Scanning particle beam instrument

Field of the Invention

0001This invention relates to a scanning particle beam instrument such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to a method of producing a video signal using a scanning particle beam instrument.

Background to the Invention

0002Scanning particle beam instruments are, of course, well known. Such an instrument typically includes a scanner, a radiation detector and a DC amplifier, the scanner being operable to scan a beam of charged particles in a predetermined pattern relative to a specimen, the radiation detector being operable to generate a signal representative of an instantaneous intensity of radiation resulting from interaction of the beam and a specimen, and the DC amplifier being operable to amplify the signal generated by the radiation detector to produce a video signal suitable for transmission to a display device to cause an image of a scanned portion of a specimen to be displayed.

0003In this specification, "radiation" includes any particle or electromagnetic radiation that may be emitted by or reflected from a specimen. A "video signal" is a varying DC signal variable between a lower signal level that would be represented by a display device as black, and an upper signal level that would be represented by the display device as white. Signal levels between the lower and upper signal levels would be represented by the display device as shades of grey.

0004The varying DC signal that forms the video signal may be thought of as consisting of a constant DC signal component and a superimposed varying AC signal component. <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1a</figref> of the accompanying drawings shows such a varying DC signal (denoted by reference numeral 4) and <figref idref="f0001">Figures 1b and 1c</figref> show, respectively, the constant DC signal component 6 and varying AC signal component 8 that make up the varying DC signal 4 of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1a</figref>.

0005The radiation detector of the scanning particle beam instrument is usually subject to a DC offset, such that the signal generated by the detector includes an unwanted DC signal component. The signal generated by the detector, including the unwanted DC signal component, is amplified by the DC amplifier. The DC amplifier is itself usually subject to a DC offset, such that the video signal produced by the DC amplifier includes an unwanted DC signal component made up of the amplified DC offset introduced by the radiation detector, together with the DC offset introduced by the DC amplifier.

0006The DC offsets of the detector and DC amplifier are in general subject to drift so that the magnitude of the unwanted DC signal component of the video signal varies over time, the variable unwanted DC signal component of the video signal manifesting itself as regions of varying brightness in images displayed by a display device. Depending on the rate at which the DC offsets drift, and the rate at which the beam of charged particles is scanned relative to a specimen, the regions of varying brightness can be portions of individual lines of the images, entire lines or multiples of entire lines of the images, or even consecutive frames of the images, such that the images appear to flicker.

0007It is possible significantly to reduce the effect of the DC offset of the detector by capacitor-coupling the DC amplifier to the detector, so as to prevent the DC signal component of the signal generated by the detector, which includes the unwanted DC signal component introduced by the DC offset of the detector, from reaching the DC amplifier. This gives rise to an intermediate signal consisting of the amplified AC signal component of the signal generated by the detector and an unwanted DC signal component introduced by the DC offset of the DC amplifier.

0008It is then necessary to add a DC signal component to the intermediate signal to obtain the video signal. At present this is done by periodically determining a mean value of the amplified AC signal component, and adding to the amplified AC signal component a DC signal component derived from the mean value of the amplified AC signal component. This works well unless the signal generated by the detector is consistently low or consistently high during the period in which the mean value of the amplified AC signal component is determined, because this causes the mean value of the amplified AC signal component to vary, and hence the DC signal component derived from the mean value of the amplified AC signal component to vary. The variable DC signal component of the video signal also manifests itself as regions of varying brightness in images displayed by a display device.

0009<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US3886305A"><text>US3,886,305</text></patcit> discloses a scanning electron microscope in which the contrast and the dark level of the video signal is automatically controlled.

0010<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US4099054A"><text>US 4,099,054</text></patcit> discloses an SEM having a DC bias video signal controlled by maximum and/or minimum of a CRT beam current.

0011<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="JP54122971B"><text>JP54122971</text></patcit> discloses a scanning electron microscope which can set only the desired part of the scanning picture of CRT to the contrast and luminance suitable for picture pickup.

Summary of the Invention

0012According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a scanning particle beam instrument according to claim 1.

0013The invention therefore provides apparatus that is operable to produce a video signal that is substantially unaffected by any DC offset of the radiation detector or the DC amplifier, or by any drift of any such DC offset.

0014The controller may advantageously be operable to cause the scanner to direct the beam to the predetermined portion of the specimen.

0015This approach has the disadvantage that repeated direction of the beam to the predetermined portion of the specimen may alter the predetermined portion, for example damage the predetermined portion by burning it.

