Lining material, process for its manufacture and its use

The invention relates to a carrier insert which is particularly suitable as a carrier insert for the production of roofing sheets or as a tarpaulin or surface.

Carrier inserts for the production of roofing membranes must meet a wide range of requirements. On the one hand, sufficient mechanical stability is required, such as good perforation resistance and good tensile strength, in order, for example, to withstand the mechanical loads during further processing, such as bituminization or laying. In addition, a high level of resistance to thermal stress, for example when bituminizing or to radiant heat, and resistance to flying flames are required. There has been no shortage of attempts to improve existing core inserts.

For example, it is already known to combine nonwovens based on synthetic fiber nonwovens with reinforcing fibers, for example with glass fibers. Examples of such sealing sheets can be found in GB-A-1,517,595, DE-Gbm-77-39,489, EP-A-160,609, EP-A-176-847, EP-A-403,403 and EP-A-530,769. According to this prior art, the connection between the nonwoven fabric and the reinforcing fibers takes place either by gluing with a binder or by needling the layers of different material.

It is also known to produce composite materials by knitting or sewing techniques. Examples of these can be found in DE-A-3,347,280, US-A-4,472,086, EP-A-333,602 and EP-A-395,548.

DE-A-3,417,517 discloses a textile interlining with anisotropic properties and a process for its production. The interlining material consists of a substrate which has a surface melting below 150 ° C. and associated reinforcement filaments melting above 180 ° C., which are fixed parallel to one another on this surface. According to one embodiment, the substrate can be a nonwoven fabric, on one surface of which there are hot-melt adhesive fibers or threads which are provided for producing a bond between the reinforcing fibers arranged in parallel with the nonwoven fabric.

A combination of reinforcing fibers in the form of bicomponent fibers with nonwovens based on synthetic fibers is known from US Pat. No. 4,504,539.

EP-A-0,281,643 discloses a combination of reinforcing fibers in the form of a network of bicomponent fibers with nonwovens based on synthetic fibers, the weight fraction of the network of bicomponent fibers being at least 15% by weight.

From JP-A-81-5879 a composite is known which is provided with a mesh-like reinforcing material.

From GB-A-2,017,180 a filter material made of inorganic non-woven material and metal wires is known which is used for exhaust air purification at high temperatures (higher than 300 ° C).

DE-Gbm-295 00 830 describes the reinforcement of a glass fleece with synthetic monofilaments. These reinforcing monofilaments do not contribute significantly to the reference force at low strains in the sealing membrane. However, they have a significantly higher maximum tensile force expansion than the glass fleece; This ensures the flat connection of the sealing membrane even in the event of deformations that can lead to the glass fleece breaking. The shrinkage of the synthetic monofilaments is higher than the shrinkage of the glass fleece and can lead to waviness in the sealing membrane.

DE-A-3,941,189 also discloses a combination of reinforcing fibers in the form of a thread chain with nonwovens based on synthetic fibers, which can be connected to one another in a wide variety of ways. In this application it is emphasized that the Young module of the reinforced carrier insert does not change compared to an unreinforced base fleece.

For a number of applications, however, a high modulus with low strains, even at room temperature, is desired. This high module improves manageability, especially with light nonwovens.

Depending on the requirement profile and also from the point of view of cost, the reference force of the reinforced carrier insert can be distributed in different proportions between the textile fabric or the reinforcements in the case of slight stretching.

A suitable measure for the distribution of the reference forces is the quotient of these reference forces at a measuring temperature of 20 ° C divided by the reference force at 180 ° C.

Carrier inserts with a quotient of 3.3 defined in this way, as described in DE-A-3,941,189, show no noticeable improvement in the reference force at room temperature.

The task was therefore to develop a carrier insert which has a significantly improved reference force with low elongation over the entire temperature range.

Surprisingly, the reference force improves with strains below 1%, significantly also at room temperature, if this quotient falls below the value 3 (three).

The present invention relates to a carrier insert containing a textile fabric and a reinforcement, characterized in that the reinforcement absorbs a force so that the reference force of the carrier insert with reinforcement compared to the carrier insert is shown in the force-elongation diagram (at 20 ° C.) without reinforcement in the range between 0 and 1% elongation in at least one place by at least 10%, preferably by at least 20%, particularly preferably differs by at least 30%.

