busy parking stations, there can be a significant queue at the ticket issuing and reading machines due to the time spent by the driver collecting and inserting the ticket.

0004Other problems exist for other applications where a person wishes to access a restricted area using an access control system.

0005For example, a residential/commercial building may have an access control system for residential parking which can be activated by using a hand operated radio transmitter or a proximity card in order to open a gate, roller door or the like. As some drivers tend to attempt to locate the radio transmitter or proximity card prior to approaching the gate/door whilst driving in order to speed up the access process, the driver tends to become distracted which can lead to accidents. Furthermore, if a new user wishes to access the restricted parking area, a new hand held transmitter or proximity card may need to be ordered, particularly if the access control system is a proprietary system.

0006In relation to building access control system, users may be required to carry an identification device, such as a proximity card or the like, which can be read by a reading device in order for an access controlled door or the like to be opened. However, a large number of users tend to store their identification device in a bag or wallet which in some instances must be removed in order to be read. This can be frustrating and time consuming for the user. Additionally, as users tend to carry a number of items when travelling through such access controlled doors, it is frustrating that a dedicated device, with no other purpose, needs to be carried with the user when attempting to access the restricted area.

0007There is therefore a need to alleviate one or more of the above-mentioned problems or provide a commercial alternative.

0008The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or admission or any form of suggestion that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Summary

0009<b>In</b> one aspect there is provided a system including: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a communication system; and</li><li>a computer program executable by a mobile communication device associated with an entity, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more entry signals from the communication system when the entity approaches an entry point of a restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system, an entry request in response to receiving at least some of the one or more entry signals;</li><li>receive, from the communication system, authorisation data indicative of the entity being granted access to enter the restricted area by an access control system;</li><li>receive one or more exit signals from the communication system when the entity approaches an exit point of the restricted area; and</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system and in response to receiving at least some of the one or more exit signals, an exit request indicative of the authorisation data in order to exit the restricted area.</li></ul></li></ul>

0010In certain embodiments, the communication system includes at least one of: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a first entry communication device including a first directional antenna to define a focused entry signal transmission region, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to generate and transfer the entry request in response to determining that at least some of the one or more entry signals satisfy one or more entry criteria indicative of the focused entry signal transmission region; and</li><li>a first exit communication device including a second directional antenna to define a focused exit signal transmission region, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to generate and transfer the exit request in response to determining that at least some of the one or more exit signals satisfy one or more exit criteria indicative of the focused exit signal transmission region.</li></ul>

0011In certain embodiments, the directional antenna of at least one of the first entry communication device and the first exit communication device is a parabolic antenna.

0012In certain embodiments, the system includes a server processing system and a data store accessible by the access control system, wherein: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the server processing system is configured to: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>generate key data associated with the entity;</li><li>transfer the key data to the mobile communication device for storage in memory;</li><li>store the key data in the data store;</li></ul></li><li>wherein each entry and exit request generated by the mobile communication device is indicative of a key from the key data, wherein an access control processing system of the access control system queries the data store using the key to verify the validity of the entry request or exit request.</li></ul>

0013In certain embodiments, at least one of the entry request and the exit request are indicative of an entity identity and a hashed entity identity to enable the access control system to verify the validity of the entry request and the exit request based on the data store and device specific information for the mobile communication device.

0014In certain embodiments, the communication system communicates with the mobile communication device using Bluetooth Low Energy protocol.

0015In certain embodiments, the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a received signal strength of the one or more entry signals; and</li><li>determine if the one or more entry criteria have been satisfied based at least partially upon the received signal strength of the one or more entry signals in order to generate and transfer the entry request.</li></ul>

0016In certain embodiments, the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0007" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a received signal strength of the one or more exit signals; and</li><li>determine if the one or more exit criteria have been satisfied based at least partially upon the received signal strength of the one or more exit signals in order to generate and transfer the exit request.</li></ul>

0017In certain embodiments, the restricted area is one of: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a vehicular parking area, wherein the entity is a user which is associated with a vehicle for parking within the vehicular parking area; and</li><li>a portion of a building, wherein the entity is a user attempting to access the portion of the building.</li></ul>

0018In certain embodiments, at least one of the entry request and the exit request generated by the mobile communication device is indicative of one or more wireless devices which the mobile communication device is currently connected thereto, wherein in the event that the communication system receives data indicative of a plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests received from multiple mobile communication devices, the one or more connected wireless devices indicated by at least one of the entry request or exit request is used to at least partially determine which entry or exit request from the plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests to process.

0019In certain embodiments, the communication system includes at least one of: <ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a set of entry transmitters including a first entry transmitter and a second entry transmitter, each positionally offset relative a centre of an entry path; and</li><li>a set of exit transmitters including a first exit transmitter and a second exit transmitter, each positionally offset relative a centre of an exit path;</li><li>wherein at least one of the entry request and the exit request generated by the mobile communication device is indicative of a relative location of the mobile communication device within the vehicle based on the received signal strength of the one or more entry signals or the one or more exit signals generated by the set of entry or exit transmitters, wherein in the event that the communication system receives a plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests from multiple mobile communication devices, the relative location is used to at least partially determine which entry or exit request from the plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exists requests to process.</li></ul>

0020In certain embodiments, the communication system includes at least one of: <ul id="ul0010" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>an entry transmitter configured to transmit one or more further entry signals;</li><li>an exit transmitter configured to transmit one or more further exit signals;</li><li>wherein the mobile communication device is configured by the computer program to: <ul id="ul0011" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a scale value based on a peak power of a received further entry or exit signal;</li><li>determine one or more scaled power values of the one or more received entry or exit signals;</li><li>wherein the one or more entry or exit criteria are indicative of a growth rate of one or more scaled power values of at least some of the one or more received entry or exit signals equaling or exceeding a growth rate threshold.</li></ul></li></ul>

0021In certain embodiments, the mobile communication device is configured to automatically transfer at least one of the entry request and the exit request without user interaction.

0022In another aspect there is provided a computer program executable by a mobile communication device, wherein the computer program configures the mobile communication device to: <ul id="ul0012" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more entry signals from a communication system when the user approaches an entry point of a restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system, an entry request after receiving the one or more entry signals;</li><li>receive, from the communication system, authorisation data indicative of the user being granted access to enter the restricted area by an access control system;</li><li>receive one or more exit signals from the communication system when the user approaches an exit point of the restricted area; and</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system and after receiving the one or more exit signals, an exit request indicative of the authorisation data for processing by the access control system to enable the user to exit the restricted area.</li></ul>

0023In another aspect there is provided a system including: <ul id="ul0013" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>at least one communication device associated with an entry point of a restricted area;</li><li>a computer program executable by a mobile communication device associated with an entity, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0014" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more entry signals generated by the communication device when the entity approaches the entry point of the restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer an entry request in response to receiving at least some of the one or more entry signals;</li></ul></li><li>one more processing systems configured to: <ul id="ul0015" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive the entry request;</li><li>process the entry request to determine if the entity is allowed to enter the restricted area;</li><li>facilitate instructing an access control assembly of the restricted area to allow the entity to enter the restricted area.</li></ul></li></ul>

0024In certain embodiments the system includes at least one further communication device associated with an exit point of the restricted area, wherein the mobile communication device is configured by the computer program to: <ul id="ul0016" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more exit signals generated by the at least one further communication device when the entity approaches the exit point of the restricted area; generate and transfer an exit request in response to receiving at least some of the one or more exit signals; and</li><li>wherein the one more processing systems are configured to: <ul id="ul0017" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive the exit request;</li><li>process the exit request to determine if the entity is allowed to exit the restricted area;</li><li>facilitate instructing a further access control assembly of the restricted area to allow the entity to exit the restricted area.</li></ul></li></ul>

0025In another aspect there is provided a system including: <ul id="ul0018" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a communication system including a first communication device and a second communication device; and</li><li>a computer program executable by a mobile communication device associated with an entity, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: receive one or more first signals from a first communication device associated with an access point of a restricted area;</li><li>receive one or more second signals from a second communication device associated with the access point of the restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer an access request to enable an access control system to grant access to the restricted area in the event that one or more criteria are satisfied based at least partially upon on the received signal strength of the one or more first signals and the received signal strength of the one or more second signals.</li></ul>

0026In certain embodiments, the mobile communication device is configured by the computer program to: <ul id="ul0019" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a plurality of first power values based on received signal strengths of a plurality of first signals;</li><li>determine a scale value based on an order of magnitude of at least some of the plurality of first power values; and</li><li>determine a plurality of scaled power values based on the scale value and the received signal strength of a plurality of second signals;</li><li>wherein the one or more criteria are at least partially dependent upon the one or more scaled power values which are based at least partially on the received signal strength of the plurality of second signals.</li></ul>

0027In certain embodiments, the mobile communication device determines the scale value based on the order magnitude of one of the first power values having the greatest power value compared to a remainder of the first power values.

0028In certain embodiments, the mobile communication device dynamically determines a baseline scaled power value in response to receiving each second signal based on at least some of the plurality of scale power values, wherein the one or more entry signal criteria are satisfied when a scaled power growth rate for one of the scaled power values relative to the baseline scaled power value is equal to or greater than a threshold scaled power growth rate.

0029In certain embodiments, in the event that the scaled power growth rate is not equal to or greater than the threshold scaled power growth rate, the mobile processing system is configured to determine whether one or more consecutive scaled power values for a threshold period of time are greater than or equal to a threshold scaled power value, wherein in response to a positive determination, the access request is transferred by the mobile communication device.

0030In another aspect there is provided a computer program executable by a mobile communication device, wherein the computer program configures the mobile communication device to: <ul id="ul0020" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more first signals from a first communication device associated with an access point of a restricted area;</li><li>receive one or more second signals from a second communication device associated with the access point of the restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer an access request to enable an access control system to grant access to the restricted area in the event that one or more criteria are satisfied based at least partially upon on the received signal strength of the one or more first signals and the received signal strength of the one or more second signals.</li></ul>

0031Other aspects and embodiments will be appreciated throughout the detailed description.

