Compact galois field multiplier engine
Abstract
A compact Galois field parallel multiplier engine includes a multiplier circuit for multiplying together two polynomials with coefficients over a Galois field to obtain their product; a Galois field linear transformer circuit has a multiply input from the multiplier circuit for predicting the modulo remainder of the polynomial product for an irreducible polynomial; first and second polynomial inputs; the Galois field linear transformer circuit may include a plurality of cells configured in a matrix section and a unity matrix section wherein the unity matrix section cells represent the prediction of the remainder when the output of the multiplier circuit is a polynomial with a power less than the power of the irreducible polynomial.
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Expired 9 October 2023, 3 years ago.
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4 claims: 2 independent, 2 dependent
- 1A Galois field multiplier engine (10) comprising:a multiplier circuit (18b, 18g) for multiplying two polynomials with coefficients over a Galois field to obtain their product, a first polynomial input (12b) to said multiplier circuit;a second polynomial input (14b) to said multiplier circuit;an add input (26b);an adder input selection circuit (64);and a multiplier input selection circuit (62);characterised by further comprising: a reconfigurable Galois field linear transformer circuit (20b) including a matrix of cells, each of which can be selectively enabled such that the Galois field linear transformer circuit (20b) can be adapted to perform a Galois field reduction of the polynomial product plus an add input for any irreducible polynomial, and wherein the cells (24b) of each row of the matrix co-operate to determine one bit of the modulo remainder, the Galois field linear transformer circuit having a multiply input (40b) from said multiplier circuit, an output (31b) and an add input (42b) for implementing an addition of the add input with the polynomial product output by the multiplier circuit;wherein the multiplier input selection circuit is arranged to provide to said second polynomial input of the multiplier circuit, a second polynomial in a multiply mode, said output of said Galois filed linear transformer circuit in a multiply-add mode, and a second polynomial in a multiply-accumulate mode;and the adder input selection circuit (64) is arranged to provide to said add input of said Galois field linear transformer an additive identity in the multiply mode, a second polynomial in the multiply-add mode, and said output of said Galois field linear transformer circuit in the multiply accumulate mode to obtain Galois field multiply, multiply add and multiply-accumulate functions of the input polynomials.
- 4The Galois field multiplier engine of as claimed in any of the preceding claims in which said additive identity is a null level.
Independent claims2
50 paragraphs in 5 sections, as filed
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
0001This invention relates to a compact Galois field multiplier engine, and more particularly to one which can multiply, multiply-add, and multiply-accumulate over a Galois field.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
0002Multiplication of polynomials with coefficients in Galois fields (GF) is widely used in communication systems for Reed Solomon (RS) coding and in advanced encryption standards (AES). In some, the basic Galois fields multiplication is not enough and a more advanced Galois fields operation like Galois fields multiply and accumulate (GF-MAC) or Galois fields multiply and add (GF_MPA) are needed. Galois field multiplication is difficult and time consuming for traditional digital signal processors (DSP) to perform. DSP's are optimized for finite impulse response (FIR) filtering and other multiply accumulate (MAC) intensive operations, but do not efficiently process Galois field types of operations. One approach uses a straight forward polynomial multiplication and division over the Galois field using linear feedback shift registers (LFSR's) which process one bit at a time. This is a very slow process. For example, in broadband communication for AES types of applications, where the bit rate is up to 40 megabits per second, there will be up to 5 million GF multiplications per second (GF-MPS) and each multiplication may require many e.g. 60-100 operations. Another approach uses look-up tables to perform the Galois field multiplication. Typically, this approach requires 10-20 or more cycles which for 5 GF-MPS results in a some what lower but still very large number of operations e.g. 20x5=100 MIPS or more. Reed-Solomon codes have been widely accepted as the preferred error control coding scheme for broadband networks. A programmable implementation of a Reed-Solomon encoder and decoder is an attractive solution as it offers the system designer the unique flexibility to trade-off the data bandwidth and the error correcting capability that is desired based on the condition of the channel. The first step in Reed-Solomon decoding is the computing of the syndromes. The syndromes can be formally defined as Si=R mod G where i=(0,1...15). The received code word may be expressed in polynomial form as R<sub>i</sub> = r<sub>0</sub>X<sup>N-1</sup> + r<sub>1</sub>X<sup>N-2</sup> + ... r<sub>N-1</sub> where the length of the received word is N. It can be seen that computing the syndrome amounts to polynomial evaluation over Galois field at the roots as defined by the j<sup>yth</sup> power of the i<sup>yth</sup> root of the generator polynomial. For each received word in the Reed-Solomon Algorithm there are sixteen syndromes to be calculated which raise the operations by a factor of sixteen to 1.6 billion -operations per second (BOPS)-not practical on current microprocessors. Using the straight forward multiplication instead of the look-up tables raises the operation rate to 6.4 BOPS. The need for Galois field multiplications is increasing dramatically with the expansion of the communications field and the imposition of encryption requirements on the communication data. This further complicates the matter because each domain-error checking, encryption-needs Galois field multiplication over a different Galois field which requires different sets of look-up tables. A recent improvement in Galois field multiplier systems or engines provides faster operation and reduced storage requirements but still faster, lower power and smaller designs are demanded.