In addition, the reinforcement is such that the reference scratch of the support insert at room temperature (20 ° C.) divided by the reference force of the support insert at 180 °, measured at at least one point in the range between 0 and 1% elongation, has a quotient of at most 3 ( three), preferably at most 2.5, particularly preferably less than 2.

The term "textile fabric" is to be understood in its broadest meaning in the context of this description. These can be all structures made of fibers from synthesized polymers that have been manufactured using a surface-forming technique.

The terms notch depth and notch protrusion are defined in a brochure from Groz-Beckert from 1994 with the name "felting and structuring needles".

The reference force is measured in accordance with EN 29073, Part 3, on 5 cm wide samples with a measuring length of 100 mm. The numerical value of the preload, specified in centinewtons, corresponds to the numerical value of the mass per unit area, specified in grams per square meter.

Examples of such textile fabrics are woven fabrics, scrims, knitted fabrics and knitted fabrics, and preferably nonwovens.

Of the nonwovens made of fibers from synthetic polymers, spunbonded fabrics, so-called spunbonds, which are produced by randomly depositing freshly melt-spun filaments are preferred. They consist of continuous synthetic fibers made of melt-spinnable polymer materials. Suitable polymer materials are, for example, polyamides, such as, for example, polyhexamethylene diadipamide, polycaprolactam, aromatic or partially aromatic polyamides (“aramids”), aliphatic polyamides, such as, for example Nylon, partially aromatic or fully aromatic polyesters, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polymers with ether and keto groups, such as polyether ketones (PEK) and polyether ether ketones (PEEK), or polybenzimidazoles.

The spunbonded fabrics preferably consist of melt-spinnable polyesters. In principle, all known types suitable for fiber production can be considered as polyester material. Such polyesters mainly consist of building blocks which are derived from aromatic dicarboxylic acids and from aliphatic diols. Common aromatic dicarboxylic acid building blocks are the divalent residues of benzenedicarboxylic acids, in particular terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid; Common diols have 2 to 4 carbon atoms, with the ethylene glycol being particularly suitable. Spunbonded fabrics which consist of at least 85 mol% of polyethylene terephthalate are particularly advantageous. The remaining 15 mol% then build up from dicarboxylic acid units and glycol units, which act as so-called modifiers and which allow the person skilled in the art to specifically influence the physical and chemical properties of the filaments produced. Examples of such dicarboxylic acid units are residues of isophthalic acid or of aliphatic dicarboxylic acid such as, for example Glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid; Examples of modifying diol residues are those of longer-chain diols, e.g. B. of propanediol or butanediol, of di- or triethylene glycol or, if present in small quantities, of polyglycol with a molecular weight of about 500 to 2000.

Polyesters which contain at least 95 mol% of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in particular those made of unmodified PET, are particularly preferred.

If the carrier inlays according to the invention are also to have a flame-retardant effect, it is advantageous if they have been spun from flame-retardant modified polyesters. Such flame-retardant modified polyesters are known. They contain additives of halogen compounds, in particular bromine compounds, or, which is particularly advantageous, they contain phosphonic compounds which are condensed into the polyester chain.

The spunbonded fabrics particularly preferably contain flame-retardant modified polyesters which, in the chain, contain assemblies of the formula (I)<chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP0806509A1_D0001.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R alkylene or polymethylene with 2 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl and R¹ Alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aryl or aralkyl means contained in condensed form. In formula (I), R is preferably ethylene and R.¹ Methyl, ethyl, phenyl, or o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, especially methyl. Such spunbonded fabrics are described, for example, in DE-A-39 40 713.

The polyesters contained in the spunbonded fabrics preferably have a molecular weight corresponding to an intrinsic viscosity (IV), measured in a solution of 1 g of polymer in 100 ml of dichloroacetic acid at 25 ° C., from 0.6 to 1.4.

The individual titer of the polyester filaments in the spunbonded fabric is between 1 and 16 dtex, preferably 2 to 8 dtex.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the spunbonded nonwoven can also be a melt-bond-strengthened nonwoven which contains carrier and hot-melt adhesive fibers. The carrier and hot-melt adhesive fibers can be derived from any thermoplastic thread-forming polymers. Carrier fibers can also be derived from non-melting thread-forming polymers. Such melt binder-bonded spunbonded webs are described, for example, in EP-A-0,446,822 and EP-A-0,590,629.

