Radio frequency ID transponder

FIELD OF INVENTION

0001The present invention relates to a radio frequency identification ("RFID") transponder, and more particularly to an RFID transponder that are used in orientation independent applications. That is, where a transponder must be operatable in random orientations.

0002The invention has been developed primarily for interrogating multiple passive transponders that are attached to objects to be identified by those respective transponders, and will be described hereinafter with reference to that application. A typical application is the identification of RFID transponders attached to conveyor fed-luggage where the transponder data is used to control the automatic sorting of the luggage. However, the invention is not limited to this particular field of use. For example, various aspects of the invention are applicable to systems based on active transponders, and to applications other than luggage sorting systems.

BACKGROUND

0003In prior art systems, transponders are read by interrogation fields within Tunnel Reader Programmers ('"TRPs"). Typically, the orientation and position of transponders as they enter the TRP are random and unknown. Accordingly, the TRP must switch its interrogation fields between orthogonal directions so that the transponders can be interrogated independently of their orientation. Patent <patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="US5258766A"><text>US 5,258,766</text></patcit> provides an example of such a system.

0004There are a number of specific issues arising from the practical use of RFID transponders, in, say, luggage handling situations. These issues include the facts that, for example: <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact" ol-style=""><li>1. A mechanical means, such as a conveyor, moves luggage (and thereby transponders) through the TRP.</li><li>2. Several transponders may be attached to a single item.</li></ol>

0005Where a mechanical means, such as a conveyor, moves items with attached transponders through the TRP the determination of the order of items on the conveyor is an essential requirement for allowing automated processing of the items. The determination of the order in which transponders enter a TRP is advantageous for determining the order of items on the conveyor. In prior art systems transponder order is normally inferred from the order in which they are identified. However, where multiple transponders are present the identification messages from these transponders may clash and the transponders may fail to be identified as they enter the TRP. When messages clash a further time interval will be required to correctly identify the transponders. During this time the transponders are moved further into the TRP by the conveyor. It is possible that subsequent transponder or transponders may enter the TRP before the first transponder is identified. It then becomes possible that one or more of the subsequent transponders may be identified before the first transponder. Consequently, the order of items may incorrectly be inferred from the order of transponder identification.

0006When the interrogation fields are switched, passive transponders power down within a relatively short time, at which point temporary data stored in volatile memory on board the transponder may be lost. Such data can include configuration information or temporary data stored in registers. In prior art systems configuration information or temporary settings required for transponder operation must be regenerated in the transponder after each switching of the interrogation field. This data can be read out of the transponder's memory or may have to be transmitted to the transponder by the TRP. This is undesirable because of the time delay involved. Moreover, in some cases, the data may no longer be available.

0007The above discussion is not to be taken as an admission of the extent of the common general knowledge in the field of the invention.

0008Document <patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="WO9827441A"><text>WO98/27441A</text></patcit> discloses methods of processing wireless communication including providing at least one interrogator configured for transmitting and receiving wireless communication data.

0009Document <patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="US4399821A"><text>US 4,399,821</text></patcit> discloses an animal physiological monitoring and identification system and method for carrying out the same, wherein each animal within the system is provided with an implanted device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0010It is an object of the present invention to overcome, or at least substantially ameliorate, one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art or at least to provide a useful alternative.

0011The invention is set out in claims 1 and 26.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRANVINGS

0012Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li><figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows a prior art TRP;</li><li><figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows waveforms associated with the prior art TRP of <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0003">Figures 3(a) and 3(b)</figref> show exemplary circuit schematics associated with a transponder memory array according to the present invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0004">Figures 4(a) and 4(b)</figref> show waveforms associated with the exemplary circuit schematic shown in <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3(a) and 3(b)</figref>;</li><li><figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> shows an example circuit for use with a transponder memory array according to the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> shows an example circuit for use with a transponder memory array according to the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 7</figref> is a perspective view of a piece of luggage having attached to it a transponder according to the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0007">Figure 8</figref> is a block diagram of relevant functional portions of the transponder according to the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 9</figref> shows a diagram of a conveyor mounted interrogator according to the invention with closely spaced items with transponders attached to the items;</li><li><figref idref="f0008">Figure 10</figref> shows waveforms received by a transponder according to an embodiment of the invention;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 11</figref> shows an embodiment of the invention having a memory array using RAM;</li><li><figref idref="f0009">Figure 12</figref> shows a diagram of a baggage handling system according to the invention including two closely spaced conveyor mounted interrogators;</li><li><figref idref="f0010">Figure 13</figref> shows a block diagram of relevant functional portions of a transponder according to another embodiment of the invention; and</li><li><figref idref="f0011">Figure 14</figref> shows an example circuit of a memory power supply isolator for use with a transponder according to the invention.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0013<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> shows a TRP for a prior art transponder system as disclosed by <patcit id="pcit0004" dnum="US5258766A"><text>US 5,258,766</text></patcit>.

