Self-dispersed pigments and methods for making and using the same

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US95759607P" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/957,596, filed August 23, 2007</text></patcit>. The entire contents of this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF USE

0002The present invention relates to a method of making self-dispersing pigments. More particularly, the present invention relates to the surface modification of pigments. Pigments whose surfaces are modified through covalent bonding are known in the industry as self-dispersing pigments. The surface modifications may be carried out in an aqueous environment and may be eco friendly. The invention further relates to end use applications comprising surface-modified pigments, including, without limitation, coatings, paints, papers, adhesives, latexes, toners, textiles, fibers, plastics, and inks. Specific examples of end uses include, without limitation, printing ink for paper, textiles, fibers, metal deco and plastics, wood stains, writing instruments, and color filters. The invention also related to inks such as inkjet inks.

BACKGROUND

0003Pigments offer several advantages over water-soluble dyes when it comes to inks, coatings, paints, papers, adhesives, latexes, toners, textiles, fibers, wood stains, color filters, and plastics. Pigments may exhibit at least one of greater lightfastness, waterfastness, optical density and edge acuity than water-soluble dyes. Unfortunately, pigments also have a greater propensity to settle during storage, thus initially limiting their use in demanding applications such as inkjet inks. The advent of media mills to grind pigment particles to sub-micron level combined with chemical additives for colloidal stability has propelled the use of pigment dispersions in inkjet ink formulations. However, chemical additives can increase the viscosity of dispersions such that it becomes difficult to jet the ink from the small orifices in an inkjet printhead. Moreover, chemical additives can add significant cost to the preparation of the materials listed above and are therefore economically unfavorable as well. Chemical additives, or dispersants, may not be bonded to the surface of the pigment and therefore, stabilization may be compromised. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="JP2007186681A"><text>JP2007186681A</text></patcit> relates to a method of modifying a pigment by reacting cyanuric chloride with sulfanilic acid. <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US2002005146A1"><text>US 2002/005146A1</text></patcit> relates to methods of making a modified pigment by reacting a first chemical group and a second chemical group to form a pigment having attached a third chemical group, wherein the first chemical group includes at least one nucleophile and the second chemical group includes at least one electrophile or vice versa. A need remains for improved ink compositions, especially for use in inkjet printers, which overcome at least some of the problems typically associated with current dye-based systems and pigment systems employing chemical additives. A need also remains for improved materials that use pigments, which overcome at least some of the problems typically associated with current dye based systems and pigment systems employing chemical additives.

SUMMARY

0004In one aspect, the disclosure may provide a method of modifying a pigment that may include reacting cyanuric chloride with about three equivalents of a secondary compound or a mixture of secondary compounds to displace all reactive chlorines to form a substituted triazine. The substituted triazine may be reacted with a surface of a pigment to form a surface modified pigment.

0005In an aspect, the invention may provide a method of modifying a pigment that may include reacting a reactive compound having an X-[Y]_n reactive group with a secondary compound N-S-ZM to form a substituted reactive intermediate [Y]_a-X-(N-S-ZM)_b. The method includes reacting a pigment with the substituted reactive intermediate [Y]_a-X-(N-S-ZM)_b to attach the substituted reactive intermediate to the surface of the pigment to form a surface modified pigment. X is a sulfonyl, phosphoryl, or 1,3,5-triazinyl group. Y is a halogen leaving group, N is a nucleophilic group, S is an organic group, and ZM is an ionizable end group. Also, n is an integer between 1 and 3, b is an integer between 1 and 3, and a = n-b. When n is equal to or greater than b, and if b is 2 or 3, each N-S-ZM can be the same or different. The secondary compound comprises at least one of amino benzoic acids, amino benzene sulfonic acids, amino phenols, amino sulfonic acids, polyethoxylated amino acids, sodium p-aminobenzoate, p-aminophenol, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, tetramethylammonium 4-aminobenzoate, sodium 4-aminophenolate, taurine, oleic acid (amino), sodium aminooleate, organic polymeric substrates, linear polyethoxy polymeric amines, linear propoxy polymeric amines, a diamino aromatic, a polyethyleneimine, a polyguanidine, a quaternary ammonium compound, or a combination thereof.

0006In yet another aspect, the disclosure may provide a method of modifying a pigment that may include attaching a reactive group to a surface of a pigment. Subsequently the reactive group may be displaced with an organic substrate having an ionizable end group. The pigment may be selected from the group consisting of pigment red 122, pigment violet 19, pigment violet 23, pigment red 202, pigment red 188, pigment yellow 155, pigment yellow 97, pigment green 7, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:4, and pigment yellow 74.

0007In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying a pigment that includes attaching a reactive group X-Y to a surface of a pigment. Subsequently Y is displaced with an organic substrate N-S-ZM to form a surface-modified pigment having attached X-N-S-ZM. X is a phosphoryl, or 1,3,5-triazine group. Y is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. N is an amine, an imine, a pyridine, or a thiol group. S is substituted or unsubstituted alkyls, aryls, or polymer chains having a molecular weight range from about 300 to about 8000. Z is a carboxyl, sulfonyl, phenolic, phosphoryl, ammonium, trimethylammonium, or tributylammonium group. M is a halide, a negatively charged ion, a proton in salt form, or a cation in salt form.

0008Other aspects of the invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0009<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> displays low resolution X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra for untreated carbon black samples and carbon black samples from Reference Example 1, Examples 20, 31, and 41.</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> displays high resolution N1s XPS spectra for untreated carbon black samples and carbon black samples from Reference Example 1, and Examples 20, 31, and 41.</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> displays high resolution O1s XPS spectra for untreated carbon black samples and carbon black samples from Reference Example 1, Examples 20, 31, and 41.</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> displays high resolution S2p XPS spectra for untreated carbon black samples and carbon black samples from Reference Example 1, Examples 20, 31, and 41.</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref> displays low resolution XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Blue 15 samples and Pigment Blue 15 samples from Reference Examples 7, 9, 11, Examples 16, and 42.</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6</figref> displays high resolution O1s XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Blue 15 samples and Pigment Blue 15 samples from Examples 7, 9, 11, 16, and 42.</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Fig. 7</figref> displays high resolution Nals XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Blue 15 samples and Pigment Blue 15 samples from Examples 7, 9, 11, 16, and 42.</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Fig. 8</figref> displays low resolution XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Red No. 122 samples and Pigment Red No. 122 samples from Examples 14, 21, 37, and 45.</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Fig. 9</figref> displays high resolution O1s XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Red No. 122 samples and Pigment Red No. 122 samples from Examples 14, 21, 37, and 45.</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Fig. 10</figref> displays high resolution Na1s XPS spectra for Pigment Red No. 122 samples from Examples 14, 21, 37, and 45.</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Fig. 11</figref> displays high resolution S2p XPS spectra for Pigment Red No. 122 samples from Examples 14, 21, 37, and 45.</li><li><figref idref="f0012">Fig. 12</figref> displays low resolution XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Yellow No. 74 samples and for Pigment Yellow No. 74 samples from examples 15, 29, and 46.</li><li><figref idref="f0013">Fig. 13</figref> displays high resolution C1s XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Yellow No. 74 samples and for Pigment Yellow No. 74 samples from examples 15, 29, and 46.</li><li><figref idref="f0014">Fig. 14</figref> displays high resolution O1s XPS spectra for untreated Pigment Yellow No. 74 samples and for Pigment Yellow No. 74 samples from examples 15, 29, and 46.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0010Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of "including," "comprising," or "having" and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

0011It also is understood that any numerical range recited herein includes all values from the lower value to the upper value. For example, if a concentration range is stated as 1% to 50%, it is intended that values such as 2% to 40%, 10% to 30%, or 1% to 3%, etc., are expressly enumerated in this specification. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between and including the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application.

0012The disclosure provides a method of modifying a pigment. The method may include attaching an organic group with charged end groups (negative or positive) through the intermediacy of a reactive molecule to produce a surface stabilized modified pigment. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the stabilization is achieved by an even distribution of similarly charged groups which are covalently attached on sub micron sized pigment particles by the forces of repulsion.

0013The disclosure also provides another method of modifying a pigment. The method may include a chlorosulfonation step to form a reactive sulfonyl chloride intermediate which is then reacted with a suitable organic molecule as described above. In one aspect, the degree of chlorosulfonation may be increased to yield a liquid gel or micelle-like composition, which, when milled with untreated pigment forms a stable dispersion.

0014In yet another disclosure, the present disclosure provides a dispersion that includes a self-dispersing pigment that has been formed by a reaction of a pigment with a reactive intermediate that has been attached to suitable organic molecules as described above. The selection of reactive intermediates that are stable in an aqueous environment is another aspect of the present disclosure.

0015The disclosure provides a method of modifying a pigment that may include attaching a reactive group to a surface of a pigment and subsequently displacing the reactive group with an organic substrate having an ionizable end group.

0016The disclosure further provides a dispersion that includes a self-dispersing pigment comprising about 0.01 to about 1.0 mMoles of S and about 0.01 to about 2.0 mMoles of active hydrogen per gram of pigment, and water. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dispersion that includes a self-dispersing pigment comprising about 0.06 to about 0.7 mMoles of S and about 0.07 to about 1.6 mMoles of active hydrogen per gram of pigment, and water.

Method for Making Self-Dispersing Pigments

0017One aspect of the present invention relates to a method for making stable, self-dispersing pigments.

0018As used herein, the term "pigment" means a an insoluble in a solvent medium that is used to impart color to a substrate such as plain or coated paper, film and other types of receiving media. Pigments may be black as well as other colors.

0019As used herein, the term "self-dispersing" pigment means a pigment having stabilizing groups covalently attached to its surface such that the pigment forms a stable aqueous dispersion in the absence of any additional dispersing agents.

0020As used herein, the term "stable" means that on aging the dispersion will undergo minimal changes as demonstrated by less than 10% change in measured critical properties (such as at least one of mean particle size, viscosity, surface tension and pH) when stored at ambient temperature over a period of at least about three months to six months to two years. Accelerated test methods include a heat stability test at about 70 °C for at least about one week or a heat stability test at about 70 °C for at least about four weeks.

0021In a first embodiment, the method for making a self-dispersed pigment generally comprises (1) reacting a pigment (P) with a reactive compound having an X-Y reactive group and a halogen-containing reagent to attach the reactive group X-Y to the surface of the pigment (P), and thereby form a pigment reactive intermediate (P)X-Y; and (2) reacting the pigment reactive intermediate (P)X-Y with a secondary compound N-S-ZM to form a self-dispersed pigment (P)-X-S-ZM ("the substitution step"). One example of this embodiment may include, without limitation, a method of modifying a pigment that may comprise attaching a reactive group X-Y to a surface of a pigment; and subsequently displacing Y with an organic substrate N-S-ZM to form a surface modified pigment having attached X-N-S-ZM.

0022In a second embodiment, the method for making the self-dispersing pigment (P)-X-S-ZM may comprise (1) reacting a reactive compound having an X-Y reactive group with a secondary compound N-S-ZM to form a substituted reactive intermediate X-S-ZM ("the substitution step"); and (2) reacting a pigment (P) with the substituted reactive intermediate X-S-ZM to attach the substituted reactive intermediate X-S-ZM to the surface of the pigment using a secondary displacement reaction to form a self-dispersed pigment (P)-X-S-ZM. One example of this embodiment may include, without limitation, a method of modifying a pigment that may comprise reacting a reactive compound having an X-[Y]_n reactive group with a secondary compound N-S-ZM to form a substituted reactive intermediate [Y]_a-X-(N-S-ZM)_b; and reacting a pigment with the substituted reactive intermediate [Y]_a-X-(N-S-ZM)_b to attach the substituted reactive intermediate to the surface of the pigment to form a surface modified pigment; wherein n is an integer between 1 and 3; b is an integer between 1 and 3; and a=n-b; wherein n is equal to or greater than b, and wherein if b is 2 or 3, each N-S-ZM may be the same or different. In one embodiment, if b is 2 or 3, each N-S-ZM may be different.

0023In a third embodiment, the method for making the self-dispersing pigment (P)-X-S-ZM may comprise (1) reacting a reactive compound having an X-Y reactive group with a secondary compound N-S-ZM to form a first substituted reactive intermediate X-S-ZM ("the substitution step"); (2) reacting a reactive compound having an X-Y reactive group with a different secondary compound N2-S2-Z2M2 from step (1) to form a second substituted reactive intermediate X-S2-Z2M2 ("the substitution step"); (3) reacting a pigment (P) with the substituted reactive intermediates X-S-ZM and X-S2-Z2M2 to attach the substituted reactive intermediates to form a self-dispersed pigment Z2M2-S2-X-(P)-X-S-ZM. Optionally S-ZM and S2-Z2M2 could be the same and all reactive groups will be substituted. The final attachment to the pigment surface could be one of radical assisted disproportionation reaction.

0024In a fourth embodiment, the method for making the self-dispersing pigment (P)-X-S-ZM may comprise (1) using a grind aid and milling and dispersing a pigment to form an aqueous pigment dispersion; (2) reacting a reactive compound having an X-Y reactive group with a secondary compound N-S-ZM to form a first substituted reactive intermediate X-S-ZM ("the substitution step"); (3) reacting a reactive compound having an X-Y reactive group with a different secondary compound N2-S2-Z2M2 from step (2) to form a second substituted reactive intermediate X-S2-Z2M2 ("the substitution step"); (4) reacting a pigment (P) pre-milled with a grind aid with the substituted reactive intermediates X-S-ZM and X-S2-Z2M2 to attach the substituted reactive intermediates X-S-ZM and X-S2-Z2M2 to the surface of the pigment using a radical initiated reaction to form a self-dispersed pigment Z2M2-S2-X-(P)(R)-X-S-ZM; and (5) purifying the self-dispersed pigment to remove impurities, including the grind aid. Optionally S-ZM and S2-Z2M2 could be the same.

0025In each of these embodiments, the reactive compound may have an X-Y reactive group, wherein X may include, without limitation, carbonyl, sulfonyl, phosphoryl, cyanuryl, and NH and Y may include, without limitation, acid halide leaving groups, including, without limitation, fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide. In one suitable embodiment, X may be sulfonyl, phosphoryl, or cyanuryl (1,3,5-triazinyl). The acid halide forming reagent contains a halogen. Examples of such reagents include, without limitation, chlorosulfonic acid, thionyl chloride, phosphoryl chloride, and combinations thereof. Other halogens may be substituted for the chlorine in these compounds. The reactive compound may be stable in an aqueous media for short durations at low temperatures.