Brief Description of the Figures

0032Example embodiments should become apparent from the following description, which is given by way of example only, of at least one preferred but nonlimiting embodiment, described in connection with the accompanying figures. <ul id="ul0021" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> illustrates a functional block diagram of an example processing device that can be utilized to embody or give effect to a particular embodiment;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> illustrates an example network infrastructure that can be utilized to embody or give effect to a particular embodiment;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> illustrates a block diagram of an example system for an access control system for a parking station;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> illustrates a flowchart representing a method performed by the system of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> illustrates an isometric view of an example of an entry or exit communication device body;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> illustrates a perspective front view of an example of a portion of the entry or exit communication device;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 7</figref> illustrates a perspective side view of a portion of the entry or exit communication device of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 8</figref> is an elevated view of a portion of the entry or exit communication device of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref>; and</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 9</figref> is a perspective end view of a portion of the entry or exit communication device of <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figures 10A to 10C</figref> are plan views of a schematic illustrating a vehicle approaching an entry point and being granted access to park within a parking station using the system of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figures 11A to 11C</figref> are plan views of a schematic illustrating a vehicle approaching an exit point and being authorised to leave the parking station using the system of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 12</figref> is graph of scaled power values over time for first, second, third and fourth signals received by the mobile communication device from the communication system of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 13</figref> illustrates a block diagram of an example system for an access control system for a residential/commercial parking area;</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Figure 14</figref> illustrates a block diagram of an example system for an access control system for a building access system; and</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Figure 15</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a further example system for an access control system.</li></ul>

Detailed Description of Example Embodiments

0033The following modes, given by way of example only, are described in order to provide a more precise understanding of the subject matter of a preferred embodiment or embodiments. In the figures, incorporated to illustrate features of an example embodiment, like reference numerals are used to identify like parts throughout the figures.

0034A particular embodiment of the present invention can be realised using a processing device, an example of which is shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>. In particular, the processing device 100 generally includes at least one processor 102, or processing unit or plurality of processors, memory 104, at least one input device 106 and at least one output device 108, coupled together via a bus or group of buses 110. In certain embodiments, input device 106 and output device 108 could be the same device. An interface 112 can also be provided for coupling the processing device 100 to one or more peripheral devices, for example interface 112 could be a PCI card or PC card. At least one storage device 114 which houses at least one database 116 can also be provided. The memory 104 can be any form of memory device, for example, volatile or non-volatile memory, solid state storage devices, magnetic devices, etc. The processor 102 could include more than one distinct processing device, for example to handle different functions within the processing device 100.

0035Input device 106 receives input data 118 (such as electronic content data), for example via a network or from a local storage device. Output device 108 produces or generates output data 120 (such as viewable content) and can include, for example, a display device or monitor in which case output data 120 is visual, a printer in which case output data 120 is printed, a port for example a USB port, a peripheral component adaptor, a data transmitter or antenna such as a modem or wireless network adaptor, etc. Output data 120 could be distinct and derived from different output devices, for example a visual display on a monitor in conjunction with data transmitted to a network. A user could view data output, or an interpretation of the data output, on, for example, a monitor or using a printer. The storage device 114 can be any form of data or information storage means, for example, volatile or non-volatile memory, solid state storage devices, magnetic devices, etc..

0036Examples of electronic data storage devices 114 can include disk storage, optical discs, such as CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc, flash memory/memory card (e.g., solid state semiconductor memory), MultiMedia Card, USB sticks or keys, flash drives, Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, miniSD cards, SDHC cards, miniSDSC cards, solidstate drives, and the like.

0037In use, the processing device 100 is adapted to allow data or information to be stored in and/or retrieved from, via wired or wireless communication means, the at least one database 116. The interface 112 may allow wired and/or wireless communication between the processing unit 102 and peripheral components that may serve a specialised purpose. The processor 102 receives instructions as input data 118 via input device 106 and can display processed results or other output to a user by utilising output device 108. More than one input device 106 and/or output device 108 can be provided. It should be appreciated that the processing device 100 may be any form of terminal, PC, laptop, notebook, tablet, smart phone, specialised hardware, or the like.

0038The processing device 100 may be a part of a networked communications system 200, as shown in <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>. Processing device 100 could connect to network 202, for example the Internet or a WAN. Input data 118 and output data 120 could be communicated to other devices via network 202. Other terminals, for example, thin client 204, further processing systems 206 and 208, notebook computer 210, mainframe computer 212, PDA 214, pen-based computer 216, server 218, etc., can be connected to network 202. A large variety of other types of terminals or configurations could be utilized. The transfer of information and/or data over network 202 can be achieved using wired communications means 220 or wireless communications means 222. Server 218 can facilitate the transfer of data between network 202 and one or more databases 224. Server 218 and one or more databases 224 provide an example of an information source.

0039Other networks may communicate with network 202. For example, telecommunications network 230 could facilitate the transfer of data between network 202 and mobile or cellular telephone 232 or a PDA-type device 234, by utilising wireless communication means 236 and receiving/transmitting station 238. Satellite communications network 240 could communicate with satellite signal receiver 242 which receives data signals from satellite 244 which in turn is in remote communication with satellite signal transmitter 246. Terminals, for example further processing system 248, notebook computer 250 or satellite telephone 252, can thereby communicate with network 202. A local network 260, which for example may be a private network, LAN, etc., may also be connected to network 202. For example, network 202 could be connected with ethernet 262 which connects terminals 264, server 266 which controls the transfer of data to and/or from database 268, and printer 270. Various other types of networks could be utilised.

0040The processing device 100 is adapted to communicate with other terminals, for example further processing systems 206, 208, by sending and receiving data, 118, 120, to and from the network 202, thereby facilitating possible communication with other components of the networked communications system 200.

0041Thus, for example, the networks 202, 230, 240 may form part of, or be connected to, the Internet, in which case, the terminals 206, 212, 218, for example, may be web servers, Internet terminals or the like. The networks 202, 230, 240, 260 may be or form part of other communication networks, such as LAN, WAN, ethernet, token ring, FDDI ring, star, etc., networks, or mobile telephone networks, such as GSM, CDMA or 3G, 4G, etc., networks, and may be wholly or partially wired, including for example optical fibre, or wireless networks, depending on a particular implementation.

0042Referring to <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> there is shown an example system 302 for use with an access control system 304 for a vehicular parking station. In one form, the system 302 operates as a virtual ticketing system. The systems 302, 304 operate together to form system 300.

0043In particular, the system 302 includes a communication system 306 associated with the vehicular parking station and a computer program 308 executable upon a mobile communication device 310.

0044The mobile communication device 310 can be provided in the form of a processing device 100 and more specifically in the form of a smart phone, a tablet processing system or the like. In particular, the mobile communication device 310 generally includes a processor 102, memory 104, an input device 106, an output device 108, and a communication interface 112 coupled together via a bus. The input and output device 106, 108 can be provided in an integrated form such as a touch screen display. In particular embodiments, the mobile communication device 310 can include a camera device. The mobile communication device 310 is generally associated with an entity such as a user which could be a driver or a passenger of the vehicle. The computer program 308 can be provided in the form of a "mobile app'.

0045In use, the mobile communication device 310 could be located near the user in the vehicle, in the user's pocket, mounted within the vehicle, or the like. Preferably, the user does not need to interact with the mobile communication device 310 during use in order for communication to occur between the mobile communication device 310 and the communication system 206. Rather, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to automatically operate and communicate with the communication system without user input in order to enter and exit the restricted vehicular parking area.

0046The access control system 304 of the vehicular parking station can be a ticket issuance system including an access control processing system 312, an entry controller 314 in the form of a ticket issuance machine at an entry point of the vehicular parking station, an exit controller 316 in the form of a ticket reading machine at the exit point of the vehicular parking station, an automated entry and exit assembly 318, 320 (e.g. an automatically controlled boom gate) at the respective entry and exit points, and a vehicular detection system 322. The access control processing system 312 can be provided in the form of processing system 100.

0047Advantageously, the described system 302 can be retrofitted with an existing access control system 304 that currently issues physical tickets such that an entity has an option to receive authorisation data in the form of a virtual ticket to their respective mobile communication device 310. However, it is possible for the system 300 can be newly designed and installed which includes system 302. For the purposes of clarity, the entity is this example is a user associated with the mobile communication device 310.

0048Referring more specifically to <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, the communication system 306 is generally a local communication system that utilises wireless communication. The communication system 306 includes an entry communication system 324 including at least one entry communication device associated with the entry point of the restricted area and an exit communication system 326 including at least one exit communication device associated with the exit point of the restricted area.

0049In a preferable form, the communication system 306 includes a plurality of entry communication devices associated with the entry point of the restricted area and a plurality of exit communication devices associated with the exit point of the restricted area. As will be described in more detail below, the use of multiple entry and exit communication devices can be advantageous to handle different mobile communication devices which have different communication characteristics (e.g. speed, communication sensitivity, etc.).

0050More specifically, the entry communication system 324 includes a first entry communication device 334 located a short distance (i.e. 0.5 to 10 metres) prior to the ticket issuance machine 314 and the entry boom gate assembly 318 at the entry point of the parking station. Similarly, a first exit communication device 354 is located a small distance (i.e. 0.5 to 10 metres) prior to the ticket reading machine 316 and the exit boom gate assembly 320 at the exit point of the parking station. In one form, the first entry communication device 334 and the first exit communication device 354 are located inside respective bollards. The first entry and exit communication devices 334, 354 are preferably fixed devices. Preferably, the first entry communication device 334 and the first exit communication device communicate 354 use Bluetooth protocol such as Bluetooth Low Energy. The wireless signal transmitted by the first entry and exit communication devices are indicative of a unique device identity/address for the respective communication device.

0051Referring to <figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> there is shown a communication device body 325 of the first entry communication device 334 or the first exit communication device 354 which has a parabolic internal shaped wall to define a directional antenna. <figref idref="f0006 f0007">Figures 6 to 9</figref> shwo the communication device body assembled with a microcontroller 328 which is mounted to the rear surface of the communication device body 325. The microcontroller 328 is configured to perform various wireless communication processing. As can be seen in <figref idref="f0006 f0007">Figures 6 to 9</figref>, the antenna element 327 which is in electrical communication with the microcontroller 328, is located at a focus point of the parabolic shaped internal wall. The parabolic shaped wall of the communication device body 325 defines a focused transmission region, like a "hotspot", which the mobile communication device 310 is able to detect a strong increase in received signal strength compared to areas outside the focused transmission region. As shown in <figref idref="f0005 f0006 f0007">Figures 5 to 9</figref>, the directional antenna of the first entry and first exit communication devices 334, 354 is a parabolic antenna which advantageously focuses the transmission of the transmitted signal within a specific region whilst still capturing transmitted signals from the mobile communication device 310 over a broad region. It will be appreciated that a cover can extend between the side edges of the body 325 which is substantially flush with the external wall of the bollard, although for clarity purposes this has not been shown in <figref idref="f0005 f0006 f0007">Figures 5 to 9</figref>.

