Imides as inhibitors of TNF alpha

0001The present invention relates to compounds and compositions which prevent or inhibitor reduce the production of TNF_α.

0002TNF_α, or tumor necrosis factor α, is a cytokine which is released primarily by mononuclear phagocytes in response to various immunostimulators. When administered to animals or humans it causes inflammation, fever, cardiovascular effects, hemorrhage, coagulation and acute phase responses similar to those seen during acute infections and shock states.

0003Excessive or unregulated TNF_α production has been implicated in a number of disease conditions. These include endotoxemia and/or toxic shock syndrome {Tracey et al., Nature <b>330</b>, 662-664 (1987) and Hinshaw et al., Circ. Shock <b>30,</b>279-292 (1990)}; cachexia {Dezube et al., Lancet, <b>335</b> (8690), 662 (1990)}; and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome where THF_α concentration in excess of 12,000 pg/mL have been detected in pulmonary aspirates from ARDS patients (Millar et al., Lancet <b>2</b>(8665), 712-714 (1989)). Systemic infusion of recombinant TNF_α also resulted in changes typically seen in ARDS (Ferrai-Baliviera et al., Arch. Surg. <b>124</b>(12), 1400-1405 (1989)).

0004TNF_α appears to be involved in bone resorption diseases, including arthritis where it has been determined that when activated, leukocytes will produce a bone-resorbing activity, and data suggest that TNF_α contributes to this activity. (Bertolini et al., Nature <b>319</b>, 516-518 (1986) and Johnson et al., Endocrinology <b>124</b>(3), 1424-1427 (1989).) It has been determined that TNF_α stimulates bone resorption and inhibits bone formation in vitro and in vivo through stimulation of osteoclast formation and activation combined with inhibition of osteoblast function. Although TNF_α may be involved in many bone resorption diseases, including arthritis, the most compelling link with disease is the association between production of TNF_α by tumor or host tissues and malignancy associated hypercalcemia (Calci. Tissue Int. (US) <b>46</b>(Suppl.), S3-10 (1990)}. In Graft versus Host Reaction, increased serum TNF_α levels have been associated with major complication following acute allogenic bone marrow transplants (Holler et al., Blood, <b>75</b>(4), 1011-1016 (1990)).

0005Cerebral malaria is a lethal hyperacute neurological syndrome associated with high blood levels of TNF_α and the most severe complication occurring in malaria patients. Levels of serum TNF_α correlated directly with the severity of disease and the prognosis in patients.with acute malaria attacks (Grau et al., N. Engl. J. Med. <b>320</b>(24), 1586-1591 (1989)}.

0006TNF_α also plays a role in the area of chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases. The deposition of silica particles leads to silicosis, a disease of progressive respiratory failure caused by a fibrotic reaction. Antibody to TNF_α completely blocked the silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice {Pignet et al., Nature, <b>344</b>:245-247 (1990)}. High levels of TNF_α production (in the serum and in isolated macrophages) have been demonstrated in animal models of silica and asbestos induced fibrosis {Bissonnette et al., Inflammation 13(3), 329-339 (1989)}. Alveolar macrophages from pulmonary sarcoidosis patients have also been found to spontaneously release massive quantities of TNF_α as compared with macrophages from normal donors {Baughman et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. <b>115</b>(1), 36-42 (1990)}.

0007TNF_α is also implicated in the inflammatory response which follows reperfusion, called reperfusion injury, and is a major cause of tissue damage after loss of blood flow (Vedder et al., PNAS 87, 2643-2646 (1990)). TNF_α also alters the properties of endothelial cells and has various pro-coagulant activities, such as producing an increase in tissue factor pro-coagulant activity and suppression of the anticoagulant protein C pathway as well as down-regulating the expression of thrombomodulin {Sherry et al., J. Cell Biol. <b>107</b>, 1269-1277 (1988)}. TNF_α has pro-inflammatory activities which together with its early production (during the initial stage of an inflammatory event) make it a likely mediator of tissue injury in several important disorders including but not limited to, myocardial infarction, stroke and circulatory shock. Of specific importance may be TNF_α-induced expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) or endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM) on endothelial cells {Munro et al., Am. J. Path. 135(1), 121-132 (1989)}.