0026During the substitution step, at least one leaving group Y of the X-Y reactive group is substituted with the secondary compound N-S-ZM, wherein N is a nucleophilic group such as an amine, an imine, pyridine, or thiol, S may include, without limitation, organic groups such as, substituted or unsubstituted, alkyls, aryls and polymer chains having from about 1 to greater than 100 carbons or having a molecular weight range from about 300 to about 8000, and in the case of stabilization by negative charge, ZM is an acidic tail group, wherein Z may be, without limitation, carboxyl, sulfonyl, phenolic, and phosphoryl and M may be either a proton or a cation if it is present as a salt form. This substitution may impart charge and bulk to the surface of the pigment. The substitution step may take place in an aqueous media. The choice of functional groups at the acidic tail is dictated by the final application while the functional groups at the basic head must have sufficient nucleophilicity to displace the leaving group Y. The secondary compound may comprise polymers, amines, amino acids, alcohols, thiols, and combinations thereof. Examples of secondary compounds and N2-S2-Z2M2 N-S-ZM include, without limitation, amino benzoic acids, amino benzene sulfonic acids, amino phenols, amino sulfonic acids, polyethoxylated amino acids, sodium sulfanilate, sulfanilic acid, sodium p-aminobenzoate, p-aminophenol, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, taurine, oleic acid (amino), sodium aminooleate, tetramethylammonium 4-aminobenzoate, and sodium 4-aminophenolate. Additional secondary compounds include organic polymeric substrates. Examples of organic polymeric substrates may include, without limitation, linear alkyl and branched ethoxy and propoxy chain polymers with a known molecular weight range of 300-3000 MW, available from Huntsman Chemicals under the trade name "Surfonamines," linear polyethoxy polymeric amines, linear propoxy polymeric amines, styrene acrylic copolymers available from Johnson Polymers under the trade name "Joncryls," and polyethyleneimines sold under the trade name "Epomines".

0027In the case of stabilization by positive charge, ZM may be a positively charged quaternary ammonium type tail group, wherein Z may be, without limitation, ammonium, trimethylammonium, and tributylammonium, and M may be a halide or any negatively charged ion. Examples of secondary compounds N-S-ZM and N2-S2-Z2M2 include, without limitation, simple diamino aromatics or cationic polymers consisting of polyethyleneimines, polyguanidines, quaternary ammonium compounds etc.

0028The final self-dispersing pigment may be represented by the formula (P)-X-S-ZM for the first and second embodiments. In some instances, there may be multiple -S-ZMs attached to the pigment that comprise different secondary compounds. For the third embodiment, the final self-dispersing pigment may be represented by the formula Z2M2-S2-X-(P)-X-S-ZM. And finally, the use of "2" to modify N, Z, M and S is meant to denote that N2, Z2, M2 and S2 may be the same or different as N, Z, M and S. N2, Z2, M2 and S2 may be selected from the same options set forth above with respect to N, Z, M and S.

0029To help illustrate the disclosure, a specific example of the first embodiment is provided below, wherein P represents a pigment. <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0002.tif" /></chemistry>

0030To help illustrate the invention, a specific example of the second embodiment is provided below, wherein P represents a pigment. <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0003.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0004.tif" /></chemistry>

0031To help illustrate the invention, a specific example of the third embodiment is provided below, wherein P represents a pigment. <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0005.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0006.tif" /></chemistry>

0032The embodiments of the invention are discussed in more detail below. Generally, the methods for making the self-dispersing pigment begin with selecting a source of pigment.

Pigments

0033Pigments that may be surface modified according to the present invention may include, but are not limited to, azo pigment, phthalocyanine pigment, anthraquinone pigment, quinacridone pigment, thioindigo pigment, triphenylmethane lake pigment, and oxazine lake pigment. Specifically, those having yellow colors include, for example, C. I. Pigment Yellow 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 65, 74, 83, 97, 138, 150, 151 and 155. Those having red colors include, for example, C. I. Pigment Red 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 60, 64, 83, 88, 89, 90, 112, 114, 122, 123, 166, 188, 202, C. I. Pigment Violet 19 and 23. Those having blue colors include, for example, C. I. Pigment Blue 1, 2, 15, 15:3, 15:4, 16, 25, and 75. Those having green colors include, for example C.I. Pigment Green 7 and 36. Those having black colors include, for example, C. I. Pigment Black 1 and 7. Commercially available colored pigments include, for example, Pigment Red 122 and Pigment Violet 19 available from Lansco Colors, Montvale, NJ or BASF Color, Charlotte, NC or Clariant Colors, Charlotte, NC or Sun Chemical, Cincinnati, OH, Pigment Blue 15:1 (available from Fanwood Chemical, Fanwood, NJ), Pigment Blue 15:3, Pigment 15:4, Pigment Yellow 74 and Pigment Yellow 97 (available from BASF Color, Charlotte, NC or Clariant Colors, Charlotte, NC or Sun Chemical, Cincinnati, OH).

0034Suitable pigments also include carbon black. Carbon black is the generic name for carbon particles derived from the thermal decomposition or the incomplete combustion of natural gas and hydrocarbons, such as aromatic oils on coal tar basis, mineral oils, coal tar distillate, and acetylene. More than 100 individual grades of carbon black are available on the market today, each with its own distinctive set of characteristics and properties. Any acidic carbon black, neutral carbon black and alkaline carbon black may be beneficially subjected to the treatment disclosed in the present invention. This includes channel blacks, gas blacks, lamp blacks, thermal blacks, acetylene blacks and furnace blacks. More particularly, suitable carbon blacks include channel blacks. The quality of carbon black utilized will have an impact on the critical properties of the dispersion such as mean particle size, opacity, color shade, stability, etc. Examples of commercially available carbon blacks include, but are not limited to, those available from Cabot (Elftex 8, Black Pearls® 490, Black Pearls® 120, Monarch® 120, Monarch® 700, Monarch® 880, Monarch® 1000, Monarch® 1100, Monarch® 1300, Monarch® 1400, Mogul® L, Regal® 99R, Regal® 250R, Regal® 300R, Regal® 330R, Regal® 400R, Regal® 500R, Regal® 660R), Degussa (NIPex®) 150 IQ, NIPex® 150, Printex® 55, Printex® 80, Printex® 90, Printex® A, Printex® G, Printex® U, Printex® V, Printex® 140U, Printex® 140V, Purex® LS 35, Corax® HP 160, Thermal Black N 990, NIPex® 160 IQ, NIPex® 90, Special black 4, Special black 4A, Special black 5, Special black 6, Special black 100, Special black 250, Color black FW1, Color black FW2, Color black FW2V, Color black FW18, Color black FW200, Color black S150, Color black S160 and Color black S170), Columbian (Raven® 780, Raven® 5000 UII, Raven® 1255, Raven® 2500 U, Raven® 3600 U, Raven® 3500, Raven® 7000, Raven® 1220 and Raven® 1225) and Mitsubishi Kagaku K.K. (MA8, MA11, MA77, MA100, MA220, MA230, MA600, MCF88, #10B, #20B, #30, #33, #40, #44, #45, #45L, #50, #55, #95, #260, #900, 970#, #1000, #2200B, #2300, #2350, #2400B, #2650, #2700, #4000B and CF9).

0035Pigments are available in a variety of particle sizes. Generally, smaller particle sizes are associated with larger surface areas, and larger surface areas can accommodate a higher concentration of hydrophilic surface groups, which ultimately enhance the dispersibility of the carbon black in aqueous-based media. Therefore, particle size can influence the dispersibility of a surface-modified pigment. For example, the average primary particle size of carbon blacks in the present invention may be less than about 50 nm, particularly less than about 30 nm, particularly less than about 20 nm, and more particularly less than about 10 nm. Aggregates of carbon black particles may be less than about 200 nm, particularly less than about 150 nm, and more particularly less than about 100 nm. The surface area of carbon black particles may be greater than about 100 m²/g, particularly greater than about 150 m²/g, and more particularly greater than about 200 m²/g. Pigment particles with larger dimensions may be comminuted to a desired size either before or during surface modification using any number of techniques known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques may include, but are not limited to, a ball mill, an attritor, a flow jet mixer, an impeller mill, a colloidal mill and a sand mill (e.g., one commercially sold under the trade name 'Super Mill', 'Agitator Mill', 'Dyno-mill' or 'Beads Mill'). Mill media may include, but are not limited to, glass beads, zirconia beads and stainless steal beads. Mill media may comprise particles ranging in size from about 0.1 mm to about 3 mm, more particularly from about 0.01 mm to about 5 mm. If the carbon black is easily crumbled, a rotary homogenizer or an ultrasonic homogenizer may be used to reduce particle size. In one embodiment, a surface-modified black pigment is made from a commercial grade carbon black pigment consisting of primary particle sizes less than about 30 nm and aggregates not more than about 200 nm with a surface area greater than about 100 m²/g.

0036Prior to the creation of the self-dispersing pigments, the pigment may or may not be oxidized with an oxidant such as nitric acid, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, hypohalite, or a combination thereof. Aqueous oxidation of carbon black using sodium hypochlorite is taught by <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US2439442A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 2,439,442 issued April 13, 1948</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US3347632A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 3,347,632 issued October 17, 1967</text></patcit>, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Following the oxidation of the pigment, compounds of the formula X-S-ZM are then attached to the surface of the pigment using the methods of the current invention, complementing the newly introduced surface charge groups.

0037In some instances, prior to the creation of the self-dispersing pigments, the pigment may be wetted and milled to nano sized particles and dispersed using a grind-aid. The pigment may be in powder or wet cake form prior to milling with the aid of a grind aid. The milling may take place prior to, during, or after the reaction with the substituted intermediate. After the attachment reaction is complete, the grind-aid may be removed using purification methods that are known to those skilled in the art, forming a dispersion containing primarily the modified pigment and water. Examples of grind aids include, but are not limited to Triton X-100 (available from Ashland Inc., Dublin, OH), Igepal CA-630 (available from Rhodia, Cranbury, NJ), and Surfynol CT 121, 131, and 141 (available from Air Products, Allentown, PA).

0038In one example of the first embodiment, reactive compounds comprising sulfonyl chloride are attached to a pigment such as carbon black by chlorosulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid. The combination of acid strength, reaction temperature, and duration determine how many sulfonyl groups are attached to the surface of the pigment. In one embodiment, chlorosulfonation is carried out with an amount of chlorosulfonic acid that is five times the weight of carbon black.

0039Chlorosulfonation may also be carried out with a mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and thionyl chloride to prevent in situ hydrolysis. The amount of thionyl chloride may be varied widely to control the degree of hydrolysis or even to prevent it completely. In one embodiment, chlorosulfonation is carried out with 348 g of chlorosulfonic acid and 30 g of thionyl chloride.

0040The ratio (by weight) of pigment to acid is largely determined as a function of operational efficiency which includes mixing, ease of transfer, and cost. Chlorosulfonation of the pigment can be achieved in the absence of added solvent by using chlorosulfonic acid in excess. A minimum acid to pigment ratio of about 5 is well-suited to provide good mixing throughout the reaction. A large excess, such as a ratio of about 20, does not result in significant benefit but increases the cost of both materials and handling. In one embodiment, chlorosulfonic acid is used in about five fold excess (w/w). In another embodiment, the ratio of pigment to chlorosulfonating agent is at least about 4:1 (w/w). In yet another embodiment, the ratio of pigment to chlorosulfonating agent is from about 1:20 to about 1:1 (w/w). In a further embodiment, the chlorosulfonating agent may be a mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and thionyl chloride in a ratio of about 3:1 to about 6:1 (w/w).

0041Chlorosulfonation of pigment may be carried out at elevated temperatures for a period of up to about 2 days. The reaction temperature during chlorosulfonation may be at least about 140 °C, particularly at least about 130 °C, and more particularly at least about 120 °C. Furthermore, the reaction temperature during chlorosulfonation may be less than or equal to about 60 °C, particularly less than or equal to about 90 °C, and more particularly less than or equal to about 120 °C. This includes embodiments where the reaction temperature during chlorosulfonation is about 120 °C to about 130 °C, and more particularly no more than about 140 °C. In another embodiment, the reaction temperature during chlorosulfonation is from about 25 °C to about 160 °C. Generally, higher temperatures require shorter reaction times to achieve a desirable concentration of sulfonyl groups on the surface of the pigment. For example, the desired chlorosulfonation at a reaction temperature of 140 °C may take about 6 hours, whereas the same degree of chlorosulfonation at 80 °C would be expected to take more than 72 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction time may be at least about 2 hours, in others at least about 6 hours, and in yet others at least about 24 hours. In other embodiments, the reaction time may be less than or equal to about 48 hours, in others less than or equal to about 24 hours, and in yet others less than or equal to about 6 hours. This includes embodiments where the reaction time is from about 1 hour to about 48 hours. The contents of the reaction vessel are stirred during chlorosulfonation to insure adequate mixing.

0042After chlorosulfonation, the reaction mixture may be quenched in water. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture may be cooled to a temperature less than about 20 °C prior to quenching, in others to a temperature of less than about 60 °C prior to quenching, and in yet others to a temperature less than about 90 °C prior to quenching. This includes embodiments where the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature of about 20 °C to about 90 °C prior to quenching. The water into which the reaction mixture is added may be at or below a temperature of about 10 °C using, for example, ice, a cooling device or combination thereof. In one embodiment, the quench temperature is maintained at about 0 °C to about 5 °C to preserve the reactive sulfonyl chloride intermediate. The chlorosulfonated product, referred to as a wet cake, may be isolated from the water by filtration and washed free of excess reactants and water soluble products. It may be washed with &lt;5 °C water.

0043The pigment reactive intermediate is subsequently substituted with at least one secondary compound that comprises an organic group that prevents hydrolysis back to an acid. In one embodiment, the pigment reactive intermediate may be immediately used for reaction with a secondary compound. For instance, a carbon black having reactive sulfonyl chloride groups may be immediately reacted with an organic compound containing amino and acidic end groups. The secondary compound that comprises an organic group may be selected by the desired end application for the pigment.

0044The pigment reactive intermediate may be reacted with the secondary compound in an acidic pH (about 2 to about 5) range. The acidic pH range increases the stability of the reactive compound and decreases the degree of undesirable reactions such as hydrolysis and self-condensation. The reactive compound reacts preferentially with a base such as a primary amine even when an amino phenol is used as the organic group. The reaction can be directed primarily to the amino end by the proper choice of the reaction conditions such as pH, temperature, and dilution which is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the pH may be from about 2 to about 5 and the temperature may be from about 0 °C to about 5 °C. In another embodiment, while reacting the pigment reactive intermediate with the secondary compound, the particle size of the pigment can be reduced by performing the reaction in a bead mill. Due to the corrosivity of the secondary compound, proper materials of construction resistant to strong acids and bases may be selected to prevent metal leaching into the product.

0045Reaction between the pigment reactive intermediate and the secondary compound may occur for a period of about 2 hours to about 4 hours with mixing. In one embodiment, the reaction may be forced to completion by heating the mixture to elevated temperatures of about 60 °C to about 90 °C.