0014Referring now to <figref idref="f0007">Figure 7</figref>, there is illustrated a piece of luggage 700 which includes a handle 701 that supports a radio frequency identification ("RFID") transponder 702. In this case, transponder 702 is a passive transponder intended to be powered by an interrogation signal as discussed below. However, it will be appreciated that the transponder could be active (battery powered) or a hybrid active/passive transponder. It will also be understood that the use of RFID transponders on luggage is only one example of a wide range of uses to which the technology can be applied.

0015<figref idref="f0008">Figure 9</figref> shows a diagram of a conveyor mounted TRP 901 with a series of closely spaced luggage items 700 on the conveyor such as would be encountered on a baggage handling system in an airport, a train station or other transport interchange. Each item has one or more RFID transponder 702 attached. Each transponder includes a unique character string that is transmits, upon interrogation, to allow identification of the specific transponder.

0016To allow automated sorting and to facilitate other physical handling processes involving the items it is necessary to carefully and accurately determine the order of the items on the conveyor. This, in turn is greatly facilitated if an accurate determination of the order in which the transponders enter a TRP can be made.

0017It has been known to infer the item order on the conveyor from the order in which the respective transponders are identified by an interrogator. However, with the increasing volumes of items to be handled and the short time in which to affect that handling, there is constant pressure to increase conveyor speeds and to reduce the spacing between the items. Moreover, the number of possible combinations of arrivals and departures from major terminals is escalating which in turn introduces more complexity and more need for increased processing of the items. The result of which is to use multiple transponders. However, with prior art devices this only exponentially increases the risk that the identification messages from these transponders will clash and the transponders will fail to be identified as they enter the TRP. This failing of the prior art only compounds the problem, because when messages clash a further time interval is required to correctly identify the transponders. During this further interval the transponders are moved further into the TRP by the conveyor. This then gives rise to the risk of subsequent transponders entering the TRP before the first transponders are identified. It then becomes possible that one or more of the subsequent transponders will be identified before the first transponder. Consequently, with rising conveyor speeds and decreasing distances between items, the order of the items cannot be reliably inferred from the order of transponder identification.

0018As discussed earlier, in the TRP of the present preferred embodiment, the interrogation field is sequentially and periodically switched between orthogonal orientations to ensure that all transponders are powered regardless of their relative orientations. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, when the interrogation field is first transmitted in an orthogonal orientation, a unique number is transmitted by the TRP as part of the interrogating signal. This number is representative of the time of the transmission and the particular orthogonal orientation. This number, defined as a time stamp number, is received by all transponders that are being powered by the interrogation field. Those tags that are being powered for the first time store the time stamp number in a memory. Those tags that already have a time stamp number stored in memory from an earlier interrogation ignore the new time stamp number.

0019It will be appreciated that the direction of the interrogating field is switched about every 10 ms although in other embodiments different periods are used. Moreover, while the preferred embodiment generates a new time stamp at each switching, it is known in other embodiments to use the same time stamp for respective direction for a plurality of cycles, and in some cases up to ten cycles. This, however, is dependent upon the speed of the conveyor, the density of the items on the conveyor and the length of the TRP.

0020Returning to the preferred embodiment, each transponder has an on-board memory array for storing first data and a signal processor for extracting the time stamp from the interrogating signal. The contents of the memory array - the first data - is compared with the extracted time stamp and, under certain conditions, the time stamp is stored in the memory array. More preferably, if the time stamp is stored, it overwrites some or all of the first data to constitute fresh first data.