Examples of polymers from which the carrier fibers can be derived are polyacrylonitrile, polyolefins, such as polyethylene, essentially aliphatic polyamides, such as nylon 6.6, essentially aromatic polyamides (aramids), such as poly- (p-phenylene terephthalamide) or copolymers containing a proportion on aromatic m-diamine units to improve solubility or poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide), essentially aromatic polyesters, such as poly (p-hydroxybenzoate) or preferably essentially aliphatic polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate.

The proportion of the two types of fibers to one another can be selected within wide limits, it being important to ensure that the proportion of hot-melt adhesive fibers is chosen so high that the nonwoven fabric is given sufficient strength for the desired application by bonding the carrier fibers to the hot-melt adhesive fibers. The proportion of the hot melt adhesive originating from the hot melt adhesive fiber in the nonwoven is usually less than 50% by weight, based on the weight of the nonwoven.

Modified polyesters with a melting point which is lowered by 10 to 50 ° C., preferably 30 to 50 ° C., compared to the nonwoven raw material, are particularly suitable as hot melt adhesives. Examples of such a hot-melt adhesive are polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate or by condensing longer-chain diols and / or polyethylene terephthalate modified by isophthalic acid or aliphatic dicarboxylic acids.

The hot melt adhesives are preferably introduced into the nonwovens in fiber form.

Carrier and hot-melt adhesive fibers are preferably constructed from one polymer class. This means that all fibers used are selected from a class of substances so that they can be easily recycled after the fleece has been used. If the carrier fibers are made of polyester, for example, the hot melt adhesive fibers are also made of polyester or a mixture of polyesters, e.g. B. selected as a bicomponent fiber with PET in the core and a lower-melting polyethylene terephthalate copolymer as a sheath: However, bicomponent fibers made from different polymers are also possible. Examples include bicomponent fibers made of polyester and polyamide (core / shell).

The individual fiber titers of the carrier and hot melt adhesive fibers can be selected within wide limits. Examples of common titer ranges are 1 to 16 dtex, preferably 2 to 6 dtex.

If the carrier inlays according to the invention are additionally bound with flame-retardant properties, they preferably contain flame-retardant hotmelt adhesives. As a flame retardant hot melt adhesive z. B. a modified by incorporation of chain links of the formula (I) indicated polyethylene terephthalate in the laminate according to the invention.

The filaments or staple fibers that make up the nonwovens can have a practically round cross-section or can also have other shapes, such as barbell-shaped, kidney-shaped, triangular or tri- or multilobal cross-sections. Hollow fibers can also be used. Furthermore, the hot-melt adhesive fiber can also be used in the form of bi- or multicomponent fibers.

The fibers forming the textile fabric can be modified by conventional additives, for example by antistatic agents such as carbon black.

The surface area of ​​the spunbonded fabric is between 20 and 500 g / m², preferably 40 and 250 g / m².

The above properties are obtained, for example, from threads and / or yarns whose Young's modulus is at least 5 Gpa, preferably at least 10 Gpa, particularly preferably at least 20 Gpa. The reinforcing threads mentioned above have a diameter between 0.1 and 1 mm, preferably 0.1 and 0.5 mm, in particular 0.1 and 0.3 mm and have an elongation at break of 0.5 to 100%, preferably 1 to 60 %. The carrier inlays according to the invention particularly advantageously have an expansion reserve of less than 1%.

The stretch reserve refers to the stretch that acts on the carrier insert before the force acting on the reinforcing threads is dissipated, ie a stretch reserve of 0% would mean that tensile forces acting on the carrier insert would be dissipated immediately on the reinforcing threads. This means that forces acting on the spunbonded fabric do not first have to be aligned or Orientation of the reinforcing threads rather lead directly to the reinforcing threads, so that damage to the textile fabric can be avoided. This is particularly evident in a steep increase in the force to be applied with small strains (force-strain diagram at room temperature). In addition, with the aid of suitable reinforcing threads which have a high elongation at break, the maximum tensile strength elongation of the carrier insert can be considerably improved. Suitable reinforcing threads are, for example, high-strength monofilaments made of polyester or wires made of metals or metallic alloys whose elongation at break is at least 10%.

Preferred reinforcing threads are multifilaments and / or monofilaments based on aramids, preferably so-called high-module aramids, carbon, glass, high-strength polyester monofilaments, and also so-called hybrid multifilament yarns (yarns containing reinforcing fibers and low-melting binder fibers) or wires (monofilaments) made of metals or metallic alloys used.

For economic reasons, preferred reinforcements consist of glass multifilaments in the form of parallel thread sheets or scrims. Usually, the nonwovens are only reinforced in the longitudinal direction by thread sheets running in parallel.