0046Another example of the first embodiment may include, without limitation, a method of modifying a pigment having a surface that may comprise attaching a reactive group X-Y to the surface of a pigment; and subsequently displacing Y with an organic substrate N-S-ZM to form a surface modified pigment having attached X-N-S-ZM; wherein X is a sulfonyl, phosphoryl, or 1,3,5-triazinyl group; Y is a halogen leaving group; N is a basic nucleophilic group; S is an organic group; and ZM is an ionizable end group. A majority of the pigment surface may be modified to form a liquid gel. The liquid gel may subsequently be milled with excess untreated pigment and water to form a stable aqueous pigment dispersion. One example of modifying a majority of the pigment surface includes, without limitation, chlorosulfonating a pigment at a temperature of at least about 90 °C for at least about one hour to form a chlorosulfonated pigment, or pigment sulfonyl chloride.

0047In one example of the second embodiment, reactive compounds comprising cyanuryl groups are substituted with a secondary compound that comprises organic groups. The substituted reactive intermediate -X-S-ZM is then attached to a pigment such as carbon black by using cyanuric chloride. The combination of pH, reaction temperature, and duration determine how many groups are attached to the surface of the pigment. In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out with 52 g of cyanuric chloride per 120 g of carbon. In another embodiment, the reaction is carried out with 15 g of cyanuric chloride per 40 g of carbon.

0048In some embodiments, a slurry of a secondary compound that comprises an organic group, cyanuric chloride, water, ice, and base is created. The secondary compound that comprises an organic group may be selected by the desired end application for the pigment.

0049In an example of the third embodiment, reactive compounds comprising cyanuryl groups are substituted with a secondary compound that comprises two organic groups, which may be the same or different. The two substituted reactive intermediates X-S-ZM and X-S2-Z2M2 are then attached to a pigment such as carbon black by using the cyanuric chloride. The combination of pH, reaction temperature, and duration determine how many groups are attached to the surface of the pigment. This process can be done sequentially by first reacting with a slurry of secondary compound that comprises an organic group, cyanuric chloride, water, ice, and base. A second slurry of a different secondary compound that comprises an organic group, cyanuric chloride, water, ice, acid, and base is used to complete the sequence.

0050The ratio of cyanuryl chloride to secondary compound is typically determined by stoichiometry and the concentration is controlled to allow for good mixing. Reaction between the cyanuric chloride and the secondary compound may occur for a period of about 2 hours to about 4 hours with mixing.

0051In an example of the fourth embodiment, all the reactive chlorines in cyanuryl chloride are displaced by the secondary compound or a mixture of secondary compounds by manipulating the stoichiometry (three equivalents to displace all three chlorines) and temperature (a higher temperature of about 90 °C) prior to the reaction with a pigment. This reaction forms a substituted triazine, which substituted triazine may be attached to the surface of the pigment. The mixture of secondary compounds may include one, two, or three different secondary compounds. In such instances, a radical initiator such as a persulfate moiety is used to disproportionate and facilitate the attachment process. In some embodiments, the reaction may be carried out at a temperature of about 25 °C to about 90 °C. In another embodiment, the pigment may be milled to less than about 100 nm before, during, or after reacting the pigment with the substituted triazine.

0052The pigment is mixed with this "reagent" to create the dispersion. In embodiments where there are two slurries with different secondary compounds, the pigment is mixed with the slurries sequentially. The temperature of the dispersion may be maintained at about 0 °C to about 15 °C for a period of about 1 hour to about 2 hours. The mixture of the reactive compound (e.g., substituted triazine) dispersion and the pigment is then heated to elevated temperatures for a period of up to about 2 days. A free radical initiator such as potassium persulfate may be added to promote the reaction. The reaction temperature may be at least about 40 °C, particularly at least about 50 °C, and more particularly at least about 60 °C. Furthermore, the reaction temperature may be less than or equal to about 90 °C, particularly less than or equal to about 80 °C, and more particularly less than or equal to about 60 °C. This includes embodiments where the reaction temperature is about 50 °C to about 60 °C, more particularly no more than 90 °C. Generally, temperatures above 50 °C are required for the free radical initiator to be effective. This includes embodiments where the reaction time is from about 16 hours to about 24 hours. The contents of the reaction vessel are stirred during the reaction to insure adequate mixing. The modified pigment may be filtered to remove excess reactants and impurities.

0053In one embodiment, the reactive compound (such as cyanuric chloride) is reacted with the secondary compound in an acidic pH (about 2 to about 5) range. The acidic pH range increases the stability of the reactive compound and decreases the degree of undesirable reactions such as hydrolysis and self-condensation. The reactive compound reacts preferentially with a base such as a primary amine even when an amino phenol is used as the organic group. The reaction can be directed primarily to the amino end by the proper choice of the reaction conditions such as pH, temperature, and dilution which is well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the pH may be from about 2 to about 5 and the temperature may be from about 0 °C to about 5 °C.

0054Optionally, while reacting the pigment with the group -X-S-ZM, the particle size of the pigment can be reduced by performing the reaction in a bead mill. Due to the corrosivity of the secondary compound, proper materials of construction resistant to strong acids and bases may be selected to prevent metal leaching into the product.

0055Reaction of the pigments with reactive compounds or secondary groups that include acid derivatives may create acidic surface groups that can lower the pH of the reaction mixture. A decrease in pH may result in a destabilization of the modified pigment dispersion or slurry of reactive compound and secondary compound during the substitution and may also result in an increase in viscosity. Therefore, the pH may be adjusted, as needed, before and during the substitution with a basic reagent. The pH of the reaction mixture during substitution may be greater than or equal to about 7, particularly greater than or equal to about 8, and more particularly greater than or equal to about 9. The pH may be adjusted by any known method in the art including, for example, the addition of base. Suitable bases may include, but are not limited to, alkali hydroxides and calcium free alkali hydroxides (e.g., NaOH, KOH, LiOH, NH₄OH), alkali carbonates and bicarbonates (e.g., NaHCO₃, KHCO₃), and organic bases (e.g., dimethylethanol amine and triethanol amine). In particular, a suitable pH adjuster comprises calcium free sodium hydroxide.

<u>Surface Modified Pigment</u>

0056After the reactions described above are complete, the self-dispersing pigment may be isolated from the reaction mixture as a dry powder. The resultant modified pigment may be purified by using any number of techniques known to those skilled in the art to remove unreacted raw materials, byproduct salts and other reaction impurities. Purification techniques may include, but are not limited to, filtration, centrifugation, or a combination of the two. The modified pigment may also be isolated, for example, by evaporation or it may be recovered by filtration and drying using techniques known to those skilled in the art.

0057Alternatively, the self-dispersing pigment may be delivered as concentrated aqueous pigment dispersion. Dispersions of the self-dispersing pigments of the present invention may be purified to remove organic and inorganic impurities and other undesirable free species which can co-exist in the dispersion as a result of the manufacturing process. Purification techniques may include, but are not limited to, water washing, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration. In some embodiments, dissolved impurities may be removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample adjusted to 10% solids is less than about 150 ppm, particularly less than about 100 ppm, and more particularly less than about 25 ppm. If necessary, the pH of the dispersion may be adjusted prior to purification. A sufficient amount of acid or base may be added to adjust the pH of the dispersion to at least about 7, particularly to at least about 8, and more particularly to at least about 9. This includes embodiments where the pH of the dispersion is about 7 to about 9. The dispersion may be concentrated if desired by removal of some of the water. In some embodiments, the dispersion is concentrated to at least about 8% solids, in others to at least about 14% solids, and in yet others to at least about 20% solids. This includes embodiments where the dispersion is concentrated to about 8% to about 16% solids. In other embodiments, the dispersion is concentrated to at least about 10% solids, in others to at least about 18% solids, and in yet others to at least about 20% solids. This includes embodiments where the dispersion is concentrated to about 14% to about 8% solids.

0058A biocide may also be added to the dispersion to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Examples of suitable biocides include, but are not limited to, sodium benzoate, pentachlorophenol sodium, 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide sodium, sodium sorbate, sodium dehydroacetate, benzisothiazolinone, 1,2-dibenzothiazolin-3-one, methylisothiazolinone and chloromethylisothiazolinone. Commercially available biocides include Proxel® CRL, Proxel® BDN, Proxel® GXL, Proxel® XL-2, and Proxel® TN (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA) and XBINX® (available from PMC Specialties Group, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio). Typically, a small amount, such as 0.05 to 5%, particularly 0.1 to 1%, and more particularly 0.2 to 0.4% by weight of biocide, is used in the dispersion. This includes 0.3 % by weight biocide.

0059Agents may also be added to impart fluidity and stability to the dispersion. Examples of such agents may be found in <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5059248A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,059,248 issued October 22, 1991</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US5591455A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,591,455 issued January 7, 1997</text></patcit> and <patcit id="pcit0008" dnum="US5595592A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,595,592 issued January 21, 1997</text></patcit>, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Examples include, but are not limited to, linear aliphatic substituted glycine compounds and salts thereof. As used herein, the term "linear aliphatic substituted glycine" designates glycine compounds in which the amino group of glycine has been substituted with linear aliphatic groups. Illustrative of agents of this type which may be used in the practice of the invention are ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitrilo triacetic acid, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, hydroxyethylene diamine triacetic acid, dihydroxyethyl glycine, iminodiacetic acid and ethanol diglycine and the alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., calcium) and ammonium salts thereof. Other similar linear aliphatic substituted glycine compounds and salts thereof known to those skilled in the art may also be used. In some embodiments, the forementioned salts of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid are used because of their availability, cost effectiveness and nontoxicity. In some embodiments, these agents may constitute approximately 0.5 to 3.5 wt. %, preferably about 1.5 to 2.5 wt. %, of the pigment in the dispersion compositions.

0060The dispersion may be filtered through filter cartridges as required for the designated end use of the dispersion. In some embodiments, the nominal pore size of the filter cartridge is less than or equal to about 5 microns, particularly less than or equal to about 1 micron, particularly less than or equal to about 0.5 micron, and more particularly less than or equal to about 0.2 micron.

0061In addition to powders and dispersions, the self-dispersing pigment may also be isolated as a water wet presscake. In presscake form, the self-dispersing pigment is not agglomerated to the extent that it is in dry form and thus the self-dispersing pigment does not require as much deagglomeration when used, for example, in the preparation of inks.

0062If desired, the charge-balancing counterions associated with the surface-modifying groups as a result of the attachment/substitution process may be at least partially substituted or changed with the use of suitable base or salt form or exchanged or substituted with other suitable cations using known ion-exchange techniques such as ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, conversion to acid form as an intermediate and the like. Examples of counterions include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺ and Li⁺), NR₁R₂R₃H⁺, and combinations thereof, wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ may independently be H or C₁-C₅ alkyl groups that may be unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., tetraethylammonium ion (TEA), tetramethylammonium ion (TMA), ethanolammonium ion, triethanolammonium ion, tetrabutylammonium ion, etc).

<u>Properties of Modified Pigments</u>

0063The self-dispersing pigments may exhibit at least one of long-term and high temperature stability, higher water and highlighter fastness than expected of a pigment particle with attached sulfonic or carboxylic acid groups, and have a particle size distribution suitable for use in high speed jetting applications.

0064The self-dispersing pigments may possess the following properties. The % of solids in the modified pigments may be from about 8-16.

0065The pH of the modified pigment dispersion may be from about 5 to about 10.

0066The viscosity of the modified pigment dispersion may be from about 1 to about 10 cps, particularly about 1.3 to about 7.6 cps.

0067The surface tension of the modified pigment dispersion may be from about 39 to about 72 dynes/cm.

0068The amount of Na and K in the modified pigment dispersion may be a measure of a newly attached anionic substrate (sulfanilic or 4-aminophenol or 4-aminobenzoic acid as Na/K forms). The amount of Na may be from about 100 to about 6500 ppm and the amount of K may be from about 30 to about 1200 ppm.

0069The increase in the S content in the modified pigment dispersion may be due to the introduction of a sulfonyl group and/or attachment of a sulfonated substrate such as, without limitation, sulfanilic acid. The amount of S in the modified pigments may be a about 50 ppm to about 2600 ppm. In one embodiment, the amount of S in the modified pigments may be about 50 ppm for 4-aminobenzoic and 4-aminophenol attachments. In another embodiment, the amount of S in the modified pigments may be about 1700 ppm when a sulfanilic acid is attached through a sulfone bond to the pigment.

<u>Applications of Modified Pigments</u>

0070The self-dispersing pigment according to the present invention may be used in a number of end use applications. These uses include, but are not limited to, coatings, paints, papers, adhesives, latexes, toners, textiles, fibers, plastics, and inks. Specific examples include, without limitation, printing ink for paper, textiles, fibers, metal deco and plastics, wood stains, writing instruments, and color filters. The self-dispersing pigments produced by the process of the invention are particularly well-suited for use in printing applications and wood stains. In one example, an inkjet ink incorporating a pigment of the present invention may be useful in high quality prints in an inkjet photo printer.

0071One aspect of the present invention relates to inkjet ink formulations using the self-dispersing pigment described above. Inkjet formulations containing such pigments may do at least one of the following: 1) provide uniform, bleed-free images with high resolution and high density on print media; 2) not cause nozzle clogging which typically occurs due to drying of the ink at a distal end of a nozzle; 3) rapidly dry on paper; 4) exhibit good lightfastness and waterfastness; 5) demonstrate good long-term storage stability; and 6) demonstrate print characteristics which are independent of the paper quality.

0072The ink compositions of the present disclosure may be prepared by combining the above modified pigments with an aqueous vehicle and any suitable additives. The amount of modified pigment (by weight) in the ink composition is at least about 0.1%, particularly at least about 10%, and more particularly at least about 20%. Furthermore, the amount of modified pigment (by weight) in the ink composition is less than or equal to about 12%, particularly less than or equal to about 8%, and more particularly less than or equal to about 5%. This includes embodiments where the amount of modified pigment (by weight) in the ink composition is present in an amount ranging from about 2% to about 12%.

0073The aqueous vehicle may comprise water or water in combination with one or more water-soluble organic solvents. Water-soluble organic solvents may be combined with water to make up the aqueous vehicle. Water-soluble organic solvents may include alcohols , polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, ketones and ketone alcohols such as acetone and diacetone alcohol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, lower alkyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol monomethyl (or monoethyl) ether, nitrogen-containing solvents such as pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, sulfur-containing solvents such as thiodiethanol, sugars and derivatives thereof such as glucose, an oxyethylene adduct of glycerin; and an oxyethylene adduct of diglycerin. The water-soluble organic solvents may be used alone or in combination. If a mixture of water and a water-soluble organic solvent is used, the amount of water-soluble organic solvent (by weight) in the ink composition is at least about 5%, particularly at least about 15%, and more particularly at least about 25%. Furthermore, the amount of water-soluble organic solvent (by weight) in the ink composition is less than or equal to about 50%, particularly less than or equal to about 30%, and more particularly less than or equal to about 15%. This includes embodiments where the amount of water-soluble organic solvent (by weight) in the ink composition is about 5% to about 30%. The amount of water in the ink composition is at least about 40%, particularly at least about 50%, and more particularly at least about 60%. Furthermore, the amount of water (by weight) in the ink composition is less than or equal to about 90%, particularly less than or equal to about 80%, and more particularly less than or equal to about 70%. This includes embodiments where the amount of water (by weight) in the ink composition is about 40% to about 80%.