0052In a preferable form, the entry communication system 324 of the communication system 306 can further include a second entry communication device 336 located within or near the ticket issuance machine 318. Furthermore, the exit communication system 326 of the communication system 306 can further include a second exit communication device 356 located within or near the ticket reading machine 316. The second entry and exit communication devices 336, 356 are preferably fixed devices. In a preferable form, the second entry and second exit communication devices 336, 356 are Bluetooth communication devices using Bluetooth Low Energy. The wireless signal transmitted by the second entry and exit communication devices 336, 356 are indicative of a unique device identity/address for the respective communication device. The second entry communication device 336 is part of or coupled to an entry point microcontroller 338, such as a Raspberry Pi microcontroller or the like, located within or near the ticket issuance machine 314. The first entry communication device 334 is also coupled, via a wired medium that extends between the bollard and the ticket issuance machine 314, to the entry point microcontroller 338. Similarly, the second exit communication device 356 is part of or coupled, via a wired medium, to an exit point microcontroller 358, such as a Raspberry Pi microcontroller or the like, located in or near the ticket reading machine 316. The first exit communication device 354 is also part of or coupled to the exit point microcontroller 358 via a wired medium that extends between the bollard and the ticket reading machine 320.

0053The entry communication system 324 of the communication system 306 preferably further includes a third and fourth entry communication device 330, 332 provided in the form of a first entry transmitter 330 and a second entry transmitter 332. Furthermore, the exit communication system 326 of the communication system 306 further includes a third and fourth exit communication device 350, 352 provided in the form of first exit transmitter 350 and a second exit transmitter 352. The first and second entry and exit transmitters 330, 332, 350, 352 are configured to operate as beacons, each periodically transmitting a unique wireless signal which can be received by an approaching mobile communication device 310. The unique wireless signal can be indicative of a unique identity (such as a universally unique identifier) associated with the respective communication device. The unique wireless signals which can be received by an approaching mobile communication device 310 can be used by the mobile communication device 310 to determine which side of the vehicle (i.e. left or right) the approaching mobile communication device 310 is located. As will be explained in further detail below, determining whether a particular mobile communication device 310 is located on the left or right side of the vehicle 1000 can be used to distinguish between multiple mobile communication devices 310 located in the vehicle 1000 which are substantially simultaneously attempting to communicate with the communication system 306. Additionally, the received wireless signals from the transmitters 330, 332, 350, 352 can be analysed by the approaching mobile communication device 310 to assist with determining when an entry or exit request should be transmitted by the mobile communication device 310.

0054The first and second entry transmitters 330, 332 are generally located adjacent opposing sides of the entry path (i.e. road or driveway) as shown in <figref idref="f0008">Figures 10A to 10C</figref>. In particular, the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332 are spatially offset relative to the centre of the vehicle entry path. In one particular form, the first entry transmitter 330 and second entry transmitter 332 may be mounted/embedded on/in a roof surface, ground surface, or wall surface of the parking station. Generally, the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332 are aligned substantially orthogonal relative to the travel direction of the vehicle 1000 along the entry vehicle path when passing the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332. In one form, the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332 share a common power source although it is possible for separate power sources.

0055Similarly, the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352 are generally located adjacent opposing sides of the exit path (i.e. road or driveway) as shown in <figref idref="f0009">Figures 11A to 11C</figref>. In particular, the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352 are spatially offset relative to the centre of the vehicle exit path. In one particular form, the first exit transmitter 350 and second exit transmitter 352 may be mounted/embedded on/in a roof surface, ground surface, or wall surface of the parking station. Generally, the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352 are aligned substantially orthogonal relative to the travel direction of the vehicle 1000 along the exit vehicle path when passing the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352. In one form, the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352 share a common power source although it is possible for separate power sources.

0056In a general form, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to generate and transfer the entry request in response to receiving a first entry signal from the first entry communication device 334 that satisfies an entry criteria. Additionally, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to generate and transfer the exit request in response to receiving a first exit signal 354 from the first exit communication device that satisfies an exit criteria. In one form, the entry criteria and the exit criteria are based at least partially on the received signal strength of the received first entry signal and the first exit signal.

0057In more preferable forms, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to generate and transfer the entry request in response to receiving a first entry signal from the first entry communication device 334 and a second entry signal from the second entry communication device 356 which substantially simultaneously satisfy one or more entry criteria. Similarly, in more preferable forms, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to generate and transfer the exit request in response to receiving a first exit signal from the first exit communication device 354 and a second exit signal from the second exit communication device 356 which substantially simultaneously satisfy one or more exit criteria.

0058Due to a wide variety of locations which the mobile communication device 310 can be located in a vehicle 1000 which can impact upon the received signal strength, and also the varying signal receiving characteristics of a wide variety of mobile communication devices 310, in some instances it may not be possible to predefine the entry criteria and the exit criteria solely dependent upon a predefined threshold received signal strength. Therefore, in a preferable form, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to dynamically determine an entry scale value based on the received signal strength of a plurality of third and/or fourth entry signals received from the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332 such that a predefined entry criteria can be utilised by the mobile communication device 310 to determine when to transfer the entry request using the entry scale value. Similarly, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to dynamically determine an exit scale value based on the received signal strength of a plurality of third and/or fourth exit signals received from the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352 such that a predefined exit criteria can be utilised by the mobile communication device 310 to determine when to transfer the exit request using the exit scale value.

0059More specifically, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to continuously convert the received signal strength for the third and fourth entry signals to received power values. Each power value is determined by the mobile communication device 310 using the received signal strength and configuration data stored in the memory indicative of the transmission characteristics of the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332. The mobile communication device 310 then analyses at least some of the power values (such as a shifting historical window of power values) for the received third and fourth entry signals when approaching the entry point to determine an order of magnitude of the power values being calculated. In particular, the order of magnitude of the received power can vary significantly between various mobile communication devices and the location of the mobile communication device within the vehicle. In one form, the order of magnitude of the power values can be determined based on a peak power value detected for the first or second transmitter 330, 332. In one form, the peak power value may occur when the mobile communication device has just passed the closest point spatially to the first or second entry transmitters 330, 332 as illustrated in <figref idref="f0008">Figure 10B</figref>. The length of the shifting historical window can be ibn memory (such as via configuration data) to take into account variations due to interference and the like. Depending upon the location of the mobile communication device 310 within the vehicle 1000, the peak power value may be identified for either the first or second entry transmitter 330, 332. Once a peak power value has been detected for either the first or second entry transmitter 330, 332 due to a detected downturn in the power of the received third or fourth entry signals, the mobile communication device 310 determines an entry scale value based on the value of the peak power of the received third or fourth entry signals from the first or second entry transmitters 330, 332. The entry scale value can be determined by the mobile communication device 310 such that the peak power value is linearly scaled to have a predefined scaled power value (e.g. 1000 - as shown in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 12</figref>). The entry scale value is stored in memory of the mobile communication device 310 and later used for determining if/when to transmit an entry request in relation to the received first and second entry signals. In this particular example, the entry request can be received by the second entry communication device 336 of the communication system 306.

0060The mobile communication device 310 can also determine and compare the peak power values of the first and second entry transmitters 330, 332 to determine which side of the vehicle 1000 (e.g. left or right) the mobile communication device 310 is located. The mobile communication device 310 has stored in memory configuration data, received from a server processing system 340, indicative of which side of the entry path each entry transmitter is located. For example, the first entry transmitter 330 may be located on the left side of the vehicle entry path and the second entry transmitter 332 may be located on the right side of the vehicle entry path. In the event that the highest peak power value between the two entry transmitters 330, 332 is associated with a third signal received from the first entry transmitter 330, the mobile communication device 310 determines that it is located on the left side of the vehicle 1000. Alternatively, in the event that the highest peak power value between the two entry transmitters 330, 332 is associated with a fourth signal received from the second entry transmitter 332, the mobile communication device 310 determines that it is located on the right side of the vehicle 1000. Position data indicative of the particular side of the vehicle that the mobile communication device 310 is located is stored in memory of the mobile communication device 310 and transferred as part of the entry request which can be used by the access control processing system 312 to distinguish between multiple entry requests received substantially simultaneously from multiple mobile communication devices 310 within the same vehicle.

0061Once the entry scale value has been determined, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to scale the determined power values of first and second entry signals received from the first and second entry communication devices 334, 336.

0062For each first entry signal that the mobile communication device 310 receives as it approaches toward to the entry point, the mobile communication device 310 determines the received signal strength of the first entry signal and then converts the received signal strength to power. The mobile communication device 310 then scales the power according to the entry scale value and applies a smoothing function to the scaled power value taking into account previously determined scaled power values for at least a portion of any previously received first entry signals. A similar process occurs in relation to each received second entry signal. In particular, each second entry signal that the mobile communication device 310 receives as it approaches toward to the entry point, the mobile communication device 310 determines the received signal strength of the second entry signal and then converts the received signal strength to power. The mobile communication device 310 then scales the power value according to the entry scale value and applies a smoothing function to the scaled power value taking into account previously determined scaled power values for at least a portion of any previously received second signals. The mobile communication device 310 then determines whether the scaled power values for the most recently received samples of the first and second entry signals satisfy one or more entry signal criteria. In response to the one or more entry signal criteria being met, the mobile communication device 310 generates and transmits an entry request. In this example, the entry request is received by the second communication device 356.

0063More specifically, the mobile communication device dynamically generates a first baseline entry scaled power value after receiving each first entry signal and a second baseline entry scaled power value after receiving each second entry signal. The first and second baseline entry scaled power values may be calculated as the average of the scaled power values received over a threshold period of time or over a threshold number of received signals (e.g. last 50 samples). Thus, it will be appreciated that the baseline changes over time. The mobile communication device 310 has stored in memory a first and second predefined threshold entry growth rate. In one form, the first and second predefined threshold entry growth rate may be defined in the configuration data. In one example, the various growth rates can be expressed as a percentage of growth although other expressions of the growth rate are possible. The mobile communication device 310 determines a first entry growth rate of the current scaled power value of the first entry signal relative to the first baseline entry scaled power value. Furthermore, the mobile communication device 310 determines a second entry growth rate of the current scaled power value of the second entry signal relative to the second baseline entry scaled power value. The mobile communication device 310 then determines whether the first and second entry growth rates meet or exceed the predefined first and second threshold entry growth rates respectively. In one form, the mobile communication device 310 may also determine whether the first and second scaled power values of the most recently received signals meet or exceed a first and second scaled power threshold in order to avoid false positive detections. In the event of a positive determination, the mobile communication device 310 generates and transmits an entry request. In one variation, a plurality of consecutive growth rates may need to meet or exceed the threshold for consecutive scaled power values in order for an entry request to be generated and transferred in order to avoid sudden changes in interference and the like.