0008Moreover, it now is known that TNF_α is a potent activator of retrovirus replication including activation of HIV-1. (Duh et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. <b>86</b>, 5974-5978 (1989); Poll et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. <b>87</b>, 782-785 (1990); Monto et al., Blood 79, 2670 (1990); Clouse et al., J. Immunol. <b>142</b>, 431-438 (1989): Poll et al., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovirus, 191-197 (1992)}. AIDS results from the infection of T lymphocytes with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At least three types or strains of HIV have been identified, i.e., HIV-1, HTV-2 and HIV-3. As a consequence of HIV infection, T-cell mediated immunity is impaired and infected individuals manifest severe opportunistic infections and/or unusual neoplasms. HIV entry into the T lymphocyte requires T lymphocyte activation. Other viruses, such as HIV-1, HIV-2 infect T lymphocytes after T cell activation and such virus protein expression and/or replication is mediated or maintained by such T cell activation. Once an activated T lymphocyte is infected with HIV, the T lymphocyte must continue to be maintained in an activated state to permit HIV gene expression and/or HIV replication. Cytokines, specifically TNF_α, are implicated in activated T-cell mediated HIV protein expression and/or virus replication by playing a role in maintaining T lymphocyte activation. Therefore, interference with cytokine activity such as by prevention or inhibition of cytokine production, notably TNF_α, in an HIV-infected individual aids in limiting the maintenance of T lymphocyte caused by HIV infection.

0009Monocytes, macrophages, and related cells, such as kupffer and glial cells, have also been implicated in maintenance of the HIV infection. These cells, like T cells, are targets for viral replication and the level of viral replication is dependent upon the activation state of the cells. {Rosenberg et al., The Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection, Advances in Immunology, <b>57</b> (1989)}. Cytokines, such as TNF_α, have been shown to activate HIV replication in monocytes and/or macrophages (Poli et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., <b>87</b>, 782-784 (1990)), therefore, prevention or inhibition of cytokine production or activity aids in limiting HIV progression as stated above for T cells. Additional studies have identified TNF_α as a common factor in the activation of HIV in vitro and has provided a clear mechanism of action via a nuclear regulatory protein found in the cytoplasm of cells (Osborn, et al., PNAS <b>86</b> 2336-2340). This evidence suggests that a reduction of TNF_α synthesis may have an antiviral effect in HIV infections, by reducing the transcription and thus virus production.

0010AIDS viral replication of latent HIV in T cell and macrophage lines can be induced by TNF_α {Folks et al., PNAS <b>86</b>, 2365-2368 (1989)}. A molecular mechanism for the virus inducing activity is suggested by TNF_α's ability to activate a gene regulatory protein (NFKB) found in the cytoplasm of cells, which promotes HIV replication through binding to a viral regulatory gene sequence (LTR) {Osborn et al., PNAS 86, 2336-2340 (1989)}. TNF_α in AIDS associated cachexia is suggested by elevated serum TNF_α and high levels of spontaneous TNF_α production in peripheral blood monocytes from patients (Wright et al. J. Immunol. <b>141</b>(1), 99-104 (1988)).

0011TNF_α has been implicated in various roles with other viral infections, such as the cytomegalia virus (CMV), influenza virus, adenovirus, and the herpes family of viruses for similar reasons as those noted.

0012Preventing or inhibiting the production or action of TNF_α is, therefore, predicted to be a potent therapeutic strategy for many inflammatory, infectious, immunological or malignant diseases. These include but are not restricted to septic shock, sepsis, endotoxic shock, hemodynamic shock and sepsis syndrome, post ischemic reperfusion injury, malaria, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic disease, cachexia, graft rejection, cancer, autoimmune disease, opportunistic infections in AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, other arthritic conditions, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythrematosis, ENL in leprosy, radiation damage, and hyperoxic alveolar injury. Efforts directed to the suppression of the effects of TNF_α have ranged from the utilization of steroids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone to the use of both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Beutler et al., Science 234, 470-474 (1985); WO 92/11383).

0013The nuclear factor kB (NFKB) is a pleiotropic transcriptional activator (Lenardo, et al. Cell 1989, 58, 227-29). NFKB has been implicated as a transcriptional activator in a variety of disease and inflammatory states and is thought to regulate cytokine levels including but not limited to TNF_α and also to be an activator of HIV transcription (Dbaibo, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 17762-66; Duh et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1989, 86, 5974-78; Bachelerie et al. Nature 1991, 350, 709-12; Boswas et al. J.. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1993, 6, 778-786; Suzuki et al. Biochem. And Biophys. Res. Comm. 1993, 193, 277-83; Suzuki et al. Biochem. And Biophys. Res Comm. 1992, 189, 1709-15; Suzuki et al. Biochem. Mol. Bio. Int. 1993, 31(4), 693-700; Shakhov et al. 1990, 171, 35-47; and Staal et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87, 9943-47). Thus, inhibition of NFKB binding can regulate transcription of cytokine gene(s) and through this modulation and other mechanisms be useful in the inhibition of a multitude of disease states. The compounds claimed in this patent can inhibit the action of NFKB in the nucleus and thus are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, other arthritic conditions, septic shock, septis, endotoxic shock, graft versus host disease, wasting, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythrematosis, ENL in leprosy, HIV, AIDS, and opportunistic infections in AIDS.