0074Additives may be incorporated into the aqueous vehicle to impart any number of desired properties, such as might be needed to adapt the ink to the requirements of a particular inkjet printer or to provide a balance of light stability, smear resistance, viscosity, surface tension, coating penetration, optical density, adhesion, highlighter resistance or crust resistance. Penetrants, for example, may be added to reduce bleed, improve wetting of the print media, and otherwise improve overall performance of the print image. Examples of penetrants may include, but are not limited to, alkyl alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as ethanol, glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diols such as 1,2-alkyl diols, formamide, acetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, sorbitol and sulfolane. The penetrants may be used alone or in combination. The amount of penetrant (by weight) in the ink composition ranges from 0% to about 60%, particularly from about 2% to about 40%, and more particularly from about 5% to about 20%. This includes embodiments where the amount of penetrant (by weight) in the ink composition is present in an amount ranging from about 10% to about 15%.

0075Surfactants may be added to the aqueous medium to reduce the surface tension of the ink composition. The surfactants may be anionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants and/or cationic surfactants. Suitable surfactants may include those listed below and in <patcit id="pcit0009" dnum="US5116409A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,116,409 issued May 26, 1992</text></patcit>, <patcit id="pcit0010" dnum="US5861447A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,861,447 issued January 19, 1999</text></patcit>, and <patcit id="pcit0011" dnum="US6849111B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,849,111 issued February 1, 2005</text></patcit>, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

0076Surfactants are commercially available under various well-known trade names, such as the PLURONIC® series (BASF Corporation, Parsippany, N.J.), the TETRONIC® series (BASF Corporation, Parsippany, N.J.), the ARQUAD® series (Akzo Chemical Inc., Chicago, Ill.), the TRITON® series (Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.), the SURFONIC® series (Texaco Chemical Company, Houston, Tex.), the ETHOQUAD® series (Akzo Chemical Inc., Chicago, Ill.), the ARMEEN® series (Akzo Chemical Inc., Chicago, Ill.), the ICONOL® series (BASF Corporation, Parsippany, N.J.), the SURFYNOL® series (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Allentown, Pa.), and the ETHOMEEN® series (Akzo Chemical Inc., Chicago, Ill.), to name a few.

0077The surfactants may be used alone or in combination. The amount of surfactant (by weight) in the ink composition may range from 0% to about 10%, particularly from about 0.1% to about 10%, and more particularly from about 0.3% to about 5%. This includes embodiments where the amount of surfactant (by weight) in the ink composition may range from about 0.1% to about 8%.

0078One or more humectants may be added to the aqueous vehicle to prevent clogging, caused by drying out during periods of latency, of inkjet nozzles. Humectants may be selected from materials having high hygroscopicity and water-solubility. Examples of humectants include, but are not limited to, polyols such as glycerol, lactams such as 2-pyrrolidone, urea compounds such as urea, 1,3-dimethylimidazolidinone, saccharides such as sorbitol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1-methyl-2-piperidone, N-ethylacetamide, 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, ethylene carbonate; butyrolacetone and Liponic EG-1. There are no particular limitations on the amount used of the humectant, but in general the amount of humectant (by weight) in the ink composition may range from 0% to about 30%, particularly from about 1% to about 15%, and more particularly from about 5% to about 10%.

0079Polymers may be added to the ink composition to improve the water-fastness, rub and highlightfastness of the images on print media. Suitable polymers may include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, polyestermelamine, styrene-acrylic acid copolymers, styrene-maleic acid copolymers, styrene-maleic acid-alkyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-metacrylic acid copolymers, styrene-metacrylic acid-alkyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-maleic half ester copolymers, vinyl-naphthalene-acrylic acid copolymers, vinyl naphthalene-maleic acid copolymers and salts thereof. The amount of polymer (by weight) in the ink composition may range from 0% to about 5%, particularly from about 0.1% to about 3%, and more particularly from about 0.2% to about 2.5%. This includes embodiments where the amount of polymer (by weight) in the ink composition may range from about 0.1% to about 3.0%.

0080Ink compositions of the present disclosure may be buffered to a desired pH using any number of pH modifiers. Suitable pH modifiers may include alkali hydroxides, alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, triethylamine, dimethylethanolamine, triethanolamine, mineral acids, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid. The pH modifiers may be used alone or in combination. The amount of pH modifier (by weight) in the ink composition may range from 0% to about 3.0%, particularly from about 0.1% to about 2.0%, and more particularly from about 0.5% to about 1.5%. This includes embodiments where the amount of pH modifier (by weight) in the ink composition ranges from about 0.2% to about 2.5%.

0081Preservatives, such as biocides and fungicides, may also be added to the ink composition. Examples of suitable preservatives include sodium benzoate, pentachlorophenol sodium, 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide sodium, sodium sorbate, sodium dehydroacetate, benzisothiazolinone, 1,2-dibenzothiazolin-3-one, methylisothiazolinone and chloromethylisothiazolinone. Commercially available biocides include UCARCIDE® 250 (available from Union Carbide Company), Proxel® CRL, Proxel® BDN, Proxel® GXL, Proxel® XL-2, Proxel® TN (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA), Dowicides® (Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich.), Nuosept® (Huls America, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.), Omidines® (Olin Corp., Cheshire, Conn.), Nopcocides® (Henkel Corp., Ambler, Pa.), Troysans® (Troy Chemical Corp., Newark, N.J.), and XBINX® (PMC Specialties Group, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio). The preservatives may be used alone or in combination. The amount of preservatives (by weight) in the ink composition may range from 0% to about 1.5%, particularly from about 0.05% to about 1.0%, and more particularly from about 0.1% to about 0.3%. This includes embodiments where the amount of preservative (by weight) in the ink composition may range from about 0.05% to about 0.5%.

0082The ink composition may contain one or more viscosity modifiers. Viscosity modifiers may include rosin compounds, alginic acid compounds, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, salts of polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gum arabic and starch. The amount of viscosity modifier (by weight) in the ink composition may range from 0% to about 10%, particularly from about 0.5% to about 8%, and more particularly from about 1% to about 5%. This includes embodiments where the amount of viscosity modifier (by weight) in the ink composition may range from about 1% to about 7%.

0083Other additives which may be incorporated into the aqueous vehicle may also include antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, chelating agents, electric conductivity adjusters, viscosity modifiers, oxygen absorbers, anti-kogation agents, anti-curling agents, anti-bleed agents, defoamers, and buffers. The ink compositions of the present disclosure may contain one or more colorants in addition to the pigment dispersion of the present disclosure.

0084The ink compositions of the present disclosure are particularly suited for use as an ink composition for inkjet printing wherein droplets of the ink composition are ejected from a printing apparatus and deposited onto a substrate to generate an image. Suitable printing apparatus include, but are not limited to, Continuous Ink Jet (CIJ), Drop-on-Demand Valve (DoD Valve), Drop-on-Demand Piezo-Electric (DoD Piezo) and Thermal Ink Jet (TIJ). Similarly, any suitable substrate may be employed including plain papers, bonded papers, coated papers, transparency materials, textile materials, plastics, polymeric films and inorganic substrates. However, it should be recognized by those skilled in the art that the above ink compositions may also have use in other applications including, but not limited to, general writing utensil applications and stamp applications.

0085The ink compositions of the present disclosure may be used alone, or with a color underlay, to produce a black image or in combination with other ink compositions to produce a color image. In some embodiments, the ink composition of the present disclosure is used in combination with other ink composition(s), such as a cyan ink, a magenta ink and/or a yellow ink. In other embodiments, a cyan ink, a magenta ink and a yellow ink are overprinted to form a black image and this printing is used in combination with the printing of the black ink of the present disclosure.

<u>Wood Stains</u>

0086Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to aqueous formulations using the self-dispersing pigment described above as wood stains and coatings. Wood stain formulations containing such pigments may exhibit at least one of the following properties: 1) good wood absorption and adhesion; 2) good transparency; and 3) excellent water and light resistance.

0087Water resistance is measured by difference in measured DE* values of wood stain in dipped areas versus control. Lower DE* values may indicate higher water resistance. If DE* is small it may mean that there is minimal to no color change due to degradation or loss. For example, lower DE* values may indicate higher water resistance as seen with carboxy modified pigment dispersions. The DE* value of the modified pigment dispersion may be from about 0 to about 3. One specific example is a pigment modified with 4-aminobenzoic acid. In another example, carboxy modified Pigment Blue 15 and Pigment Yellow No. 74 dispersions had low DE* values of about 0.19 and 0.43, respectively. Delta E is the difference between two colors. L, a, and b values are measurements based on spherical color. +L=white, -L=black, +a=red, - a=green, +b=yellow, -b=blue. C is chroma (saturation) and H=Hue. Readings are measured using a spectrophotometer. Delta E = √(L₁-L₂)² + (a₁-a₂)² + (b₁-b₂)².

<u>Coatings</u>

0088Coating formulations containing such pigments may exhibit at least one of the following properties: 1) good adhesion to substrates such as metal, paper, glass, plastic, and wood; 2) ease of application and drying; 3) good weather fastness, water and light resistance; 4) good gloss retention; and 5) good chemical and flocculation resistance.

0089As with water resistance, resistance to strong acids and bases of coatings are measured as the difference in DE* value of spotted versus control. The DE* value of the modified pigment dispersion may be from about 0 to about 3. In one example, coatings containing modified carbon black had a low DE* value for acid resistance of about 0.08. In another example, coatings containing modified Pigment Blue No. 15 had a low DE* value for resistance to strong bases of about 1.56.

<u>Color Filters</u>

0090Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to aqueous formulations using the self-dispersing pigment described above in color filters. Color filters find application in display imaging areas including, without limitation, desktop monitor/laptop screens, LCD TV screens, cell phone display panels, digital camera screens, and GPS panels. Color filter formulations containing pigments of the present disclosure may exhibit at least one of the following properties: 1) good adhesion to glass and plastic film substrates; 2) good transparency; 3) ease of application and drying; and 4) good heat and light resistance.

0091The transmission values of a specific color filter is measured to determine its usefulness. The color filters may have maximum transmittance in a narrow band to provide the most utility.

0092In one embodiment, carbon black may have no transmission bands, magenta pigment dispersions may have a lowest transmission in the about 520 to about 560 nm range, yellow pigment dispersions may have a lowest transmission in the about 400 to about 480 nm range, and cyan pigment dispersions may have the lowest transmission in the about 600 to about 680 nm range.

<u>Textile Printing</u>

0093Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to aqueous formulations using the self-dispersing pigment described above in textile printing applications. Textile printing formulations containing pigments of the present disclosure may exhibit at least one of the following properties: 1) good adhesion to textile fabrics such as cotton, nylon, polyester, wool, polyacrylic, or blends of the same; 2) ease of application and drying; 3) good water and light resistance; and 4) good washfastness.

0094The wash and water fastness properties of dyed textile may be measured by the difference in DE* value of a control versus a washed fabric.

0095The DE* value of the modified pigment dispersion may be from about 0 to about 3. In one example, modified carbon black may have a low DE* value of about 0.23. In another example, modified Pigment Yellow No. 74 may have a high DE* value of about 6.72.

EXAMPLES

0096Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are provided in examples 12 to 59. The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention and to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using the same. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the invention.

Reference Example 1

0097Pigment Dispersion (example of chlorosulfonation in chlorosulfonic acid and thionyl chloride followed by attachment of small molecules).

0098Commercial gas carbon black (65 g) available from Degussa (Burr Ridge, IL), with a primary particle size of 20 nm and B.E.T surface area of 160 m²/g was chlorosulfonated with 332 g of lab grade chlorosulfonic acid at 120-4 °C for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 56 °C and 68.5 g of thionyl chloride was introduced dropwise. After all the thionyl chloride was added, the reaction mass was heated back to 103-5 °C and held at that temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to RT and quenched in water and ice, controlling the quench temperature below -5 °C. The precipitated product was isolated by filtration and washed free of dissolved material with ice cold (&lt;5 °C) water. The product cake (253 g) was then reacted with a solution of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (lab grade from Aldrich, 21.7 g) in 140 g DI water containing 15.5 g concentrated hydrochloric acid (37%) at 2-5 °C. After mixing at 2000 rpm for 30 minutes, it was then milled in a Hockmeyer media mill (available from Hockmeyer Equipment Corp., Elizabeth City, North Carolina) at 5000 rpm using 0.4 mm YTZ media (available from Quackenbush Co., Inc., Crystal Lake, Illinois) allowing the temperature to rise to 10 °C and pH to 4.7 by the addition of 20% sodium acetate solution. Milling was continued for another five hours. After one hour into the milling, the pH was raised to 12.6 with the addition of calcium free sodium hydroxide (23 g). The reaction mixture was removed from the mill and heated to 85 °C for 2 hours to hydrolyze the methyl ester. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample were less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to 18% solids and mixed with (0.3%, wt/wt) Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Finally, the product was filtered through a 0.7 micron GF filter.

Reference Examples 2-9

0099Reference Examples 2-9 were prepared following the same process as set forth above for Reference Example 1. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0007.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0008.tif" /></tables>

0100Throughout the examples, abbreviations are used for the sake of brevity. "H" stands for hours, "AP" stands for aminophenol, "SA" stands for sulfanilic acid, and "4ABA" stands for 4-aminobenzoic acid.

Reference Example 10

0101Pigment Dispersion (example of formation of a different salt form via attachment - example tetramethyl ammonium salt).

0102Commercial gas carbon black (66 g) available from Degussa, with a primary particle size of 20 nm and B.E.T surface area of 160 m²/g was chlorosulfonated with 348 g of lab grade chlorosulfonic acid at 122-7 °C for 19 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 74 °C and 30.0 g of thionyl chloride was introduced dropwise. After all the thionyl chloride was added the reaction mass was heated back to 134 °C and held at that temperature for one hour. The reaction mixture was then cooled to RT and quenched in water and ice, controlling the quench temperature below -5 °C. The precipitated product was isolated by filtration and washed free of dissolved material with ice cold (&lt;5 °C) water. The product cake (326 g) was then mixed in ice cold DI water to get a slurry at pH=1.5. The pH was initially raised to 4.5 with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide solution (25%). The pH was further raised to 6.5 with a solution of 4-aminobenzoic acid (lab grade from Aldrich, 18 g) in 90 g DI water containing 40.3 g tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide solution (25%) at 25 °C and 8 g of Surfynol CT-141 (available from Air Products &amp; Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA). It was then briefly mixed with additional tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide solution (25%) to a final pH of 9.6. The mixture was cooled to 4 °C and then milled in a Hockmeyer media mill (available from Hockmeyer Equipment Corp., Elizabeth City, North Carolina) at 4800 rpm using 0.4mm YTZ media (available from Quackenbush Co., Inc., Crystal Lake, Illinois) allowing the temperature to rise to 37° C and controlling the pH to above 8.8 by the addition of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide solution. Milling was continued for a total of four hours. The reaction mixture was removed from the mill and heated to 60- 76 °C for 15 hours. Additional tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was added to raise the pH to 9.2. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample were less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to 17% solids and mixed with (0.3%, wt/wt) Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Finally, part of the product (112 g) was filtered through a 0.7 micron GF filter.