0003Galois field multipliers are well known in the art. <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US6175945B"><text>U.S. Patent No. 6,175,945</text></patcit> relates to a Reed-Solomon decoder. <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> of the 945 patent shows multipliers 131-138 which feed into multipliers 141-148, respectively, which feed into an adder 149. <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="US4251875A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 4,251,875</text></patcit> relates to a Galois Field multiplier. <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> of the 875 patent shows a Galois field multiplier that can provide the output X*Y or X*Y+Z. The multipliers of these two references, however, are not sufficiently reconfigurable.
0004<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US5768168A"><text>U.S. Patent No. 5,768,168</text></patcit> relates to a conventional multiplier in a Galois field that includes a polynomial reducer. <figref idref="f0001">Figs. 1</figref> and <figref idref="f0002">2</figref> of the '168 patent show diagrams of the circuit diagrams for two embodiments of a polynomial reducer. <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref>, is a polynomial reducer for the generator polynomial of G3(x) = x<sup>4</sup> + x + 1. <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> shows a general Galois field multiplier in which the generator polynomial is generalized as G5(x) = x<sup>4</sup> + P<sub>3</sub>x<sup>3</sup> + P<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup> + P<sub>1</sub>x + 1. The multiplier of <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> includes a configuration of interconnected AND gates and exclusive-OR gates. The multipliers disclosed in the '168 patent, however, are also not sufficiently reconfigurable and cannot perform a multiply, a multiply-add and a multiply-accumulate.
0005<patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5046037A"><text>US 5,046,037</text></patcit> discloses a multiplier adder comprising a decoder having N identical cells and which receives a generator polynomial G(m:0) and outputs the generator polynomial without its most significant bit, together with a polynomial marking the degree of the generator polynomial. The circuit also includes a matrix of cells, each possessing seven logic gates and arranged to pass information both vertically and horizontally in the matrix.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
0006According to the present invention there is provided a Galois field multiplier engine as claimed in claim 1.
0007Preferred features of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.
0008It is thus possible to provide a compact Galois field multiplier engine capable of obtaining one or more of the Galois field multiply, multiply-add and multiply-accumulate functions of input polynomials and having reduced external bus and DSP resource requirements which can be effected by using a multiplier input selection circuit and an adder input selection circuit and supplying the proper input polynomials to the multiplier input selection circuit and adder input of the Galois filed linear transformer unit.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
0009Other objects, features and advantages will occur to those skilled in the art from the following description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> is a functional block diagram of a compact Galois field multiplier engine according to the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> is a more detailed functional block diagram of a conventional Galois field multiplier engine;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> is a more detailed functional block diagram of the compact Galois field multiplier engine of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> displaying the reduced size Galois field linear transformer unity matrix feature of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Fig. 4</figref> is a schematic of a typical programmable X-OR circuit cell for the matrix of the Galois field linear transformer circuit of <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref> and <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref> is a simplified schematic diagram of the Galois field linear transformer circuit of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">9</figref> illustrating the programming of the matrix section and unity matrix section cells according to the invention for a particular polynomial of power eight;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Fig. 6</figref> is a simplified schematic diagram of the Galois field linear transformer circuit of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">9</figref> illustrating the programming of the matrix section and unity matrix section cells according to the invention for another polynomial of power eight;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Fig. 7</figref> is a simplified schematic diagram of the Galois field linear transformer circuit of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">9</figref> illustrating the programming of the matrix section and unity matrix section cells according to the invention for yet another polynomial of power four;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Fig. 8</figref> is a simplified schematic diagram of the Galois field linear transformer circuit of <figref idref="f0003">Figs. 3</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">9</figref> illustrating the programming of a second matrix section as a sparse matrix for supporting polynomial powers between half (4) powers and full (8) powers in this particular embodiment;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Fig. 9</figref> is a more detailed block diagram of a compact Galois field multiplier engine of <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> incorporating both the reduced size matrix and the reduced hardware and localized bus features of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Fig. 10</figref> is a block diagram of Galois field multiplier engine according to the invention employing a number of Galois field linear transformer units;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Fig. 11</figref> is a schematic view of a polynomial multiplier usable in <figref idref="f0002">Figs. 2</figref>, <figref idref="f0003">3</figref>, <figref idref="f0004">5</figref> and <figref idref="f0008">9</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Fig. 12</figref> is an illustration the transfer function for the polynomial multiplier of <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 11</figref>; and</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figs. 13</figref>, <figref idref="f0012">14</figref>, and <figref idref="f0013">15</figref> are simplified schematic diagrams of Galois field multiplier engines dedicated, respectively, to multiply, multiply-accumulate, multiply-add operations according to this invention.</li></ul>
DISCLOSURE OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
0010Aside from the preferred embodiment or embodiments disclosed below, this invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways. Thus, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangements of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings.
