Low pressure chemical vapor deposition of metal silicide.

0001The present invention relates to a process for the low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of metal silicide, especially molybdenum silicide, on a substrate at a low temperature.

0002In the past, integrated circuit devices have made extensive use of polysilicon layers, both as self-aligned gates for field-effect transistors and for electrical interconnects between various components. Traditionally, deposited polycrystalline silicon has been doped with conventional donor or acceptor elements to reduce its resistivity into the one millliohm-centimeter range. Since the film thickness is limited to about 0.5 micron maximum to permit patterning and reasonable step coverage, sheet resistances less than about 20 ohms per square are difficult to obtain. Such a value is too high for complex, high-performance integrated circuits because ohmic drops become too high.

0003In VLSI (very large scale integration) technology, highly doped polysilicon gate-contact material in MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) devices is replaced with a layer combination exhibiting a lower resistance, for example, one composed of a 300 nm thick doped polysilicon layer and a 200 nm thick metal disilicide layer wherein the metal is molybdenum, tungsten or tantalum. Metal silicides have attracted increasing attention recently as possible interconnect material for semiconductor integrated circuits. In particular, bilayer composite films of metal silicide and polycrystalline silicon have been found to provide low resistance gate and interconnect layers for MOS circuits and to be otherwise compatible with current silicon gate technology.

0004Such structures are commonly termed "polycide" structures. The sheet resistance of polycide structures is generally an order of magnitude lower than that of a single layer structure of doped polycrystalline silicon alone. Polycide structures are utilized to achieve a high conductivity, gate-level metallization for MOS devices. More particularly, polycide structures are utilized as gate material and interconnects in structures such as very high speed integrated circuits (VHSIC). Polycide structures have been used, for example, as the gate material in insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) devices and other similar structures.

0005Polycide structures are conventionally produced by depositing undoped polycrystalline silicon by LPCVD, doping the polycrystal­line silicon, e.g., by diffusion using phosphorus oxychloride, and then depositing the refractory metal silicide, e.g., tantalum silicide, thereover by co-sputtering from separate targets of metal and silicon. Subsequent annealing is required to obtain the desired low conductivity of the silicide layer.

0006Tungsten disilicide has received particular attention as a candidate for such applications because its electrical resistivity is among the lowest of the metal silicides. In addition, tungsten disilicide grows a passivating silicon oxide layer if a silicon source is available and it is not attacked by HF solutions. Films of tungsten disilicide have been formed by sintering films of tungsten metal deposited on silicon by evaporation, sputtering or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). They have also been formed by sintering mixed films of tungsten and silicon formed by co-evaporation, co-sputtering, or sputtering from a tungsten disilicide target.

0007In an improvement on these methods, U.S. Patent 4,359,490 describes a LPCVD process for co-depositing a metal, such as tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and niobium, and silicon onto a surface such as a semiconductor integrated circuit. In this process, a LPCVD reactor is maintained at 500°-700°C and at a pressure of 0.1-0.3 torr. Conventional CVD purging steps are utilized and silane is introduced into the reactor to deposit a base layer of polysilicon on the desired surface. Then tantalum chloride, for example, is introduced and a tantalum silicide layer is deposited on the surface at a rate of 100-300 angstroms/min.

0008Molybdenum disilicide films have also been deposited by LPCVD. See, for example, Inoue et al., <u style="single">J.Electrochem.Soc.</u><u style="single">130</u>, 1603 (1983). This process utilizes a hot wall procedure at 670°C. The LPCVD of tungsten silicide has also been described by Brors et al., <u style="single">Solid State Technol.</u>, April 1983, p. 183; Saraswat et al., <u style="single">IEEE Trans.Elect.Dev.</u><u style="single">ED-30</u>, 1497 (1983) and Brors et al. <u style="single">Proc. Electrochem.Soc.</u> 1984, Chem. Vap. Depos., p. 275-286. The depositions described by the Brors et al. references were conducted at 350°-450°C in a cold wall procedure. The LPCVD technique is currently preferred because it offers superior step coverage (over the sputtering technique), which is essential for state-of-the-art sub-micron devices.

0009U.S. Patent 4,504,521 describes a similar process, but first deposits a doped amphorous silicon layer before depositing the tantalum silicide layer. According to this patent, a smooth surface of TaSi₂ is deposited after annealing, which is not the case in U.S. Patent 4,359,490.

