Receiving fluids

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

0001The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for delivering to and/or receiving fluids or other materials, such as blood or interstitial fluid, from subjects, e.g., to or from the skin and/or beneath the skin.

BACKGROUND

0002Phlebotomy or venipuncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of intravenous therapy or obtaining a sample of venous blood. This process is typically practiced by medical practitioners, including paramedics, phlebotomists, doctors, nurses, and the like. Substantial equipment is needed to obtain blood from a subject, including the use of evacuated (vacuum) tubes, e.g., such as the Vacutainer^™ (Becton, Dickinson and company) and Vacuette^™ (Greiner Bio-One GmBH) systems. Other equipment includes hypodermic needles, syringes, and the like. However, such procedures are complicated and require sophisticated training of practitioners, and often cannot be done in non-medical settings. Accordingly, improvements in methods of obtaining blood or other fluids from or through the skin are still needed.

0003<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="EP1437093A1"><text>EP 1 437 093 A1</text></patcit> describes a component measuring instrument with which a predetermined component in blood can be measured; <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="EP1522260A1"><text>EP 1 522 260 A1</text></patcit> describes a device for blood sampling and simultaneous quantitative determination of blood analytes; <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="WO2011065972A2"><text>WO 2011/065972 A2</text></patcit> describes systems and methods for sampling fluids from subjects.

SUMMARY

0004The present invention relates to the subject matter as defined in claim 1 and encompasses the embodiments as defined in claims 2-15.

0005In some examples, the present disclosure generally relates to devices and methods for receiving fluids from a subject, such as the reception and separation of blood to form plasma or serum. The subject matter of the present disclosure involves, in some cases, interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and/or a plurality of different uses of one or more systems and/or articles.

0006In one example of the disclosure, the device includes a flow activator arranged to cause fluid to be released from a subject. The flow activator may be moved in a deployment direction by a deployment actuator. The flow activator may also be moved in a retraction direction by a retraction actuator. In one example, the flow activator may be at a distance from the opening before deployment that is different from its distance from the opening after retraction.

0007In another example, an effector that includes only mechanical components moves the flow activator for deployment and retraction. Deployment movement may occur substantially faster than retraction movement.

0008The device may include a fluid transporter including an opening and a flow activator, the flow activator being arranged to cause fluid to be released from the subject, as well as a vacuum source that provides a pressure less than ambient pressure. The device may also include a channel that is fluidly coupled between the opening and the vacuum source. In one example, the flow activator is actuated after enablement of fluid communication between the opening and the vacuum source along the channel. In one example, fluid communication between the opening and the vacuum source along the channel is enabled before the flow activator is moved in a retraction direction. In another example, a device actuator that actuates the flow activator also enables fluid communication between the opening and the vacuum source along the channel.

0009In another example, the effector may have an initial stored potential energy prior to any deployment movement of the flow activator. The effector may be arranged to release the stored potential energy to retract the flow activator.

0010In another example, flow activator, retraction actuator, and deployment actuator may be concentrically aligned with one another. Additionally, the device may include a spacer element that is also concentrically aligned with the flow activator, retraction actuator, and deployment actuator.

0011In another example, the present disclosure encompasses methods of making one or more of the examples described herein, for example, a device for receiving fluid. In still another example, the present disclosure encompasses methods of using one or more of the examples described herein, for example, a device for receiving fluid.

0012Other advantages and novel features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting examples of the disclosure when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. In cases where the present specification and a document referenced include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure, the present specification shall control. If two or more documents referenced include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure with respect to each other, then the document having the later effective date shall control.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0013Non-limiting examples of the disclosure will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not necessarily intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each example shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure. In the figures: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001"> Fig. 1</figref> is a perspective view of a fluid receiving device in accordance with examples of the disclosure;</li><li><figref idref="f0002"> Fig. 2</figref> is a perspective view of the underside of the device shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003"> Fig. 3</figref> is a perspective view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0001"> Fig. 1</figref> with the cover removed;</li><li><figref idref="f0004"> Fig. 4</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005"> Fig. 5</figref> is an exploded view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0001"> Fig. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0006"> Figs. 6A-6C</figref> show a series of three states of a flow activator of the device of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0007"> Fig. 7A</figref> is an enlarged view of an effector including a retraction actuator and deployment actuator in a specific arrangement;</li><li><figref idref="f0007"> Fig. 7B</figref> is an underside view of the arrangement shown in <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 7A</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0008"> Fig. 8</figref> is a close up view of a release element for the retraction actuator of the device shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0009"> Fig. 9</figref> is an enlarged view of a portion of the retraction actuator of the device shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0010"> Fig. 10</figref> is an enlarged view of a region of the device shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> that illustrates a relationship between a storage vessel and a vacuum source;</li><li><figref idref="f0011"> Fig. 11</figref> is a perspective view of a device in another example of the disclosure, having separate retractor and seal actuator portions;</li><li><figref idref="f0012"> Fig. 12</figref> is an enlarged view of the retractor portion and seal actuator portion in the device shown in <figref idref="f0011">Fig. 11</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0013"> Fig. 13</figref> is an exploded view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0011"> Fig. 11</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0014"> Fig. 14</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in <figref idref="f0011">Fig. 11</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0015"> Fig. 15</figref> is a perspective view of a device in yet another example of the disclosure with the cover removed and having a rotatable release element;</li><li><figref idref="f0015"> Fig. 16</figref> is an enlargement of a ramp engagement region in the device shown in <figref idref="f0015">Fig. 15</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0016"> Fig. 17</figref> is an exploded view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0015"> Fig. 15</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0017"> Fig. 18</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in <figref idref="f0015">Fig. 15</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0018"> Fig. 19</figref> is a perspective view of a device in yet another example of the disclosure, having a sliding trigger tip;</li><li><figref idref="f0019"> Fig. 20</figref> is a perspective view of the underside of the device shown in <figref idref="f0018">Fig. 19</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0020"> Fig. 21</figref> is a perspective view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0018"> Fig. 19</figref> with the cover removed;</li><li><figref idref="f0021"> Fig. 22</figref> is a perspective view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0018"> Fig. 19</figref> with the cover removed and at a different angle than the view shown in <figref idref="f0020">Fig. 21</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0022"> Fig. 23A</figref> is an enlargement of a trigger bridge from the device shown in <figref idref="f0021">Fig. 22</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0022"> Fig. 23B</figref> is a perspective view of the underside of the enlargement shown in <figref idref="f0022">Fig. 23A</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0023"> Fig. 24</figref> is an exploded view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0018"> Fig. 19</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0024"> Fig. 25</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in <figref idref="f0018">Fig. 19</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0025 f0026"> Figs. 26A-26D</figref> show various arrangements for connecting a flow activator to a deployment actuator;</li><li><figref idref="f0027"> Fig. 27</figref> is a cross-sectional view of a device in yet another example of the disclosure, having a hollow spike for vacuum release;</li><li><figref idref="f0028"> Fig. 28</figref> is a perspective view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0027"> Fig. 27</figref> with the cover removed;</li><li><figref idref="f0029"> Fig. 29</figref> is an enlarged view of a release element including resistance arms;</li><li><figref idref="f0030"> Fig. 30</figref> is another cross-sectional view of a device similar to the one shown in <figref idref="f0027">Fig. 27</figref> depicting flexing of the release element;</li><li><figref idref="f0031"> Fig. 31</figref> is an enlarged view of an actuation ring of a release element having tapered legs;</li><li><figref idref="f0032"> Fig. 32A</figref> depicts initial contact between a release element and an effector;</li><li><figref idref="f0032"> Fig. 32B</figref> depicts an interference engagement between an actuation ring of the release element and the effector when the actuation ring has begun to contact a deployment actuator;</li><li><figref idref="f0033"> Fig. 33</figref> is an overhead view of a device having an indicator;</li><li><figref idref="f0034"> Fig. 34</figref> is a perspective view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0033"> Fig. 33</figref> with the cover removed;</li><li><figref idref="f0035"> Fig. 35</figref> is a perspective view of the underside of a device in yet another example of the disclosure, having an access port;</li><li><figref idref="f0036"> Fig. 36A</figref> is an enlarged view of an access port similar to the one shown in <figref idref="f0035">Fig. 35</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0036"> Fig. 36B</figref> is an enlarged view of a pipette interacting with an access port similar to the one shown in <figref idref="f0035">Fig. 35</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0037"> Fig. 37</figref> is an enlarged view of a pipette interacting with an access port and a storage chamber;</li><li><figref idref="f0038"> Fig. 38</figref> is an underside view of a device with a seal covering an access port;</li><li><figref idref="f0039"> Fig. 39</figref> is a perspective view of a device in yet another example of the disclosure, having a rotatable release element that interacts with the device cover;</li><li><figref idref="f0040"> Fig. 40A</figref> is a close-up view of the device shown in<figref idref="f0039"> Fig. 39</figref> with the cover removed;</li><li><figref idref="f0041"> Fig. 40B</figref> is the close-up view shown in <figref idref="f0040">Fig. 40A</figref> with the retraction actuator and effector hidden from view;</li><li><figref idref="f0042"> Fig. 41</figref> is the close-up view shown in <figref idref="f0040">Fig. 40A</figref> with the device cover shown in phantom;</li><li><figref idref="f0043"> Fig. 42</figref> is an enlarged view of a portion of the device cover from the device shown in <figref idref="f0039">Fig. 39</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0044"> Fig. 43</figref> is a close-up view of a spinner ramp of the device shown in <figref idref="f0039">Fig. 39</figref> interacting with the device cover, where the device cover is shown in phantom;</li><li><figref idref="f0045"> Fig. 44</figref> is a perspective view of a device with the cover removed in yet another example of the disclosure, having a release element and a torsion spring;</li><li><figref idref="f0046"> Fig. 45</figref> is an enlarged view of the effector and deployment actuator from the device shown in <figref idref="f0045">Fig. 44</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0047"> Fig. 46A</figref> is a bottom perspective view of the release element from the device shown in <figref idref="f0045">Fig. 44</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0047"> Fig. 46B</figref> is a side view of the device shown in <figref idref="f0045">Fig. 44</figref> with the base hidden and the torsion spring and effector shown in phantom;</li><li><figref idref="f0048"> Fig. 47</figref> is a cross-sectional view of a device in yet another example of the disclosure, having a protective cap;</li><li><figref idref="f0049"> Figs. 48A-G</figref> are enlarged views of various spike geometries.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0014Examples of the disclosure are not limited in application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, illustrative examples relating to piercing skin and receiving blood released from the pierced skin are discussed below, but examples of the disclosure are not limited to use with devices that pierce skin and/or receive blood. Other examples may be employed, such as devices that receive other bodily fluids without piercing, and examples of the disclosures may be practiced or be carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

0015<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> shows a fluid receiving device 1 that incorporates various examples of the disclosure. Although<figref idref="f0001"> Fig. 1</figref> incorporates many of the examples of the disclosure, any suitable number of examples of the disclosure may be incorporated into a fluid receiving device. Thus, examples of the disclosure may be used alone or in any suitable combination with each other. This illustrative example includes a cover 20 and a base 100 that are joined together and may cooperate to enclose various parts of the device 1 and support one or more external features, such as a device actuator 10 that is used to cause the device 1 to receive fluid from a subject. The base 100 and the cover 20 may be formed from or otherwise include Polyester (PCTA or PETG) or other polymers with low gas permeability. Although the device actuator 10 in this example is arranged to be actuated by a user (e.g., by the press of a finger), the device actuator 10 may be arranged in other ways, e.g., for actuation by a machine, an electrical signal, or other suitable arrangement to cause the fluid receiving device 1 to receive fluid from a subject. Actuation of the device actuator 10 may occur automatically, e.g., in response to an elapsed timer or other stimulus or condition, or manually. In some examples, the device actuator 10 may include a push-button as shown, a sliding button discussed more below, a touch-screen interface, a switch, or other user-actuatable arrangement, etc. In some cases, the device actuator 10 may allow for actuation of the device 1 only once, e.g., the device actuator 10 may become locked in a position that prevents further actuation, or may allow the device 1 to be actuated multiple times.