0011A Galois field GF(n) is a set of elements on which two binary operations can be performed. Addition and multiplication must satisfy the commutative, associative and distributive laws. A field with a finite number of elements is a finite field. An example of a binary field is the set {0,1} under modulo 2 addition and modulo 2 multiplication and is denoted GF(2). The modulo 2 addition and multiplication operations are defined by the tables shown in the following Figure. The first row and the first column indicate the inputs to the Galois field adder and multiplier. For e.g. 1+1=0 and 1*1=1. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Modulo 2 Addition (XOR)</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="13mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13mm" /><tbody><row><entry align="center">+</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1</entry><entry align="center">1</entry><entry align="center">0</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Modulo 2 Multiplication (AND)</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="16mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="16mm" /><tbody><row><entry align="center">*</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row><row><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">0</entry></row><row><entry align="center">1</entry><entry align="center">0</entry><entry align="center">1</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>
0012In general, if p is any prime number then it can be shown that GF(p) is a finite field with p elements and that GF(p<sup>m</sup>) is an extension field with p<sup>m</sup> elements. In addition, the various elements of the field can be generated as various powers of one field element, α, by raising it to different powers. For example GF(256) has 256 elements which can all be generated by raising the primitive element, α, to the 256 different powers.
0013In addition, polynomials whose coefficients are binary belong to GF(2). A polynomial over GF(2) of degree m is said to be irreducible if it is not divisible by any polynomial over GF(2) of degree less than m but greater than zero. The polynomial F(X) = X<sup>2</sup>+X+1 is an irreducible polynomial as it is not divisible by either X or X+1. An irreducible polynomial of degree m which divides X<sup>2m-1</sup>+1, is known as a primitive polynomial. For a given m, there may be more than one primitive polynomial. An example of a primitive polynomial for m=8, which is often used in most communication standards is F(X) = 0x11d = x<sup>8</sup>+x<sup>4</sup>+x<sup>3</sup>+x<sup>2</sup>+1<sub>.</sub>
0014Galois field addition is easy to implement in software, as it is the same as modulo addition. For example, if 29 and 16 are two elements in GF(2<sup>8</sup>) then their addition is done simply as an XOR operation as follows: 29 (11101) ⊕ 16(10000) =13(01101).
0015Galois field multiplication on the other hand is a bit more complicated as shown by the following example, which computes all the elements of GF(2<sup>4</sup>), by repeated multiplication of the primitive element α. To generate the field elements for GF(2<sup>4</sup>) a primitive polynomial G(x) of degree m = 4 is chosen as follows G(x) = X<sup>4</sup>+X+1. In order to make the multiplication be modulo so that the results of the multiplication are still elements of the field, any element that has the fifth bit set is brought into a 4-bit result using the following identity F(α)= α<sup>4</sup> + α + 1= 0. This identity is used repeatedly to form the different elements of the field, by setting α<sup>4</sup> = 1+α. Thus the elements of the field can be enumerated as follows: <maths id="math0001"><math display="block"><mfenced open="{" close="}"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">,</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">…</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">α</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> since α is the primitive element for GF(2<sup>4</sup>) it can be set to 2 to generate the field elements of GF(2<sup>4</sup>) as {0,1,2,4,8,3,6,12,11...9}.