The reinforcing threads can be used as such or in the form of a textile fabric, for example as a woven fabric, scrim, knitted fabric, knitted fabric or as a fleece. Reinforcements with reinforcing yarns running parallel to one another, that is, warp thread sheets, as well as scrims or fabrics are preferred.

The thread density can vary within wide limits depending on the desired property profile. The thread density is preferably between 20 and 200 threads per meter. The thread density is measured perpendicular to the direction of the thread. The reinforcing threads are preferably fed in during the formation of spunbonded fabric and thus embedded in the spunbonded nonwoven. Likewise preferred is a nonwoven layer on the reinforcement or a subsequent layer formation from reinforcement and nonwoven fabric by assembly.

The spunbonded webs are usually subjected to chemical or thermal and / or mechanical consolidation in a known manner after they have been produced. The spunbonded fabrics are preferably mechanically consolidated by needling. For this purpose, the spunbonded fabric, which advantageously already contains the reinforcing threads, is usually with a needle density of 20 to 100 stitches / cm² needled. The needling is advantageously carried out by needles whose notch protrusion, preferably the sum of notch protrusion and notch depth, is smaller than the diameter of the reinforcing threads. As a result, the reinforcing threads are not damaged. The spunbonded webs, which already contain reinforcing threads, are then subjected to further consolidation steps, for example a thermal treatment.

For this purpose, the spunbonded nonwovens, which can be bonded with melt binders and which also contain binder fibers in addition to carrier fibers, are thermally bonded in a manner known per se with a calender or in an oven. If the spunbonded fabrics do not contain any binding fibers capable of thermal consolidation, these spunbonded fabrics are impregnated with a chemical binder. Acrylic binders are particularly suitable for this. The proportion of binder is expediently up to 30% by weight, preferably 2 to 25% by weight. The exact choice of the binder is based on the special interests of the processor. Hard binders allow high processing speeds for impregnation, especially bituminization, while a soft binder gives particularly high values ​​of tear and nail tear resistance.

In a further embodiment, flame-retardant modified binders can also be used.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the carrier web according to the invention has an embossing pattern of statistically distributed or repeat-arranged, small-area impressions, preferably a canvas embossing, in which the pressing surface, ie the totality of all thin compacted areas of the spunbonded nonwoven makes up 30 to 60%, preferably 40 to 45% of its total area, and the thickness of the compacted areas of the nonwoven is at least 20%, preferably 25 to 50%, of the thickness of the non-compacted areas of the nonwoven. In the case of the melt-bond-bonded spunbonded nonwovens, this embossing pattern can advantageously be applied during the calendering process. If the carrier insert is finally consolidated by a chemical binder, the embossing pattern can also be embossed using a calender. This embossing pattern, which is applied to both surfaces of the spunbonded fabric, but preferably only to one surface of the spunbonded fabric, when it passes through the spunbonded fabric, has a large number of small embossments that are 0.2 to 40 mm in size², preferably 0.2 to 10 mm², and are separated from each other by interposed, approximately equal, non-embossed surface elements of the fleece. The area of ​​the compacted areas of the fleece and the non-compressed areas of the fleece can be determined, for example, by means of microscopic cross-sectional images.

The carrier inlays according to the invention can be combined with further textile fabrics, so that their properties are variable. Such composites which contain the carrier insert according to the invention are also the subject of the invention.

The reinforcement can be supplied before, during and / or after the formation of the textile surface.

The manufacture of the carrier insert according to the invention comprises measures known per se<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a) formation of a textile fabric,</li><li>b) supplying the reinforcement,</li><li>c) optionally supplying or producing a further textile fabric so that the reinforcement is sandwich-like surrounded by textile fabrics,</li><li>d) solidification of the carrier insert obtained according to measure c),</li><li>e) optionally impregnating the carrier insert solidified according to d) with a binder, and</li><li>f) optionally solidifying the intermediate product obtained according to d) by elevated temperature and / or pressure, the sequence of steps a) and b) also being able to be reversed.</li></ul>

The process is characterized by the supply of the reinforcement and any thermal treatment in the manufacturing process of the carrier insert under tension, in particular under longitudinal tension. Thermal treatment under tension occurs when the position of the reinforcement in the carrier insert remains unchanged during a thermal step; the preservation of the longitudinal threads by applying a longitudinal tension is of particular interest. The formation of the textile fabric can take place on a tapered reinforcement or the reinforcement can take place during the surface formation process, e.g. B. in the manufacture of nonwovens, run or a textile fabric can be finished and connected by subsequent assembly with a reinforcement. The combination of the textile fabric with the reinforcement can take place by measures known per se, for example by needling or gluing, including hot melt gluing. The advantages of the method are particularly evident in the production of needled carrier inserts.