0014TNF_α and NFKB levels are influenced by a reciprocal feedback loop. As noted above, the compounds of the present invention affect the levels of both TNF_α and NFKB. It is not known at this time, however, how the compounds of the present invention regulate the levels of TNF_α, NFKB, or both.

0015V. Günzler et al., Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res. 36 (II), Nr. 7 (1986) discloses hydrolysis products of thalidomide and their immunological effects.

0016A.U. De and D. Pal, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 66, No. 2, 1977, pages 232-234, describes the synthesis and evaluation of certain glutarimide analogues.

0017Xu et al. describe the synthesis and antitumor activity of some glutamine derivatives (Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 118, No. 1, page 901, 1993).

0018Jönsson et al., Acta Parm. Suecica 9, 431-446 (1972) describe the synthesis and teratogenic activity in rabbits of some phtalimide derivatives.

0019Abo-Sier et al., Pharmazie 32, H. 3 (1977), pages 149-150 describe the synthesis and evaluation of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl derivatives of certain amino acids.

0020WO 92/14455 describes the synthesis and evaluation of 2,6-dioxopiperidine derivatives.

Detailed Description

0021The present invention is based on the discovery that a class of non-polypeptide imides more fully described herein appear to inhibit the action of TNF_α.

0022A first aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds of the formula: <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP1004580B1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry> in which Z is <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP1004580B1_D0002.tif" /></chemistry> in which <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>R¹ is the divalent residue of (i) 3,4-pyridine, (ii) pyrrolidine, (iii) imidizole, (iv) naphthalene, (v) thiophene, or (vi) a straight or branched alkane of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with phenyl or phenyl substituted with nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbopropoxy, acetyl, carbamyl, acetoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, amino, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or halo, wherein the divalent bonds of said residue are on vicinal ring carbon atoms;</li><li>R² is -CO- or -SO₂-;</li><li>R³ is (i) phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents each selected independently from nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbopropoxy, acetyl, carbamoyl, acetoxy, hydroxy, amino, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (ii) pyridyl, (iii) pyrrolyl, (iv) imidazolyl, (v) naphthyl, (vi) thienyl, (vii) quinolyl, (viii) furyl, or (ix) indolyl;</li><li>R⁴ is alanyl, arginyl, glycyl, phenylglycyl, histidyl, leucyl, isoleucyl, lysyl, methionyl, prolyl, sarcosyl, seryl, homoseryl, threonyl, thyronyl, tyrosyl, valyl, benzimidol-2-yl, benzoxazol-2-yl, or phenylcarbamoyl; and</li><li>n has a value of 1, 2, or 3, and wherein the compound is further specified as defined in the claims.</li></ul>

0023More particularly, a first preferred subclass pertains to compounds of the formula: <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP1004580B1_D0003.tif" /></chemistry> in which R¹ is the divalent residue of (i) 3,4-pyridine, (ii) pyrrolidine, (iii) imidizole, (iv) naphthalene, (v) thiophene, or (vi) a straight or branched alkane of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with phenyl or phenyl substituted with nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbopropoxy, acetyl, carbamyl, acetoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, amino, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or halo, wherein the divalent bonds of said residue are on vicinal ring carbon atoms; R² is -CO- or -SO₂-; and n has a value of 1, 2, or 3.

0024Preferred compounds of Formula IA include those in which R¹ is a divalent residue of pyridine, naphthalene or imidazole, R² is -CO-, and n is 2.

0025A second preferred subclass pertains to compounds of the formula: <chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP1004580B1_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> in which R³ is (i) phenyl substituted with nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbopropoxy, acetyl, carbamoyl, acetoxy, carboxy, hydroxy, amino, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or halo, (ii) pyridyl, (iii) pyrrolyl, (iv) imidazolyl, (v) naphthyl, (vi) thienyl, (vii) quinolyl, (viii) furyl, or (ix) indolyl; and n has a value of 1, 2, or 3.

0026Preferred compounds of Formula IB are those wherein R³ is trifluoromethylphenyl, cyanophenyl, methoxyphenyl, fluorophenyl, or furyl, and n is 2.

0027A third preferred subclass pertains to compounds of the formula: <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP1004580B1_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> in which R⁴ is alanyl, arginyl, glycyl, phenylglycyl, histidyl, leucyl, isoleucyl, lysyl, methionyl, prolyl, sarcosyl, seryl, homoseryl, threonyl, thyronyl, tyrosyl, valyl, benzimidol-2-yl, benzoxazol-2-yl, phenylsulfonyl, methylphenylsulfonyl, or phenylcarbamoyl, and n has a value of 1, 2, or 3.