0021That is, the transponders are configured to access the respective time stamps and to selectively store the information in their memory arrays. The decision as to whether the first data is over written is dependent upon whether or not that transponder has previously been interrogated by the interrogator. If not, then the first data is overwritten. Conversely, if so, then no overwrite occurs. In effect, the first data is representative of the earliest instant the transponder entered the TRP and was powered - that is, interrogated -for the first time by that interrogator.

0022The time stamp number is then included as part of each transponders reply or response message. When the transponders provide this message it is received by the interrogator to allow the transponders, and the corresponding items, to be identified and the order of entrance into the TRP to be determined from the time stamp number. The determination of transponder order is now independent of the rate of identification. The operation of the preferred embodiment allows a transponder to traverse the full length of the TRP before it need be identified and the presence of many transponders inside the TRP is not problematic, as all are identified without loss of transponder order.

0023Advantageously, the preferred embodiment allows the velocity with which transponders move through the TRP to be much higher than the prior art systems where transponders must be identified before the next transponder enters the TRP.

0024The apparatus and method of the preferred embodiment is not limited to TRP operation but rather is applicable to any single or multiple axis transponder reader. That is, all these devices are suitable for periodically transmitting a unique time stamp number so that transponders newly entered into the interrogation field receives and stores the time stamp. Subsequently the time stamp is included in the transponder's reply message and the reader is able to infer the earliest instant that the transponder entered the interrogation field.

0025It will be appreciated that the response or reply signal that is provided by the transponder includes information in addition to any data that is derived from the identifier. This information is usually a unique code or string that allows the transponder itself to be identified. That is, the response signal, once decoded by the interrogator, obtains not only data indicative of the particular transponder, but also feedback as to the timing or order in which that transponder was first interrogated.

0026Preferably, the interrogating signal includes an identifier that includes, in addition to the time stamp referred to above, a unique character string or other unique code for allowing identification of the interrogator. This becomes particularly significant in systems where use is made of a plurality of interrogators. For example, in <figref idref="f0009">Figure 12</figref> there is illustrated a system where two TRP's - TRP 120 and TRP 121 - are closely spaced on a conveyor. The items and the corresponding transponders exit t TRP 120 and enter the next TRP 121 in quick succession. Using conventional systems with high conveyor speeds it is increasingly common for the time interval between exit and entrance to be too short for the transponder circuits to detect that the TRP has changed. Under these conditions there is an increasing risk that the transponder will ignore the time stamp number transmitted by the second TRP. However, the application of the invention to this system overcomes those limitations of the prior art as the transponder will respond to the interrogation signal from the second interrogator as it will provide an identifier that is different to that of the first interrogator. More particularly, when the interrogation field is first actuated in a fresh orthogonal direction a unique number representative of the TRP is transmitted by the TRP. This number, called the TRP identification number (TRP ID), is received by all transponders that are being powered by the interrogation field. Those tags that are being powered for the first time store the TRP ID in memory. Those tags that already have a TRP ID stored in memory from an earlier interrogation compare this stored TRP ID against the transmitted TRP ID to determine whether the transponder has entered a new TRP. If the TRP ID's are different the transponder stores the new number to memory and proceeds to operate as though they were being powered for the first time. In this manner the close spacing of TRP does not impair transponder operation.

0027<figref idref="f0002">Figure 2</figref> shows the interrogation waveforms associated with the prior art TRP shown in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref>. The TRP uses three orthogonal axes along the X, Y and Z directions. It excites these with sine or cosine currents as described in <patcit id="pcit0005" dnum="US5258766A"><text>US 5,258,766</text></patcit>.

0028In contrast, <figref idref="f0008">Figure 10</figref> shows the interrogation waveform received by a transponder according to a preferred embodiment of the invention where the time stamp number and TRP ID <number1, number2> are transmitted at the beginning of each orthogonal field. A transponder oriented along one of the orthogonal axes will periodically experience a power outage when the excitation is removed from that axis. Passive transponders power down within a relatively short time, at which point data stored in volatile memory on board the transponder will be lost if the power down time is sufficiently long. Such data can include the time stamp number, TRP identification number, configuration information or temporary data stored in registers.