0064In the event that the first and second entry growth rates do not meet or exceed the predefined first and second threshold entry growth rates respectively, the mobile communication device 310 can be configured to check whether consecutive scaled power values for a threshold period of time are greater than a predefined scaled power value threshold. The temporal threshold and the associated predefined scaled power value threshold can be stored in memory of the mobile communication device 310 and can be defined by the configuration data. This failsafe processing can be performed due to unusual circumstances, such as a user handling their mobile communication device midapproach toward the entry point. For example, in the event that the mobile communication device 310 determines that the scaled power value for the first entry signal has been greater than a first scaled power threshold (e.g. 200) for a threshold period of time (e.g. 4 seconds) and the scaled power value for the second entry signal has been greater than a second scaled power threshold (e.g. 400) for a threshold period of time (e.g. 4 seconds), the mobile communication device 310 determines that one or more entry criteria have been met and then proceeds to generate and transmit an entry request.

0065A similar process occurs in relation to the first and second exit communication devices. In particular, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to continuously convert the received signal strength for the third and fourth exit signals to received power values. Each power value is determined by the mobile communication device 310 using the received signal strength and predefined data stored in the memory indicative of the transmission characteristics of the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352. The mobile communication device 310 then analyses at least some of the received power values (such as a shifting historical window of power values for the received third and fourth exit signals) to determine an order of magnitude of the power values. In one form, an order of magnitude can be determined based on the magnitude of a peak power value for the first or second exit transmitters 350, 352. In one form, the peak power value may be determined when the mobile communication device 310 has just passed the closest point spatially to the first or second exit transmitters 350, 352 as illustrated in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 11B</figref>. The length of the shifting historical window is defined to take into account variations due to interference and the like and can be defined in the configuration data. Depending upon the location of the mobile communication device 310 within the vehicle 1000, the peak power value may be associated with either the first or second exit transmitter 350, 352. Once a peak power value has been detected for either the first or second exit transmitter 350, 352 due to a detected downturn in the power of the received third or fourth exit signals, the mobile communication device 310 determines an exit scale value based on the value of the peak power of the received third or fourth exit signals from the first or second exit transmitters 350, 352. The exit scale value can determined by the mobile communication device 310 such that the peak power value is linearly scaled to have a predefined scaled power value (e.g. 1000). The exit scale value is stored in memory of the mobile communication device 310 and later used for determining if/when to transmit an exit request in response to first and second exit signals.

0066In some instances, the mobile communication device 310 can also determine and compare the peak power values of the first and second exit transmitters 350, 352 to determine which side of the vehicle 1000 (e.g. left or right) the mobile communication device 310 is located when attempting to exit the restricted area. The mobile communication device 310 has stored in memory configuration data, received from the server processing system 340, indicative of which side of the vehicle exit path each exit transmitter 350, 352 is located. For example, the first exit transmitter 350 may be located on the left side of the vehicle exit path and the second exit transmitter 352 may be located on the right side of the vehicle entry path. In the event that the highest peak power value between the two entry transmitters 350, 352 is associated with a third signal received from the first exit transmitter 330, the mobile communication device 310 determines that it is located on the left side of the vehicle 1000. Alternatively, in the event that the highest peak power value between the two exit transmitters 350, 352 is associated with a fourth signal received from the second exit transmitter 352, the mobile communication device 310 determines that it is located on the right side of the vehicle 1000. Position data indicative of the particular side of the vehicle that the mobile communication device 310 is located is stored in memory of the mobile communication device 310 and provided as part of the entry request which can be used by the access control processing system 312 to distinguish between multiple exit requests received substantially simultaneously from multiple mobile communication devices in the same vehicle 1000.

0067Once the exit scale value has been determined, the mobile communication device 310 is configured to scale the determined power values of first and second signals received from the first and second entry communication devices.

0068For each first exit signal that the mobile communication device 310 receives as it approaches toward to the exit point, the mobile communication device 310 determines the received signal strength of the first exit signal and then converts the received signal strength to power. The mobile communication device 310 then scales the power according to the exit scale value and applies a smoothing function to the scaled power value taking into account previously determined scaled power values for at least a portion of any previously received first exit signals. A similar process occurs in relation to each received second exit signal. In particular, for each second exit signal that the mobile communication device 310 receives as it approaches toward to the exit point, the mobile communication device 310 determines the received signal strength of the second exit signal and then converts the received signal strength to power. The mobile communication device 310 then scales the power value according to the exit scale value and applies a smoothing function to the scaled power value taking into account previously determined scaled power values for at least a portion of any previously received second exit signals. The mobile communication device 310 then determines whether the scaled power values for the most recently received first and second exit signals satisfy one or more entry criteria. In response to the one or more exit criteria being met, the mobile communication device 310 generates and transmits an exit request. In this particular example, the exit request can be received by the second exit communication device 356 of the communication system 306.

0069More specifically, the mobile communication device 301 dynamically generates a first baseline exit scaled power value after receiving each first exit signal and a second baseline exit scaled power value after receiving each second exit signal. The first and second baseline exit scaled power values may be calculated as the average of the scaled power values received over a threshold period of time or over a threshold number of received signals (e.g. last 50 samples). Thus, it will be appreciated that the baseline changes over time. The mobile communication device 310 has stored in memory a first and second predefined threshold exit growth rate. The mobile communication device 310 determines a first exit growth rate of the current scaled power value of the first exit signal relative to the first baseline exit scaled power value. Furthermore, the mobile communication device 310 determines a second exit growth rate of the current scaled power value of the second exit signal relative to the second baseline exit scaled power value. The mobile communication device 310 then determines whether the first and second exit growth rates meet or exceed the predefined first and second threshold exit growth rate respectively. Optionally, the mobile communication device 310 determines whether the scaled power values of the most recently received first and second signals meet or exceed a scaled power threshold. In the event of a positive determination, the mobile communication device 310 then generates and transmits an exit request. As previously discussed in relation to the entry criteria, in one variation a plurality of consecutive growth rates may need to meet or exceed the threshold for consecutive scaled power values in order for an exit request to be generated and transferred in order to avoid sudden changes in interference and the like.

0070In the event that the first and second exit growth rates do not meet or exceed the predefined first and second threshold exit growth rates respectively, the mobile communication device 310 can be configured to check whether consecutive scaled power values have been determined over a threshold period of time which meet or exceed a predefined scaled power value threshold. The temporal and scaled power value thresholds can be stored in memory of the mobile communication device 310 and can be part of the configuration data. This failsafe processing can be performed due to unusual circumstances, such as a user handling their mobile communication device 310 during the approach toward the exit point. For example, in the event that the mobile communication device 310 determines that the scaled power value for the first exit signal has been greater than a first scaled power threshold (e.g. 200) for a threshold period of time (e.g. 4 seconds) and the scaled power value for the second exit signal has been greater than a second scaled power threshold (e.g. 400) for a threshold period of time (e.g. 4 seconds), the mobile communication device 310 determines that one or more exit signal criteria have been met and then proceeds to generate and transmit the exit request.

0071In some configurations and as mentioned above, there may instances where multiple mobile communication devices 310 are located in the vehicle 1000 approaching the exit point. However, only one of the mobile communication devices 310 may have stored in memory authorisation data for the respective parking station. In response to receiving one or more exit signals from the exit communication system 326, each mobile communication device 310 can be configured by the computer program 308 to determine whether any authorisation data is currently stored in memory indicative of the restricted area. In the event that one of the mobile communication devices 310 determines that no authorisation data is stored in the memory, the respective mobile communication device 310 can be configured to ignore the received exit signals. Therefore, in most instances the exit request indicative of the position of the respective mobile communication 310 within the respective vehicle 1000 may not be required. Thus, in some embodiments, only a single exit transmitter may be required in order to allow the mobile communication device 310 to set the exit scale value. However, in some situations the users of two separate mobile communication devices 310, who have been separately granted access to the restricted area, both exit the parking station together in the same vehicle 1000. In this instance, the position data of the exit request can be used by the access control processing system 312 to distinguish between multiple exit requests to determine which user account the parking session should be associated therewith.

0072The mobile communication device 310 is preferably configured to use location services and region monitoring of the associated operating system. In particular, one or more geographical regions are registered with the operating system of the mobile communication device 310, wherein each registered geographical region defines a geographical boundary about a respective parking station. The boundary may be a predefined radius (e.g. 500 metres) from a point of the respective parking station. Each geographical region which is registered by the computer program 308 has a list of the transmission regions (also referred to as beacon regions) associated with the communication devices 330, 332, 334, 336, 350, 352, 354, 356 of the communication system 306 of the parking station. The mobile communication device 310 is configured to determine a region crossing event, using the location services of the operating system, when the mobile communication device 310 crosses a defined geographical boundary associated with a respective parking station. Upon the mobile communication device 310 determining that the mobile communication device 310 has entered the defined geographical region based on location services, the computer program 308 is launched in background environment of the operating system if the computer program 308 is not already loaded in the background environment of the operating system. The mobile communication device 310 is configured to listen for transmitted entry or exit signals associated with one or more of the registered transmission regions (also referred to as beacon regions) associated with communication devices 330, 332, 334, 336, 350, 352, 354, 356 of the respective communication system 306.

0073The entry point microcontroller 338 includes a data port for connection to the ticket issuance machine 314 via a data cable 334. Similarly, the exit point microcontroller 358 also includes a data port for connection to the ticket receipt machine 316 via a data cable 338. Each data port can be a serial port that connects to the serial port of the ticket issuance/receipt machine 314, 316 via a serial cable 334, 338. It will be appreciated that other types of data cables and data ports can be used. As will be appreciated, the ticket issuance machine 314 and the ticket receipt machine include a controller for issuing and reading tickets respectively.

0074In relation to the ticket issuance machine 314, the second entry communication device 336 transfers data to the ticket issuance machine 314 via the data cable 334 based upon the received entry request. The data transferred to the ticket issuance machine can be indicative of or include the entry request and additionally a flag or marker indicating that the user is a registered user of the system 302 such that no physical ticket needs to be issued by the ticket issuance machine 314. The ticket issuance machine 314 transfers the entry request to the access control processing system 312 via a local computer network. The access control system can then determine whether access should be granted based on data stored in a data store 340 or based on a determination carried out by server processing system 340 and data store 342. In response to a successful determination that access should be granted to the user, the access control processing system 312 or the server processing system 340 generates authorisation data in response. The authorisation data is then transferred, from the access control processing system 312, to the ticket issuance machine 314 which then forwards the authorisation data to the entry point microcontroller 338 via the data cable 334. The entry point microcontroller 338 then wirelessly transfers, via the second entry communication device 336, the authorisation data to the mobile communication device 310 which is configured to store the authorisation data in memory of the mobile communication device 310. Upon generating/receiving the authorisation data, the access control processing system 312 transfers an entry actuation command to the entry boom gate assembly 318 at the entry point such that the entry boom gate actuates to the open position to allow the user to drive their vehicle into the parking station. In particular forms, the entry boom gate assembly 318 is electrically coupled to an entry vehicular detection system 322, wherein the boom gate assembly 318 only actuates to the open position in response to receiving the entry actuation command in combination with receiving an electrical signal from the entry vehicular detection system 322 indicating that a vehicle is present at the entry boom gate assembly. In one particular form, the entry vehicular detection system 322 may be provided in the form of a loop detector or the like.

