EP0241832A1

Method and device for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line.

Abstract

Method and device for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line located between two stations (P, Q). In one of these stations (P) there is a travelling wave model which, by means of measured currents and voltages in the station, calculates the voltage distribution along the transmission line. The direction to a fault is determined by studying changes in calculated voltages in the two stations. If a fault (F) occurs between the stations, the voltage change in one station (Q) between voltage prior to a fault and after a fault can be estimated at ΔUq |, and the corresponding voltage change in the other station (P) can be estimated at ΔUP |, whereby according to the invention the difference |ΔUq|-| ΔUP |>0 signifies a fault on the line side of the station (P), i.e. fault lying ahead of the measuring point.

EP0241832A1, drawing sheet 1 — Sheet 1 of 48

Term

Term ended

Projected expiry passed 4 April 2007, 19.5 years ago.

4 claims: 1 independent, 3 dependent

1
Method for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line located between two stations (P,Q) included in a multi-phase distribution or transmission system with measuring in at least one of the stations, in each phase, the current (i R ,i S ,i T ) and the voltage (u R ,u S ,u T ) and supplying the measured values to a travelling :wave model (1) by means of which the voltage distribution along the line is obtained, characterized in that Δu 0pq is generated as the difference between a change in the zero sequence voltage, calculated with the aid of the travelling wave model, between two consecutive half-periods/periods in station Q and the corresponding change in the zero sequence voltage in station P, Δu RSpq is generated as the difference between a change in the principal voltage, calculated with the aid of the travelling wave model, between phases R and S between two consecutive half-periods/periods in station Q and the corresponding change in the principal voltage in station P, Δu STpq is generated as the difference between a change in the principal voltage, calculated with the aid of the travelling wave model, between phases S and T between two consecutive half-periods/periods in station Q and the corresponding change in the principal voltage in station P, Δu TRpq is generated as the difference between a change in the principal voltage, calculated with the aid of the travelling wave model, between phases T and R between two consecutive half-periods/periods in station Q and the corresponding change in the principal voltage in station P, that a fault lying ahead (FF) is indicated whenΔu 0pq is greater than u 0d or when either Δu RSpq , Δu STpq or Δu TRpq is greater than u d , where u 0d and u d are selected levels of detection, and that a fault lying behind (BB) is indicated whenΔu 0pq is smaller than -u 0b or when either Δu RSpq , Δu STpq or Δu TRpq is smaller than -u b , where -u 0b and u b are selected levels of detection.
2
Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that a fault is indicated in phase R (FR) when either Δ u0pq is greater than u 0d and Δu RSpq and Δu TRpq are greater than u d and Δu STpq is smaller than u d or when Δu RSpq and Δu STpq and Δu TRpq are greater than u d , that a fault is indicated in phase S (FS) when either Δu 0pq is greater than u 0d and Δu RSpq and Δu STpq are greater than u d and Δu TRpq is smaller than u d or when Δu RSpq and Δu STpq and Au TR pq are greater than u d , and that a fault is indicated in phase T (FT) when either Δu 0pq is greater than u 0d and Δu STpq and Δu TRpq are greater than u d and Δu RSpq is smaller than u d or when Δu RSpq and Δu STpq and Δu TRpq are greater than u d .
3
Device for carrying out the method according to Claim 1 for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line located between two stations (P,Q) included in a multi-phase distribution or transmission system, which device, located in one of the stations, comprises a travelling wave model (1), time delay elements (2-7), summation members (8-13), summation members with numerical value generation (14-21), summation members with mean value generation (22-25), comparison elements (26-31), OR-elements (34-39) and AND-elements (40-42), characterized in that a first summation member (8) is adapted to generate the difference voltage Δu Rp equal to the difference between an R-phase voltage in station P, calculated by means of the travelling wave model, and the corresponding voltage one half-period/period earlier, a second summation member (9) is adapted to generate the difference voltage Δu Sp equal to the difference between an S-phase voltage in station P, calculated by means of the travelling wave model, and the corresponding voltage one half-period/period earlier, a third summation member (10) is adapted to generate the difference voltage Δu Tp equal to the difference between an T-phase voltage in station P, calculated by means of the travelling wave model, and the corresponding voltage one half-period/period earlier, a fourth summation member (11) is adapted to generate the difference voltage Δu Rq equal to the difference between an R-phase voltage in station Q, calculated by means of the travelling wave model, and the corresponding voltage one half-period/period earlier, a fifth summation member (12) is adapted to generate the difference voltage Δu sq equal to the difference between an S-phase voltage in station Q, calculated by means of the travelling wave model, and the corresponding voltage one half-period/period earlier, a sixth summation member (13) is adapted to generate the difference voltage Δu Tq equal to the difference between a T-phase