Hybrid drill bit

Description of equivalent WO 2010132232 A2

HYBRID DRILL BIT

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

00031. Technical Field The present invention relates in general to earth-boring drill bits and, in particular, to a bit having a combination of rolling and fixed cutters and cutting elements and a method of drilling with same.

00042. Description of the Related Art The success of rotary drilling enabled the discovery of deep oil and gas reservoirs and production of enormous quantities of oil. The rotary rock bit was an important invention that made the success of rotary drilling possible. Only soft earthen formations could be penetrated commercially with the earlier drag bit and cable tool, but the two-cone rock bit, invented by Howard R. Hughes, U.S. Pat. No. 930,759, drilled the caprock at the Spindletop field, near Beaumont, Tex. with relative ease. That venerable invention, within the first decade of the last century, could drill a scant fraction of the depth and speed of the modern rotary rock bit. The original Hughes bit drilled for hours, the modern bit drills for days. Modern bits sometimes drill for thousands of feet instead of merely a few feet. Many advances have contributed to the impressive improvements in rotary rock bits.

0005In drilling boreholes in earthen formations using rolling-cone or rolling-cutter bits, rock bits having one, two, or three rolling cutters rotatably mounted thereon are employed. The bit is secured to the lower end of a drillstring that is rotated from the surface or by a downhole motor or turbine. The cutters mounted on the bit roll and slide upon the bottom of the borehole as the drillstring is rotated, thereby engaging and disintegrating the formation material to be removed. The rolling cutters are provided with cutting elements or teeth that are forced to penetrate and gouge the bottom of the borehole by weight from the drillstring. The cuttings from the bottom and sides of the borehole are washed away by drilling fluid that is pumped down from the surface through the hollow, rotating drillstring, and are carried in suspension in the drilling fluid to the surface.

0006Rolling cutter bits dominated petroleum drilling for the greater part of the 20^th century. With improvements in synthetic diamond technology that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, the fixed-cutter, or "drag" bit, became popular again in the latter part of the 20^th century. Modern fixed-cutter bits are often referred to as "diamond" or "PDC" (polycrystalline diamond compact) bits and are far removed from the original fixed-cutter bits of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries. Diamond or PDC bits carry cutting elements comprising polycrystalline diamond compact layers or "tables" formed on and bonded to a supporting substrate, conventionally of cemented tungsten carbide, the cutting elements being arranged in selected locations on blades or other structures on the bit body with the diamond tables facing generally in the direction of bit rotation. Diamond bits have an advantage over rolling-cutter bits in that they generally have no moving parts. The drilling mechanics and dynamics of diamond bits are different from those of rolling-cutter bits precisely because they have no moving parts. During drilling operation, diamond bits are used in a manner similar to that for rolling cutter bits, the diamond bits also being rotated against a formation being drilled under applied weight on bit to remove formation material. Engagement between the diamond cutting elements and the borehole bottom and sides shears or scrapes material from the formation, instead of using a crushing action as is employed by rolling-cutter bits. Rolling-cutter and diamond bits each have particular applications for which they are more suitable than the other; neither type of bit is likely to completely supplant the other in the foreseeable future.

0007Some earth-boring bits use a combination of one or more rolling cutters and one or more fixed blades. Some of these combination-type drill bits are referred to as hybrid bits. Previous designs of hybrid bits, such as is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,343,371 to Baker, III, have provided for the rolling cutters to do most of the formation cutting, especially in the center of the hole or bit. Other types of combination bits are known as "core bits," such as U.S. Patent No. 4,006,788 to Garner. Core bits typically have truncated rolling cutters that do not extend to the center of the bit and are designed to remove a core sample of formation by drilling down, but around, a solid cylinder of the formation to be removed from the borehole generally intact.

0008Another type of hybrid bit is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,695,019 to Shamburger, Jr., wherein the rolling cutters extend almost entirely to the center. Fixed cutter inserts 50 (Figures 2 and 3) are located in the dome area or "crotch" of the bit to complete the removal of the drilled formation. Still another type of hybrid bit is sometimes referred to as a "hole opener," an example of which is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,527,066. A hole opener has a fixed threaded protuberance that extends axially beyond the rolling cutters for the attachment of a pilot bit that can be a rolling cutter or fixed cutter bit. In these latter two cases the center is cut with fixed cutter elements but the fixed cutter elements do not form a continuous, uninterrupted cutting profile from the center to the perimeter of the bit.