0075In relation to the ticket reading machine 316 located at the exit point, the second exit communication device 356 transfers the exit request received from the mobile communication device 310 to the ticket reading machine 316 via the data cable 338. The exit request is indicative of the received authorisation data stored in the memory of the mobile communication device 310. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, the authorisation data can include the typical ticket data stored on a magnetic stripe or encoded data of a traditional parking ticket. However, as will be discussed in relation to various embodiments, the authorisation data can include additional information. The exit request is then transferred to the access control processing system 312 via the computer network. The authorisation data may be on-forwarded to the server processing system 340 in some configurations. The access control processing system 312 or the server processing system 340 determine, based on the received exit request indicative of the authorisation data whether the user is permitted to leave the parking station. In response to a positive determination, the access control processing system 312 or the server processing system 340 records the exit time in data store 344 or data store 342 and the access control processing system 312 transfers an exit actuation command to the exit boom gate assembly 320 at the exit point via the ticket reading machine 316. The exit boom gate assembly 320 is then actuated to an open position to allow the user to drive their vehicle out of the parking station.

0076As shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> and as already mentioned, the system 302 also includes the server processing system 340 in data communication with an access control processing system 312. The server processing system 340 can be configured by one or more server computer programs. The server processing system 340 includes or is able to access the data store 342 provided in the form of a database including entity records for registered users of the system 302. Users may register to use the system 302 via a website hosted by a webserver associated with the server processing system 340 or via the computer program 308 executing upon the mobile communication device 310.

0077Upon successful user registration, the server processing system 340 stores in the server database 342 device specific data that ties the user to the mobile communication device 310. The device specific data may include a MAC address of the mobile communication device 310 and device type data. The user record stored in the server database 342 additionally includes a user identity. The user identity can be transferred to the mobile communication device 310 for storage in the memory of the mobile communication device 310. Alternatively, the user identity can be presented to the user such that it can be input when required in future interactions with the computer program 308.

0078Each user record in the data store 342 additionally includes financial data indicative of a financial account that can be debited by the server processing system 340 in response to parking fees being incurred from the access control system 304 of the parking station. In particular, once the user leaves the parking station, the access control processing system 312 generates an electronic invoice that is transferred to the server processing system 340 via a communication network such as a Wide Area Network (WAN) like the Internet. The server processing system 340 then automatically debits the corresponding user account in accordance with the invoiced amount. A service fee may additionally be charged by the operator of the system 302 to the user's account.

0079Upon successful user registration to use the system 302, the server processing system 340 additionally generates key data that is associated with the user record for the user. The key data is stored in the server database 342. In addition, the key data is transferred to the mobile communication device 310 via a communication network, wherein the mobile communication device 310 stores the key data in memory. The key data includes key pairs, where each key pair includes a single use entry key and a corresponding single use exit key. The mobile communication device 310 generates the entry request to include one of the entry keys associated with the user. The access control processing system 312 queries a registered entity database 344 accessible to the access control processing system 312 to determine whether the indicated entry key is valid. The mobile communication device 310 also generates the exit request to include the corresponding exit key associated with the user. The access control processing system 312 queries the registered entity database 344 to determine whether the indicated exit key is valid. Periodically, the server processing system 340 updates the data stored in the registered entity database 344 with new key data and new user identities to enable the access control processing system 312 to verify the validity of received entry and exit requests.

0080When the entry communication system 324 receives an entry request, the entry request can also be indicative of the user identity and a hashed user identity. The computer program 308 of the mobile communication device 310 is configured to obtain the user identity from memory or via user input and hash the user identity using device specific information associated with the mobile communication device 310 such as the MAC address and the device type of the mobile communication device 310. The entry request is forwarded to the access control system 304 for verification using the registered entity database 344. The registered entity database 344 has stored therein user records each including the respective user identity, device specific information for the respective user's mobile communication device 310, and key pairs associated with the respective user. The access control processing system 312 performs the same hashing function upon the user identity using the device specific information and compares the generated hashed user identity to the received hashed user identity indicated by the entry request. The access control processing system 312 also determines whether the entry key is associated with the respective user indicated by the received user identity. In response to successful comparisons, the access control processing system 312 determines that the received entry request is valid and generates the authorisation data for transfer to the ticket issuance machine 314 which is eventually on-forwarded to the mobile communication device 310. Although this validation process has been described as being performed by the access control processing system 312, it is alternatively possible for the server processing system 340 to perform this validation process. In the event that the access control processing system 312 or the server processing system 340 determines that the received entry request is not valid based on the results of the comparison, the access control processing system 312 transfers a failure signal back to the ticket issuance machine 314 that issues a physical ticket as per normal operation. When a successful verification is determined by the access control processing system 312, the access control processing system 312 updates the registered entity database 344 to indicate that the received entry key has been used such that this respective entry key can no longer be used again.

0081When the exit communication system 326 receives an exit request, the exit request can be indicative of an exit key corresponding to the previously presented entry key when entering the parking station, the user identity and the hashed user identity. The access control processing system 312 can perform the same hashing process and comparison as described above. Additionally, the access control processing system 312 can also determine whether the exit key is associated with the user in the database and also whether the exit key corresponds to the previously presented entry key when entering the parking station. In alternative arrangements, the server processing system 344 can perform this validation process. In response to successful comparisons, the access control processing system 312 determines or receives data indicate that the received exit request is valid and transfers the exit actuation command back to ticket reading machine 316 to actuate the opening of the exit boom gate assembly 320 to allow the user to exit their vehicle out of the parking station.

0082Due to the single-use nature of the key pairs, the mobile communication device 310 under control of the computer program 308 can issue a key pair replenishment request to the server processing system 340 which is transferred via a communication network, wherein the server processing system 340 generates a plurality of new key pairs which are then transferred back to the mobile communication device 310 for storage. The key pair replenishment request can be transferred automatically by the computer program 308 when a threshold limit of key pairs has been reached. Alternatively, the key pair replenishment request can be sent via user interaction with the computer program 308. A copy of the key pairs that were issued are also stored in the server database 342 of the server processing system 340. Additionally, a copy of the new key pairs are updated to the registered entity database 344 accessible by the access control processing system 312. Each time that an entry or exit key is used for an entry or exit request, the mobile communication device 310 flags or marks the key pair, or alternatively purges the respective key pair once used such that it is no longer reused.

0083In particular embodiments, the computer program 308 controls the mobile communication device 310 to generate the entry and exit request to be indicative of one or more wireless devices that the mobile communication device 310 is currently connected thereto. In the event that the communication system 306 receives data indicative of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests from multiple mobile communication devices 310, the communication system 306 can use the data indicative of the one or more connected wireless devices as indicated by the entry or exit requests to determine which user account to associate with the parking session. In particular, the entry or exit request of the mobile communication device 310 may be indicative of a particular mobile communication device 310 that is connected to a hands-free communication system which could be a hands-free communication system of the vehicle or a separate device such as a Bluetooth headset. Effectively, a mobile communication device 310 that is connected to other wireless devices is considered to have priority over other mobile communication devices 310 and thus the entry request received from this mobile communication device 310 should be processed such that the parking sessions is associated with the respective user account.

0084Additionally or alternatively, the computer program 308 controls the mobile communication device 310 to generate the entry and exit request to be indicative of a relative position of the mobile communication device 310 within the vehicle based on the received signal strength or scaled power value of the third or fourth entry or exit signals. In particular, due to the mobile communication device 310 having stored in local memory configuration data indicative of the configuration of the communication system 306 for the parking station, the received signal strength or scaled power value for the third and fourth entry or exit signals can indicate whether the mobile communication device 310 is located on the left or right side of the vehicle 1000. For example, referring to <figref idref="f0010">Figure 12</figref> there is shown a plot of the scaled power values generated by a mobile communication device 310 based on received entry signals from the first entry communication device 334 (line 1230), second entry communication device 338 (line 1240), first entry transmitter 330 (line 1220) mounted on the left side of the vehicle path and second entry transmitter 332 (line 1210) mounted on the right side of the vehicle path. In this example, the second entry transmitter 332 mounted on the right side of the vehicle path has the higher scaled power value in <figref idref="f0010">Figure 12</figref>, wherein the computer program configures the mobile communication device 310 to generate the entry request to include side data indicative of the right side of the vehicle. In the event that the communication system 306 receives substantially simultaneous access or exit requests from multiple mobile communication devices 310, the access control processing system 312 can use the relative location of the mobile communication device 310 to determine which user account to associate with the parking session. In one form and in countries where a driver is located on the right hand side of the vehicle, priority is given to an entry and exit request that indicates a relative location of the right side of the vehicle. It will be appreciated that in countries where the driver is located on the left side of the vehicle, priority is given to an entry or exit request indicating a left location.

0085In another form, the mobile communication device 310 generates the entry and exit request to be indicative of one or more timestamps associated with entry or exit signals, wherein the one or more timestamps can be used as a means to determine whether the user is located in the front or the back of the vehicle. This information together with the information as to whether a user is located on the left or right side of the vehicle can be used to indicate a quadrant of the vehicle that the mobile communication device 310 is located. For example, the quadrants may include front-left, front-right, rear-left and rearright. The access control processing system 312 can use the quadrants to determine which mobile communication device 310 is likely to be associated with the driver of the vehicle. For example, in countries where the driver sits in the front-right portion of the vehicle, the access control processing system gives priority to entry requests received from mobile communication device 310 that indicate a front-right relative location within the vehicle.

0086In certain situations, it may not be clear which mobile communication device 310 is to be associated with the parking session when substantially simultaneous entry requests are received from the same vehicle 1000. As a result, temporary authorisation data may be issued to the mobile communication devices 310 associated with the substantially simultaneous entry requests. A confirmation notification may then be transferred by the server processing system 340 to the each mobile communication device 310. The received confirmation notification presented by computer program 308 requests user confirmation as to which mobile communication device 310 is to be associated with the parking session. In response to a user of one of the mobile communication devices 310 responding to the confirmation notification indicating that the respective mobile communication device 310 is to be associated with the parking session, the server processing system and/or the access control processing system 312 update the stored data in data store(s) 342, 344. The access control processing system 312 and/or the server processing system 340 generate authorisation data to replace the temporary authorisation data which is then transferred to the confirming mobile communication device 310 for storage in memory.