0028Preferred compounds of Formula IC are those wherein R⁴ is phenylsulfonyl or 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl and n is 2.

0029The invention also relates to the use of the compounds as claimed in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of the diseases as claimed.

0030Typical compounds of this invention include 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-4-azaisoindoline-1,3-dione; 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-benzo[e]isoindoline-1,3-dione: 5-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazole-4, 6-dione; 3-(trifluoromethylphenylcarboxamido) piperidine-2, 6-dione; 3-(cyanophenylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione; 3-(methoxyphenylcarboxamido)- piperidine-2,6-dione; 3-(3-pyridylcarboxamido)-piperidine-2,6-dione; 3-(2-furylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione; 3-phenylsulfonamidopiperidine-2,6-dione: 3-(2-amino-3-phenylpropaneamido)-piperidine-2,6-dione; 3-phenylcarboxamidopiperidine-2,6-dione; 3-phthalimidoimidazoline-2,5-dione; 3-(1,3-dioxo-'4-azaisoindolinyl)piperidine-2,6-dione.

0031The term alkyl as used herein denotes a univalent saturated branched or straight hydrocarbon chain. Unless otherwise stated, such chains can contain from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Representative of such alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, and the like. When qualified by "lower", the alkyl group will contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The same carbon content applies to the parent term "alkane" and to derivative terms such as "alkoxy".

0032The compounds can be used, in the preparation of a medicament for under the supervision of qualified professionals, inhibiting the undesirable effects of TNF_α. The compounds can be administered orally, rectally, or parenterally, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents including antibiotics, steroids, etc., to a mammal in need of treatment. Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, dragees, and similar shaped, compressed pharmaceutical forms. Isotonic saline solutions containing 20-100 mg/mL can be used for parenteral administration which includes intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous and intra-arterial routes of administration. Rectal administration can be effected through the use of suppositories formulated from conventional carriers such as cocoa butter.

0033Dosage regimens must be titrated to the particular indication, the age, weight, and general physical condition of the patient, and the response desired but generally doses will be from about 10 to about 500 mg/day as needed in single or multiple daily administration. In general, an initial treatment regimen can be copied from that known to be effective in interfering with TNF_α activity for other TNF_α mediated disease states by the compounds of the present invention. Treated individuals will be regularly checked for T cell numbers and T4/T8 ratios and/or measures of viremia such as levels of reverse transcriptase or viral proteins, and/or for progression of cytokine-mediated disease associated problems such as cachexia or muscle degeneration. If no effect is soon following the normal treatment regimen, then the amount of cytokine activity interfering agent administered is increased, e.g., by fifty percent a week.

0034The compounds of the present invention also can be used in the preparation of a medicament for topical treatment or prophylaxis of topical disease states mediated or exacerbated by excessive TNF_α production, respectively, such as viral infections, such as those caused by the herpes viruses, or viral conjunctivitis, etc.

0035The compounds also can be used in the preparation of a medicament for the veterinary treatment of mammals other than humans in need of prevention or inhibition of TNF_α production. TNF_α mediated diseases for treatment, therapeutically or prophylactically, in animals include disease states such as those noted above, but in particular viral infections. Examples include feline immuno-deficiency virus, equine infectious anaemia virus, caprine arthritis virus, visna virus, and maedi virus, as well as other lentiviruses.

0036Certain of these compounds possess centers of chirality and can exist as optical isomers. Both the racemates of these isomers and the individual isomers themselves, as well as diastereomers when there are two chiral centers, are within the scope of the present invention. The racemates can be used as such or can be separated into their individual isomers mechanically as by chromatography using a chiral absorbant. Alternatively, the individual isomers can be prepared in chiral form or separated chemically from a mixture by forming salts with a chiral acid, such as the individual enantiomers of 10-camphorsulfonic acid, camphoric acid, alpha-bromocamphoric acid, methoxyacetic acid, tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, malic acid, pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, and the like, and then freeing one or both of the resolved bases, optionally repeating the process, so as obtain either or both substantially free of the other; i.e., in a form having an optical purity of >95%.

0037The compounds can be prepared using methods which are known in general for the preparation of imides. However, the present invention also pertains to an improvement in the formation of the final compounds, as discussed below in greater detail.

0038An N-alkoxycarbonylimide and an amine thus are allowed to react in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate substantially as described by Shealy et al., Chem. &amp; Ind., (1965) 1030-1031) and Shealy et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 57, 757-764 (1968) to yield the N-substituted imide. Alternatively, a cyclic acid anhydride can be reacted with an appropriate amine to form an imide. Formation of a cyclic imide also can be accomplished by refluxing a solution of an appropriately substituted dicarboxylic acid monoamide in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole. In contrast to prior art methods which produced a yield of less than 50%, this reaction produces yields in excess of 60%, in some cases greater than 90%. This reaction also has broader applicability, being useful not only in the preparation of compounds of the present invention but also in the preparation of known compounds such as thalidomide.