0016Moreover, interruption of operation of the scanner and causing the scanner to direct the beam to the predetermined portion of the specimen would be inconvenient and probably costly to implement.

0017Preferably, therefore, the controller is operable to determine when the beam is directed to a predetermined portion of a specimen as the scanner scans the beam in the predetermined pattern relative to the specimen, and to compare the actual video signal produced by the DC amplifier with the desired video signal while the beam is directed to the predetermined portion of the specimen.

0018In that case the predetermined portion of the specimen is preferably chosen such that the beam is directed to the predetermined portion several times as the scanner scans the beam in the predetermined pattern relative to the specimen. Of course, each time the beam is directed to the predetermined portion it will be directed to a different region of the predetermined portion, as a result of the scanning of the beam in the predetermined pattern.

0019It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the scanner scans the beam in the predetermined pattern relative to the specimen relatively slowly, and may take as long as two minutes to complete the predetermined pattern. Even at rather faster scanning speeds than this, there is nevertheless plenty of time for the controller to compare the actual and desired video signals and to adjust the DC offset of the DC amplifier while the beam is directed to the predetermined portion of the specimen, without any need to cause the beam to dwell on the predetermined portion.

0020The DC offset of the detector is dependent on the signal produced by the detector. This is the case, for example, where a reverse-biased silicon diode is used as the detector with a large beam current.

0021For such a detector an adjustment to the DC offset of the DC amplifier to conform the actual video signal produced by the DC amplifier to the desired video signal when the signal produced by the detector is at a lower signal level would not be the adjustment to the DC offset required to counteract the DC offset of the detector when the signal produced by the detector is at a higher signal level.

0022Where such a detector is used it is believed that satisfactory operation of the instrument would be obtained by causing the DC amplifier to produce an actual video signal approximating to mid-grey and comparing the signal from the DC amplifier with a desired video signal of that which is represented by a display device as mid-grey.

0023The DC amplifier could be caused to produce the actual video signal approximating to mid-grey by integrating the signal generated by the detector between operations of the controller to determine the average of the signal generated by the detector (which, in general, will be mid-grey) and operating the controller to apply the average of the signal to the DC amplifier and to compare the actual video signal produced by the amplifier with the desired video signal of that which is represented by the display device as mid-grey.

0024This approach would, of course, be vulnerable to signals generated by the detector which are consistently low or consistently high during the period over which the average is determined.

0025Therefore, the DC amplifier is caused to produce the actual video signal approximating to mid-grey by directing the beam to a predetermined portion of the specimen, as described above, which predetermined portion of the specimen it is known, or it is desired, to be represented by the display device as mid-grey.

0026The controller may advantageously be operable to compare the actual video signal produced by the DC amplifier with the desired video signal and to adjust the DC offset of the DC amplifier at intervals selectable by a user of the instrument.

0027As stated above, the DC offsets of the detector and the DC amplifier are in general subject to drift, and such operation enables the user of the instrument to cause the controller to adjust the DC offset of the DC amplifier as often as is necessary to counteract changes in the DC offsets of the detector and DC amplifier.

0028Preferably, however, the scanner comprises scan coils operable to scan the beam in the raster pattern relative to the specimen, and the controller is operable to compare the actual video signal produced by the DC amplifier with the desired video signal during the line and/or field recovery time of the scan coils.

0029If the DC offset of the DC amplifier is adjusted by the controller at the end of each line scan of the specimen, this removes the need for the user of the instrument to decide when to cause the controller to adjust the DC offset of the DC amplifier, and is sufficiently frequent to counteract changes in the DC offsets of the detector and DC amplifier for all but the slowest scans of the beam relative to the specimen.

0030The DC amplifier may advantageously be capacitor-coupled to the detector.

0031Preferably the instrument further comprises an AC amplifier operable to amplify an AC signal component and block a DC signal component of the signal generated by the detector, the DC amplifier being operable by means of the DC offset to add a DC signal component to the signal produced by the AC amplifier, so as to produce the actual video signal.

0032The invention therefore further provides an instrument that is operable to produce an actual video signal from a signal generated by the detector, which actual video signal is substantially unaffected by previous values of the signal generated by the detector.

0033In the preferred embodiments of the invention the instrument is a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

0034According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of generating a video signal using a scanning particle beam instrument according to claim 7.

0035The method may advantageously further comprise the step of amplifying an AC signal component and blocking a DC signal component of the signal representative of the instantaneous intensity of the radiation by means of an AC amplifier, and, by means of the offset of the DC amplifier, adding a DC signal component to the signal produced by the AC amplifier so as to produce the actual video signal.