Reference Example 11

0103Pigment Dispersion (example of chlorosulfonation of PB15 in chlorosulfonic acid; attachment with sulfanilic acid and dispersing PB15).

0104Commercial Pigment Blue no.15:1 (60 g) available from Newchemic (Montvale, NJ) was chlorosulfonated with 320 g of lab grade chlorosulfonic acid at 110-118 °C for one hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25 °C and quenched in water and ice, controlling the quench temperature below 0 °C. The precipitated product was isolated by filtration and washed free of dissolved material with ice cold (&lt;5 °C) water at a pH &lt;4. The product cake (365 g) was then added to a solution of sulfanilic acid (20 g, available from Nation Ford Chemical, Fort Mill, SC), Ca free sodium hydroxide granules (6.4 g) and sodium bicarbonate (21.7 g)c in DI water (200 g) with good mixing (1100 rpm). The pH was controlled above 8.0 with additional 37 g sodium bicarbonate and 21 g sodium carbonate. The mixture was then milled in a Hockmeyer media mill (available from Hockmeyer Equipment Corp., Elizabeth City, North Carolina) at 4000 rpm using 0.2 mm YTZ media (available from Quackenbush Co., Inc., Crystal Lake, Illinois). The temperature was allowed to rise to 80 °C and the mixture was milled for three hours. The reaction mixture was removed from the mill and heated to 83 °C. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample were less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to about 5% solids to get 1446 g of liquid. A part (220 g) of the liquid product was used to disperse 40 g of Pigment Blue 15:3 available from Clariant Colors, Charlotte, NC and milled at 7000 rpm for three hours. The pH was constantly adjusted to above 8 with dropwise addition of calcium free sodium hydroxide solution (1.4 g, 25%). The product was removed from the mill and heated to 86 °C and once again the dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample were less than 50 ppm.. The product was then concentrated to about 12% solids, mixed with (0.3%, wt/wt) Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Larger particles were removed by centrifugation at 3,200 rpm for 15 minutes and the product (210 g) was filtered through a 0.7 micron GF filter.

Example 12

0105Pigment Dispersion (example of cyanuryl group addition and attachment of sodium 4-aminobenzoate).

0106A solution of 4-aminobenzoic acid (40 g) in DI water (600 g), calcium free sodium hydroxide (14 g) and sodium bicarbonate (52 g) was added to a stirred mixture of cyanuric chloride (52 g, available from Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, Maryland), ice (880 g) and DI water (200 g). The pH climbed to 3.1 as the reaction mixture turned into a milky white dispersion.

0107A prior art method, described in <patcit id="pcit0012" dnum="US3347632A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 3,347,632</text></patcit>, of oxidizing carbon black with sodium hypochlorite was used to oxidize commercial gas carbon black (Degussa) with a primary particle size of 20 nm and B.E.T surface area of 160 m²/g. A carbon black slurry (908 g at 11%) was slowly added to the milky white dispersion described above while holding the temperature at 1-6 °C. After one hour, the reaction mixture was heated to 19 °C and the pH was maintained at 7.3 with the addition of calcium free sodium hydroxide (2 g) and sodium bicarbonate (10 g) [Step 1]. After an addition of potassium persulfate (63.6 g lab grade, available from Fisher Scientific), the reaction mixture was heated to 57-70 °C for 20 hours [Step 2]. The pH was raised from 5.3 to 10.3 with calcium free sodium hydroxide (32.3 g) after diluting to 3 L. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample were less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to 11% solids and mixed with (0.3%, wt/wt) Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Finally, the product (832 g) was filtered through a 0.7 micron GF filter.

Examples 13-21

0108Examples 13-21 were prepared following the same process as set forth above for Example 12. The additional step of footnote 5 is unique to Example 13. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0009.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0010.tif" /></tables>

Example 22

0109Pigment Dispersion (example of cyanuryl group addition and attachment of sodium 4-aminobenzoate and an alkylpolymeric amine with an approximate MW of 300).

0110A solution of 4-aminobenzoic acid (7.4 g) in DI water (200 g), calcium free sodium hydroxide (2.3 g) and sodium bicarbonate (30 g) was added to a stirred mixture of cyanuric chloride (10 g, available from Lonza Walkersville, Inc.), ice (130 g) and DI water (40 g). The pH climbed to 5.5 as the reaction mixture turned into a milky white dispersion.

0111A solution of Surfonamine B 30 (8.6 g, available from Huntsman Chemicals, Austin, TX) in DI water (60 g) containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (3.75 g) at a pH of 1.5 was added to a stirred mixture of cyanuric chloride (5 g, available from Lonza Walkersville, Inc.), ice (100 g) and DI water (30 g). The pH climbed to 2.1 as the reaction mixture turned into a milky white dispersion. While holding the temperature cold (5.7 °C), the pH was raised gradually to 7.1 with 20 g of sodium bicarbonate.

0112A self-dispersed carbon black dispersion (Sensijet® Black SDP 2000, 500 g at 14%, available from Sensient Colors Inc, St. Louis, MO), formed by sulfonating and oxidizing carbon black with sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite, was pre-cooled in an ice box. To the cold carbon black dispersion was added the cold milky white dispersion described above while holding the temperature at 6-13.7 °C. After one hour, the 4-aminobenzoic acid adduct with cyanuryl chloride, prepared above (10.7 °C) was added with good mixing. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to 18.8°C (pH of 7.4) and then 34 g of potassium persulfate was added. Immediately following this step, the reaction mixture was heated to 51-57 °C for 20 hours [Step 1]. The pH was raised from 7.2 to 10.9 with calcium free sodium hydroxide (22 g) after diluting to 2 L. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until the chloride and sulfate content of the feed sample were less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to 14.4% solids and mixed with (0.3%, wt/wt) Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Finally, the product (538 g) was filtered through a 0.7 micron GF filter.

Examples 23-25

0113Examples 23-25 were prepared following the same process as set forth above for Example 22. <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 3.</b> Attachment of linear propoxy polymers via cyanuryl intermediate.</title><tgroup cols="10"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="10mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="top">Pigment</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C₃N₃Cl₃</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NaHCO₃</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">K₂S₂O₈</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col8" align="center" valign="top">Attachment Groups</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col10" align="center" valign="top">Step 1</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Type</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">° C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">h</entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">23</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹⁰</entry><entry align="center">500</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">22</entry><entry morerows="1" rowsep="1" align="center" valign="middle">4-ABA, L100</entry><entry align="center">7.4</entry><entry align="center">58</entry><entry align="center">16</entry></row><row><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">5</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">13</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹¹</entry><entry align="center">500</entry><entry align="center">13</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry morerows="1" rowsep="1" align="center" valign="middle">4-ABA L300</entry><entry align="center">13</entry><entry morerows="1" rowsep="1" align="center">58-60</entry><entry align="center">60</entry></row><row><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">2</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">13</entry><entry align="center" /></row><row rowsep="0"><entry align="center">25</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹¹</entry><entry align="center">500</entry><entry align="center">12</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">32</entry><entry morerows="1" rowsep="1" align="center" valign="middle">4-ABA B60</entry><entry align="center">8.9</entry><entry morerows="1" rowsep="1" align="center">58-62</entry><entry align="center">16</entry></row><row><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">3</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center" /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="10" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="24mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="10mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col10" align="justify">¹⁰Sensijet® Black SDP 2000 available from Sensient Colors Inc, St. Louis, MO ¹¹Sensijet® Black SDP 1000 available from Sensient Colors Inc, St. Louis, MO</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 26

0114Pigment Dispersion (example of preparation of a cyanuryl tris adduct (S) with sulfanilic acid and use in the surface modification of a pigment).

0115A solution of sulfanilic acid (114 g) in DI water (310 g), calcium free sodium hydroxide (32 g) and sodium bicarbonate (55 g) at a pH=8.5 was added to a stirred mixture of cyanuric chloride (40.2 g, available from Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, Maryland), ice (570 g) and DI water (480 g) in three stages controlling the temperature &lt; 0 °C, &lt; 3 °C and &lt; 10 °C respectively. After the addition, pH=7.1, the reaction mixture was heated to 90 °C over 4.5 hours to get 1000 g of a clear liquid.

0116Carbon Black¹² (40 g, available from Cabot Corporation, Billerica, MA), with a primary particle size of 16 nm and a CTAB surface area of 255 m²/g, was slowly added to a stirred mixture of the reagent described above (an equivalent of 10.55 g of sulfanilic acid was used) and 250 g of DI water. This mixture was milled with a Hockmeyer media mill (available from Hockmeyer Equipment Corp., Elizabeth City, NC) with 0.2 mm YTZ media (available from Quackenbush Co., Inc., Crystal Lake, IL). A solution of 15 g of potassium persulfate and sodium bicarbonate in DI water was added to the mill and milling was continued for a total of 5 hours. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until each of the chloride content and the sulfate content of the feed sample are less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to 11.6% solids and mixed with 0.3%, wt/wt Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Finally, the product was filtered through 0.7 micron GF filter.

Examples 27-38

0117Examples 27-38 were prepared following the same process as set forth above for Example 26. <tables id="tabl0006" num="0006"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 4.</b> Examples of attaching small molecules to a pigment via a Tris Sulfanilic-Cyanuric adduct.</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="10mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="11mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="top">Pigment</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Tris Adduct</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NaHCO₃</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">K₂S₂O₈</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Sulfanilic Acid equivalent</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="top">Mill</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Type</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">° C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">h</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15:3⁴</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">197.5</entry><entry align="center">11.2</entry><entry align="center">6.38</entry><entry align="center">11.4</entry><entry align="center">65</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">28</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">130</entry><entry align="center">9.9</entry><entry align="center">8</entry><entry align="center">5.3</entry><entry align="center">75</entry><entry align="center">8</entry></row><row><entry align="center">29</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">195</entry><entry align="center">12.4</entry><entry align="center">10.5</entry><entry align="center">7.5</entry><entry align="center">75</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">260</entry><entry align="center">14.8</entry><entry align="center">14</entry><entry align="center">10.6</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">31</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">159.4</entry><entry align="center">14.3</entry><entry align="center">9.2</entry><entry align="center">12.6</entry><entry align="center">74</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">244.4</entry><entry align="center">25.1</entry><entry align="center">24.9</entry><entry align="center">15.5</entry><entry align="center">69</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">33</entry><entry align="center">Carbon</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">333.2</entry><entry align="center">28.4</entry><entry align="center">33</entry><entry align="center">21.1</entry><entry align="center">75</entry><entry align="center">2.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">34</entry><entry align="center">PB15:3⁴</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">573</entry><entry align="center">54</entry><entry align="center">42.3</entry><entry align="center">33.1</entry><entry align="center">95</entry><entry align="center">7</entry></row><row><entry align="center">35</entry><entry align="center">PB15:3³</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">205</entry><entry align="center">7.01</entry><entry align="center">13.3</entry><entry align="center">14.1</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">5.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">36</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">86.5</entry><entry align="center">4.8</entry><entry align="center">15.4</entry><entry align="center">9.8</entry><entry align="center">45</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">37</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">332</entry><entry align="center">39.1</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">55</entry><entry align="center">3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">38</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">200</entry><entry align="center">13.8</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">8.1</entry><entry align="center">55</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="9" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="10mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="11mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col9" align="justify">¹²Cabot (Leominster, MA) Monarch® 880 ¹³Cabot (Leominster, MA) Monarch® 700</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 39

0118Pigment Dispersion (example of preparation of a cyanuryl tris adduct with 4-aminobenzoic acid and use in the surface modification of a pigment).

0119A solution of 4-aminobenzoic acid (90.1 g) in DI water (300 g), calcium free sodium hydroxide (30 g) and sodium bicarbonate (55 g) at a pH=7.2 was added to a stirred mixture of cyanuric chloride (40.2 g, available from Lonza Walkersville, Inc., Walkersville, Maryland), ice (550 g) and DI water (500 g) in three stages controlling the temperature &lt; 0 °C, &lt; 3 °C and &lt;10 °C respectively. After the addition, pH=7.1, the reaction mixture was heated to 92 °C over 3 hours to get 901 g of a clear liquid.

0120Carbon Black (40 g, available from Degussa, Burr Ridge, IL), with a primary particle size of 20 nm and a B.E.T. surface area of 160 m²/g, was slowly added to a stirred mixture of the reagent described above (an equivalent of 10.22 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid was used) and 250 g of DI water. This mixture was milled with a Hockmeyer media mill (available from Hockmeyer Equipment Corp., Elizabeth City, NC) with 0.2 mm YTZ media (available from Quackenbush Co., Inc., Crystal Lake, IL). A solution of 8.5 g of potassium persulfate and sodium bicarbonate in DI water was added to the mill and milling was continued for a total of 6 hours. The dissolved impurities were removed by ultrafiltration until each of the chloride content and the sulfate content of the feed sample are less than 50 ppm. The product was then concentrated to 10.3% solids and mixed with 0.3%, wt/wt Proxel GXL (available from Arch Chemicals, Smyrna, GA). Finally, the product was filtered through 0.7 micron GF filter.