voltage in station Q, calculated by means of the travelling wave model, and the corresponding voltage one half-period/period earlier,, a seventh summation member (14) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the zero sequence voltage 3 |Δu 0p | = |Δu Rp + Δu Sp + Δu Tp |in station P, an eighth summation member (15) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the zero sequence voltage 3 |Δu 0q | = |Δu Rq + Δu Sq + Δu Tq |in station Q, a ninth summation member (16) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the principal voltage between phases T and R,|Δu TRp | = |Δu Rp - Δu Tp |in station P, a tenth summation member (17) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the principal voltage between phases R and S,|Δu RSp |=|Δu Sp - Δu Rp |in station P, an eleventh summation member (18) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the principal voltage between phases S and T,|Δu STp 1 = |Δu Tp - Δu Sp |in station P, a twelfth summation member (19) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the principal voltage between phases T and R,|Δu TRq | = |Δu Rq - Δu Tq |in station Q, a thirteenth summation member (20) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the principal voltage between phases R and S,|Δu RSq = |Δu Sq - Δu Rq in station Q, a fourteenth summation member (21) is adapted to generate the numerical value of the change in the principal voltage between phases T and S,|Δu STq | = |Δu Tq -Δu Sq |in station Q, a fifteenth summation member (22) is adapted to generate the mean value Δu 0pq of the change in the zero sequence voltage Δu 0pq = |Δu 0q | - |Δu 0p between the stations P and Q, a sixteenth summation member (23) is adapted to generate the mean value Δu STpq of the change in the principal voltage between phases S and T, Δu STpq =|Δu STq | - |Δu STp |be- tween the stations P and Q, a seventeenth summation member (24) is adapted to generate the mean value Δu RScq of the change in the principal voltage between phases R'and S, Δu RSnq = |Δu RSq | - |Δu RSp | between the stations P and Q, an eighteenth summation member (25) is adapted to generate the mean value Δu TRpq of the change in the principal voltage between phases T and R, Δu TRpq = |Δu TRq | - |Δu TRp | a first comparison element (26) is adapted to compare Δu TRpq with a selected voltage level u d and, when Δu TRpq is greater than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output DTR, a second comparison element (27) is adapted to compare Δu TRpq with a selected voltage level - ub and, when Δu TRpq is lower than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"- signal on its output BTR, a third comparison element (28) is adapted to compare Δu RSpq with a selected voltage level u d and, when Δu RSpq is greater than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output DRS, a fourth comparison element (29) is adapted to compare Δu RSpq with a selected voltage level -u h and, when Δu RSpq is smaller than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output BRS, a fifth comparison element (30) is adapted to compare Δu STpq with a selected voltage level ud and, when Δu STpq is greater than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output DST, a sixth comparison element (31) is adapted to compare Δu STpq with a selected voltage level -u b and, when Δu STpq is smaller than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output BST, a seventh comparison element (32) is adapted to compare Δu 0pq with a selected voltage level u Od and, when Δu 0pq is greater than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output DO, an eighth comparison element (33) is adapted to compare Δu 0pq with a selected voltage level -u 0b and, when Δu 0pq is smaller than said voltage level, to deliver a logical "1"-signal on its output BO, a first OR-element (34) is adapted to deliver on its output (FF) a logical "1"-signal indicating a fault lying ahead when any of DRS,DST,DTR or DO consists of a logical "1"-signal, and a second OR-element (35) is adapted to deliver on its output (BB) a logical "1"-signal indicating a fault lying behind when any of BRS,BST,BTR or BO consists of a logical "1"-signal.
4
Device according to Claim 3, characterized in that a first AND-element (36) is adapted to be supplied with signals from the outputs DRS,DST and DTR and to deliver on its output (A) a logical "1"-signal, a second AND-element (37) is adapted to be supplied with signals from the outputs DRS,DST and DTR and DO and to deliver on its output (B) a logical "1"-signal when all of DRS,DST and DO have a logical "1"-signal and when DTR has a logical "0"-signal, a third AND-element (38) is adapted to be supplied with signals from the outputs DRS,DST and DTR and DO and to deliver on its output (C) a logical "1"-signal when all of DRS,DTR and DO have a logical "1"-signal and when DST has a logical "0"-signal, a fourth AND-element (39) is adapted to be supplied with signals from the outputs DRS,DST and DO and to deliver on its output (D) a logical "1"-signal when all of DST,DTR and DO have a logical "1"-signal and when DRS has a logical "0"- signal, a third OR-element (40) is adapted to be supplied with signals from A and D and to deliver on its output (FT) a logical "1"-signal indicating a fault in phase T when either A or D has a logical "1"-signal, a fourth OR-element (41) is adapted to be supplied with signals from A and C and to deliver on its output (FR) a logical "1"-signal indicating a fault in phase R when either A or C has a logical "1"-signal, and a fifth OR-element (42) is adapted to be supplied with signals from A and B and to deliver on its output (FS) a logical "1"-signal indicating a fault in phase S when either A or B has a logical "1"-signal.