0029If the configuration information or temporary settings required for transponder operation are lost then they must be regenerated in the transponder after each switching of the interrogation field. This data can be read out of the transponder's memory or may have to be transmitted to the transponder by the TRP. This is undesirable because of the time delay involved. Moreover, information such as the time stamp will be no longer available.

0030To prevent the loss of the transponder's time stamp number, TRP ID, configuration information or other temporary data, the data must be stored in either conventional non-volatile memory, such a Electrically Erasable Programmable Random Access Memory EEPROM, or in a memory array that is able to hold its information for a period longer than the longest periodic power outage. This memory array will be referred to as "temporary memory". While suitable for use with some embodiments of the invention, EEPROM has the disadvantage that writing data into memory takes several milliseconds. A Random Access Memory RAM or a Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM like memory does not suffer from slow write times and consumes little power. It will be appreciated that RAM will hold its data provided the supply voltage is maintained and DRAM will hold its data for a short time after the supply voltage has been removed.

0031<figref idref="f0010">Figure 13</figref> shows a simplified block diagram of specific portions of the RFID transponder's circuits pertinent to the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that RFID tags include a number of functional blocks other than those illustrated. However, these have been omitted from the present description for the purposes of clarity, on the basis that those skilled in the field will be aware of the blocks required, and how to implement them in an RID tag. The receiver 130 receives the interrogator's interrogating signal which, in this embodiment, includes an identifier in the form of the time stamp number and the TRP ID. In other embodiments only one or the other of the time stamp and TRP ID are sent. Moreover, in still further embodiment additional information is included instead of or in addition to the above information.

0032The transponder includes a signal processor 131 that is responsive to the receiver 130 for extracting the identifier which is supplied in whole or in part to the on-board memory 132 for storage. The decision as to what information to store, if any, is usually based upon a comparison of the identifier with the existing contents of the memory. For example, in some instances it will simply be a decision of whether the identifier is different from the stored information, as this will be the case upon the first interrogation of the transponder as it is usual for the memory 132 to contain all zeros or all ones at the time of power up. However, if EEPROM type memory is used then the comparison will be more rigorous, as a power down condition will not corrupt the data in the memory. Accordingly, the decision, in some embodiments, is based upon whether the stored date stamp has, in effect, timed out. In other embodiments, however, the decision is based upon a comparison of the received and the stored TRP ID. That is, if the TRP ID is different then the transponder overwrites the stored data with the freshly received data in recognition that the transponder is now being interrogated by another TRP. In further embodiments alternative decision making processes are involved. However, the end result of this is that the memory 132 will contain at least one identifier or at least a sufficient portion of that identifier to allow the transponder to communicate timing details to a TRP when interrogated.

0033The transponder also includes an on-board power supply 133 for providing electrical power to the transponder. It will be appreciated that the power supply also supplies power to the memory 132.

0034Turning to <figref idref="f0007">Figure 8</figref>, there is shown a simplified block diagram of specific portions of an embodiment of the invention that makes use of temporary memory. In particular, an RFID tag 800 is illustrated and includes a substrate for supporting all the electronic components, some of which are shown and others of which are omitted for the sake of clarity. The components of interest are a power supply 801 and a temporary memory array in the form of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) 802. The DRAM 802 includes a plurality of address cells (described in detail in relation to <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3(a)</figref> and <figref idref="f0005">5</figref>) for holding temporary data used by the RFID transponder and its interrogator. In the preferred embodiment, the DRAM also includes timing means in the form of a modified memory cell 803 and associated circuitry (discussed in detail in relation to <figref idref="f0003">Figures 3(b)</figref> and <figref idref="f0006">6</figref>). Alternative embodiments of the circuit shown in <figref idref="f0007">Figure 8</figref> will be discussed later.