Examples 40-47

0121Examples 40-47 were prepared following the same process as set forth above for Examples 39. <tables id="tabl0007" num="0007"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 5.</b> Examples of attaching small molecules to a pigment via a Tris 4-ABA-Cyanuric adduct.</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="9mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="10mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col3" align="center" valign="top">Pigment</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Tris Adduct</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NaHCO₃</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">K₂S₂O₈</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">4-ABA equivalent</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="top">Mill</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Type</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">(g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top">° C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">h</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">309.2</entry><entry align="center">16.3</entry><entry align="center">25.5</entry><entry align="center">19.82</entry><entry align="center">83</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">188.4</entry><entry align="center">24.28</entry><entry align="center">19.7</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">65</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">42</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">175.2</entry><entry align="center" /><entry align="center">7.3</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">7</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">283.3</entry><entry align="center">29.5</entry><entry align="center">27.8</entry><entry align="center">15.06</entry><entry align="center">80</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry align="center">44</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">188.4</entry><entry align="center">12.1</entry><entry align="center">19.7</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">42</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">45</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">305</entry><entry align="center">42.2</entry><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">55</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">90</entry><entry align="center">13.6</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">6</entry><entry align="center">55</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">40</entry><entry align="center">95</entry><entry align="center">13.8</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">6.33</entry><entry align="center">55</entry><entry align="center">2.5</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 48

0122The physical properties of the modified pigments from the examples above are set forth in the following table. <tables id="tabl0008" num="0008"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0011.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0009" num="0009"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0012.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0010" num="0010"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0013.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0011" num="0011"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0014.tif" /></tables>

Example 49

<u>X-Rav Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analyses</u>

0123XPS data were collected and analyzed for Black Samples 1-5 (Table 7), Cyan samples (6-11), Magenta samples (12-16), and Yellow samples (17-21). Dried samples of purified "Tris" reagents were also analyzed for identifying the nature of the groups attached to the pigment surface. <tables id="tabl0012" num="0012"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 7.</b> XPS of pigment samples.</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="103mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Sample</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Source</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">1</entry><entry>[-]Carbon Black</entry><entry>Gas carbon black, available from Degussa, Akron, OH.</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2</entry><entry>[20] [Carbon] S-49</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#20 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">3</entry><entry>[31] [Carbon] S-47</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#31 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">4</entry><entry>[1] [Carbon] A-79</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example# 1, Chlorosufonation and 4-ABA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">5</entry><entry>[41] [Carbon] A-71</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#41 with 4ABA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">6</entry><entry>[-] PB15 - untreated</entry><entry>Inkjet Grade Pigment Blue 15:3 from BASF</entry></row><row><entry align="center">7</entry><entry>[11] [PB15] A-2B</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example# 11, Chlorosulfonation and SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">8</entry><entry>[9] [PB15] AS-7B</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#9 Chlorosulfonation and 4-ABA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">9</entry><entry>[7] [PB15] S-35</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#7 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">10</entry><entry>[42] [PB15] A-59</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#42 with 4ABA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">11</entry><entry>[16][PB15] S-82</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example# 16 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">12</entry><entry>[-] [PR122 - untreated]</entry><entry>Inkjet Grade Pigment Red 122 from CIBA</entry></row><row><entry align="center">13</entry><entry>[14] [PR122] S-77</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example# 14 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">14</entry><entry>[21][PR122] S-80</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#21 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">15</entry><entry>[37] [PR122] S-17</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#37 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">16</entry><entry>[45] [PR122] A-20</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#45 with 4-ABA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">17</entry><entry>[-] [PY 74 - untreated]</entry><entry>Inkjet Grade Pigment Yellow 74 from SUN</entry></row><row><entry align="center">18</entry><entry>[15] [PY 74] S-03</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example# 15 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">19</entry><entry>[29] [PY 74] S-32</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#29 with SA attachment</entry></row><row><entry align="center">20</entry><entry>[46] [PY 74] A-38</entry><entry>Dispersion from Example#46 with 4ABA attachment</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0124The XPS data were acquired by EAG Labs (in Chanhassen, MN) using a probe beam of focused, monochromatic Al K_α radiation. The x-rays generate photoelectrons that are energy analyzed and counted to reveal the atomic composition and chemistry of the sample surface. The escape depth of the photoelectrons limits the depth of analysis to the outer ∼50 Å. The data presented includes low resolution survey scans, which give the full spectrum between 0 and 1400eV binding energy. Also included in the data are high resolution spectra from selected elements, which provide chemical state information. The spectra are used to obtain surface composition by integrating the areas under the photoelectron peaks and applying empirical sensitivity factors. The XPS data is presented in <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005 f0006 f0007 f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011 f0012 f0013 f0014">Figures 1-14</figref>. <tables id="tabl0013" num="0013"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 8. Analytical Conditions.</b></title><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="42mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="83mm" /><tbody><row><entry><b>Instrument:</b></entry><entry>Physical Electronics 5802 Multitechnique,</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>Quantum 2000 Scanning XPS</entry></row><row><entry><b>X-ray Source:</b></entry><entry>Monochromatic Al K_α 1486.6eV</entry></row><row><entry><b>Analysis Area:</b></entry><entry>1.5mm x 0.6mm - 5802, 1.2mm x 0.2mm - Quantum 2000</entry></row><row><entry><b>Take-off Angle:</b></entry><entry>45°</entry></row><row><entry><b>Charge Correction:</b></entry><entry>C-C, C-H in C1s spectra set to 284.8eV</entry></row><row><entry><b>Charge Neutralization:</b></entry><entry>Low energy electron and ion floods</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

<u>Tables for Carbon Black Samples</u>

0125The following tables were normalized to 100% of the elements detected. XPS does not detect H or He. Detection limits are typically between 0.05% and 1.0% for other elements. A dash "-" indicates the element was not detected. High S (0.6) for Reference Example [1] [Carbon] A-79 is indicative of a surface SO₂ bond introduced by chlorosulfonation. High S content in SA attached Examples [20] and [31] are due to the SO₃Na groups present on the surface due to the SA attachment. Both unreacted carbon and 4-ABA attached carbon from Example [41] have only a low level of S as expected. The levels of N and Na present in all samples, except the unreacted carbon, is a measure of charge groups present either as amino benzoic or benzene sulfonic acid groups as corresponding sodium salts. <tables id="tabl0014" num="0014"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 9-1.</b> XPS Surface Concentrations of Carbon Black Samples (Atomic %).</title><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="16mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry valign="top">C</entry><entry valign="top">N</entry><entry valign="top">O</entry><entry valign="top">Na</entry><entry valign="top">S</entry><entry valign="top">Cl</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [Carbon - untreated]</entry><entry>97.5</entry><entry>-</entry><entry>2.4</entry><entry>-</entry><entry>0.11</entry><entry>0.03</entry></row><row><entry>[20] [Carbon] S-49</entry><entry>90.1</entry><entry>1.4</entry><entry>6.8</entry><entry>0.8</entry><entry>0.7</entry><entry>0.2</entry></row><row><entry>[31] [Carbon] S-47</entry><entry>88.6</entry><entry>1.5</entry><entry>7.9</entry><entry>0.7</entry><entry>0.9</entry><entry>0.2</entry></row><row><entry>[1] [Carbon] A-79</entry><entry>80.8</entry><entry>0.7</entry><entry>13.4</entry><entry>2.6</entry><entry>0.6</entry><entry>1.6</entry></row><row><entry>[41] [Carbon] A-71</entry><entry>70.3</entry><entry>2.7</entry><entry>20.9</entry><entry>2.2</entry><entry>0.2</entry><entry>-</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0015" num="0015"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 9-2.</b> Carbon Chemistries of Carbon Black Samples (% of total C).</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="32mm" /><thead><row><entry>Example</entry><entry align="center">C-C,H</entry><entry align="center">C-O/C-N</entry><entry align="center">C=O</entry><entry align="center">COONa/CSO3Na</entry><entry align="center">Aromatic Shake-up</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry valign="bottom">[-] [Carbon - untreated]</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">86</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">0.7</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">0.2</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">10</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">[20] [Carbon] S-49</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">90</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">0.5</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">1.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">6</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">[31] [Carbon] S-47</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">89</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">3</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">1.3</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">1.4</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">6</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">[1] [Carbon] A-79</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">86</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">6</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">0.9</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">3</entry></row><row><entry valign="bottom">[41] [Carbon] A-71</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">88</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">4</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">-</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">6</entry><entry align="center" valign="bottom">2</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0016" num="0016"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 9-3.</b> Nitrogen Chemistries of Carbon Black Samples (% of total N).</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="31mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="25mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">N-C=N</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NH</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NO₃</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[20] [Carbon] S-49</entry><entry align="center">54</entry><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry>[31] [Carbon] S-47</entry><entry align="center">53</entry><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry>[1] [Carbon] A-79</entry><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">53</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry>[41] [Carbon] A-71</entry><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">54</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0017" num="0017"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 9-4.</b> Oxygen Chemistries of Carbon Black Samples (% of total O).</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="38mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="30mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C=O, COONa, SOx</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-O</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [Carbon - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">68</entry></row><row><entry>[20] [Carbon] S-49</entry><entry align="center">62</entry><entry align="center">38</entry></row><row><entry>[31] [Carbon] S-47</entry><entry align="center">61</entry><entry align="center">39</entry></row><row><entry>[1] [Carbon] A-79</entry><entry align="center">51</entry><entry align="center">49</entry></row><row><entry>[41] [Carbon] A-71</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">25</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0018" num="0018"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 9-5.</b> Sulfur Chemistries of Carbon Black Samples (% of total S).</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Sulfides</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">SOx</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [Carbon - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">69</entry><entry align="center">31</entry></row><row><entry>[20] [Carbon] S-49</entry><entry align="center">8</entry><entry align="center">92</entry></row><row><entry>[31] [Carbon] S-47</entry><entry align="center">7</entry><entry align="center">93</entry></row><row><entry>[1] [Carbon] A-79</entry><entry align="center">8</entry><entry align="center">92</entry></row><row><entry>[41] [Carbon] A-71</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">100</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0126The S present in untreated carbon as sulfides was largely oxidized to sulfate/sulfone in all treated samples, adding to the surface charge groups.

<u>Tables for PB 15 samples</u>

0127<tables id="tabl0019" num="0019"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 10-1.</b> XPS Surface Concentrations of PB 15 Samples (Atomic %).</title><tgroup cols="8"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="11mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">N</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Na</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">S</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Cl</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Cu</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PB 15 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">78.7</entry><entry align="center">17.3</entry><entry align="center">1.6</entry><entry align="center">0.1</entry><entry align="center">0.09</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">2.3</entry></row><row><entry>[11] [PB 15] A-2B</entry><entry align="center">73.2</entry><entry align="center">14.1</entry><entry align="center">6.5</entry><entry align="center">0.8</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">1.6</entry></row><row><entry>[9] [PB 15] AS-7B</entry><entry align="center">75.6</entry><entry align="center">16.4</entry><entry align="center">4.5</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">0.6</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry><entry align="center">2.2</entry></row><row><entry>[7] [PB 15] S-35</entry><entry align="center">78.4</entry><entry align="center">15.9</entry><entry align="center">2.9</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry><entry align="center">0.12</entry><entry align="center">2.0</entry></row><row><entry>[42] [PB 15] A-59</entry><entry align="center">78.0</entry><entry align="center">16.2</entry><entry align="center">2.9</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry><entry align="center">0.2</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">2.4</entry></row><row><entry>[16] [PB 15] S-82</entry><entry align="center">73.2</entry><entry align="center">17.4</entry><entry align="center">5.2</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">4.0</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0020" num="0020"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 10-2.</b> Carbon Chemistries of PB 15 Samples (% of total C).</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="32mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-C,H</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">N-C=N*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">CN-Cu?</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">COONa/CSO3Na</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Aromatic Shake-up</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PB 15 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">67</entry><entry align="center">22</entry><entry align="center">4.7</entry><entry align="center">1.1</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry>[11] [PB 15] A-2B</entry><entry align="center">73</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">2.7</entry><entry align="center">1.1</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row><row><entry>[9] [PB 15] AS-7B</entry><entry align="center">68</entry><entry align="center">23</entry><entry align="center">3.7</entry><entry align="center">1.5</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry>[7] [PB 15] S-35</entry><entry align="center">72</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">2.6</entry><entry align="center">0.8</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry>[42] [PB 15] A-59</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">22</entry><entry align="center">3.5</entry><entry align="center">0.7</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry>[16] [PB 15] S-82</entry><entry align="center">68</entry><entry align="center">23</entry><entry align="center">4.5</entry><entry align="center">0.9</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="6" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="32mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" align="justify">*C-O bonding may also contribute to the intensity of this band.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0021" num="0021"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 10-3.</b> Nitrogen Chemistries of PB 15 Samples (% of total N).</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="20mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="32mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">N-C=N</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">CN-Cu</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Aromatic Shake-up</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PB 15 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">79</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">12</entry></row><row><entry>[11] [PB 15] A-2B</entry><entry align="center">76</entry><entry align="center">8</entry><entry align="center">15</entry></row><row><entry>[9] [PB 15] AS-7B</entry><entry align="center">76</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">15</entry></row><row><entry>[7] [PB 15] S-35</entry><entry align="center">78</entry><entry align="center">7</entry><entry align="center">15</entry></row><row><entry>[42] [PB 15] A-59</entry><entry align="center">81</entry><entry align="center">8</entry><entry align="center">11</entry></row><row><entry>[16] [PB 15] S-82</entry><entry align="center">77</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">14</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0022" num="0022"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 10-4.</b> Oxygen Chemistries of PB 15 Samples (% of total O).</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="18mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Metal Oxide</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C=O, COONa, SOx</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-O</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PB 15 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">69</entry><entry align="center">31</entry></row><row><entry>[11] [PB 15] A-2B</entry><entry align="center">10</entry><entry align="center">75</entry><entry align="center">15</entry></row><row><entry>[9] [PB 15] AS-7B</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">62</entry><entry align="center">38</entry></row><row><entry>[7] [PB 15] S-35</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">65</entry><entry align="center">35</entry></row><row><entry>[42] [PB 15] A-59</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">57</entry><entry align="center">43</entry></row><row><entry>[16] [PB 15] S-82</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">92</entry><entry align="center">8</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

<u>Tables for PR 122 Samples</u>

0128<tables id="tabl0023" num="0023"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 11-1.</b> XPS Surface Concentrations of PR 122 Samples (Atomic %).</title><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="15mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">N</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Na</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">S</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Cl</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PR 122 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">85.3</entry><entry align="center">7.9</entry><entry align="center">6.8</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">-</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry>[14] [PR 122] S-77</entry><entry align="center">83.4</entry><entry align="center">7.9</entry><entry align="center">8.3</entry><entry align="center">0.2</entry><entry align="center">0.2</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry></row><row><entry>[21] [PR 122] S-80</entry><entry align="center">83.1</entry><entry align="center">7.9</entry><entry align="center">8.4</entry><entry align="center">0.2</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry><entry align="center">0.04</entry></row><row><entry>[37] [PR 122] S-17</entry><entry align="center">81.8</entry><entry align="center">7.7</entry><entry align="center">9.8</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry><entry align="center">-</entry></row><row><entry>[45] [PR 122] A-20</entry><entry align="center">83.1</entry><entry align="center">7.6</entry><entry align="center">8.8</entry><entry align="center">0.15</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0024" num="0024"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 11-2.</b> Carbon Chemistries of PR 122 Samples (% of total C).</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="37mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-C,H</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C₂NH*^#</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C=O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">COONa/CSO₃Na</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Aromatic Shake-up</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PR 122 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">2.6</entry><entry align="center">1.4</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry>[14] [PR 122] S-77</entry><entry align="center">66</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">5.8</entry><entry align="center">1.8</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row><row><entry>[21] [PR 122] S-80</entry><entry align="center">68</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">5.6</entry><entry align="center">2.0</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry>[37] [PR 122] S-17</entry><entry align="center">68</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">4.3</entry><entry align="center">2.0</entry><entry align="center">5</entry></row><row><entry>[45] [PR 122] A-20</entry><entry align="center">66</entry><entry align="center">22</entry><entry align="center">3.5</entry><entry align="center">2.1</entry><entry align="center">6</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="6" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="19mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="37mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col6" align="justify">*C-O bonding may also contribute to the intensity of this band. ^#C₂NH denotes each of the C atoms bonded in the following group: <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0015.tif" /></chemistry></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0025" num="0025"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 11-3.</b> Oxygen Chemistries of PR 122 Samples (% of total O).</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="36mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="32mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="33mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C=O, COONa, SOx</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Aromatic Shake-up</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PR 122 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">79</entry><entry align="center">12</entry><entry align="center">9</entry></row><row><entry>[14] [PR 122] S-77</entry><entry align="center">67</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">9</entry></row><row><entry>[21] [PR 122] S-80</entry><entry align="center">67</entry><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">10</entry></row><row><entry>[37] [PR 122] S-17</entry><entry align="center">62</entry><entry align="center">28</entry><entry align="center">11</entry></row><row><entry>[45] [PR 122] A-20</entry><entry align="center">60</entry><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">8</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