0009A concern with all bits is stable running. Fixed- and rolling-cutter bits have different dynamic behavior during drilling operation and therefore different bit characteristics contribute to stable or unstable running. In a stable configuration, a bit drills generally about its geometric center, which corresponds with the axial center of the borehole, and lateral or other dynamic loadings of the bit and its cutting elements are avoided. Stabilizer pads can be provided to increase the area of contact between the bit body and the sidewall of the borehole to contribute to stable running. Such stabilizer pads tend to be effective in fixed-cutter bits, but can actually contribute to unstable running in rolling-cutter bits because the contact point between the pad and the sidewall of the borehole becomes an instant center of rotation of the bit, causing the bit to run off-center. Commonly assigned U.S. Patent Nos. 4,953,641 to Pessier et al. and 5,996,731 to Pessier et al. disclose stabilizer pad arrangements for rolling- cutter bits that avoid the disadvantages of stabilizer pads. None of the foregoing "hybrid" bit disclosures address issues of stable running.

0010Although each of these bits is workable for certain limited applications, an improved hybrid earth-boring bit with enhanced stabilization to improve drilling performance would be desirable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0011Embodiments of the present invention comprise an improved earth-boring bit of the hybrid variety. One embodiment comprises a bit body configured at its upper extent for connection into a drillstring. At least one fixed blade extends downwardly from the bit body, and has a radially outermost gage surface. A plurality of fixed cutting elements is secured to the fixed blade, preferably in a row at its rotationally leading edge and the radially outermost cutting elements on the radially outermost surface of the fixed blade define the bit and borehole diameter. At least one bit leg is secured to the bit body and a rolling cutter is mounted for rotation on the bit leg. At least one stabilizer pad is disposed between the bit leg and the fixed blade, the stabilizer pad extending radially outward to substantially the gage surface.

0012According to an embodiment of the present invention, the stabilizer pad is formed integrally with the fixed blade and extends toward the bit leg in a rotationally leading direction

0013According to an embodiment of the present invention, a portion of the bit leg extends radially outward to substantially the gage surface and the stabilizer pad, the gage surface of each fixed blade, and the portion of the bit leg extending to the gage surface together describe a segment of the circumference of the borehole that equals or exceeds 180 degrees.

0014According to an embodiment of the present invention, each stabilizer pad has an equal area. According to an embodiment of the present invention, there may be a plurality of fixed blades and bit legs and associated rolling cutters.

0015According to an embodiment of the present invention, the outermost radial surfaces of the bit legs and fixed blades are joined or formed integrally to define a stabilizer pad.

0016Other features and advantages of embodiments of the earth-boring bit according to the present invention will become apparent with reference to the drawings and the detailed description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0018So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the present invention, which will become apparent, are attained and can be understood in more detail, more particular description of embodiments of the invention as briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only some embodiments of the invention and therefore are not to be considered limiting of its scope as the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

0019Figure 1 is a side elevation view of an embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit constructed in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit of Figure 1 constructed in accordance with the present invention;

0020Figure 3 is a side elevation view of an embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit constructed in accordance with the present invention;

0021Figure 4 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit of Figure 3 constructed in accordance with the present invention;

0022Figure 5 is a side elevation view of an embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit constructed in accordance with the present invention;

0023Figure 6 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit of Figure 5 constructed in accordance with the present invention;

0024Figure 7 is a side elevation view of another embodiment of the hybrid earth- boring bit constructed in accordance with the present invention; and

0025Figure 8 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of the hybrid earth-boring bit of Figure 7 constructed in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0027Referring to Figures 1 through 8, and particularly to Figures 1 and 2, an earth-boring bit 11 according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention is disclosed. Bit 11 comprises a bit body 13 having a central longitudinal axis 15 that defines an axial center of the bit body 13. In the illustrated embodiment, the bit body 13 is steel, but could also be formed of matrix material with steel reinforcements, or of a sintered carbide material. Bit body 13 includes a shank at the upper or trailing end thereof threaded or otherwise configured for attachment to a hollow drillstring (not shown), which rotates bit 11 and provides pressurized drilling fluid to the bit and the formation being drilled.