0035<figref idref="f0003">Figure 3(a)</figref> shows a schematic of a preferred circuit used for storing one bit of temporary data. It will be appreciated that the memory on-board the transponder is comprised or many like circuits to provide the storage capacity required for the application concerned. Referring back to <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3(a)</figref>, the memory circuit is a temporary memory circuit where data is input at Data In, input data is stored on the storage capacitor by Data Enable and the stored data is available at Data Out. Data is stored on a storage capacitor 301, and once so stored, there is no discharge path other than leakage currents through M1 and the output inverter's gate capacitances. These leakage currents are relatively small and the storage capacitor voltage will maintain itself for at least a few seconds. The normal refresh circuits used for maintaining the data once stored are not shown but are well known and understood to those in the relevant field.

0036The data that is stored in the temporary memory will typically be derived from one of two sources. Firstly it can be derived from the TRP which transmits the data to the transponder. Secondly it can be derived internally; either from the transponder's own memory or generated from circuits on the transponder.

0037<figref idref="f0003">Figure 3(b)</figref> shows a schematic of a preferred the circuit used for storing the Valid DRAM Bit. The chip voltage Vdc is maintained on a storage capacitor 302 by the refresh circuit formed by M2, M3, a current source and an inverter. When the voltage Vdc decreases due to a power outage the refresh circuit prevents the storage capacitor from discharging through M2. Discharge occurs through the current sink formed by M1 and R. This circuit, when M1 is correctly sized, provides a reliable and stable discharge current. The details of this circuit's operation are provided in the publication "<nplcit id="ncit0001" npl-type="s"><text>Switched-Source-Impedance CMOS Circuit For Low Standby Subthreshold Current Giga-Scale LSI's" pages 1131-1135 of the IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CIRCUITS. VOL 28 NO 11, NOVEMBER 1993</text></nplcit>. The discharge current will always be larger than the leakage currents in the circuit of <figref idref="f0003">Figure 3(a)</figref>. Accordingly, the circuit shown in 3(b) will always discharge before the temporary memory circuit and may therefore be used to indicate the validity of the temporary memory. <figref idref="f0004">Figure 4(a)</figref> shows a representation of the discharge waveform for the temporary memory circuit. <figref idref="f0004">Figure 4(b)</figref> shows a representation of the discharge waveform for the Valid DRAM Bit circuit. It will be noted that the Valid DRAM Bit discharge to the transition point between a logical one and zero is significantly shorter than the temporary memory circuit because of the discharge circuit M1 and R.

0038<figref idref="f0005">Figure 5</figref> shows a circuit for temporary memory fabricated on a silicon chip, whilst <figref idref="f0006">Figure 6</figref> shows a circuit for a Valid DRAM Bit fabricated on a silicon chip

0039<figref idref="f0009">Figure 11</figref> shows an alternative embodiment of the invention where use is made of temporary memory using RAM, where the electrical power for the memory 110 is stored on a storage capacitor 111. During a power outage the storage capacitor 111 is isolated from the main power supply by the series pass transistor 112. A discharge circuit 113 and voltage level detector 114 connected in parallel with the storage capacitor 111 is used to limit the maximum time that data remains stored in the memory. The discharge current is small enough to ensure that the memory contents remain valid during normal power outages. If the transponder remains without power for too long then the storage capacitor will discharge below the voltage threshold of the level detector. When power is reapplied the chip circuits will detect that the storage capacitor has discharged and recognise that the contents of the RAM are invalid.

0040<figref idref="f0011">Figure 14</figref> shows a RAM power supply isolation circuit fabricated on a silicon chip for an embodiment of the invention. This provides one specific example of the implementation of such circuitry and is intended to be indicative of the layout. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other configurations and layouts are also suitable.

0041The methods used by the invention are applicable to a number of other aspects in a transponder system to provide advances over the prior art. Some of these aspects are further described below under that following headings.

Mute Chip Bit

0042Where many transponders are simultaneously present inside a TRP the number of transponder identification messages may interfere with the identification process. It is advantageous to be able to silence transponder transmissions once the TRP has identified the transponder and completed all necessary dialogue with the transponder. The TRP may transmit a command, which mutes the transponder preventing further transmissions by the transponder. In the prior art systems the sequential and periodic switching of the interrogation field by the TRP results in transponders periodically powering down. Unfortunately, when they power down they lose this mute information. This necessitates that the muting information be repetitively transmitted for each new orthogonal direction. This reduces the time available for the TRP to receive transponder-identifying messages.

