MAC header compression for use with frame aggregation

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

0001The present invention relates to communication equipment and, more specifically, to equipment for wireless local area networks (WLANs).

Description of the Related Art

0002A typical WLAN system may include one or more stations (STAs), e.g., a cell phone, a laptop computer, and/or a hand-held computer, each of which is equipped with a generally available WLAN PC card. WLAN PC cards enable STAs to communicate among themselves (i) directly, when located within the same service area, and/or (ii) indirectly, through a network server, when located in different service areas. The network server provides support for communication between STAs in different service areas through the access points (APs) located in those service areas. A basic service set (BSS) is formed between the STAs or between an AP and one or more STAs within the same service area.

0003One example of a WLAN network is a network that conforms to standards developed and proposed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 Committee (referred to herein as a network operating in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 family of standards), which standards are incorporated herein by reference. In an 802.11 WLAN network, all messages transmitted among different STAs of the same service area are typically transmitted via the AP rather than being transmitted directly between the STAs. Such centralized wireless communication provides significant advantages in terms of simplicity of the communication link as well as in power savings. However, if necessary or appropriate, an 802.1 WLAN network can also be configured to transmit messages directly between two STAs in a so-called TBSS (independent basic service set) mode.

0004Most WLAN networks are organized as a series of layers (a layered-network architecture), each layer built upon its predecessor. The purpose of each lower layer is to offer services to the higher layer(s) and, at the same time, shield those higher layers from implementation details of the lower layer(s). Between each pair of adjacent layers is an interface that defines those services. The lowest layers are the data link and physical layers. The function of the data link layer is to partition input data into data frames and transmit the frames over the physical layer sequentially. Each data frame includes a header that contains control and sequence information for the frames. The function of the physical layer is to transfer information over a communication medium.

0005<figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> shows a prior-art framing sequence for user data in a representative 802.11- compliant WLAN. More specifically, six protocol layers are shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>: an application layer <b>150,</b> a transmission control protocol (TCP) layer <b>151,</b> an Internet protocol (IP) layer <b>152,</b> a logical link control (LLC) layer <b>153</b> (a sub-layer in the data link layer), a medium access control (MAC) layer <b>154</b> (also a sub-layer in the data link layer), and a physical (PHY) layer <b>155.</b> User data <b>101</b> are provided to application layer 150, which generates application data 102 by appending an application-layer header <b>110</b> to the user data. Application data <b>102</b> are provided to TCP layer <b>151,</b> which appends a TCP header <b>111</b> to application data <b>102</b> to form a TCP segment <b>103.</b> IP layer <b>152</b> appends an IP header <b>112</b> to TCP segment <b>103</b> to form an IP frame <b>104.</b> IP frame <b>104</b> might be a typical TCP/IP packet that is commonly employed in many data networking applications including some that are not necessarily 802.11-compliant. LLC layer 153 provides a uniform interface between MAC layer 154 and the higher layers, thereby providing transparency of the type of WLAN used to transport the TCP/IP packet LLC layer <b>153</b> appends the interface information as an LLC header <b>113</b> to IP frame <b>104</b> to form an LLC frame <b>105.</b>

0006In an 802.11-compliant WLAN, the physical device is a radio and the physical communication medium is free space. A MAC device and a PHY-layer signaling control device ensure that two WLAN terminals are communicating with the correct frame format and protocol. The IEEE 802.11 standard for WLANs defines the communication protocol between two (or more) peer PHY devices as well as between the associated peer MAC devices. According to the 802.11 WLAN data communication protocol, each packet frame transferred between the MAC device and the PHY device has a PHY header, a MAC header, MAC data, and error checking fields.