0028At least one (two are shown) bit leg 17 extends downwardly from the bit body 13 in the axial direction. The bit body 13 also has a plurality (e.g., also two shown) of fixed blades 19 that extend downwardly in the axial direction. The number of bit legs

002917 and fixed blades 19 is at least one but may be more than two. In the illustrated embodiment, bit legs 17 (and the associated rolling cutters) are not directly opposite one another (are about 191 degrees apart measured in the direction of rotation of bit 11), nor are fixed blades 19 (which are about 169 degrees apart measured in the direction of rotation of bit 11). Other spacings and distributions of legs 17 and blades

003019 may be appropriate.

0031A rolling cutter 21 is mounted on a sealed journal bearing that is part of each bit leg 17. According to the illustrated embodiment, the rotational axis of each rolling cutter 21 intersects the axial center 15 of the bit. Unsealed journal or sealed or unsealed rolling-element bearings may be employed in addition to the sealed journal bearing. The radially outermost surface of each rolling cutter 21 (typically called the gage cutter surface in conventional rolling cutter bits), is spaced slightly radially inward from the outermost gage surface of bit body 13, but the radially outermost surfaces of the bit legs may extend to full gage diameter (typically within 0.050-0.250 inch of full gage diameter), so that the bit legs contact the sidewall of the borehole during drilling operation to assist in stabilizing the bit during drilling operation. The radially outermost surface of each bit leg 17 may also be recessed from the full gage diameter, in which case less or no stabilization is effected. In the illustrated embodiment, rolling cutters 21 have no skew or angle and no offset, so that the axis of rotation of each rolling cutter 21 intersects the axial center (central axis) 15 of the bit body 13. Alternatively, the rolling cutters 21 may be provided with skew angle and (or) offset to induce sliding of the rolling cutters 21 as they roll over the borehole bottom.

0032At least one (a plurality is illustrated) rolling-cutter cutting elements 25 are arranged on the rolling cutters 21 in generally circumferential rows. Rolling-cutter cutting elements 25 need not be arranged in rows, but instead could be "randomly" placed on each rolling cutter 21. Moreover, the rolling-cutter cutting elements may take the form of one or more discs or "kerf-rings," which would also fall within the meaning of the term rolling-cutter cutting elements.

0033Tungsten carbide inserts 25, secured by interference fit into bores in the rolling cutter 21 are shown, but a milled- or steel-tooth cutter having hardfaced cutting elements (25) integrally formed with and protruding from the rolling cutter could be used in certain applications and the term "rolling-cutter cutting elements" as used herein encompasses such teeth. The inserts or cutting elements may be chisel- shaped as shown, conical, round, or ovoid, or other shapes and combinations of shapes depending upon the application. Rolling-cutter cutting elements 25 may also be formed of, or coated with, super-abrasive or super-hard materials such as polycrystalline diamond, cubic boron nitride, and the like.

0034In addition, a plurality of fixed-blade cutting elements 31 are arranged in a row and secured to each of the fixed blades 19 at the rotationally leading edges thereof (leading being defined in the direction of rotation of bit 11). Each of the fixed-blade cutting elements 31 comprises a polycrystalline diamond layer or table on a rotationally leading face of a supporting tungsten carbide substrate, the diamond layer or table providing a cutting face having a cutting edge at a periphery thereof for engaging the formation. The radially outermost cutting elements 31 on the radially outermost surface of each of the fixed blades 19 define the bit and borehole diameter (shown in phantom in Figures 2, 4 and 6) drilled by bit 11. Each blade may also be provided with back-up cutters 33.