0016According to one example of the disclosure, the device 1 may include a fluid transporter that receives fluid from a subject. The fluid transporter may include an applicator region where bodily fluids from the body may accumulate. In some examples, the applicator region may be a recess or an indentation within the base of the device, which can receive a fluid from the surface of the skin. The applicator region may have any suitable shape. For example, the applicator region can be generally hemispherical, semi-oval, rectangular, irregular, etc. More details regarding the applicator region can be found in U.S. and international patent applications each entitled "Systems and Methods for Collecting a Fluid from a Subject", filed on even date herewith.. Also referenced is <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US61480960" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/480,960</text></patcit>, entitled "Systems and Methods for Collecting a Fluid from a Subject," by Haghgooie, <i>et. al.,</i> filed on April 29, 2011.

0017The fluid transporter may include an opening of any size and/or geometry that is constructed to receive fluid into the device. For example, the opening may lie in a two-dimensional plane or the opening may include a three-dimensional cavity, hole, groove, slit, etc. In some examples, the fluid transporter may also include a flow activator, such as one or more microneedles, arranged to cause fluid to be released from the subject, e.g., by piercing the skin of a subject. In some examples, if fluid may partially or fully fill an enclosure surrounding a flow activator, then the enclosure can define at least part of a fluid transporter.

0018It should be noted that a flow activator need not be included with all examples as the device may not necessarily employ a mechanism for causing fluid release from the subject. For instance, the device may receive fluid that has already been released due to another cause, such as a cut or an abrasion, fluid release due to a separate and independent device, such as a separate lancet, an open fluid access such as during a surgical operation, and so on. Additionally, fluid may be introduced into the device via urination, spitting, pouring fluid into the device, etc. If included, a flow activator may physically penetrate, pierce, and/or or abrade, chemically peel, corrode and/or irritate, release and/or produce electromagnetic, acoustic or other waves, other otherwise operate to cause fluid release from a subject. The flow activator may include a moveable mechanism, e.g., to move a needle, or may not require movement to function. For example, the flow activator may include a jet injector or a "hypospray" that delivers fluid under pressure to a subject, a pneumatic system that delivers and/or receives fluid, a hygroscopic agent that adsorbs or absorbs fluid, a reverse iontophoresis system, a transducer that emits ultrasonic waves, or thermal, radiofrequency and/or laser energy, and so on, any of which need not necessarily require movement of a flow activator to cause fluid release from a subject.

0019<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> shows an underside of the fluid receiving device 1 of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> with a fluid transporter 120 that includes an opening 130, an applicator region 131, and a flow activator 90. In this example, the flow activator 90 includes one or more needles. As described in more detail below, the needles may be extended from the opening 130 to pierce a subject's skin, and then retracted back into the opening to allow blood or other fluid to enter the opening 130. That is, to use the device 1 to receive blood from a subject, the base 100 may be placed on the skin so that the opening 130 is adjacent the skin. Thereafter, the device actuator 10 may be depressed to cause the needles to be deployed, piercing the skin and causing blood to be released. Blood may enter the opening and be collected in the storage chamber 140. In one example, blood may flow into the storage chamber 140 as a result of a relatively low pressure (vacuum) in the device 1 that draws blood from the opening 130 and into the storage chamber 140 (see <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>).

0020The needles may be of any suitable width, length and/or other size, and the needles may each be solid or hollow. The needles may have any suitable cross-section (e.g., perpendicular to the direction of penetration), such as circular, square, oval, elliptical, rectangular, rounded rectangle, triangular, polygonal, hexagonal, irregular, etc. In some examples, the needles may have a length of about 5mm or less. Additional information regarding alternative needle arrangements is provided below.

0021In this example (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>), activation of the device actuator 10 causes the flow activator 90 to release blood or other fluid from a subject, which is then received at the opening 130. The blood or other fluid may then be collected in one or more chambers 140. Collection of the blood or other fluid may be done in any suitable way, such as by absorption, capillary action, suction, or other means. In this illustrative example, activation of the device actuator 10 causes a seal 76 to open so that blood or other fluid may flow from the opening 130, through a channel (see <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>, element 110) to a chamber 140. As is explained more below, the device 1 may include a vacuum source that draws the blood or other fluid from the opening 130 and into the chamber 140 upon opening of the seal 76. That is, opening of the seal 76 may introduce a relatively low pressure to the chamber 140, which causes blood or other fluid to be drawn from the opening 130 and into the chamber 140.

0022In one example of the disclosure, the flow activator may be actuated by a deployment actuator and a retraction actuator. For example, the flow activator may be moveable and movement of the flow activator may be caused by a deployment actuator and a retraction actuator. The deployment actuator may cause the flow activator to move in a deployment direction towards the skin and/or other surface of a subject, and the retraction actuator may cause the flow activator to move in a retraction direction away from the skin and/or body of a subject. As discussed in more detail below, providing separate actuators for deployment and retraction movement may provide advantages in some cases, such as enabling the flow activator to be moved at different speeds for deployment and retraction, allowing the actuators to perform other additional functions such as opening a fluid flow path for blood or other fluid, enabling the flow activator to start and finish at different positions in the device before deployment and after retraction, and others. The deployment actuator and the retraction actuator may each include any number of suitable components, such as a button, a switch, a lever, a slider, a dial, a compression spring, a Belleville spring, a servo, rotary or linear electric motor, and/or a pneumatic apparatus, or other suitable device. Also, the deployment actuator and the retraction actuator may be of the same type, or may be different types of devices. Each actuator may operate manually, mechanically, electrically, pneumatically, electromagnetically, or other suitable mode of operation, and may or may not require user input for activation.

0023In accordance with an example of the disclosure, an effector may be arranged to cause deployment and/or retraction movement of a flow activator. For example, an effector may include both a deployment actuator and a retraction actuator. The effector may be formed from or otherwise include polyester (PETG or PCTA), or acetal resin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), etc.<figref idref="f0003"> Figs. 3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref>, and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref> illustrate a perspective view of device 1 of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> with the cover 20 removed from the base 100, a partial cross sectional view of the device 1, and an exploded view of the device 1, respectively. In this example, the device 1 includes an effector 50 that includes a retraction actuator 40 and a deployment actuator 60 and that is movable in up and down directions relative to the base 100 along effector guides 104. The deployment actuator 60 is attached to the flow activator 90 via a membrane 72 (see <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>) so that downward movement of the deployment actuator 60 may cause the flow activator 90 to at least partially extend from the opening 130. (As discussed more below, the membrane 72 may separate a vacuum source 156 in the device 1 from the opening 130 so that a relatively low pressure is maintained in the vacuum source 156 until controllably opened to cause flow into the storage chamber 140. The vacuum source 156 may be in the form of a sealed vacuum chamber.) In this example, the deployment actuator 60 has a generally domed shape (e.g., as in a Belleville spring) with a central hole that receives a part of the membrane 72 which attaches the deployment actuator 60 to the flow activator 90. (Although in this example the flow activator 90 is attached to the deployment actuator 60 via the membrane 72, the flow activator 90 may be directly connected to the deployment actuator 60, e.g., via a vertical post or other structure that extends from the flow activator 90 to the deployment actuator 60.) The deployment actuator 60 may initially be arranged in a concave-down configuration shown in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> and moved to a concave-up configuration, e.g., by a user pressing the device actuator 10 to cause a release element 30 to push a center portion of the deployment actuator 60 downwardly. The deployment actuator 60 may be made of a suitable material and configuration to rapidly move from the concave-down to concave-up configurations so as to rapidly extend the flow activator 90 from the opening 130 and pierce a subject's skin or other surface. While the deployment actuator 60 in this example is arranged as a flexible spring with a dome shape, the deployment actuator 60 may be of any suitable shape and/or size. For example, the deployment actuator 60 may be circular (having no "legs" unlike the four legs shown in <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref>), oblong, triangular (have 3 legs), square (4 legs with straight sides between each leg), pentagonal (5 legs), hexagonal (6 legs), spider-legged, star-like, clover-shaped (with any number of lobes, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.), a serrated disc or a wave shape, or the like. The deployment actuator 60 may have, in some examples, a central hole as shown or another feature, such as a dimple, or button in the center or other location. The deployment actuator 60 may be formed from or otherwise include any suitable material, for example, a metal such as stainless steel (e.g., 301, 301LN, 304, 304L, 304LN, 304H, 305, 312, 321, 321H, 316, 316L, 316LN, 316Ti, 317L, 409, 410, 430, 440A, 440B, 440C, 440F, 904L), carbon steel, spring steel, spring brass, phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, titanium, titanium alloy steels, chrome vanadium, nickel alloy steels (e.g., Monel 400, Monel K 500, Inconel 600, Inconel 718, Inconel x 750, etc.), a polymer (e.g., polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polycarbonate, etc.), a composite or a laminate (e.g., comprising fiberglass, carbon fiber, bamboo, Kevlar, etc.), or the like.

0024In some examples, all portions of the deployment actuator may move less than a certain distance when the deployment actuator moves in a deployment direction towards opening 130. In some examples, all portions of the deployment actuator may move less than about 10 mm, less than about 5 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2mm, or less than about 1 mm. The retraction actuator 40 in this example includes a reversibly deformable structure in the form of a leaf spring, but, like the deployment actuator 60, other arrangements are possible such as a coil spring, foam, an elastic bladder, or the like. The retraction actuator may be formed from or otherwise include any suitable material, for example, 1095 spring steel or 301 stainless steel or other spring material such as 1074/1075, 5160, 9255 spring steel etc. The retraction actuator 40 is attached to the deployment actuator 60 via the effector body 50 so that when the retraction actuator 40 is released upon actuation of the device actuator 10, the retraction actuator 40 (and other portions of the effector 50) can move away from the opening 130 along the effector guides 104. This retraction motion draws the flow activator 90 and the deployment actuator 60 away from the opening as well. Specifically, and as shown at least in part in <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4</figref> and<figref idref="f0005"> 5</figref>, before actuation of the device 1, the retraction actuator 40 is in a compressed state, storing potential energy. That is, the center of the retraction actuator 40 is pressed downwardly during assembly so that four arms of the retraction actuator 40 are elastically deformed. The retraction actuator 40 is held in this depressed condition by ear portions 103 (see <figref idref="f0008">Figs. 8</figref> and <figref idref="f0009">9</figref>) of the retraction actuator 40 engaging with the base 100 until the device 1 is actuated. However, when the device actuator 10 is pushed down during device actuation, arms 31 of the release element 30 engage with the tabs 41 to release the ear portions 103 from the base 100, allowing the center portion of the retraction actuator 40 to move in a retraction direction away from the opening 130. Since the deployment actuator 60 and flow activator 90 are attached to the retraction actuator 40, movement of the retraction actuator 40 upward away from the opening 130 retracts the flow activator 90 from the opening 130. Additionally, movement of the retraction actuator 40 upward away from the opening 130 may also move the deployment actuator 60 in a retraction direction away from the opening 130 as well. In some examples, all portions of the deployment actuator 60 may move less than a certain distance when the deployment actuator 60 moves in a retraction direction away from the opening 130. In some examples, all portions of the deployment actuator may move less than about 10 mm, less than about 5 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2mm, or less than about 1 mm.

0025In some examples, as shown in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>, a spacer element 32 is located between the deployment actuator 60 and the retraction actuator 40. The spacer element 32 may help to eliminate a gap between the deployment actuator 60 and the release element 30. Actuation of device actuator 10 may cause the release element 30 to push down on the spacer element 32, which may in turn push on the deployment actuator 60 and cause the deployment actuator 60 to move the flow activator 90 in a deployment direction. In some examples, the flow activator 90, deployment actuator 60, retraction actuator 40, and spacer element 32 are substantially concentrically aligned.