0016It can be seen that Galois field polynomial multiplication can be implemented in two basic steps. The first is a calculation of the polynomial product c(x) = a(x)*b(x) which is algebraically expanded, and like powers are collected (addition corresponds to an XOR operation between the corresponding terms) to give c(x). For example c(x) = (a<sub>3</sub>x<sup>3</sup>+a<sub>2</sub>x<sup>2</sup>+a<sub>1</sub>x<sup>1</sup>+a<sub>0</sub>)*(b<sub>3</sub>x<sup>3</sup>+b<sub>2</sub>x<sup>3</sup>+b<sub>1</sub>x<sup>1</sup>+b<sub>0</sub>) c(x)=C<sub>6</sub>x<sup>6</sup>+c<sub>5</sub>x<sup>5</sup>+c<sub>4</sub>x<sup>4</sup>+c<sub>3</sub>x<sup>3</sup>+C<sub>2</sub>X<sup>2</sup>+c<sub>1</sub>x<sup>1</sup>+c<sub>0</sub> where:
<u>Chart I</u>
0017<maths id="math0002"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0002.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0003"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0003.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0004"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0004.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0005"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo>⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0005.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0006"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn>4</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0006.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0007"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0007.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0008"><math display="block"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mn>6</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0008.tif" /></maths>
0018The second is the calculation of d(x) = c(x) modulo p(x).
0019To illustrate, multiplications are performed with the multiplication of polynomials modulo an irreducible polynomial. For example: (if m(x) = x<sup>8</sup>+x<sup>4</sup>+x<sup>3</sup>+x+1) {57}*{83} = {c1} because,
<u>First Step</u>
0020<maths id="math0009"><math display="block"><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></mtd><mtd><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">11</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">9</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">8</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mspace width="1em" /></mtd><mtd><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">11</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">9</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">8</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">⊕</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0009.tif" /></maths>
<u>Second Step</u>
0021<maths id="math0010"><math display="block"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">11</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">9</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">8</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mi>modulo</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">8</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0010.tif" /></maths>
0022An improved Galois field multiplier system 10. foreclosing on this approach includes a multiplier circuit for multiplying two polynomials a<sub>0</sub>-a<sub>7</sub> in an A register with the Polynomial b<sub>0</sub>-b<sub>7</sub> in an B register with coefficients over a Galois field to obtain their product is given by the fifteen-term polynomial c(x) defined as Chart D. The multiplier circuit actually includes a plurality of multiplier cells.
<u>Chart II</u>
0023<maths id="math0011"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">14</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0011.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0012"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">13</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0012.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0013"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">12</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0013.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0014"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>11</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0014.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0015"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>10</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0015.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0016"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>9</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0016.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0017"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>8</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0017.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0018"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0018.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0019"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">6</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0019.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0020"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mo>;</mo></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0020.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0021"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0021.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0022"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0022.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0023"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0023.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0024"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn>1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo>⊕</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0024.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0025"><math display="block"><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo mathvariant="normal">*</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0025.tif" /></maths> The operation of a Galois field multiplier system is explained in U.S. Patent Application to Stein et al. entitled GALOLS FIELD MUL TIPLIER SYSTEM [AD-240J] <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US10060699B"><text>10/060,699 filed January 30, 2002</text></patcit>.
0024Each of the fifteen polynomial c(x) term includes an AND function as represented by an and each pair of terms are combined with a logical exclusive OR as indicated by a ⊕. This product as represented in Chart II is submitted to a Galois field linear transformer circuit which may include a number of Galois field linear transformer units each composed of 15x8 cells, which respond to the product produced by the multiplier circuit to predict the module remainder of the polynomial product for a predetermined irreducible polynomial. The A<sub>0</sub>, B<sub>0</sub> multiplication is performed in a first unit the A<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>1</sub> in a second unit, the A<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>2</sub> in a third unit, and the A<sub>n</sub>, B<sub>n</sub> in the last unit. The operation of a Galois field linear transformer circuit and each of its transformer units is explained in U.S. Parent Application to Stern et al. entitled GALOIS FIELD LINER TRANSFORMER[AD-239] Serial No.<patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US10051533B"><text>10/051,533 with a filing date of January 18, 2002</text></patcit>. Each of the Galois field linear transformer units predicts the modulo remainder by dividing the polynomial product by an irreducible polynomial. That irreducible polynomial may be, for example, anyone of those shown in Chart III.