<u>Tables for PY 74 Samples</u>

0129<tables id="tabl0026" num="0026"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 12-1.</b> XPS Surface Concentrations of PY 74 Samples (Atomic %).</title><tgroup cols="6"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="15mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">N</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Na</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">S</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PY 74 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">64.6</entry><entry align="center">13.8</entry><entry align="center">20.8</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry></row><row><entry>[15] [PY 74] S-03</entry><entry align="center">52.6</entry><entry align="center">10.6</entry><entry align="center">29.3</entry><entry align="center">0.6</entry><entry align="center">0.6</entry></row><row><entry>[29] [PY 74] S-32</entry><entry align="center">63.2</entry><entry align="center">13.8</entry><entry align="center">21.6</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry><entry align="center">0.4</entry></row><row><entry>[46] [PY 74] A-38</entry><entry align="center">56.4</entry><entry align="center">11.2</entry><entry align="center">27.1</entry><entry align="center">0.5</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0027" num="0027"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 12-2.</b> Carbon Chemistries of PY 74 Samples (% of total C).</title><tgroup cols="7"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="32mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-C,H</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-NH*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C=O</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">COONa/CSO₃Na</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Aromatic Shake-up</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PY 74 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">45</entry><entry align="center">17</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">1.8</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry>[15] [PY 74] S-03</entry><entry align="center">44</entry><entry align="center">20</entry><entry align="center">18</entry><entry align="center">12</entry><entry align="center">2.8</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row><row><entry>[29] [PY 74] S-32</entry><entry align="center">44</entry><entry align="center">19</entry><entry align="center">21</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">2.1</entry><entry align="center">3</entry></row><row><entry>[46] [PY 74] A-38</entry><entry align="center">45</entry><entry align="center">19</entry><entry align="center">18</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">2.5</entry><entry align="center">4</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="7" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="11mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="30mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="32mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col7" align="justify">*C-O bonding may also contribute to the intensity of this band.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0028" num="0028"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 12-3.</b> Nitrogen Chemistries of PY 74 Samples (% of total N).</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="34mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="23mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="23mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-N</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NO₂</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">NO₃</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PY 74 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">71</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">20</entry></row><row><entry>[15] [PY 74] S-03</entry><entry align="center">73</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">18</entry></row><row><entry>[29] [PY 74] S-32</entry><entry align="center">70</entry><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">19</entry></row><row><entry>[46] [PY 74] A-38</entry><entry align="center">72</entry><entry align="center">9</entry><entry align="center">19</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0029" num="0029"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 12-4.</b> Oxygen Chemistries of PY 74 Samples (% of total O).</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="35mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="27mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C=O, COONa, SOx</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">C-O, NO_x</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>[-] [PY 74 - untreated]</entry><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">59</entry></row><row><entry>[15] [PY 74] S-03</entry><entry align="center">48</entry><entry align="center">52</entry></row><row><entry>[29] [PY 74] S-32</entry><entry align="center">42</entry><entry align="center">58</entry></row><row><entry>[46] [PY 74] A-38</entry><entry align="center">45</entry><entry align="center">55</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0130The XPS results indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified carbon black with an increase in surface nitrogen, as an NH/N-C=N group distributed almost equally, in about 0.7 to 2.7 atomic%.

0131The XPS results indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified carbon black with a surface oxygen in the atomic ratio of 6.8 to 20.9% wherein > 51 to 62% of the oxygen is present as C=O, COONa, or SOx group and the balance (49-38%) as a C-O group. In contrast, the surface oxygen in the untreated carbon black is only about 2.4% and is distributed as 32% as a C=O, COONa or SOx group and the balance (68%) as a C-O group. SOx may be an oxidized form of S and may include, without limitation, a sulfone, a sulfate, or a sulfonic acid.

0132The XPS results indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified carbon black with an increase in surface sodium, as COONa/SO3Na, in about 0.7 to 2.6 atomic%.

0133The XPS results indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified carbon black wherein at least 90% of the S present is oxidized S (SOx).

0134The XPS results for untreated carbon blacks and carbon blacks from Reference Example 1, and Examples 20, 31, and 41 are displayed in <figref idref="f0001 f0002 f0003 f0004">Figures 1-4</figref>.

0135The XPS results indicate that surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Pigment Blue No.15 with significantly higher surface oxygen content (> 2.5% atomic ratio) compared to a low 1.6% in the untreated pigment. The XPS results for untreated Pigment Blue No. 15 and Pigment Blue No. 15 from Reference Examples 7, 9, 11, and Examples 16 and 42 are displayed in <figref idref="f0005 f0006 f0007">Figures 5-7</figref>.

0136The XPS results indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Pigment Red No.122 with a surface oxygen in the atomic ratio of 8.3 - 9.8% wherein 24 - 32% of the total O exists as a C-O bond compared to only 12% present as C-O in the untreated pigment. The XPS results for untreated Pigment Red No. 122 and Pigment Red No. 122 from Examples 14, 21, 37, and 45 are displayed in <figref idref="f0008 f0009 f0010 f0011">Figures 8-11</figref>.

0137The XPS indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Pigment Yellow No. 74 with a surface oxygen in the atomic ratio of 21.6 to 29.3% of which 42-48% is present as C=O, COONa/CSO₃Na. In contrast, in the untreated pigment the surface oxygen is only about 20.8%, of which 41% is present as a C=O, COONa/CSO₃Na group. The XPS results for untreated Pigment Yellow No. 74 and Pigment Yellow No. 74 from Examples 15, 29, and 46 are displayed in <figref idref="f0012 f0013 f0014">Figures 12-14</figref>.

Example 50

0138<tables id="tabl0030" num="0030"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0016.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0031" num="0031"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0017.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0032" num="0032"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0018.tif" /></tables>

0139The results of the elemental analysis indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Pigment Blue No. 15 with 0.168-0.430 mMoles of S and 0.070-0.313 mMoles of active hydrogen per gram of pigment.

0140The results of the elemental analysis indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Pigment Red No. 122 with 0.062-0.187 mMoles of S and 0.077-0.394 mMoles of active hydrogen per gram of pigment.

0141The results of the elemental analysis indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Pigment Yellow No. 74 with 0.131-0.178 mMoles of S and 0.192-0.290 mMoles of active hydrogen per gram of pigment

0142The results of the elemental analysis indicate that the surface modification as disclosed yields a modified Carbon Black with 0.103-0.702 mMoles of S and 0.203-1.579 mMoles of active hydrogen per gram of pigment.

Example 51

<u>Particle Size and Stability Measurement</u>

0143Samples comprising 8-15% solids were prepared by diluting one drop of sample to 15 ml deionized water and loading into a 1 cm disposable cuvette, avoiding air bubbles. Malvern Zetasizer Nano series Model ZEN3600 was then used to measure mean particle size in the sample. <tables id="tabl0033" num="0033"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 14.</b> Particle Size Measurements and Stability data of Pigment Dispersions.</title><tgroup cols="10"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="13mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry valign="top">Pigment</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col5" align="left" valign="top">Viscosity</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col8" align="left" valign="top">Particle Size</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col10" align="left" valign="top">pH</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Type</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Initial</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Week 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Week 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Initial</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Week 1</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Week 3</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Initial</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Final</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">7</entry><entry align="center">PB15³</entry><entry align="center">1.82</entry><entry align="center">2.06</entry><entry align="center">2.02</entry><entry align="center">203</entry><entry align="center">206</entry><entry align="center">198</entry><entry align="center">8.8</entry><entry align="center">7.9</entry></row><row><entry align="center">11</entry><entry align="center">PB15³</entry><entry align="center">1.78</entry><entry align="center">1.78</entry><entry align="center">1.81</entry><entry align="center">157</entry><entry align="center">156</entry><entry align="center">156</entry><entry align="center">8.0</entry><entry align="center">8.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center">15</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">1.7</entry><entry align="center">1.7</entry><entry align="center">1.6</entry><entry align="center">173</entry><entry align="center">153</entry><entry align="center">155</entry><entry align="center">7.8</entry><entry align="center">7.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">24</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">2.66</entry><entry align="center">2.67</entry><entry align="center">3.22</entry><entry align="center">110</entry><entry align="center">115</entry><entry align="center">113</entry><entry align="center">9.4</entry><entry align="center">9.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">25</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">2.7</entry><entry align="center">3.27</entry><entry align="center">3.60</entry><entry align="center">125</entry><entry align="center">134</entry><entry align="center">129</entry><entry align="center">7.3</entry><entry align="center">7.2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15²</entry><entry align="center">1.38</entry><entry align="center">1.37</entry><entry align="center">1.36</entry><entry align="center">207</entry><entry align="center">202</entry><entry align="center">196</entry><entry align="center">8.2</entry><entry align="center">7.9</entry></row><row><entry align="center">28</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">1.42</entry><entry align="center">1.45</entry><entry align="center">1.52</entry><entry align="center">178</entry><entry align="center">167</entry><entry align="center">170</entry><entry align="center">8.5</entry><entry align="center">7.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">29</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">1.61</entry><entry align="center">1.59</entry><entry align="center">1.57</entry><entry align="center">169</entry><entry align="center">149</entry><entry align="center">155</entry><entry align="center">7.9</entry><entry align="center">7.5</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">1.62</entry><entry align="center">1.55</entry><entry align="center">1.70</entry><entry align="center">175</entry><entry align="center">172</entry><entry align="center">170</entry><entry align="center">8.2</entry><entry align="center">7.2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">42</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">1.41</entry><entry align="center">1.46</entry><entry align="center">1.42</entry><entry align="center">206</entry><entry align="center">196</entry><entry align="center">193</entry><entry align="center">7.5</entry><entry align="center">7.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">1.46</entry><entry align="center">1.50</entry><entry align="center">1.58</entry><entry align="center">190</entry><entry align="center">181</entry><entry align="center">186</entry><entry align="center">8.2</entry><entry align="center">7.7</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">1.84</entry><entry align="center">1.69</entry><entry align="center">1.78</entry><entry align="center">185</entry><entry align="center">178</entry><entry align="center">176</entry><entry align="center">8.2</entry><entry align="center">7.6</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Examples 52-55

<b>Print Performance</b> - <b>Print testing with Epson C88+ Printer</b>

0144A total of three ink sets were prepared. The first set (SA3) consisted of inks made, as detailed below, from dispersions made by sulfanilic acid (SA) attachment. The second and third ink sets (BA3 and BA) were prepared using the 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) attached pigments. Using an Epson C88+ printer Model B251A, known to use pigmented ink sets, test pages were printed with four different commonly used copy papers. The printed pages were analyzed by the Center for Integrated Manufacturing, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY. The results are in Tables 17 and 20-22.

Example 52

0145The following ink base was made according to the procedure described below and used to make final inks with black dispersions. <tables id="tabl0034" num="0034"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 15.</b> Ink Base I formulation.</title><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="55mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="24mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Ingredients</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>% by Weight</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Water, deionized</entry><entry align="center">9.6</entry></row><row><entry align="center">2-Pyrrolidone water blend</entry><entry align="center">10.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,5-pentanediol</entry><entry align="center">5.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center">PEG 600 Carb. Polyethylene Glycol</entry><entry align="center">4.0</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Nipacide BIT 20</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Surfynol 104E solution</entry><entry align="center">0.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1,2-hexanediol</entry><entry align="center">1.0</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0146First, 9.6% by weight of water was added to a clean vessel. A mixing device was then placed inside the vessel to agitate the water and provide mixing while the other ingredients are added. Mixing was achieved by using a magnetic stirring device. Next, 10% by weight of 2-pyrrolidone, 5% by weight of 1,5-pentanediol, 4% by weight of PEG 600, and 1% by weight of 1,2-hexanediol were added to the vessel. These were allowed to dissolve. Then, 0.1% by weight of Surfynol 104E solution and 0.3% by weight of Nipacide BIT 20 were added and allowed to dissolve.

Example 53

0147The following inks were made according to the procedure described below. <tables id="tabl0035" num="0035"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 16.</b> Inks A-C.</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="40mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="29mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top" /><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Ink A</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Ink B</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Ink C</b></entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Pigment Dispersion from:</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Example #33 (g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Example #41 (g)</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Example #39 (g)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Water, deionized</entry><entry align="center">39.12</entry><entry align="center">43.97</entry><entry align="center">39.40</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Dispersion</entry><entry align="center">30.88</entry><entry align="center">26.03</entry><entry align="center">30.60</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Inkbase</entry><entry align="center">30.00</entry><entry align="center">30.00</entry><entry align="center">30.00</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Surfynol 465</entry><entry align="center">0.54</entry><entry align="center">0.55</entry><entry align="center">0.55</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Surfynol 440</entry><entry align="center">0.38</entry><entry align="center">0.36</entry><entry align="center">0.36</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0148A second vessel was prepared by adding calculated % by weight of DI water to the pigment dispersion to the vessel per Table 16. A magnetic stirring device was then placed into the vessel. Next the ink base followed by Surfynol surfactants (Air Products &amp; Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA) were slowly added to the pigment dispersion in the second vessel. The dispersion was mixed during this process. After all of the diluent has been added, the ink was mixed for about 1 hour, or until it was completely homogenous. After mixing, the ink was filtered using a 1 micron glass filter (available from Whatman, Kent, England).

0149The print performance characteristics of the black inks are identified below.