0026By providing both a deployment actuator 60 and a retraction actuator 40 for the flow activator 90, the flow activator 90 may be controlled to have any suitable movement for both deployment and retraction. For example, the flow activator 90 may be caused to move more rapidly in the deployment direction than in the retraction direction, which has been found to potentially reduce pain when piercing skin to release blood. That is, the deployment actuator 60 may be arranged to relatively rapidly move from the concave-down to concave-up configuration, quickly inserting the flow activator 90 into skin or another surface. Thereafter, the flow activator 90 may be more slowly withdrawn from the skin by the retraction actuator 40, e.g., as controlled by a relatively lower force exerted by the retraction actuator 40 on the flow activator 90 than the deployment actuator 60, by damped motion of the retraction actuator 40, or other suitable arrangements. In other examples, having separate deployment and retraction actuators may allow for a shorter range of motion in one direction, such as in the deployment direction, than in another direction, such as the retraction direction. For example, by having the flow activator 90 move a relatively short distance for deployment, the deployment actuator 60 may be made relatively compact, yet generate suitably high force to insert the flow activator 90 into skin. In contrast, a relatively longer distance traveled by the flow activator 90 during retraction may withdraw the activator 90 suitably to allow a pool or other collection of blood to enter a cavity or other space for reception by the device 1. Additionally, a short deployment distance may minimize alignment errors inherent in long travel distances.

0027Accordingly, in one example of the disclosure, the flow activator may be located at an initial pre-deployment distance from skin or another surface that is different from a final post-retraction distance between the flow activator and the skin or other surface. While this example can be provided in many different ways, such as by a motor, servo, or automated device as part of an effector, the effector 50 of the <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 1-5</figref> example may provide an arrangement in which flow activator 90 is relatively close to the opening 130 prior to deployment, and is located relatively further away from the opening 130 after retraction. <figref idref="f0006">Figs. 6A-6C</figref> show a series of schematic representations of three states of the device 1 of <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 1-5</figref>, including an initial state before deployment of the flow activator 90, an intermediate state where the flow activator is extended from the opening 130 or otherwise positioned to cause release of fluid from a target skin or other surface, and a final state where the flow activator 90 is retracted, respectively.

0028As can be seen in <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6A</figref>, a pre-deployment distance 181 between the opening 130 and the flow activator 90 is relatively small, such as 1mm or less. In this state, the retraction actuator 40 is compressed, and the deployment actuator 60 is in a concave-down arrangement. As shown in <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6B</figref>, the deployment actuator 60 is inverted to a concave-up configuration so that the flow activator 90 is deployed. The retraction actuator 40 may also be further compressed, e.g., by the user pressing down on the release element 30, but in other examples, the retraction actuator 40 need not be further compressed or otherwise deformed. As shown in <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6C</figref>, a post-retraction distance 183 between the opening 130 and the flow activator 90 may be larger, in some cases significantly larger, than the pre-deployment distance 181. For example, the post-retraction distance 183 in which the flow activator 90 is fully retracted from the opening 130 may be 2-3 mm or more. Retraction of the flow activator 90 from the opening 130 may provide a space into which blood or other fluid released from the subject may collect and/or otherwise be received by the device 1. However, other arrangements are possible in which the post-retraction distance is less than, or the same as, the pre-deployment distance, and all examples of the disclosure are not necessarily limited in this regard.

0029<figref idref="f0007">Figs. 7A and 7B</figref> show top perspective and bottom perspective views of the effector 50 of the <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 1-5</figref> example, and help to better illustrate how the motion of the effector 50 is controlled. As shown in <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 7A</figref>, the retraction actuator 40 has eight legs radiating from a central body having a central hole. Two of the shorter legs attach the retraction actuator 40 to the effector body 50 via two posts 52 that extend through holes 46 of the retraction actuator 40. The diameter of the post heads 52 may be made larger than the holes 46 and thus fix the retraction actuator 40 to the effector body 50. The retraction actuator 40 may alternately be attached to the effector body by 50 by adhesive (e.g. tape, liquid), mechanical fastening (e.g. interference fit, slot/groove, screws) or thermal methods (e.g. heat staking), and is not limited in this regard. Other legs 48 of the retraction actuator 40 may remain free to flex relative to the effector body 50, e.g., to provide the retraction movement of the effector 50. Two of the legs 48 include ear portions 103 which serve to engage with the base 100 and hold the retraction actuator 40 in a compressed, initial position before deployment of the flow activator 90. A space or gap 43 is provided between the ear portions 103 and the effector body 50 to allow the ear portions 103 to move toward the body for engagement with the base 100. As described above and shown in <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 7B</figref>, the deployment actuator 60 includes a central hole 66 and lobes 62 that are held within the grooves 56 of the effector body 50. Although the deployment actuator 60 is attached to the effector body 50, a central portion 64 of the deployment actuator 60 remains displaceable relative to the effector body 50 so that the deployment actuator 60 may move to deploy the flow activator 90.

0030As discussed above, the effector 50 may be mounted to the base 100 and guided in motion via effector guides 104 that protrude from the base 100. <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 8</figref> shows a close up view of the retraction actuator 40 illustrating how the retraction actuator 40 engages with the base 100 in a compressed, initial state, while <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 9</figref> shows a close up view of the ear portions 103 on two of the legs 48 of the retraction actuator 40 that engage with the base 100 to hold the retraction actuator 40 in the compressed, initial state. With the effector 50 held suitably by the effector guides 104, the effector 50 is pressed downwardly so that ear portions 103 of the tabs 41 can be positioned under corresponding protrusions 101 on the base 100. With the ear portions 103 engaged with the protrusions 101, the effector 50 may be released so that the spring force of the legs 48 biases the effector 50 to move upwardly in the retraction direction. However, with the ear portions 103 engaged with the protrusions 101, the effector 50 is held in a compressed condition. In this pre-deployment arrangement, the flow activator 90 may be at the initial pre-deployment distance 181 (see <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6</figref>) from the opening 130. In some examples, this pre-deployment distance 181 may be arranged such that actuation of the deployment actuator 60 will cause the flow activator 90 to reach the skin of a subject and allow the flow activator 90 to penetrate and/or pierce the skin to cause fluid flow. Thus, having the retraction actuator 40 pre-loaded in an initial semi-compressed state may hold the flow activator 90 at a pre-deployment distance 181 that enables the flow activator 90 to be ready for deployment upon actuation of the device actuator 10.

0031<figref idref="f0008">Fig. 8</figref> also illustrates how the retraction actuator 40 may be released to retract the flow activator 90. Arms 31 of the release element 30 may engage with the tabs 41 so that sloped portions of the arms 31 push the tabs 41 outwardly and away from the effector body 50 when the device actuator 10 and the release element 30 are moved downwardly. This releases the ear portions 103 from the protrusions 101, allowing the effector 50 to move upwardly under the bias of the deformed legs of the retraction actuator 40. The release element 30 may be formed from or otherwise include polyester (PETG or PCTA), or acetal resin, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), etc. While in this example the retraction actuator 40 is shown to engage with the base 100 via a releasable latch arrangement that includes the ear portions 103 and the protrusions 101, other arrangements are possible, such as a releasable lever, a sliding release, a detent, magnets that are separable using a wedge or by flipping polarity, etc., as the disclosure is not limited in this regard.

0032In another example of the disclosure, the effector may have an initial stored potential energy prior to any deployment movement of the flow activator. That is, the effector may have stored spring energy or other mechanical energy stored, for example, in an elastically deformed element, stored chemical energy, stored electrical energy, etc., that is used to deploy and/or retract a flow activator or cause other motion of other parts of the fluid receiving device. As explained above, before deployment of the flow activator 90, the retraction actuator 40 may be held in a compressed state by engagement of the ear portions 103 of the legs 48 with protrusion elements 101 on the base 100. Compression of the retraction actuator 40 stores potential energy in the retraction actuator 40 that can be used for different actions, such as retracting the flow activator 90. Thus, having the retraction actuator 40 at an initial compressed state permits the retraction actuator 40 to store potential energy and be ready for actuation without requiring energy to be input to the system at the time of actuation of the device.

0033In another example of the disclosure, the flow activator may move faster in a deployment direction than in a retraction direction. In the examples discussed above, the deployment actuator 60 may be arranged to move from an initial, pre-deployment position to a deployment position in rapid fashion, e.g., in a bi-stable manner. In contrast, the retraction actuator 40 may be arranged, e.g., to have a relatively lower spring constant or other characteristic, to move the flow activator 90 at a slower rate during at least a part of the retraction motion. In one set of examples, the flow activator 90 can be deployed at a speed of at least about 0.1 cm/s, at least about 0.3 cm/s, about 1 cm/s, at least about 3 cm/s, at least about 10 cm/s, at least about 30 cm/s, at least about 1 m/s, at least about 2 m/s, at least about 3 m/s, at least about 4 m/s, at least about 5 m/s, at least about 6 m/s, at least about 7 m/s, at least about 8 m/s, at least about 9 m/s, at least about 10 m/s, at least about 12 m/s, etc., at the point where the flow activator 90 initially contacts the skin. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that relatively faster deployment speeds may increase the ability of the flow activator to penetrate the skin (without deforming the skin or causing the skin to move in response), and/or decrease the amount of pain felt by the application of the flow activator to the skin. Any suitable method of controlling the penetration speed into the skin may be used, including those described herein. Retraction of the flow activator 90 may occur at a slower speed than deployment, e.g., to help reduce any pain associated with withdrawal of the flow activator 90. Where the retraction actuator 40 includes only mechanical elements that are not electronically controlled, e.g., as in the case of a spring, an elastic member, collapsible foam, etc., the spring or other element may be designed or otherwise arranged to provide a desired retraction speed. Alternately, other mechanical elements, such as one or more dampers may be provided to control a withdrawal speed. Other, electronically controlled systems, such as some servos, pneumatic systems, or the like, may incorporate open or closed loop control to provide a desired retraction rate. In the case of a manually-operated retraction actuator, the user may be able to control the speed of retraction. For example, a retraction actuator in the form of a spring may retract more slowly if force is gradually eased off the device actuator. However, if the force is abruptly removed, (e.g. a user suddenly releases the device actuator), the retraction may occur more quickly, although the fastest possible retraction speed may still be slower than the deployment speed. In some examples, the fluid receiving device may contain one or more chambers or vessels 140 for holding fluid received from a subject. In some cases, the chambers may be in fluidic communication with one or more fluid transporters and/or one or more microfluidic channels. For instance, the fluid receiving device may include a chamber for collecting fluid withdrawn from a subject (e.g., for storage and/or later analysis), a chamber for containing a fluid for delivery to the subject (e.g., blood, saline, optionally containing drugs, hormones, vitamins, pharmaceutical agents, or the like), etc.

0034In one example of the disclosure, the device may include a vacuum source. Vacuum (a pressure below ambient) may help facilitate fluid flow into the opening 130 of the device, and/or may help draw skin into the opening 130 for contact with the flow activator 90, and/or may help facilitate fluid flow from the opening 130 to a chamber 140. In some cases, the vacuum source may be one that is self-contained within the device, i.e., the device need not be connected to an external vacuum source (e.g., a house vacuum) during use of the device to withdraw blood or interstitial fluid from the skin and/or from beneath the skin. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>, in one set of examples, the vacuum source may include a vacuum source 156 having a pressure less than ambient pressure before blood (or other fluid) is withdrawn into the device, i.e., the vacuum source 156 may be at a "negative pressure" (that is, negative relative to ambient pressure) or at a "vacuum pressure" (or just having a "vacuum"). For example, if ambient pressure is at atmospheric pressure, the vacuum in the vacuum source may be at least about 50 mmHg, at least about 100 mmHg, at least about 150 mmHg, at least about 200 mmHg, at least about 250 mmHg, at least about 300 mmHg, at least about 350 mmHg, at least about 400 mmHg, at least about 450 mmHg, at least about 500 mmHg, at least 550 mmHg, at least 600 mmHg, at least 650 mmHg, at least about 700 mmHg, or at least about 750 mmHg, i.e., below the ambient atmospheric pressure. However, in other examples, it should be understood that other pressures may be used and/or that different methods may be used to produce other pressures (greater than or less than atmospheric pressure). As non-limiting examples, an external vacuum or a mechanical device may be used as the vacuum source. For example, the device may comprise an internal vacuum source, and/or be connectable to a vacuum source that is external to the device, such as a vacuum pump or an external (line) vacuum source. In some cases, vacuum may be created manually, e.g., by manipulating a syringe pump, a plunger, or the like, or the low pressure may be created mechanically or automatically, e.g., using a piston pump, a syringe, a bulb, a Venturi tube, manual (mouth) suction, etc., or the like.