<u>Chart III</u>
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mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0067.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0068"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn>171</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>5</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0068.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0069"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">187</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0069.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0070"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">18</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0070.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0071"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">9</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>5</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0071.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0072"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0072.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0073"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo></mo><mi>CF</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>5</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0073.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0074"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">7</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>6</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>5</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0074.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0075"><math display="block"><mn mathvariant="normal">0</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mo></mo><mn mathvariant="normal">5</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mfenced><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>8</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>7</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>5</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo mathvariant="normal">+</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mfenced></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0075.tif" /></maths></li></ul>
0026The Galois field multiplier presented here GF(2<sup>8</sup>) is capable of performing with powers 2<sup>8</sup> and powers 2<sup>4</sup> and under as shown in Chart III.
0027An example of the GF multiplication according to this invention occurs as follows: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="68mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="68mm" /><thead><row><entry align="center" valign="top">Before GF( ) multiplication; Polynomial 0x 11d</entry><entry align="center" valign="top">After GF9( ) multiplication; Polynomial 0x 11d</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry align="center"><maths id="math0076"><math display="block"><mfrac><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>45</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>23</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>00</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>01</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mfenced><mspace width="1em" /></mfenced><mspace width="6em" /><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>57</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>34</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>00</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>01</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mspace width="1em" /><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0076.tif" /></maths></entry><entry align="center"><maths id="math0077"><math display="block"><mfrac><mtable><mtr><mtd><mn>45</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>23</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>00</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>01</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mfenced><mspace width="1em" /></mfenced><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>57</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>34</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>00</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>01</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mrow><mn>72</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>92</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>00</mn><mspace width="1em" /><mn>01</mn><mo></mo><mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi></mrow></mfrac></math><img file="EP1550046B1_D0077.tif" /></maths></entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>
0028There is shown in <figref idref="f0001">Fig. 1</figref> a compact Galois field multiplier engine 10 according to this invention accompanied by an A input register 12, B input register 14 and an output register 16. Compact Galois field engine 10 is capable of a number of different operations, including multiply, multiply-add and multiply-accumulate.
0029Conventional Galois field multiplier engines 10a, <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 2</figref> requires three registers, A register 12a, B register 14a and C register 26a. The burden of these registers must be carried by the associated digital signal processor (DSP) core 28 and require extensive external bus work. In addition to bus 30, for supplying data to A register 12a, bus 34 for supplying data to B register 14a and bus 36 for supplying data to C register 26a, there is required a bus 32 for feeding back the output from register 16a to the digital signal processor 28 and bus 34 or bus 36 for feeding back that output from digital signal processor 28 to B register 14a or C register 26a. Bus 31 connects the output of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20 and output register 16a. Thus polynomial multiplier circuit 18 can provide to the multiple input 40 of matrix 22 of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20 the proper values in conjunction with the values fed from C register 26a to the adder input 42 of matrix 22 to perform multiply, multiply-add and multiply-accumulation functions. Matrix 22 is shown here as an eight by fifteen matrix for supporting multiplication of polynomials of power eight but may be made larger or smaller, containing more or fewer cells 24, depending upon the power of the polynomial to be serviced.
0030In accordance with this invention, the number of cells 24b per row, <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, of matrix 22b of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20b in engine 10b maybe reduced by nearly half, by configuring matrix 22b into two matrix sections, a matrix section 50 and a unity matrix section 52. The unity matrix section requires only one set of cells 54 wherein these unity matrix section cells represent the prediction of the remainder when the output of the multiplier circuit is a polynomial with a power less than the power of the irreducible polynomial. Thus in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> where the irreducible polynomial has a power of eight any polynomial of less than eight will not exceed the modulo and will be passed right through the matrix, thus the absent cells in unity matrix section 52 are unnecessary. This saves nearly half of the cells required for the matrix 22b resulting in a smaller, simpler and faster engine.
0031Each cell 24b, <figref idref="f0002">Fig. 4</figref>, may include an AND circuit 100 and an exclusive OR circuit 102. There is a data input 104 and an enable input 106. Exclusive OR circuit 102 provides an output on line 108 to the input of the next exclusive OR circuit and receives at its input 110 the output from the previous exclusive OR circuit, except for the last exclusive OR circuit whose output is connected to the output of the matrix and the first exclusive OR circuit whose input is connected to the adder input 42b, <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, or 42g, <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 9</figref>. An enable signal on line 106 enables the data on line 104 to pass through AND gate 100 and to be exclusively ORed by exclusive OR circuit 102 with the input on line 110. The lack of an enabling signal on line 106 simply passes the input on line 110 through the exclusive OR gate 102 to output line 108. An enabling signal on line 106 enables cell 24. In this manner the entire matrix maybe reconfigured for any particular irreducible polynomial.