0039Prevention or inhibition of production of TNF_α by these compounds can be conveniently assayed using anti-TNF_α antibodies. For example, plates (Nunc Immunoplates, Roskilde, DK) are treated with 5 µg/mL of purified rabbit anti-TNF_α antibodies at 4°C for 12 to 14 hours. The plates then are blocked for 2 hours at 25°C with PBS/0.05% Tween containing 5 mg/mL BSA. After washing, 100 µL of unknowns as well as controls are applied and the plates incubated at 4°C for 12 to 14 hours. The plates are washed and assayed with a conjugate of peroxidase (horseradish) and mouse anti-TNF_α monoclonal antibodies, and the color developed with o-phenylenediamine in phosphate-citrate buffer containing 0.012% hydrogen peroxide and read at 492 nm.

0040The following examples will serve to further typify the nature of this invention but should not be construed as a limitation in the scope thereof, which scope is defined solely by the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1

0041A stirred suspension of (S)-glutamine (14.6 g, 100 mmol) and 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride (14.9 g, 100 mmol) in 100 mL of acetic acid is heated and refluxed for 1 hour. The reaction solution is cooled to form a solid. The solid is removed by filtration and washed with acetic acid to yield 7.11 g (26%) of 2-(1,3-dioxa-4-azaisoindolin-2-yl)glutaramic acid. The product can be further purified by slurring in 700 mL of refluxing ethanol, cooling, filtering, and drying to produce a white powder with a melting point of 222-226°C; ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 13.25 (br s, 1 H, COOH), 9.04 (dd, 1 H, J = 1.2, 4.9 Hz, pyr), 8.37 (dd, 1 H, J = 1.2, 7.8 Hz, pyr), 7.85 (dd, 1 H, J = 4.9, 7.8 Hz, pyr), 7.20 (s, 1_H, CONH₂), 6.73 (s, 1 H, CONH₂), 4.83 (dd, 1 H, J = 10.2, 4.8 Hz, CHN), 2.55-1.90 (m, 4 H, CH₂CH₂) ; ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1173.22, 170.21, 165.8, 165.7, 155.4, 150.9, 131.7, 128.3, 126.9, 51.5, 31.4, 24.0.

0042Utilization of asparagine in place of glutamine produces 2-(1,3-dioxo-4-azaisoindolin-2-yl)-malonamic acid.

0043By substituting equivalent amounts of 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride and 4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic anhydride for 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride in the foregoing procedure, there are respectively obtained 2-(1,3-dioxobenzo[e]isoindolin-2-yl)glutaramic acid and 2-(4,6-dioxopyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazol-5-yl)glutaramic acid.

EXAMPLE 2

0044A stirred suspension of 1.39 g, 5.01 mmol, of 2-(1,3-dioxo-4-azaisoindolin-2-yl)glutaramic acid (see Example 1), N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (0.890 g, 5.49 mmoL) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.005 g, 0.04 mmoL) in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran is refluxed for 15 hours. The reaction slurry is cooled and the solid removed by filtration and washed with minimal tetrahydrofuran. 2-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-4-azaisoindoline-1,3-dione (0.859 g, 66%) is recovered as a white powder. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.18 (s, 1 H, NHCO), 9.04 (d, 1 H, J = 5.0 Hz, pyr), 8.39 (d, 1 H, J = 7.7 Hz, pyr), 7.86 (dd, 1 H, J = 5.0, 7.7 Hz, pyr), 5.25 (dd, 1 H, J = 15.3, 13 Hz, 1 H, CHCO), 3.05-2.75 (m, 1 H, CH₂CO), 2.75 (m, 2 H, CH₂CO, CH₂), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1 H, CH₂CO, CH₂); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 172.6, 169.6, 165.4, 155.3, 150.8, 131.7, 128.2, 126.9, 49.0, 30.8, 21.8. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₉N₃O₄. Theory 55.60, 3.50, 16.21. Found 55.50, 3.53, 16.11.

0045Substitution of 2-(1,3-dioxo-4-azaisoindolin-2-yl)malonamic acid in the foregoing procedure yields 2-(2,5-dioxo-3-pyrrolidinyl)-4-azaisoindoline-1,3-dione.

0046By substituting equivalent amounts of 2-(1,3-dioxoben2o[e]isoindolin-2-yl)glutaramic acid and 2-(4,6-dioxopyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazol-5-yl)glutaramic acid in the foregoing procedure, there are respectively obtained 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-benzo[e]isoindoline-1,3-dione and 5-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-pyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazole-4,6-dione.