0035Thus, in some cases, the device may be "pre-packaged" with a suitable vacuum source (e.g., a pre-evacuated vacuum source 156); for instance, in one example, the device may be applied to the skin and activated in some fashion to create and/or access the vacuum source. In some examples, the self-contained vacuum source may be actuated in some fashion to create a vacuum within the device. For instance, the self-contained vacuum source may include a piston, a syringe, a mechanical device such as a vacuum pump able to create a vacuum within the device, and/or chemicals or other reactants that can react to increase or decrease pressure which, with the assistance of mechanical or other means driven by the reaction, can form a pressure differential associated with a pressure regulator. Chemical reaction can also drive mechanical actuation with or without a change in pressure based on the chemical reaction itself. A self-contained vacuum source can also include an expandable foam, a shape memory material, or the like.

0036In some cases, the device includes an interface 105 (see <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>) that is able to help the device apply a vacuum to the skin and/or at the opening 130. The interface 105 may be, for example, a suction cup, a layer of a hydrogel material, such as Katecho 10G or other suitable hydrogel, or a circular bowl that is placed on the surface of the skin, and vacuum may be applied to the portion of skin exposed to the device 1 by the interface 105. In one set of examples, the interface is part of a support structure, e.g., the base 100. The interface 105 may be formed from any suitable material, e.g., glass, rubber, polymers such as silicone, polyurethane, nitrile rubber, EPDM rubber, neoprene, or the like. In some cases, the seal between the interface 105 and the skin may be enhanced (e.g., reducing leakage), for instance, using vacuum grease, petroleum jelly, a gel, an adhesive or the like. In some cases, the interface 105 may be relatively small, for example, having a diameter of less than about 5 cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 3 cm, less than about 2 cm, less than about 1 cm, less than about 5 mm, less than about 4 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2 mm, or less than about 1 mm. The interface 105 may be circular, although other shapes are also possible, for example, square, star-shaped (having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, etc. points), tear-drop, oval, rectangular, or the like.

0037In some examples, vacuum from a vacuum source may facilitate the movement of blood or other fluids from an opening of a fluid transporter to a storage vessel. In the <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 1-5</figref> example, vacuum may be stored in a vacuum source 156, e.g., a majority of space enclosed between device cover 20, base 100, and membrane 72. Vacuum in the vacuum source 156 may be selectively coupled to the storage chamber 140 so as to cause fluid at the opening 130 to be drawn into a channel 110 and to the chamber 140. For example, and as can be seen in <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref>, one or more channels 110 may be formed into the base 100 or otherwise provided between the opening 130 and the storage chamber 140. The channel 110 may be covered at an upper side by a lower surface of a channel plate 80. In some examples, the channel plate 80, membrane 72 and seal 76 could form a single part. (Additional configuration options for the channel 110 are discussed below.) The channel plate 80 may not only help to define the channel 110, but also define at least a portion of the cavity at the fluid transporter 120, part of the storage chamber 140, a vacuum inlet 154 and flow path 150 used for control of flow between the vacuum source 156 and the storage chamber 140, and a flow path between the channel 110 and the storage chamber 140. That is, as shown in <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4</figref> and<figref idref="f0010"> 10</figref>, the channel plate 80 helps to define a flow path between the opening 130 and the vacuum source 156 such that flow from the opening 130 may pass through the channel 110 and to an opening 144 in the channel plate 80 that connects the channel 110 and the storage chamber 140. The opening 144 may include a filter, a hydrophobic element (e.g., to help prevent aqueous fluid in the storage chamber 140 from later exiting the chamber 140), a one-way valve, or may be completely unobstructed. As can be seen in <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 10</figref>, flow may also occur from the storage chamber 140 through a passage 150 in the channel plate 80 to the vacuum inlet 154. The vacuum inlet 154 is normally closed by a seal 76, which may be part of the membrane 72, which also helps to isolate the vacuum source 156 from the opening 130 and other potential outlets for the low pressure in the vacuum source 156. As can be seen in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>, the seal 76 is engaged with one of the legs 48 of the retraction actuator 40 (a seal leg 49) so that when the retraction actuator 40 is in a compressed, initial state, the seal leg 49 presses the seal 76 into contact with the vacuum inlet 154 so as to close the passage 150 and prevent communication between the vacuum source 156 and the storage chamber 140. However, once the retraction actuator 40 is released, the seal leg 49 may move upwardly and/or the force of the seal leg 49 on the seal 76 may be reduced to a point at which the vacuum inlet 154 is open for flow from the storage chamber 140 to the vacuum source 156. Thus, once the seal 76 opens the vacuum inlet 154, the vacuum source 156 may draw fluid (e.g., air and/or liquid) from the storage chamber 140 so that fluid in the channel 110 is drawn into the storage chamber 140. Although not shown, a hydrophobic membrane or other suitable element may be provided at the vacuum inlet 154 or other suitable location (such as in the passage 150) to prevent liquid from flowing from the storage chamber 140 into the vacuum source 156.

0038In accordance with one example of the disclosure, fluid communication between the fluid transporter opening and the vacuum source may be enabled in response to actuation of the flow activator or prior to actuation of the flow activator. For example, depression of the device actuator 10 may permit communication between the vacuum source 156 and the storage chamber 140/opening 130. While other arrangements are possible, in the illustrative example of <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">Figs. 1-10</figref>, the seal 76 may be coupled to the seal leg 49 of the retraction actuator 40 so that once the flow activator 90 is actuated, e.g., deployment and retraction are initiated, the seal 76 may be released from the vacuum inlet 154 to permit fluid communication between the vacuum source 156 and the storage chamber 140. Although in this example, the seal leg 49 of the retraction actuator 40 moves away from the vacuum inlet 154 (or at least reduces a pressure on the seal 76) as the flow activator 90 is retracted, it is possible to arrange the opening of the seal 76 upon deployment of the flow activator 90 or at any other point in the movement of the flow activator 90, as well as before movement begins or after movement is completed. For example, flow between the vacuum source 156 and the storage chamber 140 may be enabled by piercing a membrane or foil, e.g., with deployment of the flow activator 90 or upon full retraction of the flow activator 90. In one example, a membrane seal could be located at the opening 130, and the flow activator 90 itself could serve to puncture the membrane, allowing flow from the opening 130 to the vacuum source 156. Thus, this puncture could serve to expose fluid at the opening 130 to vacuum to draw the fluid into a storage chamber 140. Of course, a membrane seal may be positioned at locations other than the opening 130, such as at the vacuum inlet 154, and a separate piercing element, such as a spike on the release element 30, could be used to puncture the membrane. Other arrangements are possible as well, such as actuating a vacuum source (such as a chemical vacuum source or vacuum pump) in response to flow activator actuation. For example, the retraction actuator 40 may be coupled to a syringe piston so that as the retraction actuator 40 moves in the retraction direction, the piston is moved to generate suction at the storage chamber 140.

0039As will be appreciated from the description above, in another example of the disclosure, the flow activator may be moved in a deployment direction to deploy the flow activator, and moved in a retraction direction to both retract the flow activator and enable fluid communication between the vacuum source and a fluid transporter opening. In the illustrative example described above, the seal 76 may be released from the vacuum inlet 154 as the flow activator 90 is retracted. Opening of the flow path at the seal 76 may occur at the start of retraction, during retraction, and/or after retraction is complete. In some examples, the seal 76 and flow activator 90 may be both moved in the same retraction direction by the retraction actuator. That is, during retraction, the flow activator 90 may be retracted and the seal 76 lifted to enable fluid communication between the vacuum source 156 and the device opening 130 through a channel 110. The seal 76 may be formed from or otherwise include latex or other flexible material such as a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) or polyurethane. In other examples, a force on the seal 76 may be sufficiently released to allow the relatively low pressure in the vacuum source 156 to cause flow from the storage chamber 140 to the vacuum source 156 to occur. Thus, the seal 76 need not necessarily be lifted from the vacuum inlet 154, but instead may act as a kind of check valve with a desired crack pressure that permits flow from the storage chamber 140 to the vacuum source 156 while a suitable pressure differential is present across the seal 76, but otherwise inhibits flow through the inlet 154. Other arrangements for opening fluid communication during retraction of the flow activator are possible, such as a spike on the retraction actuator 40 that pierces a membrane to open the fluid communication. In another example, an electrical switch may be opened or closed by the retraction actuator, causing a vacuum source (such as a pump) to be activated. In another example, movement of the retraction actuator may release a latch or other device, which allows a spring-loaded syringe piston or other device to move, creating a desired vacuum. In another example, retraction movement of the retraction actuator 40 itself may move a syringe piston or other device to provide a desired vacuum. Thus, enabling of fluid communication between a vacuum source and a fluid transporter opening need not necessarily involve the opening of a valve or other device that blocks flow, but instead may involve the creation of suitable vacuum to cause flow. Other arrangements are possible as well.

0040In another example of the disclosure, an effector that deploys and/or retracts the flow activator may also enable fluid communication between the fluid transporter opening and the vacuum source. Providing a single component or assembly to both deploy and/or retract a flow activator as well as open fluid communication between a fluid transporter and vacuum source may, in some examples, provide for a fluid receiving device that is simpler in operation or construction. For example, a single device, such as a retraction actuator 40 in the <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">Figs. 1-10</figref> example, may serve to both retract and open a flow path. This may reduce parts needed for construction of the fluid receiving device, reducing cost and/or assembly complexity. Of course, the effector need not necessarily perform both deployment and retraction functions, but instead may provide only deployment or retraction together with enabling fluid communication. For example, the effector may serve to only deploy a flow activator and enable fluid communication between the fluid transporter opening and vacuum source, e.g., in an example where a flow activator is not retracted after deployment, but instead is permitted to remain embedded in skin to withdraw fluid as vacuum is applied to the flow activator. As discussed above, enabling of fluid communication between the fluid transporter opening and vacuum source may be provided in different ways, such as by opening a valve or similar structure (such as the seal 76), piercing a membrane, actuating a vacuum source (such as moving a syringe plunger or similar element), activating a chemically-operated vacuum source, and so on.

0041In another example of the disclosure, the flow activator and the vacuum seal may be attached together, e.g., as part of a single unitary structure or component. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>, the flow activator 90 may be attached to the membrane 72, e.g., by co-molding the flow activator 90 with the membrane, adhering the flow activator 90 to the membrane, etc., while the seal 76 is formed from part of the membrane 72 itself. Such an arrangement may ease assembly and reduce the number of components in the fluid receiving device 1. As discussed above, flow enabled by movement of the seal 76 may cause flow along the channel 110 to the storage chamber 140. The channel 110 may be formed, at least in part, by a single component, e.g. an etched substrate or molded unit such as the base 100. The channel can have any cross-sectional shape, for example, circular, oval, triangular, irregular, square or rectangular (having any aspect ratio), or the like, and can be covered or uncovered (i.e., open to the external environment surrounding the channel). The channel 110 may be of any length. In some cases, the channel 110 can be a simple two-dimensional opening that creates a fluidic coupling between the opening 130 and another vessel such as a vacuum source or a storage vessel. In these cases, the channel may not have any length at all (e.g., as in a two-dimensional opening). In examples where the channel is completely covered, at least one portion of the channel can have a cross-section that is completely enclosed, and/or the entire channel may be completely enclosed along its entire length with the exception of its inlet and outlet.