Brief Description of the Drawing Figures

0036Examples useful for understanding the invention will now be described by way of illustrative example and with reference to the accompanying drawing figures, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figures 1a to 1c</figref> are illustrative waveforms, respectively, of a variable DC signal and the constant DC signal component and superimposed variable AC signal component that constitute the variable DC signal;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> is a schematic diagram of a scanning electron microscope (SEM);</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> is a block diagram of a first example of a radiation detector assembly of the SEM of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref> is a block diagram of a second example of the radiation detector assembly of the SEM of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>; and</li><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 5</figref> is an oscillogram of a scan coil current of the SEM of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> showing the line recovery times of the scan coil during which a method of producing a video signal is carried out.</li></ul>

Detailed Description of Examples useful for understanding the Invention

0037The scanning electron microscope (SEM) 10 of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> comprises an electron gun assembly 12 operable to direct a beam 14 of electrons towards a specimen 16, and a radiation detector assembly 18 operable to detect radiation in the form of back-scattered electrons resulting from interaction of the beam 14 and the specimen 16, and to generate a video signal suitable for transmission to a display device to cause an image of a scanned portion of the specimen to be displayed by the display device.

0038The electron gun assembly 12 comprises a heated filament 20, from which electrons are emitted, gun align coils 22, a gun align circuit (not shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>), condenser lenses 24, objective aperture 26, objective lens 28, a scanner in the form of first and second scan coils 30 and 32, respectively, and a scan generator (not shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>).

0039The gun align coils 22 and gun align circuit direct electrons emitted from the heated filament 20 along the centre of the condenser lenses 24 to the objective aperture 26. The condenser lenses 24 focus the electrons passing through them onto the objective aperture 26. Electrons passing through the objective aperture 26 form the beam 14, which is focused onto the specimen 16 by the objective lens 28. The first and second scan coils 30 and 32 and scan generator scan the beam of electrons in a raster pattern relative to the specimen 16. As described so far, the operation of the filament 20, gun align coils 22 and circuit, condenser lenses 24, objective lens 28 and scan coils 30 and 32 and generator is identical with the operation of these components in known SEMs.

0040The radiation detector assembly 18 comprises a radiation detector in the form of a silicon diode 34, a DC amplifier 36, and a controller in the form of a control circuit 38.

0041The silicon diode 34 is reverse-biased in use, and is operable to generate a signal representative of the number of back-scattered electrons resulting from the scanning of the specimen 16 by the beam 14. The DC amplifier 36 is operable to amplify the signal generated by the diode 34 to produce a video signal suitable for transmission to a display device (not shown) such as a cathode ray tube. The control circuit 38 is operable, during the line and field flyback times of the scan coils 30 and 32 to prevent the beam 14 from reaching the specimen, to compare the actual video signal produced by the DC amplifier 36 with a desired video signal, and to adjust a DC offset of the DC amplifier 36 so as to reduce a difference between the actual video signal produced by the DC amplifier and the desired video signal.

0042Turning to <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, this shows a first example 18a of the radiation detector assembly 18 of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, comprising the silicon diode 34, DC amplifier 36 and a first example 38a of the control circuit 38 of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>. The signal generated by the diode 34 is applied to the non-inverting input of the DC amplifier 36. Also shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref> are the gun align coils 22, scan coils 30 and 32, the scan generator (denoted by reference numeral 40) and the gun align circuit (denoted by reference numeral 42).

0043The control circuit 38a comprises a desired video signal source 44, a DC amplifier 46, a sample-and-hold circuit 48, an integrator 50 and an attenuator 52, the sample-and-hold circuit 48 being controlled by the scan generator 40.

0044The video signal produced by the DC amplifier 36 is applied to the non-inverting input of the DC amplifier 46. A desired video signal from the desired video signal source 44 is applied to the inverting input of the DC amplifier 46. The desired video signal is that which would be represented by a display device as black. The DC amplifier 46 produces an error signal, which it transmits to the sample-and-hold circuit 48.

0045While the beam is scanned across the specimen by the scan coils 30 and 32 under the control of the scan generator 40, the error signal produced by the DC amplifier 46 is disregarded by the sample-and-hold circuit 48.

0046When the beam reaches the end of a scan line, the scan generator 40 transmits a first control signal to the gun align circuit 42, which control signal is added to the signal generated by the gun align circuit to control the gun align coils 22. The addition of the control signal to the signal generated by the gun align circuit causes the gun align coils to direct the electrons emitted from the filament 20 away from the centre of the condenser lenses 24, such that the electrons do not pass through the objective aperture 26 of the electron gun, and are prevented from reaching the specimen.