0043In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention the muting information is stored in the temporary memory, in the form of a "Mute Chip Bit". It is particularly advantageous to store this bit in temporary memory because the bit is not lost as the interrogation field is sequentially and periodically switched between the orthogonal directions. When a transponder powers up it can inspect the Mute Chip Bit and determine whether it should be mute.

Configuration Settings

0044There are a number of transponder functional settings that provide enhanced system performance if they are chosen correctly. These settings can be advantageously stored in transponder temporary memory where they will be unaffected by the periodic power outages caused by the sequential switching of the interrogation field. Some examples of these are provided below to show the utility of using temporary memory.

0045<u style="single">PRBS Number</u>: Transponders may use a random number for controlling some functions. For example transponders may uses a random time delay between reply transmissions where a random number controls the length of the delay. Alternatively transponders may randomly select a frequency for transmitting a reply where a random number controls the frequency selected. An example of such a system is <patcit id="pcit0006" dnum="US5302954A"><text>US Patent No. 5,302,954</text></patcit>. Random numbers are conveniently generated on chips by Pseudo Random Binary Sequence PRBS generators. These are made using long shift registers with feedback at critical points. For correct operation the binary number in the shift register must not be lost during the power outages caused by the sequential switching of the interrogation field. This is achieved if the shift register contents are stored in temporary memory, using a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

0046<u style="single">Chopper Settings</u>: For applications where there are a large number of transponders present, the number of transponder identification messages may choke the communication system. Under these circumstances the proportion of transponders transmitting must be reduced. One method of achieving this is to introduce a random time delay between reply transmissions where a random number controls the length of the delay and the average length of the delay is set by the TRP. In this manner only a small portion of transponders are transmitting at any one time. The larger the average delay the smaller the proportion of transponders transmitting. The TRP can set the average delay length by writing to control bits. These bits represent the "Chopper Setting". It is advantageous if the Chopper Setting is not lost during the periodic power outages caused by the sequential switching of the interrogation field. This is achieved if the Chopper Setting is stored in temporary memory, using a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

0047<u style="single">Power Mode Control</u>: For applications where there are a large number of transponders present and in close proximity, coupling between proximate operating transponders may impair transponder operation. Under these circumstances the proportion of transponders operating must be reduced so that the average distance between operating transponders is increased. The coupling between operating transponders is accordingly reduced. One method of achieving this is to introduce a random time delay between transponders moving from a low power non-operating state and a normal power operating state where a random number controls the length of the time and the average length of the time is set by the TRP. In this manner only a small portion of transponders are operating at any one time. The larger the average time the smaller the proportion of operating transponders. The TRP can set the average time by writing to control bits. These bits represent the "Power Mode Control" number. It is advantageous if the Power Mode Control is not lost during the periodic power outages caused by the sequential switching of the interrogation field. This is achieved if the Power Mode Control is stored in temporary memory, again, using a preferred embodiment of the invention.

0048The above description illustrates that the preferred embodiments of the invention provide many advantages over the prior art systems. In some embodiments these advantages arise from the provision of a plurality of RFID transponders for use with an RFID interrogator that provides a plurality of temporally spaced interrogating signals that include respective identifiers, where the transponders each include: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a receiver for receiving one or more of the interrogating signals;</li><li>a signal processor being responsive to the receiver for extracting the identifiers from the one or more signals; and</li><li>a transmitter being responsive to the identifiers for transmitting a response signal for allowing the interrogator to determine the order in which the transponders were first in receipt of an interrogating signal.</li></ul>

0049It is inherent in the transponder/TRP system that both the transponder and the TRP have transmitters and receivers for allowing two way communication between the devices. However, the preferred embodiments of this invention go further and utilise the content and timing of the transmitted information between the devices in an advantageous and constructive manner. The preferred embodiments also make use of the on-board processing capability of the transponders, which includes, amongst other components, the signal processor mentioned above, a central processor and associated memory.

0050Although the invention has been described with reference to a number of specific embodiments and aspects, it will be appreciated that by those skilled in the art that the invention can be embodied in many other forms.