0042A channel may have any aspect ratio (length to average cross-sectional dimension), e.g., an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1, more typically at least about 3:1, at least about 5:1, at least about 10:1, etc. As used herein, a "cross-sectional dimension," in reference to a fluidic or microfluidic channel, is measured in a direction generally perpendicular to fluid flow within the channel. A channel generally will include characteristics that facilitate control over fluid transport, e.g., structural characteristics and/or physical or chemical characteristics (hydrophobicity vs. hydrophilicity) and/or other characteristics that can exert a force (e.g., a containing force) on a fluid. The fluid within the channel may partially or completely fill the channel. In some cases the fluid may be held or confined within the channel or a portion of the channel in some fashion, for example, using surface tension (e.g., such that the fluid is held within the channel within a meniscus, such as a concave or convex meniscus). In an article or substrate, some (or all) of the channels may be of a particular size or less, for example, having a largest dimension perpendicular to fluid flow of less than about 5 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than about 1 mm, less than about 500 microns, less than about 200 microns, less than about 100 microns, less than about 60 microns, less than about 50 microns, less than about 40 microns, less than about 30 microns, less than about 25 microns, less than about 10 microns, less than about 3 microns, less than about 1 micron, less than about 300 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 30 nm, or less than about 10 nm or less in some cases. In one example, the channel is a capillary.

0043In one set of examples, the device may include a microfluidic channel. As used herein, "microfluidic," "microscopic," "microscale," the "micro-" prefix (for example, as in "microchannel"), and the like generally refers to elements or articles having widths or diameters of less than about 1 mm, and less than about 100 microns (micrometers) in some cases. In some examples, larger channels may be used instead of, or in conjunction with, microfluidic channels for any of the examples discussed herein. For examples, channels having widths or diameters of less than about 10 mm, less than about 9 mm, less than about 8 mm, less than about 7 mm, less than about 6 mm, less than about 5 mm, less than about 4 mm, less than about 3 mm, or less than about 2 mm may be used in certain instances. In some cases, the element or article includes a channel through which a fluid can flow. In all examples, specified widths can be a smallest width (i.e. a width as specified where, at that location, the article can have a larger width in a different dimension), or a largest width (i.e. where, at that location, the article has a width that is no wider than as specified, but can have a length that is greater). Thus, for instance, the microfluidic channel may have an average cross-sectional dimension (e.g., perpendicular to the direction of flow of fluid in the microfluidic channel) of less than about 1 mm, less than about 500 microns, less than about 300 microns, or less than about 100 microns. In some cases, the microfluidic channel may have an average diameter of less than about 60 microns, less than about 50 microns, less than about 40 microns, less than about 30 microns, less than about 25 microns, less than about 10 microns, less than about 5 microns, less than about 3 microns, or less than about 1 micron.

0044Fluids received from the skin and/or from beneath the skin of the subject will often contain various analytes within the body that are important for diagnostic purposes, for example, markers for various disease states, such as glucose (e.g., for diabetics); other example analytes include ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and/or bicarbonate (e.g., to determine dehydration); gases such as carbon dioxide or oxygen; H⁺ (i.e., pH); metabolites such as urea, blood urea nitrogen or creatinine; hormones such as estradiol, estrone, progesterone, progestin, testosterone, androstenedione, etc. (e.g., to determine pregnancy, illicit drug use, or the like); or cholesterol. Other examples include insulin, or hormone levels. Still other analytes include, but not limited to, high-density lipoprotein ("HDL"), low-density lipoprotein ("LDL"), albumin, alanine transaminase ("ALT"), aspartate transaminase ("AST"), alkaline phosphatase ("ALP"), bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, etc. (e.g., for liver function tests); luteinizing hormone or beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (e.g., for fertility tests); prothrombin (e.g., for coagulation tests); troponin, BNT or B-type natriuretic peptide, etc., (e.g., as cardiac markers); infectious disease markers for the flu, respiratory syncytial virus or RSV, etc.; or the like.

0045The fluid receiving device 1 may include one or more sensors for detecting one more characteristics of a fluid received from a subject. The sensor(s) may be located in any suitable way or location with respect to the device, such as at the storage chamber 140, at the channel 110, on the cover 20, etc. For example, the device 1 may include a pH sensor, an optical sensor, an oxygen sensor, a sensor able to detect the concentration of a substance, or the like. Non-limiting examples of useful sensors include dye-based detection systems, affinity-based detection systems, microfabricated gravimetric analyzers, CCD cameras, optical detectors, optical microscopy systems, electrical systems, thermocouples and thermistors, pressure sensors, etc. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to identify other suitable sensors. The sensor can include a colorimetric detection system in some cases, which may be external to the device, or microfabricated into the device in certain cases. As an example of a colorimetric detection system, if a dye or a fluorescent entity is used (e.g. in a particle), the colorimetric detection system may be able to detect a change or shift in the frequency and/or intensity of the dye or fluorescent entity.

0046In one set of examples, the sensor may be a test strip, for example, test strips that can be obtained commercially. Examples of test strips include, but are not limited to, glucose test strips, urine test strips, pregnancy test strips, or the like. A test strip will typically include a band, piece, or strip of paper or other material and contain one or more regions able to determine an analyte, e.g., via binding of the analyte to a diagnostic agent or a reaction entity able to interact with and/or associate with the analyte. For example, the test strip may include various enzymes or antibodies, glucose oxidase and/or ferricyanide, or the like. The test strip may be able to determine, for example, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, ketones, blood, protein, nitrite, pH, urobilinogen, bilirubin, leucocytes, luteinizing hormone, etc., depending on the type of test strip. The test strip may be used in any number of different ways. In some cases, a test strip may be obtained commercially and inserted into the device, e.g., before or after receiving blood, interstitial fluid, or other fluids from a subject. At least a portion of the blood or other fluid may be exposed to the test strip to determine an analyte, e.g., in examples where the device uses the test strip as a sensor so that the device itself determines the analyte. In some cases, the device may be sold with a test strip pre-loaded, or a user may need to insert a test strip in a device (and optionally, withdraw and replace the test strip between uses). In certain cases, the test strip may form an integral part of the device that is not removable by a user. In some examples, after exposure to the blood or other fluid withdrawn from the subject, the test strip may be removed from the device and determined externally, e.g., using other apparatuses able to determine the test strip, for example, commercially-available test strip readers.

0047In some examples, the device may include a separation membrane that is impermeable to blood cells and other substances. Fluid received from the subject may flow through a separation membrane, and the received fluid may include components of various sizes. For example, the device may receive blood that includes blood cells, clotting factors, proteins, and blood plasma, among other components. Larger components such as blood cells and other larger substances may not be able to pass through the separation membrane while blood plasma is free to pass. In some examples, this blood plasma is collected into a storage chamber. If anticoagulant is not introduced to the blood plasma, the blood plasma, which contains clotting factors such as fibrinogen, may clot, thereby resulting in a solid clot component and a liquid component. This liquid component is known as serum, which is blood plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors. This serum can be collected via aspiration or other suitable method out of the storage chamber, leaving the blood clots in the storage chamber. If anticoagulant is introduced to the blood plasma, the blood plasma will not clot and blood plasma can be collected out of the storage chamber instead. Thus, the examples described throughout the specification may be used to produce plasma or serum. More details regarding plasma and serum production can be found in U.S. and international patent applications each entitled "Plasma or Serum Production and Removal of Fluids Under Reduced Pressure," filed on even date herewith. Also referenced is <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US61480941A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/480,941</text></patcit>, entitled "Plasma or Serum Production and Removal of Fluids Under Reduced Pressure," by Haghgooie, <i>et. al.</i>, filed on April 29, 2011.

0048In some examples, the device may be connected to an external apparatus for determining at least a portion of the device, a fluid removed from the device, an analyte suspected of being present within the fluid, or the like. For example, the device may be connected to an external analytical apparatus, and fluid removed from the device for later analysis, or the fluid may be analyzed within the device <i>in situ</i>, e.g., by adding one or more reaction entities to the device, for instance, to a storage chamber, or to analytical chamber within the device. In some examples, assay disks 200 or membranes may be included in storage chamber 140, as shown in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>. In one example, the external apparatus may have a port or other suitable surface for mating with a port or other suitable surface on the device, and blood, interstitial fluid, or other fluid can be removed from the device using any suitable technique, e.g., using vacuum or pressure, etc. The blood or other fluid may be removed by the external apparatus, and optionally, stored and/or analyzed in some fashion. For example, in one set of examples, the device may include an exit port for removing a fluid from the device (e.g., blood). In some examples, fluid contained within a storage chamber in the device may be removed from the device, and stored for later use or analyzed outside of the device. In some cases, the exit port may be separate from the fluid transporter. In some cases, an exit port can be in fluidic communication with a vacuum source, which can also serve as a fluid reservoir in some cases. Other methods for removing blood, interstitial fluid, or other fluids from the device include, but are not limited to, removal using a vacuum line, a pipette, extraction through a septum instead of an exit port, or the like. In some cases, the device may also be positioned in a centrifuge and subjected to various g forces (e.g., to a centripetal force of at least 50 g), e.g., to cause at separation of cells or other substances within a fluid within the device to occur.

0049The device may include an anticoagulant or a stabilizing agent for stabilizing the fluid withdrawn from the skin and/or beneath the skin. As a specific non-limiting example, an anticoagulant may be used for blood withdrawn from the skin. Examples of anticoagulants include, but are not limited to, heparin, citrate, thrombin, oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium polyanethol sulfonate, acid citrate dextrose. Other agents may be used in conjunction with or instead of anticoagulants, for example, stabilizing agents such as solvents, diluents, buffers, chelating agents, enzyme inhibitors (ie. Protease or Nuclease inhibitor), antioxidants, binding agents, preservatives, antimicrobials, or the like. Examples of preservatives include, for example, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, parabens, or thimerosal. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include ascorbic acid, glutathione, lipoic acid, uric acid, carotenes, alpha-tocopherol, ubiquinol, or enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or peroxidases. Examples of microbials include, but are not limited to, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, azides, or the like. Examples of chelating agents include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Examples of buffers include phosphate buffers such as those known to ordinary skill in the art.

0050In one set of examples, at least a portion of the device may be colored to indicate the anticoagulant(s) contained within the device. In some cases, the colors used may be identical or equivalent to that commercially used for Vacutainers^™, Vacuettes^™, or other commercially-available phlebotomy equipment. For example, lavender and/or purple may indicate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, light blue may indicate citrate, dark blue may indicate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, green may indicate heparin, gray may indicate a fluoride and/or an oxalate, orange may indicate a thrombin, yellow may indicate sodium polyanethol sulfonate and/or acid citrate dextrose, black may indicate citrate, brown may indicate heparin, etc. In other examples, however, other coloring systems may be used.

0051Other coloring systems may be used in other examples of the disclosure, not necessarily indicative of anti-coagulants. For example, in one set of examples, the device carries a color indicative of a recommended bodily use site for the device, e.g., a first color indicative of a device suitable for placement on the back, a second color indicative of a device suitable for placement on a leg, a third color indicative of a device suitable for placement on the arm, etc.

0052As mentioned, in one set of examples, a device as discussed herein may be shipped to another location for analysis. In some cases, the device may include an anticoagulant or a stabilizing agent contained within the device, e.g., within a storage chamber for the fluid. Thus, for example, fluid such as blood or interstitial fluid withdrawn from the skin and/or beneath the skin may be delivered to a chamber (e.g., a storage chamber) within the device, then the device, or a portion of the device (e.g., a module) may be shipped to another location for analysis. Any form of shipping may be used, e.g., via mail.