Independent claims4

60 paragraphs, as filed

0001The invention relates to a method for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line according to the precharacterising part of Claim 1. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method.

0002It is important to protect components included in power or transmission networks, such as power lines, busbars, trans- formators etc.. One duty of such protection is to find out in which direction, in relation to two or more measuring points, a fault has occurred. This kind of protection is called directional comparison protection. In this connection the term "zone of supervision" of a protection device is used, and an internal fault is defined as a fault which lies within the zone of supervision of the protection device. A fault which lies outside the zone of supervision and which can be detected is consequently called an external fault. Starting from a measuring point, directional detection can also be obtained, and in that connection the term "a fault lying ahead" is used when referring to a fault occurring in the direction of supervision of the protection device, and the term "a fault lying behind" is used when referring to a fault occurring in the opposite direction.

0003When a fault occurs in a power transmission network, travelling waves arise which move along the transmission line. It is known to use the direction of movement of these travelling waves at a measuring point to determine the direction to the location of the fault. US-A-3,956,671 discloses a method utilizing the fact that in those travelling waves, which move in from a fault point towards the measuring point of the protection device, the current and voltage waves have different signs. If the voltage is designated u, the current i and the wave impedance Z0, the equation u = - ZOi is obtained in the case of an internal fault and a fault lying ahead, respectively. If the fault is located behind the measuring point, the current and voltage waves habe the same signs, whereby the equation u = Zoi is obtained.

0004US-A-4,351,011 discloses an alternative method in which, instead of treating the voltage and current waves separately, the product of voltage and current is formed, i.e. the power or its integral, i.e. the energy. The direction to a fault can then be determined by the sign of the instantaneous power or energy change. For an internal fault or a fault lying ahead, a negative sign is then obtained on the power or energy change, and for an external fault or a fault lying behind, a positive sign is obtained.

0005In DE-A-28 41 009, the different algebraical combinations of the voltage and current waves are utilized for obtaining directional detection.

0006In EP-A-85 10 7101, a method and a device are described for locating a fault point on a transmission line based on voltage waves moving from a measuring point towards a fault point and corresponding waves reflected from a fault point, which waves are included in a travelling wave model of the line. The method comprises carrying out, at certain regular time intervals, a measurement of the instantaneous values of the current and the voltage at the end point of the line, for example at a station. With these values and with the aid of the travelling wave model, the voltage at a number of control points along the line can be calculated. It is the travelling wave model described in that application that forms the basis of the directional detection according to the present invention.

0007The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings showing - by way of example - in <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 a power transmission line in a faultless state between two stations P and Q which are'supplied from two power sources A and B,</li><li>Figure 2 the real, measured voltage distribution along the line according to Figure 1 between the power sources,</li><li>Figure 3 the same voltage distribution as Figure 2, in which the voltage consists of values calculated with a travelling wave model located at P, based on voltage and current values measured at P,</li><li>Figure 4 the same power transmission line as Figure 1 with a fault F having occurred between station P and power source A,</li><li>Figure 5 the real voltage distribution along the faulty line according to Figure 4,</li><li>Figure 6 the voltage distribution along the line calculated by a travelling wave model at P in the case of a fault according to Figure 4,</li><li>Figure 7 the same power transmission line as Figure 1, with a fault F located between P and Q,</li><li>Figure 8 the measured voltage distribution along the line after the occurrence of a resistance ground fault at F,</li><li>Figure 9 the voltage distribution along the line calculated by a travelling wave model at P in the case of a fault according to Figure 7,</li><li>Figure 10 an embodiment of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention,</li><li>Figure 11 a method for generating a mean value.</li></ul>

0008Figure 1 shows a power transmission line between two stations or measuring points P and Q. In the example shown, the line is connected to two power sources A and B. PQ may be conceived to be a transmission line between two networks A and B, a line in a meshed network or a line connecting a power station A with a power drain B.