0007A typical format for the MAC-layer frame of an 802.11-compliant WLAN system appends a MAC header 114 and a frame check sequence (FCS) <b>115</b> to LLC frame <b>105</b> to form a MAC frame 106. MAC header 114 includes frame control, duration identification (ID), source and destination addresses, and data sequence control (number) fields. The data sequence control field provides sequence-numbering information that allows a receiver to reconstruct a user data stream from a sequence of MAC frames. PHY layer <b>155</b> forms a physical-layer packet frame <b>107</b> by appending a PHY header <b>118</b> to MAC frame <b>106.</b> PHY header <b>118</b> includes a preamble <b>116</b> and a physical-layer convergence protocol (PLCP) header 117. PLCP header 117 identifies, for example, the data rate and length in PHY layer <b>155,</b> and preamble <b>116</b> might be used by a receiving device to (i) detect/synchronize to the incoming frame and (ii) estimate the channel characteristics between the transmitter and receiver.

0008The effective data throughput or efficiency of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol is impacted by several sources of overhead. For example, the overhead can originate at the PHY layer (e.g., preamble 116 and PLCP header 117) and the MAC layer (e.g., MAC header 114, FCS 115, acknowledgement (ACK) frames, inter-frame spacing (IFS), and contention overhead). Some improvements in the efficiency have been achieved in the IEEE 802.11e enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS) by incorporating mechanisms for frame bursting and block acknowledgement (Block-ACK), which tend to reduce the overhead associated with ACK frames, the IFS, and contention. However, it may still be desirable to further reduce the overhead by targeting other overhead sources.

0009An article by <nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>J. Lorchat and T. Noel, entitled "Energy Saving in IEEE 802.11 Communications Using Frame Aggregation," published in the Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, New York, NY; IEEE, U.S., 2003, vol. 7, pages 1296-1300</text></nplcit>, discloses frame aggregation, in which consecutive frames (MAC sub-frames) are added together to form a maximum transfer unit (MTU). The MTU has multiple payloads and, depending on the level of aggregation, one or multiple IP headers and one or multiple Ethernet headers. An aggregate PHY frame is then formed by adding to the MTU an IEEE 802.11 header and appending at the end of the MTU an FCS.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0010Problems in the prior art are addressed, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, as specified in claims 1 and 7.

0011In one embodiment, a method of generating an aggregate frame having a header unit is provided, wherein the header unit carries MAC-header information applicable to one or more data units of said aggregate frame. Since each data unit of the aggregate frame no longer needs to carry the full MAC-header information, the overhead associated with the MAC header can be significantly reduced. At the receiver, the full MAC header corresponding to the data unit is reconstructed by (i) matching the appropriate header and data units to one another and (ii) combining the information present in the header unit and the compressed header portion of the data unit. Embodiments of the present invention are capable of improving the data throughput, for example, in an entertainment network having paired source and destination devices (e.g., a DVD player and an LCD screen) with a relatively large amount of data streamed from the former to the latter.

0012According to one embodiment, the present invention is a method of generating an aggregate frame for one or more sub-frames, the method comprising: (a) generating a header unit from headers of a first set from said one or more sub-frames, the header unit having header information applicable to each sub-frame in the first set; (b) for each sub-frame in the first set, generating a data unit having a compressed header portion and a payload data portion; and (c) forming the aggregate frame containing the generated header and data units.

0013According to another embodiment, the present invention is a method of processing a packet by a receiving device, the method comprising: receiving a packet having an aggregate frame corresponding to one or more sub-frames, wherein: the aggregate frame comprises a header unit and, for each sub-frame, a data unit; the header unit has header information applicable to the one or more sub-frames; and the data unit has a compressed header portion and a payload data portion; and based on the header unit and the data unit, reconstructing the corresponding sub-frame of the one or more sub-frames.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0014Other aspects, features, and benefits of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, the appended claims, and the accompanying drawings in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> shows a prior art framing sequence for user data in accordance with an 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) standard;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> shows one exemplary frame aggregation method;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> shows another exemplary frame aggregation method;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4A-C</figref> show an aggregate-frame format according to one embodiment of the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref> shows a frame aggregation method that uses the aggregate-frame format of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> according to one embodiment of the present invention; and</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6</figref> shows a frame aggregation method that uses the aggregate-frame format of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> according to another embodiment of the present invention.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0015Reference herein to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.