0087In one form, the parking station may be associated with various commercial shops, stores and facilities that offer to validate of the user's parking. For example, it is common that a cinema associated with a parking station may validate the customer's ticket such that the customer does not need to pay for parking. In this regard, the mobile communication device 310 can be operated under control of the computer program 308 to obtain a parking validation code and transfer the authorisation data indicative of the validation code to the exit communication device 326 for processing by the access control system 304. In particular, a receipt may be issued to the user who is a customer of a business associated with parking station, wherein the receipt may include machine-readable indicia such as a bar code or QR code. The computer program 308 allows the user to capture a photograph of the machine-readable indicia that is subsequently interpreted to determine the parking validation code. The parking validation code can be combined with the already stored authorisation data, such that when the authorisation data is transferred to the exit communication device 326 upon approaching the exit point of the parking station, the access control system 304 can process the ticket in accordance with the validation code.

0088The system 302 can additionally include a plurality of parking station communication devices 346 located throughout the parking station. Each parking station communication device 346 can broadcast navigation information that can be received by the mobile communication device 310 within a broadcast proximity of the communication device 346 and present navigation information to the user. In one form, the navigation information may be presented audibly.

0089Referring to <figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> there is shown a flowchart representing a method performed by the various components of the system 302 and the access control system 304 of the vehicular parking station.

0090In particular, at step 405, the method 400 includes the mobile communication device detecting a boundary crossing event. The mobile communication device begins to monitor for a list of registered transmission regions of the communication system 306 in response to the detected boundary crossing event. Additionally, the computer program 308 is launched in the background environment of the operating system of the mobile communication device 310 in the event it is not already.

0091As the user approaches an entry point of the vehicular parking station, step 410 of the method 400 includes the mobile communication device 310 under control of the computer program 308 receiving entry signals from entry communication system 324 of the communication system 306 which are associated with the monitored region.

0092At step 412, the method includes the mobile communication device determining an entry scale value, based on a detected peak power value of one of the entry communication devices of the entry communication system 324, to scale the power values of received entry signals.

0093At step 415, the method 400 includes the mobile communication device 310 generating and transferring, to the second entry communication device 338, an entry request in response to one or more received entry signals satisfying one or more entry criteria. In a preferable form, the entry request is generated and transferred in an automated manner without user intervention (i.e. without the user holding the mobile communication device and without operating the mobile communication device).

0094At step 420, the method includes the second entry communication device 336 transferring the received entry request to the access control system 304 via the ticket issuance machine 314. More specifically, the entry communication device 336 communicates with the ticket issuance machine 314 via the data cable. The ticket issuance machine 314 then transfers the entry request to the access control processing system 312 via a computer network such as a Local Area Network (LAN).

0095At step 425, the method 400 includes the second entry communication device 336 receiving authorisation data generated by the access control system 304 via the ticket issuance machine. In particular, the access control processing system 312 generates the authorisation data that is transferred to the ticket issuance machine 314 via the computer network which in turn transfers the authorisation data to the second entry communication device 336 of the entry point microcontroller 338 and the interconnecting data cable 338. The authorisation data is stored in a database 344 accessible by the access control processing system 312.

0096At step 430, the method 400 includes the second entry communication device 336 wirelessly transferring the authorisation data to the mobile communication device 310 of the user for storage in memory of the mobile communication device 310 as a form of virtual ticket.

0097At step 435, the method 400 includes the access control processing system 312 instructing the ticket issuance machine 314 to actuate the entry boom gate assembly 318 to move to an open position.

0098As the user approaches an exit point of the vehicular parking station, step 440 of the method 400 includes the mobile communication device 310 under control of the computer program 308 receiving exit signals from at least some of the exit communication devices of the communication system 306 which are associated with the monitored region.

0099At step 442, the method includes the mobile communication device determining an exit scale value, based on a detected peak power value of one of the communication devices of the exit communication system 326, to scale the power values of received exit signals.

0100At step 445, the method 400 includes the user's mobile communication device 310 transferring an exit request indicative of the authorisation data to the exit communication system 326 in response to one or more received exit signals satisfying one or more exit criteria. In a preferable form, the exit request is generated and transferred in an automated manner without user intervention (i.e. without the user holding the mobile communication device and without operating with the mobile communication device). The exit request is indicative of at least the authorisation data in this example.

0101At step 450, the method 400 includes the second exit communication device 356 transferring the exit request to the access control processing system 312 and the ticket reading machine 316. In particular, the second exit communication device 326 of the exit point microcontroller 358 transfers the exit request to the ticket reading machine 316 via the data cable 338. The ticket-reading machine 316 then transfers the exit request to the access control processing system 312 via the LAN.

0102At step 455, the method 400 includes the access control processing system 312 transferring an exit actuation command to the ticket-reading machine 316 such that the exit boom gate assembly 320 is opened to allow the user to drive their vehicle out of the exit point of the vehicular parking station.

0103The computer program 308 executing upon the mobile communication device 310 can be opened by the user to display a user interface that can be present various information to the user or allow the user to request various functions to be performed. For example, the user can be presented with information regarding the entry time into the parking station which is stored as part of the authorisation data. Furthermore, a temporal indication of the amount of time available to remain parked in the parking station can be presented. In addition, the user can transfer the authorisation data to a different registered user, wherein the authorisation data is transferred to the server processing system 340 and relayed to another mobile communication device 310 associated with the nominated registered user. In addition, the server processing system 340 communicates the transfer to the access control processing system 312 such that different key data is used when authenticating the exit request.

0104Furthermore, the user can request via the computer program 308 payment of parking fees via an alternate financial account. In addition, the user can review a transaction history. Furthermore, the user can tag specific transactions with tags (i.e. work expense, personal expense, etc.). Additionally, the user can request printing of a physical ticket via the computer program 308, wherein a code is generated which can be input by the user at a ticket payment machine associated with the parking station such that a physical ticket is printed which has associated therewith the authorisation data. Furthermore, the user can request that the computer program 308 be disabled from generating entry requests and exit requests until re-enabled. This feature can be selected to ensure that the correct mobile communication device 310 is issued the authorisation data in the event multiple mobile communication devices 310 are located in the vehicle.

0105In particular embodiments, the user may interact with the computer program 308 to place a booking on a car park in the parking station. The mobile communication device 310 communicates with the server processing system 340 to place a booking. The server processing system provides marker data indicative of the booking having been placed with the access control system of the selected parking station. When the entry request is generated by the mobile communication device 310, the entry request is indicative of the marker. The access control processing system 312 can use this marker to calculate the final invoice which is sent to the server processing system 340. It will be appreciated that similar markers can be requested via the computer program 308 from the server processing system 340 for various types of tariffs.

0106In an optional form, an alternate mobile communication device can be utilised which is permanently fixed within the vehicle 1000. For example, the mobile communication device can be provided in the form of a microcontroller that is permanently associated with the vehicle.

0107It will be appreciated from the above description that multiple users using multiple mobile communication devices can be registered to use the system 302. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the mobile communication devices 310 can be used for multiple restricted areas (i.e. multiple parking stations). It will also be appreciated that multiple parking stations may be retrofitted for use with the system 302.

0108It will be appreciated that in certain arrangements, it may not be necessary to operate a boom gate to allow a user to enter or exit the restricted area. However, it may be preferable in this arrangement for the system to include a feedback device at each access point, such as an electrical light which can be actuated, to indicate successful communication between the mobile communication device 310 and the access control system 304. For example, the system may include an entry electrical light which can be actuated to display a red light when a mobile communication device 310 of an approaching vehicle has not been issued with authorisation data. Upon authorisation data being successfully transmitted, the entry electrical light can be actuated to display a green light. Similarly, an exit electrical light can be provided and actuated to indicate when authorisation data has been successfully received from the mobile communication device 310 and processed.

0109It will be appreciated that in order to compensate for various manufacturers of mobile communication devices, the communication system 306 can be configured to include a plurality of communication devices at an access point. This thereby allows a scale value to be determined based on one of the communication devices in order to then scale the signals received from the second communication device to determine whether a threshold scaled power growth rate has been met or exceeded to cause the entry/exit request to be generated. Therefore, it is possible to implement the system to only include two communication devices, rather than the four communication devices as described in previous examples. For example, if the relative position of the mobile communication device 310 is not necessarily required, it could be possible to implement the system 300 to include a first communication device provided in the form of a entry/exit transmitter (e.g. beacon) transmits a first wireless signal to the mobile communication device 310 when approaching the access point in order to allow a determination of the scale value, and a second communication device (e.g. entry/exit communication device 336, 356 or 334, 354) located closer to the access point assembly (i.e. boom gate) in order to allow the mobile communication device to determine, based on the growth rate of the scaled power values, when it is located substantially close the access point assembly such that an entry/exit request can be transmitted at the appropriate time. Alternatively, in situations where transmitters cannot be used, the wireless signals received from the first entry/exit communication device 334, 354 could be used to determine the scale value and the scaled power values derived from the received wireless signals from the second entry/exit communication device 336, 356 could be used to determine when an entry/exit request should be transmitted.

0110In some embodiments, it may be possible to limit the wide spectrum of wireless reception characteristics for a plurality of mobile communication devices used by a plurality of users for the access control system (i.e. employees of an employer who use a employee car park may all be issued with the same type mobile communication device) to access the restricted area. Therefore, scaling of the received power may not be necessary. In these circumstances, it is possible to use a single communication device at each access point and to analyse the growth rate of the power of the entry/exit signal to determine when an entry/exit request should be issued.

0111In embodiments where a vehicle 1000 approaches an entry or exit point of the restricted area and multiple mobile communication devices are within the vehicle 1000, each mobile communication device 310 can communicate with the remaining mobile communication devices 310 within the vehicle 1000 in order for each mobile communication device to determine which single mobile communication device is to send the entry or exit request. This configuration avoids multiple entry or exit requests being transferred. In one form, the multiple mobile communication devices 310 can communicate locally with each other using short range wireless communication such as Bluetooth Low Energy. In some situations where the multiple mobile communication devices 310 include an alternative wireless communication device which is not used for receiving the entry or exit signals from the communication system 306, the multiple mobile communication devices 310 will perform a handshaking process and communicate using the alternative wireless communication protocol. This can be advantageous given that a significant processing load may already be handled by the Bluetooth communication device of the mobile communication device. For example, the handshaking process (which may initially be conducted using Bluetooth) may determine that each mobile communication device can communicate using NFC (Near Field Communication). Wireless communication between the mobile communication devices 310 within the vehicle 1000 can then be conducted using the NFC devices of the mobile communication devices 310. Each mobile communication device can wirelessly transmit data regarding the entry or exit signals being received. For example, the data being communication can include timestamps when particular entry or exit signals are received, the scaled power values of entry or exit signals being received, raw power values of signals being received, and/or received signal strength of signals being received. Each mobile communication device 310 is configured by the computer program 308 to determine, based on the data received from the other mobile communication device 310 as well as the entry and exit signals received by the respective mobile communication device 310, whether the respective mobile communication device 310 is associated with the driver. As the same analysis should be conducted in each mobile communication device 310, only one of the mobile communication devices will determine it is associated with the driver which is then configured to issue the entry or exit request.