EXAMPLE 3

0047A solution of L-glutamine (2.92 g, 20.0 mmoL) and sodium hydroxide (20 mmoL) in water is added to a stirred solution of phenylisocyanate (2.4 g, 2.2 mL, 20 mmoL) in acetonitrile (40 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred for 45 hours and is partially concentrated to remove acetonitrile. The reaction mixture is washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 25 mL each). The pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to 1 - 2 with 4N hydrochloric acid. The slurry of the reaction mixture is filtered and the solid washed and dried to yield 4.70 g of N-phenyl-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea (89%) as a white powder.

0048By substituting 4-trifluoromethylphenylisocyanate, 3-cyanophenylisocyanate, 2-methoxyphenylisocyanate, fur-2-ylisocyanate, and pyrid-3-ylisocyanate for phenylisocyanate in the foregoing procedure, there are respectively obtained N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, N-(3-cyanophenyl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, N-(fur-2-yl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, and N-(pyrid-3-yl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea.

EXAMPLE 4

0049N-Phenyl-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea (2.00 g, 7.54 mmoL) is mixed with carbonyldiimidazole (1.24 g, 7.95 mmoL) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) is heated and refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue slurried in water (25 mL). The resulting slurry is filtered and the solid is washed with water and air dried to yield 0.63 g of 3-phenylcarboxamidopiperidine-2,6-dione which can be alternatively named as N-phenyl-N'-(2-glutarimide)urea as a white flocculent powder. After being allowed to stand, the filtrate is refiltered to yield 0.70 g of additional material. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.51 (s, 1H, CONHCO), 7.6-7.2 (m, 6 H, Ar, ArNH), 6.83 (s, 1 H, N<u style="single">H</u>CH), 4.26 (t, 1_H, CHCO), 2.4-1.8 (m, 4 H, CH₂CH₂); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 173.2, 155.6,, 132.2, 128.7, 127.7, 126.7, 55.7, 29.8, 27.2. Anal. Calcd for C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₃. Theoretical: C, 58.29; H, 5.29; N, 16.99. Found: C, 58.12; H, 5.17; N, 17.02.

0050By substituting N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, N-(3-cyanophenyl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, N-(fur-2-yl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea, and N-(pyrid-3-yl)-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea for N-phenyl-N'-(4-carboxybutyramide)urea in the foregoing procedure, there are respectively obtained 3-(4-trifluoromethylphenylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione, 3-(3-cyanophenylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione, 3-(2-methoxyphenylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione, 3-(fur-2-ylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione, and 3-(pyrid-3-ylcarboxamido)piperidine-2,6-dione.

EXAMPLE 5

0051A stirred mixture of N-phthaloyl-L-glutamine (48.0 g, 174 mmoL), carbonyldiimidazole (30.43 g, 188 mmoL), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.105 g, 0.861 mmoL) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (300 mL) is heated to reflux for 16 hours. The reaction slurry is filtered and the solid washed with methylene chloride (200 mL). The solid is air-dried and then dried in vacuo (60°C, &lt;lmm) to afford 40.40 g (90%) of thalidomide as a white powder. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 11.16 (s, 1 H, NH), 8.05-7.80 (br s, 4 H, Ar), 5.18 (dd, 1 H, J = 12, 5 Hz, CHCO), 3.05-2.85 (m, 1 H, CH₂CO), 2,70-2.45 (m, 2 H, CH₂CH₂), 2.15-2.00 (M, 1 H, CH₂). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 172.8, 169.8, 167.1, 134.9, 131.2, 123.4, 49.0, 30.9, 22.0.

EXAMPLE 6

0052A stirred suspension of (s)-glutamine (14.6 g, 100 mL) and pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (14.9 g, 100 mmol) in 100 mL of acetic acid is heated at reflux for 1 hour. The resulting solution is allowed to cool. The solid which forms upon cooling is filtered and the solid washed with acetic acid and dried to afford 7.11 g (26%) of crude product. The crude product is slurried in 700 mL of refluxing ethanol, the suspension cooled, and the slurry collected by filtration and dried to afford 6.10 g (23%) of N-quinolinylglutamine, which can be alternatively named as 2-(1,3-dioxo-4-azaisoindol-2-yl)-3-carbamoylpropionic acid, as a white powder. mp 222-226°C; 1H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 13.25 (br s, 1 H, COOH), 9.04 (dd, 1 H, J = 1.2, 4.9 Hz, pyr), 8.37 (dd, 1 H, J = 1.2, 7.8 Hz, pyr), 7.85 (dd, 1 H, J = 4.9, 7.8 Hz, pyr), 7.20 (s, 1 H, CONH₂), 6.73 (s, 1 H, CONH₂), 4.83 (dd, 1 H, J = 10.2, 4.8 Hz, CHN), 2.55-1.90 (m, 4 H, CH₂CH₂); 13C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 1173.22, 170.21, 165.8, 165.7, 155.4, 150.9, 131.7, 128.3, 126.9, 51.5, 31.4, 24.0.