0010An additional process for depositing a metal silicide has been described in U.S. Patent 4,557,943. In this process, a film of titanium silicide which is substantially titanium disilicide is deposited by chemical vapor deposition by reacting a gaseous silicon species and a gaseous titanium species in a plasma. The preferred reactant species are silane (SiH₄) and titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) which are carried into a reaction chamber by an inert gaseous carrier such as argon. Since SiH₄ and TiCl₄ decompose at different temperatures, thermal decomposition is inadequate to produce films of uniform composition and thickness over an extended reaction zone. In accordance with this invention, the decomposition reaction takes place in a plasma at relatively low temperature (450°C) by alternating electrical field, by a process generally termed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). After deposition, the material is annealed at 600°-700°C.

0011In addition to the above art, additional reference can be made to Sinha, <u style="single">J.Vac.Sci.Technol.</u><u style="single">19</u>, 778 (1981); d'Heurle, <u style="single">Proc. Electrochem.Soc.</u> 1982, VLSI Sci. Tech., pp 194-212; Crowder et al., <u style="single">IEEE Trans.Elect.Dev.</u><u style="single">ED-26</u>, 369 (1979); Chow et al., <u style="single">IEEE Trans.Elect.Dev.</u><u style="single">ED-30</u>, 1480 (1983); and Murarka, <u style="single">J.Vac.Sci. Technol.</u><u style="single">17</u>, 775 (1980), for discussions of refractory metal silicides.

0012One disadvantage of prior art LPCVD processes is a relatively poor adhesion of the metal silicide layer to the surface of the substrate. Another disadvantage is that the "low" temperatures are still too high for use of lift-off techniques and/or conformal metallization on plastics or other temperature-intolerant materials without rapid thermal processing (non-RTP); and the temperatures are also too high, resulting in unacceptable redistribution of dopants in sub-micron structures. Some attempts have been made to deposit molybdenum silicide by LPCVD at 300°-400°C but have been unsuccessful, apparently as a result of excessive gas phase pre-reaction and impurities in the MoF₆.

0013The present invention provides a low pressure chemical vapor deposition of a metal silicide at temperatures which are generally at least 100°C below temperatures currently being used.

0014According to the present invention, the walls of a LPCVD reactor which contains a heated pedestal for holding a substrate are cooled, and the pedestal is heated so the substrate temperature reaches a desired level, depending on the metal silicide to be deposited. A metal halide and silane or disilane are fed separately into the deposition chamber and mixed behind a small baffle plate at the entrance. The metal silicide is deposited on the substrate surface. It is preferred that the substrate be pre-treated with H₂ plasma before deposition.

0015An example of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 shows RTP resistivity (µΩ-cm), Si/Mo and deposition rate (angstroms/min) versus deposition temperature. Deposition conditions: 0.25 torr, 4.3 sccm MoF₆, 100 sccm SiH₄. Substrates: thermal oxide - shaded symbols; undoped polysilicon/oxide - open symbols.</li><li>Figure 2 shows RTP resistivity (µΩ-cm), Si/Mo and deposition rate (anstroms/min) versus deposition temperature. Deposition conditions: 0.28 torr, 3.4 sccm MoF₆, 135 sccm SiH₄. Substrates: thermal oxide - shaded symbols; undoped polysilicon/oxide - open symbols.</li><li>Figure 3 shows RTP resistivity (µΩ-cm), Si/Mo and deposition rate (angstroms/min) versus MoF₆ flow rate (sccm). Deposition conditions: 0.25 torr, 150°C, 100 sccm SiH₄. Substrates: thermal oxide.</li></ul>

0016In a process for the LPCVD of a metal silicide on a substrate ot reduced temperatures, i.e. temperatures at least 100°C below conventional temperatures, it is possible to deposit a metal silicide on a substrate at temperatures ranging from 50°-450°C, depending on the metal and silicon sources, as discussed further below. Reduced temperatures processing is important in that it <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>(1) enables the use of lift-off techniques,</li><li>(2) is less likely to redistribute dopants in sub-micron surfaces,</li><li>(3) would enable the application of metal silicides to GaAs technology (in which it is desirable to avoid differential heat stress) as well as to plastics and other temperature-intolerant materials, and</li><li>(4) does not affect aluminium if it is present in the substrate.</li></ul>

0017The substrate receiving the metal silicide layer may be any material conventionally used in the electronics industry. A preferred substrate is a single crystal silicon wafer. The substrate may be partially processed, e.g., doped, to provide regions of conductivity. The substrate may have its oxide layer stripped away prior to metal silicide deposition or may still have its oxide layer.