The formation of a textile fabric as described in a) can be carried out by spunbonding by means of spinning apparatus known per se.

For this purpose, the molten polymer is passed through several series of spinnerets or groups of spinneret series connected in series. If a melt-bond-strengthened spunbonded fabric is to be produced, polymers are alternately loaded, which form the carrier fiber and the hot-melt adhesive fibers. The spun polymer streams are stretched in a conventional manner, and z. B. stored on a conveyor belt in scattering texture using a rotating baffle plate.

In order to meet special requirements, such as fire protection or extreme thermomechanical stress, the carrier inlays according to the invention can also be combined with other components to form multilayer composites. Examples of other components are glass fleeces, thermoplastic or metallic foils, insulation materials, etc.

The carrier inserts according to the invention can be used for the production of bituminized roofing and waterproofing membranes. This is also an object of the present invention. For this purpose, the carrier material is treated with bitumen in a manner known per se and then optionally sprinkled with a granular material, for example with sand. The roofing and waterproofing membranes produced in this way are easy to process. The bituminized webs contain at least one carrier web embedded in a bitumen matrix - described above - the weight fraction of the bitumen in the basis weight of the bituminized roofing web preferably being 40 to 90% by weight and that of the spunbonded fabric 10 to 60% by weight. These membranes can also be a so-called roof membrane.

Instead of bitumen, another material, for example polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, can also be used to coat the carrier insert according to the invention.

example 1

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads with a filament titer of 4 dtex are produced and laid down to a tangled fleece of 2 m width. During the laying down, steel wires are continuously fed at a distance of 2 cm (50 wires / m) in the longitudinal direction. The wires (manufacturer Bekaert) are supplied on spools and have a diameter of 0.18 mm, a strength of 2300 N / mm² and an elongation at break of 1.5%. The composite fleece / wires is made with 40 stitches / cm² needled at a penetration depth of 12.5 mm (needle type from Foster, 15x18x38x3 CB) and then impregnated with an acrylate binder, the weight percentage of which in the finished fleece is 20%. The binder is cured in a sieve drum oven at 210 ° C. This gives a reinforced fleece of 190 g / m² Basis weight.

The following values ​​were measured for the reference forces of the fleece at ambient temperature (20 ° C) with and without reinforcement: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Strain %</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Fleece without reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Fleece with reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">100</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">159</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,8</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">129</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">208</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">170</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">266</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">191</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">302</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">210</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">332</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">230</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">240</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,8</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">240</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">245</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">252</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">255</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">305</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">305</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">337</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">340</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 2

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads with a filament titer of 4 dtex are produced and laid down to a tangled fleece of 1 m width. During the laying down, steel wires (material no. 1.4301) are fed in at a distance of 6.7 mm (150 wires / m) in the longitudinal direction. The wires (manufacturer Sprint Metal) are supplied on spools and have a diameter of 0.15 mm, a strength of 14 N and an elongation at break of 34%.

The composite fleece / wires is made with 40 stitches / cm² needled at a penetration depth of 12.5 mm (needle type from Foster, 15x18x38x3 CB) and then impregnated with an acrylate binder, the weight percentage of which in the finished fleece is 20%. The binder is cured in a sieve drum oven at 210 ° C. This gives a reinforced fleece of 165 g / m² Basis weight.

The following values ​​were measured for the reference forces of the fleece at ambient temperature (20 ° C) with and without reinforcement: <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Strain %</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Fleece without reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Fleece with reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">77</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">117</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">120</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">163</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">200</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">244</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">220</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">266</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">285</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">337</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">330</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">388</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">385</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">453</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">440</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">518</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">20</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">515</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">598</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">25</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">577</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">664</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">30</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">638</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">727</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

In this example it becomes clear that the nonwoven strength is improved not only in the area of ​​low elongation, but also in the case of high elongation.

Example 3

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads with a filament titer of 4 dtex are produced and laid down to a tangled fleece of 2 m width. During the laying down, wires consisting of a CuZn37 type alloy are continuously fed in at a distance of 2 cm (50 wires / m). The wires (manufacturer JG Dahmen) are supplied on spools and have a diameter of 0.25 mm, a strength of 47 N and an elongation at break of 1.4%.