Alternative Examples

0053Alternative examples are discussed further below.

0054It should be understood that various components of a fluid receiving device may be modified in different ways, and that the example discussed with respect to <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">Figs. 1-10</figref> should not be used to limit examples of the disclosure. For example, in one alternative example, the retraction actuator 40 of a device 1 may include two separate elements. <figref idref="f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014">Figs. 11-14</figref> show an example in which the retraction actuator 40 includes a retractor portion 42 and a seal actuator portion 44. As shown in <figref idref="f0011">Figs. 11</figref> and <figref idref="f0012"> 12</figref>, the retractor portion 42 and the seal actuator portion 44 are stacked and coupled to the effector body 50 via five posts 52. Any number of posts may be used. The post 52 may be formed from or otherwise include Polyester (PCTA or PETG) or other polymer such as ABS, acetal resin, polystyrene, etc. Alternatively, the retractor portion 42 and the seal actuator portion 44 may be coupled to the effector body 50 via a single post, glue, tape, other adhesive, etc. <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 12</figref> shows that the retractor portion 42 includes legs 48 that are free to flex relative to the effector 50. The seal actuator portion 44 includes tabs 41 and the seal leg 49 that is coupled to the seal 76. Both the retractor portion 42 and a seal actuator portion 44 otherwise have essentially the same features as the retraction actuator 40 described above. By separating the retraction actuator 40 into two portions, each may be designed and constructed to have desired features. For example, in some examples it may be desirable to have the legs 48 made of a highly elastic material, whereas the tabs 41 and seal leg 49 may be made of a less elastic material, e.g., to help release the seal 76 as the retraction actuator 40 moves upwardly. Additionally, as shown in<figref idref="f0013"> Fig. 13</figref>, the membrane 72 may be made independent from the seal 76, e.g., the seal 76 may be formed as part of the seal leg 49 of the actuator 40. In some examples, the flow activator 90 may be mechanically coupled to the deployment actuator 60 via a transmission structure 94 such as a post, a rod, or other. As shown in <figref idref="f0013">Fig. 13</figref>, a post 94 is coupled to the membrane 72, the flow activator 90 and the deployment actuator 60, and may be made relatively stiff or non-compliant, e.g., to help transmit movement from the deployment actuator 60 to the flow activator 90 with little loss. <figref idref="f0015 f0016 f0017">Figs. 15-18</figref> show yet another example that is very similar to that of <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">Figs. 1-10</figref>, but in which the latch arrangement used to hold the retraction actuator 40 in an initial, compressed state is modified. In this illustrative example, the device 1 contains a rotatable release element 170 that rotates relative to the base 100 during operation of the device. (The rotatable release element 170 and corresponding portions of the base 100 replace the release element 30 and the tabs 41 of the retraction actuator 40 of the <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010">Figs. 1-10</figref> example.) A spinner ramp 174 of the release element 170 initially engages with a lock-out ramp 161 of an effector guide 104 and holds the rotatable release element 170 in place prior to actuation of the device 1. <figref idref="f0015">Fig. 16</figref> shows a close-up of the initial engagement prior to actuation of the device 1. However, when the rotatable release element 170 is moved toward the base 100 during device actuation (e.g., depression of the device actuator 10), the release element 170 rotates slightly so that the spinner ramp 174 slides and clears the lock-out ramp 161 as the release element 170 moves towards the base 100. (Slight rotation of the release element 170 may be caused by a ramp or other angled surface on the element 170 contacting a corresponding ramp or other surface of the base 100 so that downward movement of the release element 170 upon actuation of the device actuator 10 causes the desired rotation.) Thereafter, when pressure on the release element 170 is released by the user, the spinner release ramp 175 engages the base release ramp 160 as the release element 170 moves upward so that as the rotatable release element 170 rotates so that the spinner release ramp 175 clears the base release ramp 160. This may allow the retraction actuator 40 to retract, e.g., to retract the flow activator 90. In yet other examples, a fluid receiving device 10 may be arranged in other ways, as suggested above. For example, in one example shown in <figref idref="f0018 f0019 f0020 f0021 f0022 f0023 f0024">Figs. 19-25</figref>, a fluid receiving device 1 includes a horizontally sliding trigger 304 that can be actuated by a user or other by finger depression. Similar to the examples described above and as shown in <figref idref="f0018">Figs. 19</figref> and <figref idref="f0019">20</figref>, the device 1 includes a cover 20 and a base 100, and fluid received at an opening 130 of a fluid transporter 120 may be conducted by a channel 110 to a storage chamber 140 (not shown). <figref idref="f0020">Figs. 21</figref> and <figref idref="f0021">22</figref> show internal components of the device 1. An O-ring seal 340 may be located on a trigger shaft 306 of the trigger 304. In another example, a deformable membrane could form the seal. During use, sliding the trigger 304 rearwardly towards a trailing edge 102 of the base 100 causes the trigger shaft 306 to push the trigger pin 332 with a trigger pin cover 334 (see <figref idref="f0021">Fig. 22</figref>). This motion causes a carriage 330 to slide rearwardly along guides 360 (See <figref idref="f0020">Fig. 21</figref>) on the base 100 toward the trailing end 102 of the base 100. The guides 360 may be etched into the base 100, may be protruded from the base 100, or have any other suitable arrangement. As the carriage 330 moves rearwardly, a trigger bridge 336 connected to the carriage 330 moves rearwardly relative to the effector body 50. The underside of the trigger bridge 336 includes a trigger tab 338, as can be seen in<figref idref="f0022"> Figs. 23A and 23B</figref>. The trigger tab 338 engages with a protrusion 339 (see <figref idref="f0023">Fig. 24</figref>) on the top of the effector body 50 so that as the trigger bridge 336 moves rearwardly, the trigger tab 338 moves the effector body 50 downwardly a sufficient amount to actuate a deployment actuator 60, which has a configuration like that in the examples described above. This causes the deployment actuator 60 to deploy the flow activator 90, e.g., to extend needles from the opening 130. Continued movement of the carriage 330 in the rearward direction causes a retraction actuator of the trigger (in the form of wedges 350) to slide beneath lifting struts 370 on the effector body 50. As the wedges 350 slide beneath the lifting struts 370, the effector 50 is lifted upwardly away from base 100, thereby retracting the flow activator 90, which is attached to the effector body 50 via the deployment actuator 60, and membrane 72 in a way similar to the examples above. The trigger tab 338 may be received in an opening 380 in the effector body 50, allowing a central portion of the effector body 50 to flex upwardly and allowing further retraction of the flow activator 90.

0055According to one example, connection of a flow actuator to a deployment actuator may be done in a variety of different ways, as suggested above. For example, <figref idref="f0025"> Fig. 26A</figref> shows a schematic arrangement in which a post 94 used to connect a flow activator (not shown) to a membrane 72 and/or a deployment actuator 60 may be made by an adhesive 400. In another example shown in <figref idref="f0025">Fig. 26B</figref>, the post 94 may be received into a cavity (or hole) in the membrane 72 as well as a hole in the deployment actuator 60. Engagement of the post 94 with the respective holes or cavities may be made in any suitable way, such as by interference or friction fit, adhesive, riveting, and so on. In this example, the post 94 is engaged with a cavity of the membrane 72 by an adhesive 400 and has a rivet-type head that engages with the hole in the deployment actuator 60. The rivet head of the post 94 may be formed by plastically deforming part of the post 94, or the post 94 may include a flexible material arranged so that an upper portion of the rivet head may be resiliently deformed and forced through the hole of the actuator 60. <figref idref="f0026">Fig. 26C</figref> shows yet another example in which a membrane 72 is joined to a deployment actuator by extending a portion of the membrane 72 through an opening in the actuator 60 and crimping or otherwise deforming the portion of the membrane 72 that extends through the opening. Alternately, a clip, band or other element may be clamped onto the membrane portion to maintain engagement of the membrane and actuator 60. The post 94 may be attached to both the membrane and actuator as part of the same process, e.g., part of the post may function as a clip or band. <figref idref="f0026">Fig. 26D</figref> shows an example with a two part post 94 where the membrane 72 is trapped between the two parts of the post. The top part of the post extends through a hole in the deployment actuator 60 or is heat staked to create an interference fit between the post and the deployment actuator 60. A portion of the post 94 may be forced through an opening at the connection point, and thereby be engaged with the deployment actuator 60.

0056According to one example, the order of operations with regards to deployment and retraction of the flow activator, vacuum release, and the receiving of fluid may be arranged in various sequences. In some examples, vacuum release prior to deployment of the flow activator may help to decrease a pressure differential across the deployment actuator and thereby increase insertion depth of the flow activator. For example, the order of operations may be arranged as follows: vacuum release occurs first, then deployment of the flow activator, and finally, retraction of the flow activator. In some cases, fluid receipt may occur before or after retraction, as this example is not limited in this regard. In some cases, fluid receipt may begin before retraction but may not complete until during or after retraction. In some cases, fluid receipt may not begin until during or after retraction. Vacuum release may be accomplished in a variety of different ways, as described in previous examples. For example, in <figref idref="f0027 f0028 f0029 f0030">Figs. 27-30</figref>, a spike 510 is attached to the end of an arm 33 of release element 30. Vacuum may be stored in a vacuum source 156, e.g., a majority of space enclosed by the cover 20, base 100, and membrane 72. Initially, a seal 512 may prevent communication between the vacuum source 156 and the opening 130. Upon downward movement of device actuator 10, spike 510 also moves in a downward direction, pierces seal 512, and enters dead volume 514. Spike 510 may be partially hollow and may include a vacuum inlet channel 511 which may help ensure flow between the vacuum source 156 and the dead volume 514. As a result, puncturing seal 512 with spike 510 effectively opens communication between vacuum source 156 and opening 130. This initial application of vacuum or other relatively low pressure at the area near opening 130 may cause skin to be drawn into or nearer to the opening. Subsequently, further downward movement of device actuator 10 causes actuation ring 540 to contact and actuate deployment actuator 60. As described in previous examples, actuation of deployment actuator 60 may cause the flow activator 90 to at least partially extend from the opening 130 or otherwise move to pierce a subject's skin and cause fluid to be released. Fluid may enter the opening 130, and the vacuum released from vacuum source 156 may draw fluid toward and/or into storage chamber 140. A hydrophobic stop membrane 516 that permits passage of air but prevents passage of liquid (such as liquids including water) may be positioned between storage chamber 140 and dead volume 514. As a result, hydrophobic stop membrane 516 may prevent liquid in storage chamber 140 from entering dead volume 514 and vacuum source 156. When storage chamber 140 has been filled with liquid, hydrophobic stop membrane 516 may effectively cooperate with the filled storage chamber 140 to seal off communication between vacuum source 156 and opening 130. After deployment of flow activator 90, effector 50 and retraction actuator (here, composed of locking portion 45 and retractor 42 - see <figref idref="f0028">Fig. 28</figref>) may cooperate to retract flow activator 90 as described in previous examples. Similar to the example in <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 12</figref> discussed previously, here the retraction actuator may comprise two separated components, locking portion 45 and retractor 42. In this example, however, locking portion 45 differs from the seal actuator portion 44 in <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 12</figref> because locking portion 45 does not have an additional seal leg 49 that is used to close communication between vacuum source 156 and opening 130. According to one example, in order to permit pressure equilibration across the deployment actuator prior to deployment of the flow activator, a time delay may exist between vacuum release and deployment of the flow activator. In one example, a release element may be arranged to exhibit an increased resistance against downward vertical movement, thereby creating a time delay between vacuum release and deployment of the flow activator. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0029">Fig. 29</figref>, release element 30 may include resistance arms 33 in addition to release arms 31. Resistance arms 33 may include legs 34. As shown in <figref idref="f0030">Fig. 30</figref>, as release element 30 moves in the downward deployment direction, legs 34 may contact base 100 and may cause latch release 30 to flex radially outward, thereby creating lateral movement of spike 510 to facilitate tearing of seal 512 for vacuum release. After vacuum release, contact between legs 34 and base 100 may also provide an increased resistance against downward vertical movement, which may delay deployment of flow activator 90 by delaying contact between actuation ring 540 with deployment actuator 60.