0018The substrate is placed in a conventional LPCVD reactor. The reactor contains a pedestal on which the substrate is placed. The pedestal is heated to the desired temperature, depending on the metal compound and silicon compound being used to form the metal silicide layer. The walls of the reactor are cooled either by simply blowing air on the outside walls of the reactor or actively cooling the reactor, such as through the use of a water jacket. The choice between active cooling or simple air cooling is dependent upon the temperature at which the deposition is to occur for the chosen reactants. A lower wall temperature is desired to avoid pre-reaction of the reactants. It has been found that a 50% decrease in deposition rate can occur at processing temperatures if the reactor walls are not cooled. It may also be desirable to cool the gas feed lines and chamber walls below room temperature for a chosen deposition temperature. It is preferred that the reactor be conditioned prior to actual depositions on the substrate. Conditioning can be performed by depositing a metal silicide coating on test substrates. The reactor is periodically cleaned, such as by a NF₃ plasma, to remove buildup of deposited metal silicide.

0019Once the substrate has been placed in the reactor the reactor pressure is reduced, typically to the base pressure of the LPCVD system. A pressure of from about 0.05-5 torr may be utilized. It is preferred to use a pressure of 0.2-0.3 torr. If high pressures are used, it may be necessary to utilize a diluent gas to avoid a gas phase reaction which results if higher concentrations of the reactants are present.

0020After the desired temperature and pressure conditions have been established, conventional initial CVD purging is preferably used to insure reactor cleanliness. In a preferred embodiment, the reactor is purged with H₂ using a pump and flow purge technique. After the reactor has been purged, it is preferred to bake-out the reactor to remove any water. Although these steps may not be necessary, they are preferred to insure the production of quality products.

0021Prior to the introduction of the reactants into the reactor, it is preferred, although not necessary, that the wafer be pretreated by a H₂ plasma treatment. Suitable parameters include a 20-50W, preferably 20W, H₂ plasma treatment at 0.2 torr. The H₂ plasma treatment is desirable to clean the system and to rid the substrate surface of any water. The H₂ plasma treatment may enhance the adhesion of the metal silicide layer to the substrate.

0022The reactants are then fed into the reactor through separate feed lines. The reactants are mixed behind a small baffle plate at the entrance. The silicon reactant may be SiH₄ or Si₂H₆, and the metal reactant may be MoF₆, WF₆, TaCl₄ or TiCl₄. MoF₆ may be used with either SiH₄ or Si₂H₆, whereas the other metal reactants may only be used with Si₂H₆. Other combinations do not result in reduced deposition temperatures. The SiH₄ or Si₂H₆ is flowed into the reactor at the rate of 15-145 sccm. The flow rate is considered as the flow rate per wafer. The flow rate for SiH₄ or Si₂H₆ over this range is apparently not critical to the final product. The flow rate of the metal reactant is more critical. If the flow rate is over about 10 sccm, then a pre-reaction will occur. If the flow rate is under about 2 sccm, then the resistivity of the metal silicide coating becomes too high. Thus, the flow rate for the metal reactant should be from about 2 sccm to about 10 sccm. A standard dump is utilized to avoid a burst of the reactants in the reactor.

0023The deposition time is generally 2-15 minutes, depending on the desired thickness of the metal silicide layer. A typical deposition time of 4 minutes is used to obtain a 2500 angstrom metal silicide layer at a deposition rate of 700 angstroms/min. The metal silicide layer will preferably have a Si/metal (Si/Me) ratio of from about 1.7-2.3, if a silicon-based substrate is utilized. That is, the metal silicide has the formula MeSi_x, where 1.7 ≦ x ≦ 2.3. If the substrate is GaAs or a temperature-intolerant material such as plastic, then the ratio can be less than 1.7. In this instance, the maximum ratio is 2.3.

0024The temperature to which the substrate is heated is dependent on the reactants which are utilized. If the reactants are MoF₆ and SiH₄, a temperature of about 90°-170°C, preferably 120°-170°C, can be used. In the most preferred embodiment, a temperature of 150°C is utilized. If the reactants are MoF₆ and Si₂H₆, a temperature of about 40°-90°C should be used. When WF₆ and Si₂H₆ are employed as the reactants, a temperature of about 180°-250°C can be used. When TiCl₄ or TaCl₄ and Si₂H₆ are used as the reactants, a suitable temperature would be 350°-500°C, preferably 350°-400°C. The proper temperature is determined for each set of reactants by determining the Si/Me ratio of the film deposited at various temperatures and selecting the temperature range which yields the Si/Me ratio of less than 2.3, as discussed above.

0025The invention will be further described by reference to the following non-limiting examples. All temperatures expressed are in degrees Celsius.