0035In addition to fixed-blade cutting elements 31 (and backup cutters 33) including polycrystalline diamond tables mounted on tungsten carbide substrates, such term as used herein encompasses thermally stable polycrystalline diamond (TSP) wafers or tables mounted on tungsten carbide substrates, and other, similar super- abrasive or super-hard materials such as cubic boron nitride and diamond-like carbon. Fixed-blade cutting elements 31 may be brazed or otherwise secured in recesses or "pockets" on each blade 19 so that their peripheral or cutting edges on cutting faces are presented to the formation. The upper, radially outermost (gage) surface of each fixed blade 19 extends to full gage diameter (typically within 0.050-0.250 inch of full gage diameter) and serves as a stabilizer. This surface may be provided with a plurality of flat-topped inserts 41 that may or may not be configured with relatively sharp cutting edges. Without sharp cutting edges, inserts 41 serve to resist wear of the upper portion of each fixed blade. With sharp cutting edges, as disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Nos. 5,287,936, 5,346,026, 5,467,836, 5,655,612, and 6,050,354, inserts 41 assist with reaming and maintaining the gage diameter of the borehole. Inserts 41 may be formed of tungsten carbide or other hard metal, alone or in combination with polycrystalline or synthetic or natural diamond or other super-abrasive material. Super-abrasive materials are preferred, but not necessary, if inserts 41 are provided with sharp cutting edges for active cutting of the sidewall of the borehole. Inserts may be brazed or interference fit, or otherwise conventionally secured to fixed blades 19 (and may also be provided on the radially outermost surfaces of bit legs 17).

0036According to the illustrated embodiment, at least a portion of at least one of the fixed cutting elements 31 is located near or at the axial center 15 of the bit body 13 and thus is positioned to remove formation material at the axial center of the borehole (typically, the axial center of the bit will generally coincide with the center of the borehole being drilled, with some minimal variation due to lateral bit movement during drilling). In a 7-7/8 inch bit as illustrated, at least one of the fixed cutting elements 31 has its laterally innermost edge tangent or in close proximity to the axial center 15 of the bit 11. While this center-cutting feature is a preferred embodiment, the teachings of the present invention are equally applicable to hybrid bits lacking this feature.

0037A stabilizer pad 51, 151 is located on the bit body 13 between each bit leg 17 and fixed blade 19, preferably rotationally leading or ahead of each fixed blade 19 and midway between blade 19 and bit leg 17. Each stabilizer pad extends radially outwardly to the full gage diameter (again, typically within 0.050-0.250 inch) of bit 11 to ensure that each pad 51, 151 remains in contact with the sidewall of the borehole during drilling operation to effect stabilization of the bit. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, stabilizer pads 51 are discrete and separate from fixed blade 19 and bit leg 17. Alternatively, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, stabilizer pads 151 are integral with and extend in a rotationally leading direction from each fixed blade 19. The term "integral" is intended to encompass any manufacturing process resulting in the structure shown in Figures 3 and 4. The pads could also be multiple discrete pads between bit legs 17 and blades 19.

0038Each pad 51, 151 has a borehole sidewall engaging surface formed as described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,996,713 to Pessier, et al. Additionally, the area (exposed to the sidewall of the borehole being drilled) of each pad 51, 151 should be equal, so that no single pad has a greater area of contact than any other pad and the pads are therefore less likely to become an instant center of rotation of the bit 11. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate another embodiment of the invention that is generally similar to the embodiments of Figures 1 through 4 (similar structures are numbered similarly, e.g., bit legs 17, 217; blades 19, 219, etc.), except the gage or radially outermost surface of each fixed blade 219 is made wider than typical and, rather than extending axially downward and parallel to the longitudinal axis 215, extends helically or spirally or linearly at an angle relative to (not or non-parallel to) the longitudinal axis 215, i.e., at an angle other than zero. Both the leading 219A and trailing edges 219B of the gage surface of each blade 219 extend downwardly at a selected angle (approximately 20 degrees is illustrated in Figure 5). Alternatively, one of the leading or trailing edges 219A, 219B can extend at an angle or non-parallel to the longitudinal axis, while the other is parallel.