0057According to one example, holding the device effector rigidly to the base of the device may help to reduce energy loss when the deployment actuator is actuated. In some cases, stress on the effector or poor fit between components may cause the effector to be positioned incorrectly instead of being held down flush against the base. In certain situations, incorrect positioning of the effector may reduce the translation of energy to the deployment actuator and flow activator during actuation of the device. In one example, an interference fit between the release element and the effector may serve to hold the effector down flush against the base of the device and thereby ensure proper positioning of the effector. In one example, as shown in <figref idref="f0030">Fig. 30</figref>, the device actuator 10 may be directly attached or otherwise coupled to the release element 30. An actuation ring 540 may be present at the base of the release element 30. The base of the release element 30 may engage the effector 50 by means of an interference fit between the actuation ring 540 and the effector 50. As shown in <figref idref="f0031">Fig. 31</figref>, actuation ring 540 may include legs 542 that are tapered for increased lateral flexibility. <figref idref="f0032">Fig. 32A</figref> depicts initial contact between release element 30 and effector 50 prior to flow activator deployment, where the actuation ring 540 has not yet contacted deployment actuator 60. As release element 30 moves further downward, release element 30 becomes engaged in an interference fit with effector 50, as shown in <figref idref="f0032">Fig. 32B. Fig. 32B</figref> depicts release element 30 and effector 50 just prior to flow activator deployment, where the actuation ring 540 has achieved initial contact with deployment actuator 60. The interference fit permits direct application of pressure to the effector 50 prior to actuation of the deployment actuator 60 in order to ensure that the effector is held flush against the base. Such an arrangement may help ensure correct positioning of the effector and allow energy to translate directly from the device actuator 10 and release element 30 to the deployment actuator 60. Of course, other arrangements are possible, as this example is not limited in this regard. For example, the effector may be held flush against the device base by a wave spring or coil spring located beneath the release element, or by a leaf spring, coil spring, foam, an elastic bladder, or other suitable feature molded on the underside of the release element.

0058According to one example, the device may enable an indication when the receiving of fluid is complete. Such indication may notify a user that the device can be removed from the skin. In one example, shown in <figref idref="f0027">Figs. 27</figref>, <figref idref="f0033">33</figref>, and <figref idref="f0034">34</figref>, a visual indication may be provided by an indicator 520. Indicator 520 may change color when the receiving of fluid is complete. In one example, indicator 520 may change from clear to the color of the received fluid. As shown in <figref idref="f0027">Figs. 27</figref> and <figref idref="f0034">34</figref>, indicator 520 may include a flat disc of space that can receive and hold fluid. Indicator 520 may be in open communication with storage chamber 140. During the receiving of fluid, when fluid reaches the top of storage chamber 140, fluid may enter a passage 522 that connects storage chamber 140 to indicator 520. Fluid may enter and travel through passage 522 into indicator 520 due to capillary action, wicking, pressure differential, or via any other suitable force. In some instances, indicator 520 may include a solid or liquid substance that changes color upon contact with the received fluid. In this way, a user may receive an indication that the receiving of fluid is complete without actual sight of the received fluid. For example, indicator 520 may turn a color that is different than the actual collected fluid. In some examples, the device may include an indicator cover 521 that may be transparent or translucent to allow a user to view indicator 520. In some examples, indicator cover 521 may be tinted a color to change the appearance of the color of the fluid. In some cases, indicator cover 521 may be removable. Of course, it should be appreciated that the indication may be visual, audible, or tactile, as this example is not limited in this regard. For example, filling of storage chamber 140 may trigger the device to emit an audible sound indicating that the receiving of fluid is complete. In some instances, the audible sound may be a mechanical click due to interaction between the device actuator, release element, effector, retraction actuator, deployment actuator, and/or flow activator. In some instances, the audible sound may be an alarm that is triggered due to fluid reaching the top of storage chamber 140. Alternatively or in addition, the user may receive tactile feedback indicating that the receiving of fluid is complete. For example, the device actuator, release element, effector, retraction actuator, deployment actuator, and/or flow activator may be arranged to interact such that the user actuating device actuator experiences a sudden increase or decrease in physical resistance from the device actuator. As another example, the components of the device may include a detent-type interaction that provides tactile feedback to the user. Furthermore, the indications, feedback, and/or alarms may occur at any point in the device actuation process, as indications are not limited to the completion of the receiving of fluid. For example, the device may enable an indication when vacuum has been released, when the flow activator has been deployed and/or retracted, when the receiving of fluid has begun, etc. The device may also enable an indication or alarm when an insufficient volume fluid has been received, or if the type of fluid received is inappropriate.

0059According to one example, the device may allow a user to access fluid that is received in the storage chamber of the device. In some examples, an access port connected to the storage chamber may allow the user to directly access fluid in the storage chamber. In one example, as shown in <figref idref="f0035">Fig. 35</figref>, an access port 530 may be located at the base of the device. Of course, it should be appreciated that the access port 530 may be located at any location of the device, as this example is not limited in this regard. In some examples, a user may remove the fluid using a variety of tools such as a pipette, capillary tube, or other suitable tool. In some examples, a user may access the fluid in the storage chamber without removal of the fluid from the chamber. For example, a user may measure the pH of the fluid by contacting a strip of pH paper with the fluid. In another example, a user may require access to the collected fluid in order to add a substance or chemical to the fluid while it is held in the storage chamber. In some examples, access port 530 may be shaped to permit insertion of objects of different shapes, such as strips as well as pipettes or capillary tubes. In one example, shown in <figref idref="f0036">Figs. 36A-B</figref>, access port 530 may include a hole 532 to receive cylindrical objects such as pipettes and capillary tubes, and may include a slot 534 to receive rectangular or wide objects such as strips. Of course, other shapes and geometries of the access port are possible, such as a simple hole, slot, square hole, or multiple holes, as this example is not limited in this regard. In some examples, the access port may be positioned to increase ease of fluid removal from the storage chamber. In one example, shown in <figref idref="f0037">Fig. 37</figref>, access port 530 may be positioned near the side wall 531 of storage chamber 140. Positioning access port 530 away from the center of storage chamber 140 may help to decrease forces such as capillary action that may cause the fluid to resist removal from the storage chamber. Alternatively or in addition, the bottom of storage chamber may be arranged at a slant such that fluid is slanted downward toward the access port. Storage chamber 140 may further include a circular groove that runs around the bottom periphery 535 of the storage chamber where the bottom of the storage chamber meets side wall 531. Such a groove may urge fluid toward access port 530 via wicking, capillary action, or other suitable force. In some examples, a seal may prevent fluid from flowing through the access port. In one example, the seal may be located inside the storage chamber, in which case a user punctures the seal with a pipette or other suitable tool. In another example, as shown in <figref idref="f0038">Fig. 38</figref>, the seal 536 may be located outside the storage chamber on the base 100, in which case a user may peel off or puncture the seal to access the fluid in the storage chamber. Of course, it should be appreciated that other methods of sealing the access port are possible, as this example is not limited in this regard.

0060In one alternative example, a rotatable release element may be arranged to permit vacuum release prior to flow activator deployment. <figref idref="f0039 f0040 f0041 f0042 f0043 f0044">Figs. 39-43</figref> show one example of a device with a rotatable release element. In these figures, the device is depicted its post-deployment, retracted state. The device includes rotatable release element 170 that is free to rotate relative to device actuator 10 (see <figref idref="f0040 f0041">Figs. 40A-B</figref>). Device actuator 10 is attached to spike 510 such that downward movement of device actuator 10 causes downward movement of spike 510, which then pierces seal 512 for vacuum release. As discussed previously, piercing seal 512 opens communication between the vacuum source and the device opening, allowing vacuum to be applied at the device opening. Device actuator 10 also includes tabs 566 that interact with a slide groove 554 formed on the device cover 20 (see <figref idref="f0042">Figs. 41</figref> and <figref idref="f0043">42</figref>) to constrain movement of device actuator 10 to the vertical direction. The rotatable release element 170 includes a spinner ramp 562 that interacts with a pre-deployment lockout 556 and a cover ramp 552 (see <figref idref="f0042">Figs. 41</figref> and <figref idref="f0043">42</figref>) formed on the cover 20. As shown in <figref idref="f0041">Fig. 40B</figref>, the retraction actuator 40 and effector 50 are hidden from view to show that rotatable release element 170 also includes an actuation ring 540 that actuates deployment actuator 60 upon contact with the top surface of the deployment actuator 60. (In <figref idref="f0041">Fig. 40B</figref>, deployment actuator 60 is shown in its post-deployment state and is therefore arranged concave downward away from actuation ring 540.) Prior to deployment, spinner ramp 562 is held within pre-deployment lockout 556 such that actuation ring 540 on the release element 170 is held at a distance close to the top surface of the deployment actuator 60. Engagement between spinner ramp 562 and pre-deployment lockout 556 also locks retraction actuator 40 in a compressed, high-energy state. Depression of device actuator 10 in the downward direction may first cause spike 510 to pierce seal 512 for vacuum release, then cause actuation ring 540 on the release element 170 to contact and actuate deployment actuator 60, thereby deploying the flow activator, as discussed in previous examples. At the same time, depression of actuator 10 in the downward direction also causes spinner ramp 562 to clear pre-deployment lockout 556, releasing retraction actuator 40 from its compressed, high energy-state. Retraction actuator 40 releases its stored potential energy as it decompresses by moving in the upward retraction direction, causing spinner ramp 562 to slide against cover ramp 552 in the upward direction. As a result, the entire rotatable element 170 rotates clockwise as it also moves upward in the retraction direction. Upward movement of the retraction actuator 40 causes the flow activator to retract, as described in previous examples. Finally, as shown in <figref idref="f0044">Fig. 43</figref>, when spinner ramp 562 reaches the end of the cover ramp 552, engagement edge 560 of the spinner ramp 562 engages with post-deployment lockout 550 to lock the device in the retracted state.

0061According to one example, actuation of the flow activator may occur in direct response to vacuum release without requiring additional external actuation. In one example, a pressure differential across the deployment actuator may cause the deployment actuator to deploy the flow activator. In previously discussed examples, such as in the <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figs. 1-5</figref> example, vacuum may be stored in a vacuum source 156, e.g., a majority of space enclosed between the device cover 20, base 100, and membrane seal 72. According to the present example, however, in one example, atmospheric or ambient pressure is stored in the space enclosed by the cover, base, and membrane seal rather than a vacuum source. The vacuum source is stored in another location either within the device or external to the device rather than above the deployment actuator. As a result, prior to actuation of the device, the pressure at the top surface of the deployment actuator is at atmospheric or ambient pressure instead of at vacuum pressure. Opening communication between the vacuum source and the device opening may expose the bottom surface of the deployment actuator to vacuum pressure, thereby creating a pressure differential across the deployment actuator: atmospheric or ambient pressure above the deployment actuator and vacuum pressure below. The pressure differential across the deployment actuator may actuate the deployment actuator and subsequently cause deployment of the flow activator. Such an arrangement may allow vacuum to reach the device opening prior to deployment of the flow activator.