EXAMPLE 1

0026MoSi_x films were deposited on 4 inch wafers in an air-cooled fused silica bell jar. Wafers were placed on a resistance heated 6 inch fused silica pedestal and heated to 120°-350°C. Wafer temperatures were calibrated with three thermocouple junctions in contact with the top surface of a test wafer; observed temperature variations were ±10°C or less over the wafer.

0027SiH₄ and MoF₆ had separate feed lines to the deposition chamber and were mixed behind a small baffle plate at the entrance. The MoF₆ flow was regulated by two needle valves in series and calibrated by filling a known volume. The MoF₆ bottle and valves were housed in a vented 29°C thermostated cabinet. MoF₆ flows in the range from 0.5-10 sccm were reproducible to ±10%. SiH₄ flow was regulated with a 0-300 sccm mass flow controller. Deposition pressures ranged from 0.2-0.3 torr.

0028The deposition chamber was pumped with a 27 cfm corrosion-­resistant mechanical pump. Oil filters were changed after about 10 µm of deposition. Purging with H₂, pre-deposition bake-out, and minimizing the amount of vacuum system exposed to air during wafer unload/reload kept impurity gas partial pressures, including H₂O, below the 0.1% level. Reactant, product and impurity gases were monitored with a mass spectrometer. The bell jar and heater were periodically cleaned with a NF₃ plasma.

0029Rapid thermal processing (RTP) of the MoSi_x films was performed in a lamp annealer for 30 seconds at 1100°C. Si and Mo content were determined by Rutherford Backscattering (RBS); oxygen impurity was not detected and therefore less than 5%. Thicknesses obtained by black wax masking, 95% HNO₃ + 5% HF etch, and stylus measurement agreed with RBS results and were used to compute deposition rates. Step coverage was determined by SEM of cross sections.

0030The deposition temperature dependence of RTP resistivity, Si/Mo ratio and deposition rate is shown for the range 120°-200°C in Figure 1. All three quantities are approximately constant for temperatures at or below 150°C and then increase in concert as the temperature is raised above 150°C. The reaction between MoF₆ and SiH₄ changes at 150°C when more Si is incorporated into the film as the temperature is increased, resulting in increased deposition rate and resistivity.

0031With similar MoF₆ and SiH₄ flows, RTP resistivity Si/Mo ratio and deposition rate show consistent increases as the temperature is increased over the range 150°-350°C (Figure 2). Deposition rate falls off above 250°C, however. This is probably due to reactant loss to gas phase nucleation and/or the observed deposition on the chamber walls.

0032MoSi_x film properties as a function of MoF₆ flow at 150°C are illustrated in Figure 3. Deposition rate increases linearly with MoF₆ flow, but the fall-off at higher flows is probably due to gas phase or chamber wall losses. Practically, the same dependence of deposition rate on MoF₆ flow was observed at 250°C. In Figure 3, RTP resistivity shows a minimum at 5 sccm MoF₆, but not because of changes in film composition. The RTP resistivity may be a function of deposition rate-correlated microstructural differences in as-deposited films.

0033Si/Mo ratio was determined to be fairly constant for a considerable range of MoF₆ flows (Figure 3) and SiH₄ flows at 150°C. With MoF₆ flow in the range from 3-5 sccm and SiH₄ flow in the range from 15-135 sccm, Si/Mo was 2.0 ± 0.1. Si/Mo ratio by RBS did not change significantly upon RTP (six samples). RTP resistivity at 150°C was also fairly constant at about 120 µΩ-cm for MoF₆ flows above 3 sccm. Data for 250°C samples is less complete, but RTP resistivity shows a minimum as a function of MoF₆ flow similar to that depicted in Figure 3. Furthermore, RTP resistivity is independent of SiH₄ flow at 150°C, but appears to be a moderately increasing function of SiH₄ flow at 250°C.

0034Film properties for poly/oxide and oxide coated Si wafers were quite similar. Fifteen samples, deposited under various conditions and temperatures in the range from 120°-300°C, were tape tested before and after RTP annealling. Included were six samples deposited on oxide at 150°C with Si/Mo = 1.9-2.0, and three samples deposited on poly/oxide at 120°C, 130°C and 140°C with respective Si/Mo = 1.7, 1.8 and 1.9. One of the six 150°C samples on oxide was the only tape test failure, but it passed after annealing. Samples were specular and RTP bulk resistivities were typically ten times smaller than as-deposited values.

EXAMPLE 2

0035This example describes one of the specific trials which followed the procedure of Example 1 and provided the data discussed in Example 1.