0112It will be appreciated that for communication devices which utilise Bluetooth Low Energy, the entry and exit signals can be BLE advertisements which can include the unique device identity (such as a universally unique identifier) of the respective communication device.

0113In previous examples where the mobile communication device 310 attempts to transmit an entry or exit request to the second entry or exit communication device 336, 356, the communication can be conducted utilising Bluetooth Low Energy. In one embodiment, the mobile communication device 310 attempts to establish a communication session with the second communication device 336, 356 coupled to/integrated with the entry/exit point microcontroller 338, 358 when transmitting the entry or exit request. Generally the communication session in an anonymous connection, wherein the second communication device 336, 356 can only conduct one communication session at any particular time. Once the entry/exit access assembly (e.g. boom gate) 318, 320 is actuated to allow the user to enter or exit the restricted area, the communication session eventually ends due to the mobile communication device 310 moving out of range such that the second entry or exit communication device 336, 356 is free to establish a new communication connection with the mobile communication device 310 of the next vehicle 1000 in the entry/exit queue.

0114In some instances, it is possible that a mobile communication device 310 of vehicle 1000 which has passed through the entry/exit point assembly 318, 320 maintains the wireless communication session for too long which overlaps with a point in time when a different mobile communication device 310 located in the next vehicle in the entry/exit queue attempts to transfer an entry/exit request. In this situation, the mobile communication device 310 of the next vehicle 1000 will be unable to identify the second communication device 336, 356 as being available for connection due to the maintained communication session with the mobile communication device 310 of the earlier vehicle 1000. However, the scanning operation will detect the first entry communication device 334, 354 as being available for a communication connection which operates as a failsafe in such instances. Therefore, the mobile communication device 310 of the later vehicle 1000 establishes a communication connection with the first entry/exit communication device 334, 354 which then forwards the entry/exit request to the entry/exit point microcontroller 338, 358. In the event that an entry request has been received by the first entry communication device 334, the entry point microcontroller 338 transfers the generated authorisation data to the first communication device 334 which is then forwarded to the connected mobile communication device 310 for storage. The entry point microcontroller 338 then actuates the entry boom gate assembly 318 via the ticket issuance machine 314 as per normal. In the event that an exit request has been received by the first exit communication device 354, the first mobile communication device 310 transfers the authorisation data to the exit point microcontroller 358 which is then processed by the access control processing system 312. Upon successful validation and processing, the exit point microcontroller 358 communicates with the ticket reading machine 316 to actuate the exit boom gate assembly 320.

0115Referring to <figref idref="f0011">Figure 13</figref> there is shown a further system 1302 for use with an access control system 1304 for a residential/commercial parking area. For the purposes of clarity, like reference numerals are used between <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0011">13</figref> to identify like parts that function similarly. The systems 1302, 1304 operate together to form system 1300.

0116In particular, the system 1302 includes the entry communication system 324 including a plurality of entry communication devices 330, 336 and an exit communication system 326 including a plurality of exit communication devices 350, 356. As generally the same access point is used for both entering and exiting the residential/commercial parking area, the communication system 306 can include a single access point microcontroller 1330 which is in communication with at least one of the entry communication devices 336 and at least one of the exit communication devices 356. The access point microcontroller 1330 is in communication with the access control processing system 312. The access control processing system 312 is electrically connected to a parking access assembly 1318 which can include assemblies such as access controlled gates, roller doors, and the like. The access control processing system 312 can also be in data communication with the server processing system 340 having access to the data store 342. It will be appreciated that for less sophisticated access control processing systems 312, the server processing system 340 may not be in data communication with the access control processing system 312.

0117The system 1302 operates in a similar manner to that of system 300. When a driver of a vehicle approaches the access point to enter the residential/commercial parking area, an entry signal from an entry transmitter 330 can be received by the mobile communication device 310. The peak power value for the entry transmitter 330 is used to determine an entry scale value. Another entry signal is received by the mobile communication device 310 from the entry communication device 336. The mobile communication device performs the same processing as that described above wherein in the event that at least some of the one or more entry criteria have been satisfied, the mobile communication device 310 transmits the entry request which is received by entry point communication device 336 and transferred to the access control processing system 312 via the access point microcontroller 1330. The access control processing system 312 then determines whether the entry request is valid as previously described. In the event of successful validation, the access control processing system 312 electrically controls the parking access assembly 1318 to allow the user to drive into the residential/commercial parking area.

0118A similar process occurs when a driver of a vehicle 1000 approaches the access point to exit the residential/commercial parking area, an exit signal from an exit transmitter 350 can be received by the mobile communication device 310. The peak power value for the exit transmitter 350 is used to determine an exit scale value. Another exit signal is received by the mobile communication device 310 from the exit communication device 356. The mobile communication device performs the same processing as that described above wherein in the event that at least some of the one or more exit criteria have been satisfied, the mobile communication device 310 transmits the exit request which is received by exit point communication device 356 and transferred to the access control processing system 312 via the access point microcontroller 1330. The access control processing system 312 then determines whether the exit request is valid. Unlike the ticketing system described previously, the exit request may not need to be indicative of authorisation data, but merely uniquely and securely identifies the user to allow exiting through the access point. Therefore, exit requests can be processed similarly to an entry requests. In the event of successful validation, the access control processing system 312 electrically controls the parking access assembly 1418 to allow the user to drive out of the residential/commercial parking area.

0119It will be appreciated that the system 1302 can be configured similarly to a ticket based system as described in relation to system 302. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that in some residential/commercial parking areas, entry within the residential/commercial parking area is restricted, but no exit request needs to be transmitted in order to exit the residential/commercial parking area. For example, a vehicular detection device such as that described earlier may be used to detect that a vehicle wishes to exit the residential/commercial parking area. In this regard, the exit communication system 326 of system 1302 is not required for this type of arrangement.

0120Referring to <figref idref="f0012">Figure 14</figref> there is shown a further system diagram of a system 1402 for use with an access control system 1404 for doors of a building. Systems 1402 and 1404 operate together to form system 1400. For the purposes of clarity, like reference numerals are used between <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0012">14</figref> to identify like parts that function similarly. In particular, the system 1402 includes a communication system 306 including a plurality of communication devices 330, 336. The communication system 306 also includes an access point microcontroller 1330 which is in communication with at least one of the communication devices 330, 336. The access point microcontroller 1330 is in communication with the access control processing system 312. The access control processing system 312 is electrically connected to a door lock access assembly 1418. The access control processing system 312 can also be in data communication with the server processing system 340 having access to the data store 342. It will be appreciated that for less sophisticated access control processing systems 312, the server processing system 340 may not be in data communication with the access control processing system 312. It will be appreciated that the system 1402 is configured such that the user is only required to issue an entry request to travel through the doorway in a first direction, wherein the door can be opened without the issuance of an access request when travelling through the doorway in the opposite direction.

0121The system 1402 operates in a similar manner to that of system 302. Generally, a user is carrying the mobile communication device 310 with them in some way (i.e. in their pocket, in their hand, etc). When the user walks toward the door in a direction which requires an entry request to be issued to access a restricted area of a building, an entry signal from an entry transmitter 330 can be received by the mobile communication device 310. The peak power value for the entry transmitter 330 is used to determine an entry scale value. Another entry signal is received by the mobile communication device 310 from the entry communication device 336. The mobile communication device 336 performs the same processing as that described above wherein in the event that at least some of the one or more entry criteria have been satisfied, the mobile communication device 310 transmits the entry request which is received by communication device 336 and transferred to the access control processing system 312 via the access point microcontroller 1330. The access control processing system 312 then determines whether the entry request is valid and the user is authorised as previously described. In the event of successful validation and authorisation, the access control processing system 312 electrically controls the door lock assembly 1418 to allow the user to open the door and walk through the door way to access the restricted area of the building.

0122As discussed above, the mobile communication device 310 can receive configuration data from the server processing system 340. The server processing system 340 may be a cloud server. The configuration data can include data regarding the configuration of one or more communication systems 306 associated with one or more restricted areas. In particular, the configuration data can include unique device identities (such as a universally unique identifier, MAC addresses, etc) for each entry and exit communication device and the associated identity of the restricted area (i.e. identity of the parking station or the like), calibration data such as transmission characteristics of each entry and exit communication device and the side of a vehicle path each communication device is located. The computer program 308 can configure the mobile communication device 310 to obtain updated configuration data from time to time. The configuration data may be pushed to or pulled by the mobile communication device 310 from the cloud server 340. Therefore, in the event that a particular communication system 306 is reconfigured thereby altering the various transmission characteristics of the particular communication system 306 for a restricted area, the configuration data can be altered at the cloud server 340, wherein each mobile communication device 310 obtains the altered configuration data in a timely manner (e.g. within 6 hours).

0123The systems 302, 1302, 1402 are advantageous as the mobile communication device 310 transmits the entry/exit request using a short range wireless communication network to the local communication system 306. Thus, the user does not require Internet access to be able to enter or exit the restricted area. However, in a variation on systems 302, 1302, 1402 the entry request and exit request can be alternatively transferred via a WAN, such as the Internet, to the server processing system 340 for processing. An example of this system arrangement 1502 is shown in <figref idref="f0013">Figure 15</figref>. It will be appreciated that some restricted areas (e.g. underground parking stations) may not be appropriate for such a configuration. However, for areas which are appropriate where the mobile communication device 310 is able to access the Internet using mobile communication services, the server processing system 340 can be configured to process the received entry or exit request based on the data stored in the data store 342 to determine the validity of the request. In response to positive validation, the server processing system 340 can transfer a command to the access control processing system 312 of the access control system 1504 to actuate the respective entry/exit control assembly 318, 320 (i.e. boom gate or the like) to allow the user to enter or exit the restricted area. In some instances the entry/exit control assembly 318/320 may be more sophisticated and can receive data directly from the server processing system 340. The systems 1502 and 1504 operate together to form system 1500.

0124It will be appreciated that whilst the previous examples have shown a single server processing system 340, it is possible that a server processing system may include a distributed server processing system including multiple server processing systems.

0125It will be appreciated that whilst is previous examples the entry point microcontroller 338 and the exit point microcontroller 358 are not directly connected to the access control processing system 312 (rather indirectly via the ticket issuance machine 314 and the ticket reading machine 316), it is possible for the system 300 to be modified such that the entry point microcontroller and the exit point microcontroller can be configured to be connected directly to the access control processing system via a communication medium such as via a data cable (e.g. network cable) such that direct communication can take place between the respective processing systems.