0039As shown in Figure 6, each blade then operates as a stabilizer pad that describes a much larger segment or angular portion (labeled B" and D") than a "straight" blade that extends downward parallel to the longitudinal axis 215 of bit 211. Such a configuration is especially useful when there are relatively few blades 219 and provides stabilization in the area rotationally trailing each blade 219, which can be useful for preventing backward whirl. Additionally, the spiral or angled blade configuration creates large-area stabilizer pads without blocking or impeding the return flow to the same extent as a discrete stabilizer pad of the same area, allowing freer return of drilling fluid and cuttings through the junk slots to the annulus. Nevertheless, as can be seen in Figure 6, the angled or spiral blades 219 leave a significant amount of "chordal drop" present in the region leading each blade 219. Chordal drop is measured by drawing a chord between the leading edge of blade 219 and trailing edge of bit leg 217 (it is a chord of the borehole diameter). The maximum distance between the chord and the gage or borehole diameter, measured perpendicular to the chord, is the chordal drop. It is desirable that chordal drop be minimized and also equal between each bit leg 217 and blade 219. In the case of the spiral or angled blade embodiment, it may be desirable to provide a leading stabilization pad 251 (shown in phantom in Figure 6) between each blade 219 and bit leg 217 to avoid excessive chordal drop. Such a stabilization pad preferably is separate from the blade 219, but may also be formed integrally, as described above in connection with Figures 3 and 4.

0040Figures 7 and 8 disclose another illustrative embodiment in which stabilization is achieved by merging the radially outermost portions of each bit leg (317) with the fixed blade that rotationally leads the leg (similar structures numbered similarly, e.g. bit legs 17, 317; blades 19, 319, etc.). As described, the radially outermost surfaces of bit legs 317 and fixed blades 319 are congruent at the gage diameter of the bit and are circumferential Iy joined or integrally formed so that there is no junk slot formed between the blade 319 and the bit leg 317 that rotationally trails it. This merged structure forms a stabilizer pad (not numbered). Although the terms "joined" or "merged" are used, they are intended to encompass any manufacturing process resulting in a single radially outermost surface for each blade 319 and the leg 317 that trails it, whether the process involves actually joining the structures or forming them integrally as a single unit. The illustrative embodiment shows two legs 317 (and associated cutters 321, 323) and two blades 319, but bits having more blades and more legs (and associated cutters). However, this embodiment is not as easily adapted to bits having uneven numbers of blades and bit legs (and associated cutters) as are the embodiments of Figures 1 through 6.

0041Each stabilizer pad 51, 151, 251 (and the portions of each bit leg 17, 217, 317 and fixed blade 19, 219, 319 that extend radially outwardly to the full gage diameter of the bit 11) describes a segment or angular portion (A, B, C, D, E, and F, in Figure

00422; A', B', C, and D' in Figure 4; and A", B", C", and D" in Figure 6) of the circumference of the borehole being drilled (shown in phantom in Figures 2 and 4).

0043The size (and number) of pads preferably is selected so that the total segment or angular portion of the bit gage circumference equals or exceeds 180 degrees. This includes the segment or angular portion described by the gage or radially outermost portion of fixed blades 19, and by bit legs 17, if their gage or radially outermost portion extends to full gage diameter, but does not if these structures do not extend to full gage to act as stabilizer pads.

0044By way of example, the segments or angular portions described by various stabilizer pads 51, full-gage bit legs 17, and full-gage blades 19 in Figure 2 are:

0045A = D = 34°

0046B = E = 36° C = F = 24°

0047The segments or angular portions described by full-gage bit legs 17 and blades 19 with integrated stabilizer pads 151 in Figure 4 are:

0048A' =C '= 34°

0049B' = D' = 66° The segments or angular portions described by full-gage bit legs 217 and blades 219 in Figure 6 are:

0050A" = C" = 34° B" = D" = 81° In the case of the embodiment of Figures 7 and 8, where the stabilizer pad is formed by the joined or integrally formed fixed blades 319 and bit legs 317, the segments or angular portions described are: A'" = B'" = 96°

0051The invention has several advantages and includes providing a hybrid drill bit that is stable in drilling operation while avoiding off-center running. A stable-running bit avoids damage to cutting elements that could cause premature failure of the bit.

0052While the invention has been shown or described in only some of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited, but is susceptible to various changes without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed, and legal equivalents thereof.