0036A 4 inch wafer having a poly/oxide coating was stripped for 1 minute in a 10:1 HF dip. The wafer was loaded into the quartz bell jar which was air cooled by blowing air on the exterior of the walls. The bell jar was purged with H₂ for 1 hour by evacuation, flowing in H₂, evacuation, etc. The wafer was then subjected to bake-out for 1 hour with a pedestal temperature of 140°C. The wafer temperature was 150°C. A 20 minute H₂ plasma treatment was then performed at 40W and 0.1 torr. MoF₆ and Si₄ were then flowed into the bell jar with a flow rate of 3.5 sccm and 45 sccm, respectively. Deposition temperatures were 141°C and 150°C, respectively, for the pedestal and wafer. Deposition time was 10 minutes. The Si/Mo ratio of the deposited molybdenum silicide was determined to be 2.0. The deposition rate was 620 angstroms/min. The RTP resistivity of the film was 136 µΩ-cm.

EXAMPLE 3

0037Two samples were made at 150°C with Si₂H₆ substituted for SiH₄. The molybdenum silicide film which was deposited had Si/Mo ratios of 3 and 4, and RTP resistivities of 430 and 1000 µΩ-cm. These samples correspond to the films produced at 250°-300°C using SiH₄. Since the Si/Mo ratio and RTP resistivity were reduced for MoSi_x films prepared using MoF₆ and SiH₄ by lowering the temperature, it is anticipated that a lower temperature would produce the desired Si/Mo ratios and RTP resistivity when MoSi_x films are prepared using MoF₆ and Si₂H₆. A MoSi_x film having a Si/Mo ratio of 1.7-2.3 is prepared at a deposition temperature from 75°-100°C with active cooling of the chamber walls and gas feed lines.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

0038The reaction between the refractory metal and silicon in a cold wall system to produce MoSi_x depends primarily on the metal compound flow and substrate temperature. Using MoF₆ and either SiH₄ or Si₂H₆, deposition temperatures can be utilized which are at least 100°C lower than the WF₆ and SiH₄ cold wall system without loss in purity of the MoSi_x film and without vacuum system attack. Similar results, i.e., deposition temperatures reduced by about 100°C, can be obtained using WF₆, TaCl₄ or TiCl₄ and Si₂H₆ as the reactant species.

0039The principal advantage of the MoF₆ and SiH₄ or Si₂H₆ process over the WF₆ and SiH₄ process is lower temperature. Application to lift-off, a patterning technique which eliminates an etch step, is conceivable. The lower temperature is also less likely to redistribute dopants in sub-micron structures. The latter advantage is also true for use of WF₆, TaCl₄ or TiCl₄ and Si₂H₆.

0040MoSi_x could be deposited on plastics or other temperature-­intolerant materials. The LPCVD technique yields better step coverage than physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques, such as sputtering or evaporation. Therefore, LPCVD MoSi_x offers an advantage over PVD metallizations on micron-sized (temperature-­intolerant) structures. Scintering would likely be impractical for such applications, and some compromise of resistivity would be necessary. The results herein show that 120°C films with x = 1.7 have lower 900 µΩ-cm unscintered resistivity than 1000 µΩ-cm 150°C films. It is possible that 100°C films would be even more "metal rich" and therefore, more conductive. It is also possible that local laser scintering would lower the resistivity and increase the usefulness of MoSi_x as a "low temperature" conformal metallization.

0041A disadvantage of the MoSi_x films is that they are half as conductive as WSi_x films after scintering. MoSi_x films with 1.7≦ x ≦ 2.0 adhere to polysilicon after scintering, while analogous WSi_x films do not, however. Superior adherence of MoSi_x with x = 2 on SiO₂ was obtained as well. The superior adherence may be due to less interfilm stress associated with the lower deposition temperature. Lower film stress and metal-rich films (100°C) have potential application to GaAs technology, where rapid scintering may be acceptable.

0042The reaction of MoF₆ and SiH₄ to produce MoSi_x is a viable process for VLSI metallization, yielding a ten-fold increase in conductivity over doped polysilicon after RTP. Si/Me ratios of 2.1-2.2 are desired for refractory metal silicides to avoid abstraction of silicon from surrounding IC structures. A satisfactory Si/Mo ratio in MoSi_x can be obtained with a substrate temperature of 160°C. At this temperature, one obtains specular films with 70-80% step coverage and 850 angstroms/min. deposition rate. Bulk resistivity of 120 µΩ-cm is twice that of WSi_x, but adhesion is superior. Furthermore, the process temperature is about 200°C lower than that for WSi_x. This may enable application to lift-off techniques. Conformal metallization (non-RTP) on plastics or other temperature-intolerant materials could be deposited at temperatures as low as 120°C.