EXAMPLE 7

0053A stirred suspension of N-quinolinylglutamine (1.39 g, 5.01 mmol), carbonyldiimidazole (0.890 g, 5.49 mmol), and N,N-dimethylpyridine (0.005 g, 0.04 mmol) in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran is heated at reflux for 15 hours. After cooling, the reaction slurry is filtered and the solid washed with minimal tetrahydrofuran to afford, after drying 0.859 g (66%) of N-quinolinylglutarimide, which can be, alternatively named as 3-(1,3-dioxo-4-azaisoindol-2-yl)-2,6-dioxopiperidine, as a white powder: 1H NMR (DHSO-d₆) δ 11.18 (s, 1 H, NHCO), 9.04 (d, 1 H, J = 5.0 Hz, pyr), 8.39 (d, 1 H, J = 7.7 Hz, pyr), 7.86 (dd, 1 H, J = 5.0, 7.7 Hz, pyr), 5.25 (dd, 1 H, J = 15.3, 13 Hz, 1 H, CHCO), 3.05-2.75 (m, 1 H, CH₂CO), 2.75 (m, 2 H, CH₂CO, CH₂), 2.20-2.00 (m, 1 H, CH₂CO, CH₂) ; 13C NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 172.6, 169.6, 165.4, 155.3, 150.8, 131.7, 128.2, 126.9, 49.0, 30.8, 21.8. Anal. Calculated for C₁₂H₉N₃O₄. Theory 55.60, 3.50, 16.21. Found 55.50, 3.53, 16.11.

EXAMPLE 8

0054To a stirred solution of phenyl isocyanate (2.2 mL, 2.4 g, 20 mmol) in acetonitrile (40 mL) is added a solution of L-glutamine (2.92 g, 20.0 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (20 mmol) in water (20 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred for 45 hours, partially concentrated to remove the acetonitrile, and washed with ethyl acetate (2 x 25 mL). The pH of the aqueous layer is adjusted to 1-2 with 4 N hydrochloric acid, the resulting thick slurry filtered, and the solid washed with water and air-dried to afford 4.70 g (89%) yield of 2-(N-phenyluriedo)-4-carbamoylbutyric acid as a white powder.

00552-(N-phenyluriedo)-4-carbamoylbutyric acid (2.00 g, 7.54 mol) and carbonyldiimidazole (1.24 g, 7.95 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) are heated at reflux for 16 hours. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue slurried in water (25 mL), the slurry filtered, and the solid washed with water and air-dried to afford 0.63 g of N-phenyl-N'-(1,6-dioxopiperidin-2-yl)urea. After sitting, filtration of the filtrate afforded 0.70 g (38%) of the product as a white flocculent powder: 1H HMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 8.51 (s, 1 H, CONHCO), 7.6-7.2 (m, 6 H, Ar, ArNH), 6.83 (s, 1 H, NHCH), 4.26 (t, 1 H, CHCO), 2.4-1.8 (m, 4 4 H, CH2CH2); 13C NMR (DnSO-d₆) δ 173.2, 155.6, 132.2, 128.7, 127.7, 126.7, 55.7, 29.8, 27.2. Anal. Calculated for C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₃. Theoretical: C, 58.29; H, 5.29; N, 16.99. Found: C, 58.12: H, 5.17: N, 17.02.

EXAMPLE 9

0056Tablets, each containing 50 mg of active imide ingredient, can be prepared in the following manner: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39mm" colsep="0" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" colsep="0" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="1" align="left" valign="top">Constituents (for 1000 tablets)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">active imide ingredient</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">50.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">lactose</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">50.7 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">wheat starch</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">7.5 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">polyethylene glycol 6000</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">5.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">talc</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">5.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">magnesium stearate</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">1.8 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">demineralized water</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">q.s.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0057The solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve of 0.6 mm mesh width. The active imide ingredient, the lactose, the talc, the magnesium stearate and half of the starch then are mixed. The other half of the starch is suspended in 40 mL of water and this suspension is added to a boiling solution of the polyethylene glycol in 100 mL of water. The resulting paste is added to the pulverulent substances and the mixture is granulated, if necessary with the addition of water. The granulate is dried overnight at 35°C, forced through a sieve of 1.2 mm mesh width and compressed to form tablets of approximately 6 mm diameter which are concave on both sides.