0150Image Quality was measured with ImageXpert Full Motion System. Optical Density was measured with X-rite 939 Spectrodensitometer. Ozone Exposure was measured using RIT custom ozone chamber and Sutherland Rub test was done with Sutherland rub fixture. RIT was supplied with printed pages identified by ink set and media. Highlighter A is Sanford Yellow Major Accent® and Highlighter B is Avery Dennison Fluorescent Yellow Hi-Liter® <tables id="tabl0036" num="0036"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0019.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0037" num="0037"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0020.tif" /></tables>

Example 54

0151The following ink base was made according to the procedure described below and used to make final inks with color dispersions. <tables id="tabl0038" num="0038"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 18.</b> Ink Base II formulation.</title><tgroup cols="2"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="24mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>Ingredients</b></entry><entry align="center" valign="top"><b>% by Weight</b></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">Water</entry><entry align="center">12.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Glycerine</entry><entry align="center">14</entry></row><row><entry align="center">PEG 600</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Butyl Carbitol</entry><entry align="center">3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">TEA</entry><entry align="center">0.1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Cobratec</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Xbinx 19G</entry><entry align="center">0.3</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Ethanol</entry><entry align="center">2</entry></row><row><entry align="center">Butanol</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0152First, 12.3% by weight of water was added to a clean vessel. A mixing device was then placed inside the vessel to agitate the water and provide mixing while the other ingredients are added. Mixing was achieved by using a magnetic stirring device. Next, 14% by weight of glycerine, 2% by weight of PEG 600, 3% by weight of butyl carbitol, 2% by weight of ethanol, and 1% by weight of butanol were added to the vessel. These were allowed to dissolve. Then, 0.1% by weight of triethanolamine was added and allowed to dissolve. Finally, 0.3% by weight of Cobratec solution and 0.3% by weight of Xbinx 19G were added and allowed to dissolve.

Example 55

0153The following inks were made according to the procedure described below. <tables id="tabl0039" num="0039"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0021.tif" /></tables>

0154A second vessel was prepared by adding the calculated percentage by weight of DI water to the pigment dispersion to the vessel per Table 19. A magnetic stirring device was then placed into the vessel. Next the ink base followed by Surfynol surfactants (Air Products &amp; Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA) were slowly added to the pigment dispersion in the second vessel. The dispersion was mixed during this process. After all of the diluent has been added, the ink was mixed for about 1 hour, or until it was completely homogenous. After mixing, the ink was filtered using a 1 micron glass filter (available from Whatman, Kent, England).

0155The print performance characteristics of the color inks are identified below. <tables id="tabl0040" num="0040"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0022.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0041" num="0041"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0023.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0042" num="0042"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0024.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0043" num="0043"><img file="EP2201072B1_D0025.tif" /></tables>

Example 56

<u>Wood Stain Application Performance</u>

0156The following wood stains were prepared and tested at 6% dry pigment loading with a resin solution consisting of 18% Joncryl 95 (available from Johnson Polymer, Sturtevant, WI) and the balance de-ionized water. Waterfastness comparison of drawdowns on Leneta Form 3NT-3 using a wire wound rod#7 (available from Paul N. Gardner Company, Pompano Beach, FL) was done with 1"x4" strips. Half of each strip was dipped in de-ionized water for one minute. The strips were allowed to dry at ambient temperature. The color difference (DE*) was read with a spectrophotometer. Lower DE* indicates better waterfastness. <tables id="tabl0044" num="0044"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 23.</b> Wood stain comparison.</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Pigment Type</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Attachment Type</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="top">Dipped area vs. Control</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">DL*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Da*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Db*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DC*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DH*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DE*</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">2.99</entry><entry align="center">1.08</entry><entry align="center">2.67</entry><entry align="center">2.83</entry><entry align="center">0.58</entry><entry align="center">4.15</entry></row><row><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">1.23</entry><entry align="center">0.34</entry><entry align="center">0.38</entry><entry align="center">0.50</entry><entry align="center">0.02</entry><entry align="center">1.33</entry></row><row><entry align="center">37</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">3.03</entry><entry align="center">1.96</entry><entry align="center">2.06</entry><entry align="center">1.60</entry><entry align="center">2.34</entry><entry align="center">4.15</entry></row><row><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">2.24</entry><entry align="center">2.22</entry><entry align="center">1.32</entry><entry align="center">1.93</entry><entry align="center">1.73</entry><entry align="center">3.42</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.55</entry><entry align="center">1.60</entry><entry align="center">1.96</entry><entry align="center">1.94</entry><entry align="center">1.63</entry><entry align="center">2.59</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.25</entry><entry align="center">0.26</entry><entry align="center">0.22</entry><entry align="center">0.22</entry><entry align="center">0.27</entry><entry align="center">0.43</entry></row><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15²</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">1.38</entry><entry align="center">1.55</entry><entry align="center">0.50</entry><entry align="center">0.31</entry><entry align="center">1.60</entry><entry align="center">2.14</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.18</entry><entry align="center">0.02</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry><entry align="center">0.04</entry><entry align="center">0.04</entry><entry align="center">0.19</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 57

<u>Coating Performance</u>

0157The following coating formulations (Masstone) were prepared and tested at 6% dry pigment loading with a resin solution consisting of 25% acrylic vehicle (available from Valspar, Wheeling, IL) and the balance de-ionized water. The drawdown was prepared on Leneta form 2A using a 6.0 mil wire wound rod. Chemical resistance was measured separately by spotting 10 drops of 10% hydrochloric acid and 10 drops of 10% sodium hydroxide solution on a Masstone drawdown. The degree of chemical resistance is measured by taking the DE* value between the spotted area versus the control area. <tables id="tabl0045" num="0045"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 24.</b> Coating resistance to strong acid (10% Hydrochloric acid).</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Pigment Type</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Attachment Type</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="top">Spotted area vs Control</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">DL*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Da*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Db*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DC*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DH*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DE*</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.15</entry><entry align="center">0.12</entry><entry align="center">0.20</entry><entry align="center">0.16</entry><entry align="center">0.17</entry><entry align="center">0.28</entry></row><row><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry><entry align="center">0.02</entry><entry align="center">0.07</entry><entry align="center">0.07</entry><entry align="center">0.00</entry><entry align="center">0.08</entry></row><row><entry align="center">37</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">1.55</entry><entry align="center">4.01</entry><entry align="center">3.09</entry><entry align="center">4.16</entry><entry align="center">2.89</entry><entry align="center">5.30</entry></row><row><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">1.27</entry><entry align="center">3.87</entry><entry align="center">2.85</entry><entry align="center">4.33</entry><entry align="center">2.09</entry><entry align="center">4.97</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry><entry align="center">0.45</entry><entry align="center">0.06</entry><entry align="center">0.00</entry><entry align="center">0.46</entry><entry align="center">0.46</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.19</entry><entry align="center">0.32</entry><entry align="center">0.18</entry><entry align="center">0.22</entry><entry align="center">0.30</entry><entry align="center">0.41</entry></row><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15²</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.12</entry><entry align="center">0.34</entry><entry align="center">1.07</entry><entry align="center">1.10</entry><entry align="center">0.21</entry><entry align="center">1.13</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.44</entry><entry align="center">0.32</entry><entry align="center">0.79</entry><entry align="center">0.57</entry><entry align="center">0.64</entry><entry align="center">0.96</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0046" num="0046"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 25.</b> Coating resistance to strong base (10% Sodium hydroxide).</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Pigment Type</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Attachment Type</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="top">Spotted area vs Control</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">DL*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Da*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Db*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DC*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DH*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DE*</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">8.79</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry><entry align="center">0.27</entry><entry align="center">0.26</entry><entry align="center">0.09</entry><entry align="center">8.80</entry></row><row><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">1.93</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry><entry align="center">0.91</entry><entry align="center">0.90</entry><entry align="center">0.15</entry><entry align="center">2.14</entry></row><row><entry align="center">37</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">1.42</entry><entry align="center">2.56</entry><entry align="center">0.69</entry><entry align="center">2.61</entry><entry align="center">0.46</entry><entry align="center">3.00</entry></row><row><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.40</entry><entry align="center">1.78</entry><entry align="center">0.36</entry><entry align="center">1.82</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry><entry align="center">1.86</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">6.70</entry><entry align="center">0.19</entry><entry align="center">2.57</entry><entry align="center">2.53</entry><entry align="center">0.52</entry><entry align="center">7.18</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">3.17</entry><entry align="center">0.77</entry><entry align="center">4.51</entry><entry align="center">4.57</entry><entry align="center">0.19</entry><entry align="center">5.56</entry></row><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15²</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">2.05</entry><entry align="center">1.65</entry><entry align="center">3.49</entry><entry align="center">3.86</entry><entry align="center">0.17</entry><entry align="center">4.37</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">1.23</entry><entry align="center">0.79</entry><entry align="center">0.54</entry><entry align="center">0.83</entry><entry align="center">0.47</entry><entry align="center">1.56</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 58

<u>Color Filter Application Performance</u>

0158The following color filter formulations were prepared and tested at 6% dry pigment loading adjusted to 75% of the total with de-ionized water and then mixed with a vehicle (25%) consisting of 30% Valspar acrylic vehicle, 30% Joncryl 1972 (available from Johnson Polymer, Sturtevant, WI) and 40% 1-methoxy-2-propanol (Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether). Transmission values of the color filter coatings on a transparent olefin polymer substrate using a wire wound rod #7 (Paul N. Gardner Company, Pompano Beach, FL) were measured after drying at ambient temperature. <tables id="tabl0047" num="0047"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 26.</b> Transmission Values of Color Filter Coatings.</title><tgroup cols="11"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="14mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="14mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Example</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Pigment</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Attachment</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col11" align="center" valign="top">% Transmittance (nm)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">[#]</entry><entry align="center">Type</entry><entry align="center">Type</entry><entry align="center">400</entry><entry align="center">440</entry><entry align="center">480</entry><entry align="center">520</entry><entry align="center">560</entry><entry align="center">600</entry><entry align="center">640</entry><entry align="center">680</entry></row><row><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">2.75</entry><entry align="center">3.95</entry><entry align="center">5.17</entry><entry align="center">6.50</entry><entry align="center">7.91</entry><entry align="center">9.37</entry><entry align="center">10.81</entry><entry align="center">12.26</entry></row><row><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">2.49</entry><entry align="center">3.71</entry><entry align="center">4.91</entry><entry align="center">6.25</entry><entry align="center">7.66</entry><entry align="center">9.12</entry><entry align="center">10.58</entry><entry align="center">12.03</entry></row><row><entry align="center">37</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">59.89</entry><entry align="center">63.21</entry><entry align="center">54.43</entry><entry align="center">36.01</entry><entry align="center">25.60</entry><entry align="center">71.86</entry><entry align="center">84.46</entry><entry align="center">86.50</entry></row><row><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">63.88</entry><entry align="center">65.57</entry><entry align="center">56.12</entry><entry align="center">37.07</entry><entry align="center">25.94</entry><entry align="center">73.45</entry><entry align="center">85.20</entry><entry align="center">86.80</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">11.00</entry><entry align="center">5.94</entry><entry align="center">13.44</entry><entry align="center">66.63</entry><entry align="center">78.37</entry><entry align="center">82.56</entry><entry align="center">85.02</entry><entry align="center">86.60</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">11.42</entry><entry align="center">6.27</entry><entry align="center">14.49</entry><entry align="center">68.85</entry><entry align="center">79.40</entry><entry align="center">83.45</entry><entry align="center">85.94</entry><entry align="center">87.33</entry></row><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15²</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">48.25</entry><entry align="center">74.75</entry><entry align="center">83.15</entry><entry align="center">76.29</entry><entry align="center">32.96</entry><entry align="center">10.93</entry><entry align="center">9.07</entry><entry align="center">13.68</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">47.47</entry><entry align="center">74.75</entry><entry align="center">83.04</entry><entry align="center">74.98</entry><entry align="center">29.92</entry><entry align="center">9.57</entry><entry align="center">8.05</entry><entry align="center">12.12</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 59

<u>Textile Printing Application Performance</u>

0159The following printing pastes were prepared and tested at 6% dry pigment loading with Delta Ceramcoat Textile Medium¹⁶ (33%), Valspar Acrylic Vehicle (5%) and the balance de-ionized water. The drawdowns of the print pastes on a white cotton fabric were prepared using a 6.0 mil wire wound rod. After drying at ambient temperature the prints were heat fixed at 140 °C for 10 minutes in an oven. The fabric was cut into 1"x4" strips and half of each strip (1"x2") was immersed in boiling de-ionized water for five minutes. Afterwards, the exposed strips were washed in cold tap water for one minute and allowed to dry at ambient temperature. The washfastness and waterfastness were assessed by measuring the total color difference (DE*) between control and treated fabric. <tables id="tabl0048" num="0048"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 27.</b> Wash and Water Fastness Evaluation.</title><tgroup cols="9"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="12mm" /><thead><row><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Example [#]</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Pigment Type</entry><entry morerows="1" align="center" valign="top">Attachment Type</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col9" align="center" valign="top">Washed Fabric vs Control</entry></row><row><entry align="center" valign="top">DL*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Da*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">Db*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DC*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DH*</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">DE*</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center">32</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.23</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry><entry align="center">0.11</entry><entry align="center">0.09</entry><entry align="center">0.06</entry><entry align="center">0.25</entry></row><row><entry align="center">41</entry><entry align="center">Carbon¹</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.22</entry><entry align="center">0.05</entry><entry align="center">0.04</entry><entry align="center">0.00</entry><entry align="center">0.06</entry><entry align="center">0.23</entry></row><row><entry align="center">37</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.10</entry><entry align="center">0.78</entry><entry align="center">0.23</entry><entry align="center">0.71</entry><entry align="center">0.29</entry><entry align="center">0.78</entry></row><row><entry align="center">47</entry><entry align="center">PR122⁶</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.15</entry><entry align="center">0.02</entry><entry align="center">0.50</entry><entry align="center">0.06</entry><entry align="center">0.49</entry><entry align="center">0.52</entry></row><row><entry align="center">30</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">3.50</entry><entry align="center">0.22</entry><entry align="center">5.73</entry><entry align="center">5.72</entry><entry align="center">0.41</entry><entry align="center">6.72</entry></row><row><entry align="center">46</entry><entry align="center">PY74⁷</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">1.52</entry><entry align="center">0.44</entry><entry align="center">2.19</entry><entry align="center">2.13</entry><entry align="center">0.67</entry><entry align="center">2.70</entry></row><row><entry align="center">27</entry><entry align="center">PB15²</entry><entry align="center">SA</entry><entry align="center">0.93</entry><entry align="center">0.35</entry><entry align="center">0.74</entry><entry align="center">0.66</entry><entry align="center">0.49</entry><entry align="center">1.24</entry></row><row><entry align="center">43</entry><entry align="center">PB15⁴</entry><entry align="center">4-ABA</entry><entry align="center">0.03</entry><entry align="center">0.11</entry><entry align="center">0.57</entry><entry align="center">0.53</entry><entry align="center">0.26</entry><entry align="center">0.59</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="9" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="25mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="12mm" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col9" align="justify">¹⁶ The amount was adjusted to 23% DCTM and 2% VAV for the two PB 15 pigment dispersions.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>