0047The scan generator 40 delays briefly after transmitting the first control signal to the gun align circuit 42 to allow the first control signal to act to interrupt the electron beam 14. The scan generator then transmits a second control signal to the sample-and-hold circuit 48, which samples and holds the error signal produced by the DC amplifier 46 while the electron beam is prevented from reaching the specimen.

0048The error signal thus sampled and held is integrated by the integrator 50, attenuated by the attenuator 52 and applied to the inverting input of the DC amplifier 36, so as to reduce the magnitude of the error signal. The integrator 50 reduces the impact on an image produced from the video signal of any spurious error signals produced by the DC amplifier 46, which might otherwise give rise to a single scan line of different brightness from the other scan lines making up the image.

0049The scan generator again delays briefly to allow for the line scan recovery time of the scan coils 30 and 32, or, if the previous line was the last line of the raster pattern, the field scan recovery time of the scan coils.

0050The scan generator then ceases to transmit the first control signal to the gun align circuit, such that the gun align coil again directs the electron beam through the narrow aperture and the electron beam again reaches the specimen; whereupon scanning of the next line of the raster pattern commences.

0051This process is repeated whenever the beam reaches the end of a scan line.

0052It should be noted that, in the first example 18a of the radiation detector assembly, it is important that avalanche breakdown of the diode 34 is avoided. Avalanche breakdown is only likely to occur when the beam is directed to the specimen and the diode is detecting back-scattered electrons, and can be prevented by ensuring that the beam current does not exceed a threshold level. Avoidance of avalanche breakdown of the diode is important because the DC offset of the diode during avalanche breakdown will be very different from the DC offset of the diode during normal conduction, so that the DC offset of the DC amplifier 36, which is set by the control circuit during normal conduction of the diode, will not counteract the DC offset of the diode during avalanche breakdown.

0053Turning to <figref idref="f0004">Figure 4</figref>, this shows a second example 18b of the radiation detector assembly 18 of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>, comprising the silicon diode 34, DC amplifier 36 and a second example 38b of the control circuit 38 of <figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref>. The second example 38b of the control circuit differs from the first example 38a in that it includes an AC amplifier 54, an input of which is coupled by a first capacitor 56 to the diode 34, and the output of which is coupled by a second capacitor 58 to the non-inverting input of the DC amplifier 36.

0054The other components of the radiation detector assembly are identical with, and operate in the same way as, those of the radiation detector assembly of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3</figref>, and are denoted by the same reference numerals.

0055The capacitor-coupling by capacitor 56 of the AC amplifier 54 to the diode 34 blocks the DC signal component of the signal produced by the diode, such that the AC amplifier 54 amplifies only the AC signal component of the signal produced by the diode. Unlike the first example of the radiation detector assembly, therefore, it is unnecessary to avoid avalanche breakdown of the diode 34. However, the AC amplifier 54 itself introduces a DC signal component together with some very low frequency (less than 10Hz, say) signal components into the amplified AC signal. The very low frequency AC signal components result from the noise characteristic of the AC amplifier 54. The capacitor-coupling by capacitor 58, of the AC amplifier 54 to the DC amplifier 36 again blocks the DC signal component of the amplified AC signal. A resistor 60 is connected between the non-inverting input of the DC amplifier 36 and ground. In addition to referencing the non-inverting input of the DC amplifier to ground, the resistor 60 also forms a high-pass filter with the capacitor 58, which serves to attenuate the very low frequency AC signal components of the amplified AC signal produced by the AC amplifier 54.

0056Turning to <figref idref="f0001">Figure 5</figref>, this shows two line recovery intervals of the scan coil 30, the line recovery intervals being denoted by reference numerals 62 and 64. The time base of the oscillogram of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 5</figref> is 0.1ms per division. It can therefore be seen that the time available for the control circuits 38a and 38b to generate the error signal and to adjust the DC offset of the DC amplifier 36 at the end of each line scan is of the order of 20µs, which is ample.

0057It will be apparent that the invention encompasses not only embodiments in which the radiation detector is disposed within a specimen chamber, but also embodiments with a so called in-lens detector, in which the detector is disposed within the electron gun assembly, for example within or shortly above the objective lens.

0058Where an in-lens detector is used, it would preferably be disposed between the objective aperture and the specimen 16, such that electrons that do not pass through the objective aperture cannot reach the detector.