0126In the examples described above, no user interaction with the mobile communication device 310 is required in order for the entry request or exit request to be generated and transferred. However, in particular variations on these examples, the mobile communication device 310 may be configured by the computer program 308 to allow the user to interact with a user interface of the computer program which is presented via the display of the mobile communication device in order to generate and transfer the entry request or exit request. In certain examples, analysis of the received signal strength of the entry and exit signals are unnecessary as the user simply interacts with the interface when they are about to enter or exit the restricted area. However, in other examples, the analysis of the received signal strength of the entry and exit signals can be used by the mobile communication device to enable a portion of the interface which is normally disabled. In particular, prior to approaching the entry or exit point of the restricted area, a portion of the interface of the computer program 308, such as a button, is disabled. The mobile communication device 310 is configured by the computer program to analyse the received signal strength as discussed above in prior examples. When the mobile communication device 310 determines that the one or more entry or exit criteria have been satisfied, the computer program 308 enables the button of the interface such that the user can then select the button to instruct the mobile communication device to generate and transfer the entry or exit request. This configuration reduces the risk that a user in a queue at the entry or exit point interacts with the computer program 308 to generate and transfer an entry or exit request which actually allows a different user located ahead in the queue to enter or exit the restricted area.

0127Further embodiments are now described: <ul id="ul0022" list-style="none"><li>A 1^st embodiment provides a system including: <ul id="ul0023" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a communication system; and</li><li>a computer program executable by a mobile communication device associated with an entity, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0024" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more entry signals from the communication system when the entity approaches an entry point of a restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system, an entry request in response to receiving at least some of the one or more entry signals;</li><li>receive, from the communication system, authorisation data indicative of the entity being granted access to enter the restricted area by an access control system;</li><li>receive one or more exit signals from the communication system when the entity approaches an exit point of the restricted area; and</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system and in response to receiving at least some of the one or more exit signals, an exit request indicative of the authorisation data in order to exit the restricted area.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>A 2^nd embodiment provides the system according to the 1^st embodiment, wherein the communication system includes at least one of: <ul id="ul0025" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a first entry communication device including a first directional antenna to define a focused entry signal transmission region, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to generate and transfer the entry request in response to determining that at least some of the one or more entry signals satisfy one or more entry criteria indicative of the focused entry signal transmission region; and</li><li>a first exit communication device including a second directional antenna to define a focused exit signal transmission region, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to generate and transfer the exit request in response to determining that at least some of the one or more exit signals satisfy one or more exit criteria indicative of the focused exit signal transmission region.</li></ul></li><li>A 3^rd embodiment provides the system according to the 2^nd embodiment, wherein the directional antenna of at least one of the first entry communication device and the first exit communication device is a parabolic antenna.</li><li>A 4^th embodiment provides the system according to any one of the 1^st to 3^rd embodiments, wherein the system includes a server processing system and a data store accessible by the access control system, wherein: <ul id="ul0026" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>the server processing system is configured to: <ul id="ul0027" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>generate key data associated with the entity;</li><li>transfer the key data to the mobile communication device for storage in memory;</li><li>store the key data in the data store;</li></ul></li><li>wherein each entry and exit request generated by the mobile communication device is indicative of a key from the key data, wherein an access control processing system of the access control system queries the data store using the key to verify the validity of the entry request or exit request.</li></ul></li><li>A 5^th embodiment provides the system according to the 4^th embodiment, wherein at least one of the entry request and the exit request are indicative of an entity identity and a hashed entity identity to enable the access control system to verify the validity of the entry request and the exit request based on the data store and device specific information for the mobile communication device.</li><li>A 6^th embodiment provides the system according any one of the 1^st to 5^th embodiments, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0028" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a received signal strength of the one or more entry or exit signals; and</li><li>determine if the one or more entry criteria or exit criteria have been satisfied based at least partially upon the received signal strength in order to generate and transfer the entry request or the exit request.</li></ul></li><li>A 7^th embodiment provides the system according to any one of the 1^st to 6^th embodiments, wherein the restricted area is one of: <ul id="ul0029" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a vehicular parking area, wherein the entity is a user which is associated with a vehicle for parking within the vehicular parking area; and</li><li>a portion of a building, wherein the entity is a user attempting to access the portion of the building.</li></ul></li><li>An 8^th embodiment provides the system according to any one of the 1^st to 7^th embodiments, wherein at least one of the entry request and the exit request generated by the mobile communication device is indicative of one or more wireless devices which the mobile communication device is currently connected thereto, wherein in the event that the communication system receives data indicative of a plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests received from multiple mobile communication devices, the one or more connected wireless devices indicated by at least one of the entry request or exit request is used to at least partially determine which entry or exit request from the plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests to process.</li><li>A 9^th embodiment provides the system according to any one of the 1^st to 8^th embodiments, wherein the communication system includes at least one of: <ul id="ul0030" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a set of entry transmitters including a first entry transmitter and a second entry transmitter, each positionally offset relative a centre of an entry path; and</li><li>a set of exit transmitters including a first exit transmitter and a second exit transmitter, each positionally offset relative a centre of an exit path;</li><li>wherein at least one of the entry request and the exit request generated by the mobile communication device is indicative of a relative location of the mobile communication device within the vehicle based on the received signal strength of the one or more entry signals or the one or more exit signals generated by the set of entry or exit transmitters, wherein in the event that the communication system receives a plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exit requests from multiple mobile communication devices, the relative location is used to at least partially determine which entry or exit request from the plurality of substantially simultaneous entry or exists requests to process.</li></ul></li><li>A 10^th embodiment provides the system according to the 3^rd embodiment, wherein the communication system includes at least one of: <ul id="ul0031" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>an entry transmitter configured to transmit one or more further entry signals;</li><li>an exit transmitter configured to transmit one or more further exit signals;</li><li>wherein the mobile communication device is configured by the computer program to: <ul id="ul0032" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a scale value based on a peak power of a received further entry or exit signal;</li><li>determine one or more scaled power values of the one or more received entry or exit signals;</li><li>wherein the one or more entry or exit criteria are indicative of a growth rate of one or more scaled power values of at least some of the one or more received entry or exit signals equaling or exceeding a growth rate threshold.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>An 11^th embodiment provides the system according to any one of the 1^st to 10th embodiments, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to automatically transfer at least one of the entry request and the exit request without user interaction.</li><li>A 12^th embodiment provides a computer program executable by a mobile communication device, wherein the computer program configures the mobile communication device to: <ul id="ul0033" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more entry signals from a communication system when the user approaches an entry point of a restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system, an entry request after receiving the one or more entry signals;</li><li>receive, from the communication system, authorisation data indicative of the user being granted access to enter the restricted area by an access control system;</li><li>receive one or more exit signals from the communication system when the user approaches an exit point of the restricted area; and</li><li>generate and transfer, to the communication system and after receiving the one or more exit signals, an exit request indicative of the authorisation data for processing by the access control system to enable the user to exit the restricted area.</li></ul></li><li>A 13^th embodiment provides a system including: <ul id="ul0034" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>at least one communication device associated with an entry point of a restricted area;</li><li>a computer program executable by a mobile communication device associated with an entity, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: <ul id="ul0035" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more entry signals generated by the communication device when the entity approaches the entry point of the restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer an entry request in response to receiving at least some of the one or more entry signals;</li></ul></li><li>one more processing systems configured to: <ul id="ul0036" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive the entry request;</li><li>process the entry request to determine if the entity is allowed to enter the restricted area;</li><li>facilitate instructing an access control assembly of the restricted area to allow the entity to enter the restricted area.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>A 14^th embodiment provides the system according to the 13^th embodiment, wherein the system includes at least one further communication device associated with an exit point of the restricted area, wherein the mobile communication device is configured by the computer program to: <ul id="ul0037" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more exit signals generated by the at least one further communication device when the entity approaches the exit point of the restricted area; generate and transfer an exit request in response to receiving at least some of the one or more exit signals; and</li><li>wherein the one more processing systems are configured to: <ul id="ul0038" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive the exit request;</li><li>process the exit request to determine if the entity is allowed to exit the restricted area;</li><li>facilitate instructing a further access control assembly of the restricted area to allow the entity to exit the restricted area.</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>A 15^th embodiment provides a system including: <ul id="ul0039" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a communication system including a first communication device and a second communication device; and</li><li>a computer program executable by a mobile communication device associated with an entity, wherein the mobile communication device is configured to: receive one or more first signals from a first communication device associated with an access point of a restricted area;</li><li>receive one or more second signals from a second communication device associated with the access point of the restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer an access request to enable an access control system to grant access to the restricted area in the event that one or more criteria are satisfied based at least partially upon on the received signal strength of the one or more first signals and the received signal strength of the one or more second signals.</li></ul></li><li>A 16^th embodiment provides the system according to the 15^th embodiment, wherein the mobile communication device is configured by the computer program to: <ul id="ul0040" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>determine a plurality of first power values based on received signal strengths of a plurality of first signals;</li><li>determine a scale value based on an order of magnitude of at least some of the plurality of first power values; and</li><li>determine a plurality of scaled power values based on the scale value and the received signal strength of a plurality of second signals;</li><li>wherein the one or more criteria are at least partially dependent upon the one or more scaled power values which are based at least partially on the received signal strength of the plurality of second signals.</li></ul></li><li>A 17^th embodiment provides the system according to the 16^th embodiment, wherein the mobile communication device determines the scale value based on the order of magnitude of one of the first power values having the greatest power value compared to a remainder of the first power values.</li><li>An 18^th embodiment provides the system according to the 16^th or 17^th embodiment, wherein the mobile communication device dynamically determines a baseline scaled power value in response to receiving each second signal based on at least some of the plurality of scale power values, wherein the one or more criteria are satisfied when a scaled power growth rate for one of the scaled power values relative to the baseline scaled power value is equal to or greater than a threshold scaled power growth rate.</li><li>A 19^th embodiment provides the system according to the 18^th embodiment, wherein in the event that the scaled power growth rate is not equal to or greater than the threshold scaled power growth rate, the mobile processing system is configured to determine whether one or more consecutive scaled power values for a threshold period of time are greater than or equal to a threshold scaled power value, wherein in response to a positive determination, the access request is transferred by the mobile communication device.</li><li>A 20^th embodiment provides a computer program executable by a mobile communication device, wherein the computer program configures the mobile communication device to: <ul id="ul0041" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>receive one or more first signals from a first communication device associated with an access point of a restricted area;</li><li>receive one or more second signals from a second communication device associated with the access point of the restricted area;</li><li>generate and transfer an access request to enable an access control system to grant access to the restricted area in the event that one or more criteria are satisfied based at least partially upon on the received signal strength of the one or more first signals and the received signal strength of the one or more second signals.</li></ul></li></ul>

0128Many modifications within the scope of the invention will be appreciated by those skilled in the art without department from the spirit of the invention.