EXAMPLE 10

0058Tablets, each containing 100 mg of active imide ingredient, can be prepared in the following manner: <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="36mm" colsep="0" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="20mm" colsep="0" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="1" align="left" valign="top">Constituents (for 1000 tablets)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">active imide ingredient</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">100.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">lactose</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">100.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">wheat starch</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">47.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">magnesium stearate</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">3.0 g</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0059All the solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve of 0.6 mm mesh width. The active imide ingredient, the lactose, the magnesium stearate and half of the starch then are mixed. The other half of the starch is suspended in 40 mL of water and this suspension is added to 100 mL of boiling water. The resulting paste is added to the pulverulent substances and the mixture is granulated, if necessary with the addition of water. The granulate is dried overnight at 35°C, forced through a sieve of 1.2 mm mesh width and compressed to form tablets of approximately 6 mm diameter which are concave on both sides.

EXAMPLE 11

0060Tablets for chewing, each containing 75 mg of active imide ingredient, can be prepared in the following manner: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="37mm" colsep="0" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="21mm" colsep="0" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="1" align="left" valign="top">Composition (for 1000 tablets)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">active imide ingredient</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">75.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">mannitol</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">230.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">lactose</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">150.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">talc</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">21.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">glycine</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">12.5 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">stearic acid</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">10.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">saccharin</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">1.5 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">5% gelatin solution</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">q.s.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0061All the solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve of 0.25 mm mesh width. The mannitol and the lactose are mixed, granulated with the addition of gelatin solution, forced through a sieve of 2 mm mesh width, dried at 50°C and again forced through a sieve of 1.7 mm mesh width. The active imide ingredient, the glycine and the saccharin are carefully mixed, the mannitol, the lactose granulate, the stearic acid and the talc are added and the whole is mixed thoroughly and compressed to form tablets of approximately 10 mm diameter which are concave on both sides and have a breaking groove on the upper side.

EXAMPLE 12

0062Tablets, each containing 10 mg of active imide ingredient, can be prepared in the following manner: <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39mm" colsep="0" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="18mm" colsep="0" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="1" align="left" valign="top">Composition (for 1000 tablets)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">active imide ingredient</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">10.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">lactose</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">328.5 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">corn starch</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">17.5 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">polyethylene glycol 6000</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">5.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">talc</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">25.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">magnesium stearate</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">4.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">demineralized water</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">q.s.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0063The solid ingredients are first forced through a sieve of 0.6 mm mesh width. Then the active imide ingredient, lactose, talc, magnesium stearate and half of the starch are intimately mixed. The other half of the starch is suspended in 65 mL of water and this suspension is added to a boiling solution of the polyethylene glycol in 260 mL of water. The resulting paste is added to the pulverulent substances, and the whole is mixed and granulated, if necessary with the addition of water. The granulate is dried overnight at 35°C, forced through a sieve of 1.2 mm mesh width and compressed to form tablets of approximately 10 mm diameter which are concave on both sides and have a breaking notch on the upper side.

EXAMPLE 13

0064Gelatin dry-filled capsules, each containing 100 mg of active imide ingredient, can be prepared in the following manner: <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="41mm" colsep="0" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="19mm" colsep="0" /><thead><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="1" align="left" valign="top">Composition (for 1000 capsules)</entry></row></thead><tbody><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">active imide ingredient</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">100.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">microcrystalline cellulose</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">30.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">sodium lauryl sulphate</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">2.0 g</entry></row><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">magnesium stearate</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">8.0 g</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0065The sodium lauryl sulphate is sieved into the active imide ingredient through a sieve of 0.2 mm mesh width and the two components are intimately mixed for 10 minutes. The microcrystalline cellulose is then added through a sieve of 0.9 mm mesh width and the whole is again intimately mixed for 10 minutes. Finally, the magnesium stearate is added through a sieve of 0.8_mm width and, after mixing for a further 3 minutes, the mixture is introduced in portions of 140 mg each into size 0 (elongated) gelatin dry-fill capsules.

EXAMPLE 14

0066A 0.2% injection or infusion solution can be prepared, for example, in the following manner: <tables id="tabl0006" num="0006"><table frame="none"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="38mm" colsep="0" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="24mm" colsep="0" /><tbody><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">active imide ingredient</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">5.0 g</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">sodium chloride</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">22.5 g</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">phosphate buffer pH 7.4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">300.0 g</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left" valign="top">demineralized water</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right" valign="top">to 2500.0 mL</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0067The active imide ingredient is dissolved in 1000 mL of water and filtered through a microfilter. The buffer solution is added and the whole is made up to 2500 mL with water. To prepare dosage unit forms, portions of 1.0 or 2.5 mL each are introduced into glass ampoules (each containing respectively 2.0 or 5.0 mg of imide).