0016The above-cited '947 and '943 applications address the problems in the prior art by proposing a frame aggregation mechanism. More specifically, frame aggregation is used to combine several separate higher-layer frames having user data into one PHY-level frame, thereby increasing the amount of user data per PHY frame transmitted. Several frames might be aggregated for: (A) frames having the same destination address and the same PHY-layer data rate, (B) frames having one or more destination addresses and the same PHY-layer data rate, and (C) frames having one or more destination addresses with each frame having one of several possible PHY-layer data rates. Frame aggregation improves the efficiency by reducing both PHY overhead (e.g., preambles and PLCP header overhead) and MAC overhead (e.g., contention overhead).

0017<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> shows one exemplary frame aggregation method disclosed in the '947 and '943 applications. More specifically, frame aggregation of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> is performed below MAC layer <b>205</b> by forming several MAC frames into a dummy MAC frame before the latter is processed by PHY layer <b>211</b>. Frame aggregation below the MAC layer enables verification of each LLC frame independently of the other frames since each MAC frame has error-detection information, such as a frame checksum, in an error-control field, such as an FCS field, appended to the LLC frame. In addition, since separate MAC frames are each sent with their own header and destination address information, the MAC frames can be sent to different destinations.

0018LLC frames <b>201(1)</b> through <b>201(M),</b> M a positive integer, at LLC layer <b>202,</b> are passed to MAC layer <b>205.</b> Each LLC frame <b>201(n)</b> (1 ≤ n ≤ M) is formed into a MAC sub-frame <b>216(n)</b> by appending a MAC header <b>203(n)</b> and a MAC FCS <b>204(n).</b> MAC sub-frames <b>216(1)</b> through <b>216(M)</b> are then combined into a dummy MAC frame <b>206.</b> Intermediate aggregation layer <b>207</b> then appends optional (i) dummy header <b>208</b> and/or (ii) forward error correction/detection (FEC) field <b>209</b> to dummy MAC frame <b>206</b> to form an aggregate MAC frame <b>210.</b> PHY layer <b>211</b> forms a PHY packet <b>212</b> from aggregate MAC frame <b>210</b> by appending a preamble <b>213</b> and a PLCP header <b>214</b>.

0019Dummy header <b>208</b> might be employed to indicate the number (e.g., M) and size (i.e., length) of MAC sub-frames <b>216(1)</b> through <b>216(M)</b> included in dummy MAC frame <b>206.</b> FEC field <b>209</b> might be employed to correct bit errors at the receiver to increase the probability of correct reception of any of MAC sub-frames <b>216(1)</b> through <b>216(M).</b> Alternatively, multiple FEC fields might be employed, either appended at one end of dummy MAC frame <b>206</b> or within each of MAC frames <b>216(1)</b> through <b>216(M).</b> When different MAC sub-frames have different destinations, a modified acknowledgment method (e.g., delayed-ACK message exchange) might be employed.

0020<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> shows another exemplary frame aggregation method disclosed in the '947 and '943 applications. More specifically, frame aggregation of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> is performed within the PHY layer by concatenating multiple PHY frames without duplicating the preamble. Frame aggregation of <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> enables transmission of individual MAC frames with different data rates. For some implementations, the included MAC frames might be ordered in accordance with increasing data rate so that STAs having relatively poor channel conditions can correctly receive the lower data rates.