0032The efficacy of engine 10b, <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>, can be understood by choosing an irreducible polynomial from Chart III, supra, and implementing it by enabling the necessary cells. For example, to implement the first polynomial of power eight designated 0x11d representing the irreducible polynomial x<sup>8</sup>+ x<sup>4</sup>+ x<sup>3</sup> + x<sup>2</sup> + 1, the enabled cells, indicated generally at 24cc, form a unity matrix 52c, <figref idref="f0004">Fig. 5</figref>, with a line of cells 54c as previously depicted in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref>. When choosing the second irreducible polynomial from Chart III, 0x12b, the irreducible polynomial x<sup>8</sup> +x<sup>5</sup> +x<sup>3</sup> +x +1 produces a pattern of enabled cells 24dd, <figref idref="f0005">Fig. 6</figref>, in matrix section 50d and unity matrix 52d where once again the unity matrix section 52d results in a line of enabled cells 54d.
0033The reduction in the number of required cells is not limited to only polynomials having the same power as the irreducible polynomial. It also applies to any of those having the power of one half or less of the power of the irreducible polynomial. For example, the eight by fifteen matrix 22b, shown in <figref idref="f0003">Fig. 3</figref> and referred to by way of explanation in <figref idref="f0004">Figs. 5</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">6</figref> could also support polynomials to the power of one, two, three, or four, but not powers of five, six and seven, if the irreducible polynomial power was sixteen the matrix that supported it could also support polynomials up to eight, but not nine through fifteen. If it were the power of thirty-two it could support polynomials of thirty-two power and up to sixteen, but not seventeen through thirty-one. For example, as shown in <figref idref="f0006">Fig. 7</figref> for an irreducible polynomial of the fourth power both the matrix section 50e and unity matrix section 52e become smaller and can be implemented anywhere within matrix 22e. Here the matrix section 50e has a plurality of enabled cells 24ee along with the enabled cells in unity matrix 52e which now has a smaller line of enabled cells 54e, making up the unity matrix section 52e.
0034If it is desirable to service the intermediate polynomials of power five, six and seven the unity matrix section can be replaced with a sparse matrix section 52f, <figref idref="f0007">Fig. 8</figref>, wherein additional lines of enabled cells 54ff, 54fff, 54ffff, can be employed to support polynomials of power seven, six and five respectively. But it is somewhat less of a reduction in the size of the matrix and required number of cells.
0035In accordance with another feature of the invention, the number of input registers can be reduced from three to two and the number of external buses relied upon to communicate with the digital signal processor (DSP) 28g, <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 9</figref>, can be reduced and localized to be internal of the engine 10g itself. Thus, as shown in <figref idref="f0008">Fig. 9</figref>, there are but two input registers A 12g and B 14g and the feedback from output 31g does not need to go through DSP 28g but goes directly, locally, on engine 109 through internal bus 60 to multiplier input selection circuit 62 and adder input selection circuit 64. Digital signal processor 28g need only provide control signals on line 66 to multiplier input selection circuit 62 and on line 68 to adder input selection circuit 64. Thus in the multiply mode, multiplier input selection circuit 62, passes an input from B register 14g to polynomial multiplier circuit 18g while adder input selection circuit 64 provides an additive identity level, in this case, a ground level 70 to the adder input 42g of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20g. In the multiply-add mode digital signal processor 28 instructs multiplier input selection circuits 62 to feed back the output from matrix 22g over line 60 to polynomial multiplier circuit 18g and instructs adder input selection circuits. 64 to pass the polynomial in B register 14g to the adder input 42g of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20g. In the multiply-accumulate mode digital signal processor 28g instructs multiplier input selection circuit 62 to deliver the polynomial from B register 14g to polynomial multiplier circuit 18g and instructs adder input selection circuit 64 to feed back the output on line 60 of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20g.
0036Another feature of this invention is the reconfigurability of Galois field linear transformer circuit 20g by virtue of the selective enablement of cells 24g. Reconfigurable control circuit 80 selectively enables the ones of cells 24g required to implement the coefficients of the selected irreducible polynomial and itself can be reduced in size since the number of cells it needs to control has been reduced in accordance with this invention.
0037The operation of a reconfigurable input Galois field linear transformer circuit is explained in <patcit id="pcit0007" dnum="US13617002A" dnum-type="L"><text>U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/136,170, filed May 1,2002 to Stein et al.</text></patcit>, entitled RECONFIG.URABLE INPUT GALOIS FIELD LINEAR TRANSFORMERER SYSTEM (AD-300J).