0062According to one example, the sequence of events starting from the initial actuation of the device to the end of receipt of fluid may be user-independent, meaning that, after an initial trigger, the entire sequence of events occurs automatically regardless of the subsequent magnitude of pressure, torque, speed, impact, or other force applied to the device actuator after the trigger. In one example, the device may include a torsion spring that permits a user-independent sequence of actuation events. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0045">Fig. 44</figref>, device 1 includes a torsion spring 570 that may serve as a retraction actuator. In <figref idref="f0045">Fig. 44</figref>, device 1 is depicted in its pre-deployed, high-energy state, with a coiled torsion spring 570 attached to cam 571. Potential energy may be stored in coiled torsion spring 570, and the spring may be attached to cam 571 such that the spring is biased to rotate cam 571 in the counterclockwise direction. Engagement between the ends of the actuator arm 574 and lockout protrusions 572 attached to cam 571 prevent rotation of cam 571 and thereby prevent the uncoiling of torsion spring 570. Device actuator 10 may be actuated by a downward force, causing the ends of actuator arm 574 to slide vertically downward relative to lock-out protrusions 572. Once the ends of actuator arm 574 slide below and clear the lower surface of lock-out protrusions 572, cam 571 is free to rotate, allowing torsion spring 570 to uncoil and release its stored potential energy. Release of torsion spring 570 may serve as the trigger from which all subsequent user-independent events follow. Uncoiling of torsion spring 570 causes cam 571 to rotate in the counterclockwise direction. Cam 571 may be attached to a spike 510 that tears through a seal (not shown) covering dead volume 514, opening communication between a vacuum source and the opening of the device. As shown in <figref idref="f0046">Fig. 45</figref>, effector 50 may be attached to deployment actuator 60 via holders 580 and grooves 56. In addition, the effector 50 may include effector tabs 578. As shown in <figref idref="f0047">Figs. 46A-B</figref>, release element 30 may include an actuation ring 540 and release element tabs 576. As shown in <figref idref="f0045">Fig. 44</figref>, effector tab 578 may cooperate with a lower track 588. During rotation of cam 571 in the counterclockwise direction, tab 578 interacts with the profile of lower track 588. As the lower track 588 slants upward at the end of its profile, tab 578 is pushed upward by lower track 588. As a result, effector 50 is raised in the vertically upward retraction direction. Similarly, the release element tab 576 of release element 30 cooperates with an upper track 586. During counterclockwise rotation of cam 571, tab 576 interacts with the profile of upper track 586. As the profile of upper track 586 dips downward, tab 576 is pushed downward by upper track 586. As a result, release element 30 is lowered vertically downward in the deployment direction, causing the actuation ring 540 of release element 30 to contact and actuate deployment actuator 60 (see <figref idref="f0047">Figs 46A-B</figref>), thereby actuating a flow activator (not shown) in a manner described in previous examples. As track 586 slants upward at the end of the profile, release element 30 is raised in the vertically upward retraction direction. After actuation of the deployment actuator 60, both the release element 30 and the effector 50 are lifted in the retraction direction due to the upward slanting of both upper track 586 and lower track 588, thereby causing retraction of the flow activator (not shown), which is connected to the deployment actuator 60 and effector 50. Of course, it should be appreciated that other suitable arrangements for achieving a user-independent sequence of events are possible, as this example is not limited in this regard.

0063According to one example, the device may include a protective feature or mechanism used to avoid inadvertent or pre-mature actuation. In one example, the protective feature may include a physical barrier or covering that prevents actuation of the device actuator. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0048">Fig. 47</figref>, the device may include a cap 600 with a spacer ring 602 that prevents compression of device actuator 10. Cap 600 may be removed by a user when the device is ready to be actuated. In one example, the protective feature may be incorporated into the device actuator or other components of the device. For example, the device actuator may include a lost-motion type arrangement in which the device actuator must travel a predefined distance before deployment of the deployment actuator is triggered. In another example, the device actuator may require application of a minimum pressure or torque before actuation occurs. In yet another example, device actuator may include a safety-lock type arrangement in which the user must first twist the device actuator before pushing it down. Of course, it should be appreciated that other methods of avoiding inadvertent actuation are possible, as this example is not limited in this regard. In addition, the above-mentioned safety features can be combined in any manner within a single device.

0064Some of the previously described examples include a spike used to pierce a seal in order to open communication between a vacuum source and the device opening. According to one example, a wide variety of spike geometries are possible. For example, <figref idref="f0049">Figs. 48A-G</figref> depict various possible spike geometries, such as a cylinder with a pointer at the end (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48A</figref>), a cylinder with a slanted end (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48B</figref>), a bifurcated arrangement (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48C</figref>), a hollow cylinder with beveled tip (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48D</figref>), a simple cylinder that may be solid or hollow (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48E</figref>), a pointed spike with an indented portion (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48F</figref>), and a V-shaped spike with a longitudinal groove (<figref idref="f0049">Fig. 48G</figref>). Of course, it should be appreciated that any geometry suitable for seal piercing or tearing may be used for the spike geometry, as this example is not limited in this regard.

0065Further details regarding optional arrangements for needles, which may be included as part of a flow activator, are provided below.

0066As mentioned above, needles included with a flow activator may be arranged in a variety of different ways, depending on the intended application. For example, the needle(s) may have a length of less than about 5 mm, less than about 4 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than about 1 mm, less than about 800 micrometers, less than 600 micrometers, less than 500 micrometers, less than 400 micrometers, less than about 300 micrometers, less than about 200 micrometers, less than about 175 micrometers, less than about 150 micrometers, less than about 125 micrometers, less than about 100 micrometers, less than about 75 micrometers, less than about 50 micrometers, less than about 10 micrometers, etc. The needle(s) may also have a largest cross-sectional dimension of less than about 5 mm, less than about 4 mm, less than about 3 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than about 1 mm, less than about 800 micrometers, less than 600 micrometers, less than 500 micrometers, less than 400 micrometers, less than about 300 micrometers, less than about 200 micrometers, less than about 175 micrometers, less than about 150 micrometers, less than about 125 micrometers, less than about 100 micrometers, less than about 75 micrometers, less than about 50 micrometers, less than about 10 micrometers, etc. For example, in one example, the needle(s) may have a rectangular cross section having dimensions of 175 micrometers by 50 micrometers. In one set of examples, the needle(s) may have an aspect ratio of length to largest cross-sectional dimension of at least about 2:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 4:1, at least 5:1, at least about 7:1, at least about 10:1, at least about 15:1, at least about 20:1, at least about 25:1, at least about 30:1, etc.

0067In one example, the needle(s) is(are) a microneedle(s). Typically, a microneedle will have an average cross-sectional dimension (e.g., diameter) of less than about a millimeter. It should be understood that references to "needle" or "microneedle" as discussed herein are by way of example and ease of presentation only, and that in other examples, more than one needle and/or microneedle may be present in any of the descriptions herein. As an example, microneedles such as those disclosed in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US6334856B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,334,856, issued January 1, 2002</text></patcit>, entitled "Microneedle Devices and Methods of Manufacture and Use Thereof," by Allen, <i>et al.</i>, may be used to deliver to and/or withdraw fluids (or other materials) from a subject. The microneedles may be hollow or solid, and may be formed from any suitable material, e.g., metals, ceramics, semiconductors, organics, polymers, and/or composites. Examples include, but are not limited to, medical grade stainless steel, titanium, nickel, iron, gold, tin, chromium, copper, alloys of these or other metals, silicon, silicon dioxide, and polymers, including polymers of hydroxy acids such as lactic acid and glycolic acid polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, and copolymers with polyethylene glycol, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyurethanes, polybutyric acid, polyvaleric acid, polylactide-co-caprolactone, polycarbonate, polymethacrylic acid, polyethylenevinyl acetate, polytetrafluorethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or polyesters. In some cases, more than one needle or microneedle may be used. For example, arrays of needles or microneedles may be used, and the needles or microneedles may be arranged in the array in any suitable configuration, e.g., periodic, random, etc. In some cases, the array may have 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 10 or more, 15 or more, 20 or more, 35 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more, or any other suitable number of needles or microneedles. Typically, a microneedle will have an average cross-sectional dimension (e.g., diameter) of less than about a micron.

0068Those of ordinary skill in the art can arrange needles relative to the skin or other surface for these purposes including, in one example, introducing needles into the skin at an angle, relative to the skin's surface, other than 90°, i.e., to introduce a needle or needles into the skin in a slanting fashion so as to limit the depth of penetration. In another example, however, the needles may enter the skin or other surface at approximately 90°.

0069In some cases, the needles (or microneedles) may be present in an array selected such that the density of needles within the array is between about 0.5 needles/mm² and about 10 needles/mm², and in some cases, the density may be between about 0.6 needles/mm² and about 5 needles/mm², between about 0.8 needles/mm² and about 3 needles/mm², between about 1 needles/mm² and about 2.5 needles/mm², or the like. In some cases, the needles may be positioned within the array such that no two needles are closer than about 1 mm, about 0.9 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 0.7 mm, about 0.6 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.05 mm, about 0.03 mm, about 0.01 mm, etc.

0070In another set of examples, the needles (or microneedles) may be chosen such that the area of the needles (determined by determining the area of penetration or perforation on the surface of the skin of the subject by the needles) allows for adequate flow of fluid to or from the skin and/or beneath the skin of the subject. The needles may be chosen to have smaller or larger areas (or smaller or large diameters), so long as the area of contact for the needles to the skin is sufficient to allow adequate blood flow from the skin of the subject to the device. For example, the needles may be selected to have a combined skin-penetration area of at least about 500 nm², at least about 1,000 nm², at least about 3,000 nm², at least about 10,000 nm², at least about 30,000 nm², at least about 100,000 nm², at least about 300,000 nm², at least about 1 microns², at least about 3 microns², at least about 10 microns², at least about 30 microns2, at least about 100 microns², at least about 300 microns², at least about 500 microns2, at least about 1,000 microns², at least about 2,000 microns², at least about 2,500 microns2, at least about 3,000 microns², at least about 5,000 microns², at least about 8,000 microns2, at least about 10,000 microns², at least about 35,000 microns², at least about 100,000 microns², at least about 300,000 microns², at least about 500,000 microns², at least about 800,000 microns², at least about 8,000,000 microns², etc., depending on the application.

0071The needles or microneedles may have any suitable length, and the length may be, in some cases, dependent on the application. For example, needles designed to only penetrate the epidermis may be shorter than needles designed to also penetrate the dermis, or to extend beneath the dermis or the skin. In certain examples, the needles or microneedles may have a maximum penetration into the skin of no more than about 3 mm, no more than about 2 mm, no more than about 1.75 mm, no more than about 1.5 mm, no more than about 1.25 mm, no more than about 1 mm, no more than about 900 microns, no more than about 800 microns, no more than about 750 microns, no more than about 600 microns, no more than about 500 microns, no more than about 400 microns, no more than about 300 microns, no more than about 200 microns, no more than about 175 micrometers, no more than about 150 micrometers, no more than about 125 micrometers, no more than about 100 micrometers, no more than about 75 micrometers, no more than about 50 micrometers, etc. In certain examples, the needles or microneedles may be selected so as to have a maximum penetration into the skin of at least about 50 micrometers, at least about 100 micrometers, at least about 300 micrometers, at least about 500 micrometers, at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, etc. In one set of examples, the needles (or microneedles) may be coated. For example, the needles may be coated with a substance that is delivered when the needles are inserted into the skin. For instance, the coating may comprise heparin, an anticoagulant, an antiinflammatory compound, an analgesic, an anti-histamine compound, etc. to assist with the flow of blood from the skin of the subject, or the coating may comprise a drug or other therapeutic agent such as those described herein. The drug or other therapeutic agent may be one used for localized delivery (e.g., of or proximate the region to which the coated needles or microneedles are applied), and/or the drug or other therapeutic agent may be one intended for systemic delivery within the subject.

0072While examples of the disclosure have been described with reference to various illustrative examples, such examples are not limited to the illustrative examples described. Thus, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations of the examples described will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, examples as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting.

0073The reference signs included in the claims are not to be interpreted as limiting the extent of the matter protected by the claims; their sole function is to make claims easier to understand.