0021LLC frames <b>301(1)</b> through <b>301(M)</b> of LLC layer <b>302</b> are passed to MAC layer <b>305.</b> MAC layer <b>305</b> appends a MAC header <b>303(n)</b> and a MAC FCS <b>304(n)</b> to LLC frame <b>301(n)</b> to form a MAC sub-frame <b>306(n).</b> MAC sub-frames <b>306(1)</b> through <b>306(M)</b> are then passed to PHY layer <b>307.</b> PHY layer <b>307</b> appends a PCLP header <b>309(n)</b> to each corresponding MAC sub-frame <b>306(n)</b> to form a PHY sub-frame <b>310(n).</b> PHY sub-frames <b>310(1)</b> through <b>310(M)</b> are concatenated and a preamble 308 is appended to the concatenated PHY sub-frames to form a PHY packet <b>311.</b>

0022The aggregation methods illustrated in <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref> can be practiced, for example, in a data network or an entertainment network. A data network usually has an AP and several STAs associated with that AP, wherein each source device (e.g., an STA or the AP) usually has a limited number of MAC frames to be transmitted to the same destination device. As a result, the aggregate frame, e.g., aggregate MAC frame <b>210</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>), usually has MAC frames for different destinations, with the destination for each MAC frame specified in the frame's MAC header, e.g., MAC header <b>203</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>). In contrast, an entertainment network usually has paired source and destination devices (e.g., a DVD player and an LCD screen), wherein a relatively large amount of data is transmitted from the particular source device to the counterpart destination device. As a result, the aggregate frame, e.g., aggregate MAC frame <b>210</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>), usually has multiple MAC frames, e.g., frames <b>216(n),</b> for the same destination. Although the aggregation methods of <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref> improve the efficiency for the entertainment network compared to that achieved with prior-art methods, it is still possible to further improve the entertainment network's efficiency by, e.g., reducing the amount of redundant information contained in MAC headers <b>203(n)</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>).

0023<figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4A-C</figref> show an aggregate-frame format according to one embodiment of the present invention. More specifically, the aggregate-frame format of <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4A-C</figref> can be used in aggregation methods derived based on those shown in <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>, which methods are described in more detail below. <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4A</figref> shows a PHY packet <b>418</b> that can be transmitted similar to PHY packet <b>212</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>) or PHY packet <b>311</b> (<figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>), and <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 4B-C</figref> show a MAC header (MHDR) unit <b>426</b> and a compressed header data (CHDATA) unit <b>428,</b> respectively, of PHY packet <b>418.</b> MHDR unit <b>426</b> carries MAC header information that applies to CHDATA units <b>428(1)</b> through <b>428(M),</b> which are all intended for the same destination. Because each CHDATA unit <b>428(n)</b> no longer carries the information present in MHDR unit <b>426,</b> the MAC header overhead in PHY packet <b>418</b> is reduced, e.g., compared to that in PHY packet <b>212</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>).

0024Referring to <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4A</figref>, PHY packet <b>418</b> has a preamble <b>420,</b> a PLCP header <b>422,</b> MHDR unit <b>426,</b> and CHDATA units <b>428(1)</b> through <b>428(M).</b> Preamble <b>420</b> and PLCP header <b>422</b> might be similar to, e.g., preamble <b>213</b> and PLCP header <b>214,</b> respectively, of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>. Preamble <b>420,</b> PLCP header <b>422</b>, MHDR unit <b>426</b>, and CHDATA units <b>428</b> are separated by delimiters <b>424</b> as shown in the figure. In general, delimiter <b>424</b> can have any predetermined combination of bits that is recognized by the system as a signal that marks the end of preamble <b>420</b>, PLCP header <b>422</b>, MHDR unit <b>426</b>, or a non-terminal CHDATA unit <b>428(n)</b> (where n≠M). MHDR unit <b>426</b>, CHDATA units <b>428(1)</b> through <b>428(M),</b> and the corresponding delimiters <b>424</b> form an aggregate MAC frame <b>430</b>.