0038Although thus far the invention has been explained for the sake of simplicity with respect to only one engine, a number of the engines may be employed together as shown in <figref idref="f0009">Fig. 10</figref> where each engine has a multiplier circuit 10h, 10i, 10j, 10k... 10n and a Galois field linear transformer 20h, 20i, 20j, 20k... 20n circuit. With a single central reconfigurable control circuit 80<sup>1</sup> controlling them all. These engines can share the same wide [32, 64, 128]bit A and B registers were each operates on a different 8bit (Byte) segment, or each can be serviced by its own reconfigurable control unit 80h, 80i, 80j, 80k... 80n and each by its own pair of A and B registers Ao, and B<sub>0</sub> 12h, and 14h; A<sub>1</sub> and, B<sub>1</sub>, 12i, and 14i; A<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>2</sub>, 12j and 14j, A<sub>3</sub> and B<sub>3</sub> 12k and 14k and so on.
0039A polynomial multiplier circuit 181, <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 11</figref>, usable in the embodiment shown herein to provide an output c0-c14 includes a plurality of AND gates 120 which combined with exclusive OR gates 122 can multiply any pair of polynomials from A register 121 and B register 141 e.g., polynomials a<sub>0</sub>-a<sub>7</sub>, polynomials b<sub>0</sub> - b<sub>7</sub> as illustrated in the table 124 <figref idref="f0010">Fig. 12</figref>.
0040If the multiplier engine is to be dedicated to a single use e.g. multiply, multiply-add, multiply-accumulate then the multiplier input selection circuit and adder input selection circuit can be eliminated in favor of a simpler construction such as shown in <figref idref="f0011">Figs. 13</figref>, <figref idref="f0012">14</figref>; and <figref idref="f0013">15</figref>.
0041Such a Galois field multiply engine 100, <figref idref="f0011">Fig. 13</figref>, includes polynomial multiplier circuit 18p and Galois field transformer circuit 20p which receives the polynomial product from multiplier circuit 18p and combines it with adder input 42p to produce the output at 102 but here an additive identity level is supplied to the adder input.
0042A Galois field multiply-accumulate engine 104, <figref idref="f0012">Fig. 14</figref>, includes polynomial multiplier circuit 18q and Galois field transformer circuit 20q which receives the polynomial product from multiplier circuit 18q and combines it with adder input 42q to produce the output at 102q. But here the output 102q is fed back to adder input 42p.
0043A Galois field multiply-add engine 108, <figref idref="f0013">Fig. 15</figref>, includes polynomial multiplier circuit 18r and Galois field transformer circuit 20r which receives the polynomial product circuit 18r and Galois field transformer circuit 20r which receives the polynomial product from multiplier circuit 18r and combines it with adder input 42r to produce the output at 102r. But here the output 102r is fed back to multiplier circuit 18r.
0044Although specific features of the invention are shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only as each feature may be combined with any or all of the other features in accordance with the invention. The words "including", "comprising", "having", and "with" as used herein are to be interpreted broadly and comprehensively and are not limited to any physical interconnection. Moreover, any embodiments disclosed in the subject application arc not to be taken as the only possible embodiments.