The composite fleece / wires is made with 40 stitches / cm² needled at a penetration depth of 12.5 mm (needle type from Foster, 15x18x38x3 CB) and then impregnated with an acrylic binder, the weight proportion of which in the finished fleece is 20%. The binder is cured in a sieve drum oven at 210 ° C. A reinforced fleece of 192 g / m 2 is thus obtained² Basis weight.

The following values ​​were measured for the reference forces of the fleece at ambient temperature (20 ° C) with and without reinforcement: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Strain %</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Fleece without reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Fleece with reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">100</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">160</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,8</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">129</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">203</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">170</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">257</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">191</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">287</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">210</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">310</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">230</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">235</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">252</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">255</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">305</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">300</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 4

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads with a filament titer of 4 dtex are produced and laid down to a tangled fleece of 2 m width. During the laying process, wires consisting of an alloy of the CuSn6 type are continuously fed in at a distance of 1.2 cm (83 wires / m). The wires (manufacturer JG Dahmen) are delivered on spools and have a diameter of 0.25 mm, a strength of 21 N and an elongation at break of 54%.

The composite fleece / wires is made with 40 stitches / cm² needled at a penetration depth of 12.5 mm (needle type from Foster, 15x18x38x3 CB) and then impregnated with an acrylic binder, the weight proportion of which in the finished fleece is 20%. The binder is cured in a sieve drum oven at 210 ° C. This gives a reinforced fleece of 165 g / m² Basis weight.

The following values ​​were measured for the reference forces of the fleece at ambient temperature (20 ° C) with and without reinforcement: <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Strain %</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Fleece without reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Fleece with reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">77</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">120</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">120</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">162</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">200</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">244</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">220</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">264</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">285</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">332</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">330</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">381</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">385</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">442</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">20</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">515</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">582</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">25</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">577</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">647</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">30</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">638</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">710</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

In this example it becomes clear that the nonwoven strength is improved not only in the area of ​​low elongation, but also at high elongation.

Example 5

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads with a filament titer of 4 dtex are produced and laid down to a tangled fleece of 2 m width. During the laying process, wires consisting of an alloy of the type CUZn37 are fed continuously at a distance of 2 cm (50 wires / m). The wires (manufacturer JG Dahmen) are supplied on spools and have a diameter of 0.25 mm, a strength of 25 N and an elongation at break of 15%.

The composite fleece / wires is made with 40 stitches / cm² needled at a penetration depth of 12.5 mm (needle type from Foster, 15x18x38x3 CB) and then impregnated with an acrylic binder, the weight proportion of which in the finished fleece is 20%. The binder is cured in a sieve drum oven at 210 ° C. This gives a reinforced fleece of 160 g / m² Basis weight.

The following values ​​were measured for the reference forces of the fleece at ambient temperature (20 ° C) with and without reinforcement: <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Strain %</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Fleece without reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Fleece with reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">77</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">114</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">120</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">165</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">200</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">247</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">220</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">267</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">285</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">334</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">330</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">380</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">385</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">436</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">440</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">493</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Example 6

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads with a filament titer of 4 dtex are produced and laid down to a tangled fleece of 1 m in width. During the laying process, glass multifilaments of the type EC 934T6Z28 from Vetrotex are fed in at a distance of 6.25 mm (160 threads per meter). The glass threads are supplied on spools and have a strength of 20 N and an elongation at break of 2.5%. The composite of fleece and threads is made with 40 stitches / cm² needled at a penetration depth of 12.5 mm (needle type from Foster, 15x18x38x3 CB) and then impregnated with an acrylate binder, the weight percentage of which in the finished fleece is 20%. The binder is cured in a sieve drum oven at 210 ° C. This gives a reinforced fleece of 110 g / m² Basis weight. The following values ​​were measured for the reference forces of the fleece at ambient temperature with and without reinforcement:<tables id="tabl0006" num="0006"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Strain %</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Fleece without reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Fleece with reinforcement (N / 5 cm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">0,5</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">39</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1,0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">5,5</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">78</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">11</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">151</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">16</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">30</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">22</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">25</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">31</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">30</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">44</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">42</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">67</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">70</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">20</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">100</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">106</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">30</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">172</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">167</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">60</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">390</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">380</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>