0025Referring to <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4B</figref>, MHDR unit <b>426</b> has a MAC header portion <b>436</b> and an FCS <b>404</b>. MAC header portion <b>436</b> has the following fields: Frame Control, Duration, Addresses 1 through 3, Header Identity (HID), and QoS Control, with the number above the field in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4B</figref> indicating the field's length in bytes. Of these fields, the Frame Control, Duration, Address 1, Address 2, Address 3, and QoS Control fields are analogous to the corresponding fields of a regular 802.11 MAC header described in the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, and the HID field is a new optional field. More specifically, the HID field can be used to match MHDR unit <b>426</b> with CHDATA units <b>428</b> at the receiver. FCS <b>404</b> is a regular MAC FCS similar to, e.g., FCS <b>204</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>). Note that, in a regular 802.11 MAC frame, e.g., MAC frame <b>216(n)</b> of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, the FCS protects the MAC header, e.g., MAC header <b>203(n)</b> of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, together with the payload, e.g., LLC frame <b>201(n)</b> of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>. In contrast, in MHDR unit <b>426,</b> which has no payload data, FCS <b>404</b> specifically protects MAC header portion <b>436.</b> In addition, the Frame Control field of MAC header portion <b>436</b> has specific Type and Subtype values that identify MHDR unit <b>426</b> as such, i.e., as a unit that has (i) MAC header information for the corresponding CHDATA units and (ii) no payload data of its own.

0026Referring to <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4C</figref>, CHDATA unit <b>428</b> has a compressed header portion <b>438</b>, a payload data portion <b>401</b>, and an FCS <b>404'</b>. Compressed header portion <b>438</b> has the following fields: Frame Control, Sequence Control, and HID, with the number above the field in <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4C</figref> indicating the field's length in bytes. Of these fields, the Frame Control and Sequence Control fields are analogous to the corresponding fields of a regular 802.11 MAC header described in the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. The HID field of compressed header portion <b>438</b> is analogous to the HID field of MAC header portion <b>436</b> and is used to match CHDATA unit <b>428</b> with MHDR unit <b>426</b>. FCS <b>404'</b> is a regular MAC FCS similar to, e.g., FCS <b>204</b> (<figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>). Since CHDATA unit <b>428</b> has payload data portion <b>401</b>, FCS <b>404'</b> protects compressed header portion <b>438</b> together with the payload data portion. The Frame Control field of compressed header portion <b>438</b> has specific Type and Subtype values that identify CHDATA unit <b>428</b> as such, i.e., as a unit that has a compressed header portion, the information of which has to be complemented with the MAC header information from the corresponding MHDR unit to correctly process the payload data portion.

0027At the receiver, the full regular 802.11 MAC header for payload data portion <b>401</b>, which portion is analogous to, e.g., LLC frame <b>201</b> of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, can be reconstructed, for example, as follows. The values of HID fields in MAC header portion <b>436</b> of MHDR unit <b>426</b> and compressed header portion <b>438</b> of CHDATA unit <b>428</b> are first used to match the two units to one another. Then, the values in the remaining fields of MAC header portion <b>436</b> and compressed header portion <b>438</b> are used to derive the corresponding field values for the full regular MAC header. Using the reconstructed full regular MAC header, the receiver can then proceed with processing of payload data portion <b>401</b> in a customary manner.

0028<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref> shows a frame aggregation method that uses the aggregate-frame format of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> according to one embodiment of the present invention. Similar to the frame aggregation method of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, frame aggregation in the method of <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref> is performed below MAC layer <b>505</b> by processing regular MAC frames to form an aggregate MAC frame having an MHDR unit and one or more CHDATA units. The aggregate MAC frame is then processed by PHY layer <b>511</b> to form a corresponding PHY packet. However, one difference between the frame aggregation methods of <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref> is that, while in the former, different MAC sub-frames in the aggregate MAC frame can be sent to different destinations, in the latter, all CHDATA units are intended for the same destination specified in the MHDR unit.