0045Other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art that are within the scope of the invention defined by the following claims:
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| EP1449063A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP1449069A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP1456745A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP1456994A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP1459188A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP1472604A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| US2004236812A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| WO2004105260A2 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A2 | |
| US6829694B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| CN1571953A | China | A | |
| CN1589429A | China | A | |
| CN1608244A | China | A | |
| CN1608251A | China | A | |
| JP2005512129A | Japan | A | |
| JP2005512183A | Japan | A | |
| JP2005512184A | Japan | A | |
| JP2005512367A | Japan | A | |
| JP2005513541A | Japan | A | |
| CN1623141A | China | A | |
| JP2005517233A | Japan | A | |
| EP1550046A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| WO2004105260A3 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A3 | |
| KR20050083747A | Republic of Korea | A | |
| CN1717671A | China | A | |
| JP2006503382A | Japan | A | |
| KR20060036383A | Republic of Korea | A | |
| CN1791855A | China | A | |
| US7082452B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP1449063A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| EP1449069A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| EP1456745A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| EP1550046A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| CN1898896A | China | A | |
| JP2007501965A | Japan | A | |
| US7177891B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP1459188A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| CN1316383C | China | C | |
| JP3947163B2 | Japan | B2 | |
| JP3962022B2 | Japan | B2 | |
| US7269615B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US7283628B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2007271323A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP1472604A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| CN100383727C | China | C | |
| KR100825855B1 | Republic of Korea | B1 | |
| CN100389414C | China | C | |
| JP4098719B2 | Japan | B2 | |
| EP1472604B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| US7508937B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| AT426203T | Austria | T | |
| ATE426203T1 | Austria | T1 | |
| CN100480986C | China | C | |
| DE60231658D1 | Germany | D1 | |
| CN100545818C | China | C | |
| EP1472604B8 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B8 | |
| KR100932033B1 | Republic of Korea | B1 | |
| EP1456994A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| EP1449063B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| AT459913T | Austria | T | |
| ATE459913T1 | Austria | T1 | |
| DE60235570D1 | Germany | D1 | |
| JP2010102351A | Japan | A | |
| JP2010102352A | Japan | A | |
| JP4460047B2 | Japan | B2 | |
| CN1589429B | China | B | |
| CN1791855B | China | B | |
| EP1550046B1This record | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| AT474262T | Austria | T | |
| ATE474262T1 | Austria | T1 | |
| EP1456745B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| AT475136T | Austria | T | |
| ATE475136T1 | Austria | T1 | |
| DE60333378D1 | Germany | D1 | |
| DE60237108D1 | Germany | D1 | |
| CN101840326A | China | A | |
| CN1898896B | China | B |
58 legal events, as 7 offices reported them to INPADOC
Over the term
Point at a mark for the eventEvents
| Event | Code | Office | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Application deemed withdrawn, or ip right lapsed, due to non-payment of renewal feeWithdrawnR119 | R119 | DE | |
| Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal feeCeasedGBPC | GBPC | EP | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Notification of lapseLapsedST | ST | FR | |
| No opposition filed against granted patent, or epo opposition proceedings concluded without decisionGrantedR097 | R097 | DE | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| No opposition filedOpposition26N | 26N | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Patent ceasedCeasedPL | PL | CH | |
| No opposition filed within time limitOppositionORIGINAL CODE: 0009261PLBE | PLBE | EP | |
| Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patentGrantedSTATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMITSTAA | STAA | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Discontinued in the netherlands as no translation has been filedVDEP | VDEP | NL | |
| Corresponds to:REF | REF | EP | |
| European patents granted designating irelandGrantedFG4D | FG4D | IE | |
| European patent takes effect as a national patent in ch/liEP | EP | CH | |
| Designated contracting statesAK | AK | EP | |
| European patent grantedGrantedFG4D | FG4D | GB | |
| (expected) grantORIGINAL CODE: 0009210GRAA | GRAA | EP | |
| Grant fee paidORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3GRAS | GRAS | EP | |
| Information provided on ipc code assigned before grantRIC1 | RIC1 | EP | |
| Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patentORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1GRAP | GRAP | EP | |
| First examination report despatched17Q | 17Q | EP | |
| Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)RIN1 | RIN1 | EP | |
| Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)RIN1 | RIN1 | EP | |
| Supplementary search report drawn up and despatchedA4 | A4 | EP | |
| Information provided on ipc code assigned before grantRIC1 | RIC1 | EP | |
| Information provided on ipc code assigned before grantRIC1 | RIC1 | EP | |
| Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)DAX | DAX | EP | |
| Request for examination filed17P | 17P | EP | |
| Designated contracting statesAK | AK | EP | |
| Request for extension of the european patentAX | AX | EP | |
| Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phaseORIGINAL CODE: 0009012PUAI | PUAI | EP |
Numbers
- Publication
- 1550046
- Application
- 38081741
Titles3
- German
- KOMPAKTE GALOISFELD-MULTIPLIKATIONSVORRICHTUNG
- English
- COMPACT GALOIS FIELD MULTIPLIER ENGINE
- French
- DISPOSITIF COMPACT DE MULTIPLICATION SUR UN CHAMPS DE GALOIS
Classification
- CPC, 4
- G06F7/724
- G06F7/52
- G06F7/00
- G06F15/00
- IPC, 1
- G06F7 72
Designated states27
- Contracting states, 27
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Switzerland
- Cyprus
- Czechia
- Germany
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Spain
- Finland
- France
- United Kingdom
- Greece
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Liechtenstein
- Luxembourg
- Monaco
- Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
- Portugal
- Romania
- Sweden
and 3 moreShow fewer
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- Türkiye