0029LLC frames <b>501(1)</b> through <b>501(M),</b> M a positive integer, at LLC layer <b>502,</b> are passed to MAC layer <b>505.</b> Each LLC frame <b>501(n)</b> (1 ≤ n ≤ M) is formed into a MAC sub-frame <b>516(n)</b> by appending a MAC header <b>503(n)</b> and a MAC FCS <b>504(n),</b> wherein each of MAC headers <b>503(n)</b> specifies the same destination address. MAC sub-frames <b>516(1)</b> through <b>516(M)</b> are then processed at intermediate header-compression and aggregation layer <b>507</b> to produce an aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b>. Aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b> is analogous to aggregate MAC frame <b>430</b> (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4A</figref>) and has an MHDR unit <b>526</b> and CHDATA units <b>528(1)</b> through <b>528(M).</b> MHDR unit <b>526</b> is analogous to MHDR unit <b>426</b> of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref><b>,</b> and each CHDATA unit <b>528(n)</b> is analogous to CHDATA unit <b>428</b> of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>. As such, the MAC header portion of MHDR unit <b>526</b> has MAC header information that applies to each CHDATA unit <b>528(n).</b> The compressed header portion of CHDATA unit <b>528(n)</b> has the MAC header information specific to MAC sub-frame <b>516(n),</b> which information, when processed together with the MAC header information of MHDR unit <b>526,</b> enables the receiver to reconstruct MAC header <b>503(n)</b>. The payload data portion of CHDATA unit <b>528(n)</b> has the user data of LLC frame <b>501(n).</b> PHY layer <b>511</b> forms a PHY packet <b>518</b> from aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b> by appending a preamble <b>520</b> and a PLCP header <b>522</b>, wherein PHY packet <b>518</b>, preamble <b>520</b>, and PLCP header <b>522</b> are analogous to PHY packet <b>418</b>, preamble <b>420</b>, and PLCP header <b>422</b>, respectively, of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref>.

0030In one embodiment, the transmitting STA or AP may include multiple copies of MHDR unit <b>526</b> into aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b> to increase robustness in case of loss of one or more copies of the MHDR unit due to transmission errors. The additional copies of MHDR unit <b>526</b> may be located anywhere within the sequence of CHDATA units <b>528(n),</b> subject to certain ordering restrictions for units having different HID values, which restrictions are outlined in more detail below. The transmitting STA or AP may perform MAC-header compression per destination and per Traffic Class (TC) separately. Retransmissions of a CHDATA unit <b>528</b>, which has been lost due to transmission errors, may be performed as a regular uncompressed MAC frame or, again, as a CHDATA unit.

0031A receiving STA or AP determines whether MAC-header compression has been used based on the Type and Subtype values in the Frame Control field of the received MHDR and CHDATA units. The receiver uses the appropriate fields from MHDR unit <b>526</b> and the compressed header portion of CHDATA unit <b>528(n)</b> to recreate MAC sub-frame <b>516(n)</b>. MHDR unit <b>526</b> does not need to be acknowledged by the receiving STA or AP. The acknowledgement policy for CHDATA units <b>528</b> is defined in the QoS field of the corresponding MHDR unit <b>526</b>. When acknowledgement of CHDATA units <b>528</b> is required, the existing 802.11 Block ACK scheme might be invoked. A retransmitted CHDATA unit <b>528</b> is processed based on the value in the Sequence Control field of the compressed header portion, which indicates the proper position of said CHDATA unit within the previously received sequence of CHDATA units. A CHDATA unit is discarded, when, based on the value in the HID field, no corresponding MHDR unit is found in the aggregate frame.

0032A CHDATA unit <b>528</b> having a particular HID value is preferably preceded by at least one MHDR unit <b>526</b> having the same HID value. Only a single MHDR unit <b>526</b> of aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b> per HID value needs to be correctly received to enable the receiver to reconstruct the sequence of MAC sub-frames <b>516(n)</b> having that HID value. For ease of implementation, it might be preferred that no MHDR unit having a different HID value occurs between CHDATA unit <b>528</b> and its matching MHDR unit <b>526</b>. Within a single aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b>, MHDR units that do not carry the same MAC header informetion are assigned different HID values.

0033Compared to the aggregation method of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref>, the aggregation method of <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref> is capable of reducing the overall overhead by as much as about 15%, with most of the reduction coming from the reduction of the overhead associated with the MAC header. For example, simulations showed that, for MAC sub-frames <b>516</b> having a size of 188 bytes and a Gaussian communication channel having a bit-error rate (BER) between about 10^-6 and 10^-3, the overhead reduction is between about 4 and 15%.

0034<figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6</figref> shows a frame aggregation method that uses the aggregate-frame format of <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4</figref> according to another embodiment of the present invention. Frame aggregation in the method of <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 6</figref> is performed within aggregation and PHY layer <b>607</b> by first forming multiple PHY sub-packets, each of which is analogous to PHY packet <b>418</b> (<figref idref="f0004">Fig. 4A</figref>), and then concatenating those sub- packets, without duplicating the preamble, to form a PHY packet <b>632</b>, which is transmitted over the communication medium.

0035In one embodiment, the processing within LLC layer <b>602</b> and MAC layer <b>605</b> is analogous to the processing within LLC layer <b>502</b> and MAC layer <b>505</b> (<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref>), respectively. More specifically, LLC frames <b>601(1)</b> through <b>601(M)</b> are passed from LLC layer <b>602</b> to MAC layer <b>605,</b> wherein each LLC frame <b>601(n)</b> is formed into a MAC sub-frame <b>616(n)</b> by appending a MAC header <b>603(n)</b> and a MAC FCS <b>604(n).</b> MAC headers <b>603(n)</b> correspond to the same destination. MAC sub-frames <b>616(1)</b> through <b>616(M)</b> are passed to aggregation and PHY layer <b>607,</b> where they are first sorted and grouped. MAC sub-frames <b>616</b> within the same group have the same destination. Each group of MAC sub-frames is then processed to form an aggregate MAC frame <b>630</b>, which is analogous, e.g., to aggregate MAC frame <b>530</b> (<figref idref="f0005">Fig. 5</figref>). Aggregation and PHY layer <b>607</b> then (A) appends a PLCP header <b>622(i)</b> to each aggregate MAC frame <b>630(i)</b> (1 ≤ i ≤ K) to form the corresponding PHY sub- packet <b>618'(i),</b> (B) concatenates the K resulting PHY sub- packets <b>618',</b> and (C) adds a preamble <b>620</b> to form PHY packet <b>632.</b> The maximum length (duration) of PHY packet <b>632</b> might be limited by the maximum available 802.11 burst size of 3 ms.

0036At the receiver, MAC header <b>603(n)</b> for LLC frame <b>601(n)</b> can be reconstructed, for example, as follows. The values of the HID fields in the MHDR and CHDATA units of the received aggregate MAC frame <b>630(i)</b> corresponding to LLC frame <b>601(n)</b> are first used to match the MHDR and CHDATA units to one another. Then, the MAC header portion of the MHDR unit and the compressed header portion of the CHDATA unit are used to reconstruct MAC header <b>603(n)</b>. Finally, using the reconstructed MAC header, the receiver processes the payload of the CHDATA unit in a customary manner to recover the user data.

0037While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the described embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the invention pertains are deemed to lie within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims.

0038Although the steps in the following method claims, if any, are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless the claim recitations otherwise imply a particular sequence for implementing some or all of those steps, those steps are not necessarily intended to be limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.

0039The present invention may be implemented as circuit-based processes, including possible implementation on a single integrated circuit. As would be apparent to one skilled in the art, various functions of circuit elements may also be implemented as processing steps in a software program. Such software may be employed in, for example, a digital signal processor, micro-controller, or general-purpose computer.

0040The present invention can be embodied in the form of methods and apparatuses for practicing those methods. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of program code embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. The present invention can also be embodied in the form of program code, for example, whether stored in a storage medium, loaded into and/or executed by a machine, or transmitted over some transmission medium or carrier, such as over electrical wiring or cabling, through fiber optics, or via electromagnetic radiation, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. When implemented on a general-purpose processor, the program code segments combine with the processor to provide a unique device that operates analogously to specific logic circuits.