0009Figure 2 shows the real voltage distribution along the line in a faultless state, EA and E3 being the emf's of the respective power sources, and U'P and U'Q being the voltage measured at P and at Q, respectively.

0010With the aid of current and voltage values measured in the stations P and Q, the control voltages or the voltage distribution from P and Q along the line and from Q towards P in a faultless state can be calculated by means of the travelling wave model described in the above-mentioned EP-A-85 10 7101 (see Figure 3). This means that the same voltage distribution as in Figure 2 is obtained within the limits determined by errors in measurement in measured value transformers and by uncertain parameter knowledge.

0011When a fault occurs on a line, it is important, as stated above, to be able to determine the direction to the fault. This is done by means of so-called directional detectors. In the directional detectors comprised by this invention, the control voltages which may be obtained with the aid of the travelling wave model are utilized.

0012By studying the change in the control voltages in that point which corresponds to the measuring point and that point which lies at the opposite end point of the line, the direction to the fault can be determined. This comparison can be made by using phase voltages, principal voltages, zero sequence voltages or other symmetrical components.

0013A fault which occurs in some part of the network connected to the measuring point of the protected line, for example at F according to Figure 4, propagates as a voltage wave along the line. The changes occurring in the control voltages can first be indicated in that control voltage which corresponds to the voltage at the measuring point or possibly in a symbolic control voltage behind the measuring point, viewed from the line. Then the change is propagated to the control voltages which are located further out on the line. The change of the control voltages occurs in a chronological order which is dependent on the direction of movement of the change on the line. The change is instantaneous in magnitude and the smaller in amplitude the further out on the line it occurs. This makes it possible to detect the direction by comparison of instantaneous values or mean values for a suitably selected period of time.

0014The real voltage distribution along the line in the case of a fault F between A and P is clear from Figure 5. The calculated distribution of the control voltage along the line is clear from Figure 6. Voltages indexed with p designate the voltage at the measuring point P and voltages indexed with q designate the voltage at Q. From Figure 5 it is clear that if|ΔUq| -|ΔUp| < 0, there is a fault on the station side of P, that is, a fault lying behind.

0015In the event of a fault on the line, for example at F according to Figure 7, the mathematical model in the protection device is valid for the distance to the fault point. Owing to the fact that the evaluation takes place with a lag corresponding to the transit time of the voltage waves from one end to the other end of the protected line, a change in the control voltages of the model will only be discovered in the control voltage corresponding to the remote end point or a fictitious voltage in an imaginary extension of the line. The magnitude of the change will also be instantaneous and greatest in amplitude at the remotest control point.

0016The real voltage distribution in the case of a fault according to Figure 7 is clear from Figure 8. The corresponding model voltage is clear from Figure 9, from which it is also clear that when |ΔUq| -|ΔUp| > 0, there is a fault on the line side of P, that is, a fault lying ahead.

0017A comparison between the changes of the control voltages, which may also include the change caused by a zero sequence or negative sequence voltage occuring in the case of unsymmetrical faults - both their consecutive occurrence in time and their different instantaneous values or mean values - provides a very reliable directional detection of the voltage waves which are propagated on the line from the location of the fault.

0018The invention relates to a method for checking and evaluating changes in the control voltages in the event of a fault for directional detection and phase selection, i.e. for determining a faulty phase or faulty phases. This can be carried out as an inspection of principal voltages, phase voltages and the zero sequence voltage. If, for example, a single-phase fault occurs in phase R, no change in the voltage between S and T is obtained. A ground fault can be detected by studying the change of the zero sequence voltage and any unsymmetrical fault can be detected by studying the negative sequence voltage.

0019Directional detection and phase selection take place by generating the difference between the changes of the control voltages at the two end points of the line. Since the line can be assumed to have the same impedance for negative sequence as for positive sequence, the phase selection logic introduced in the system is valid.

0020The theoretical background of the invention will be described by way of a number of examples showing typical fault occurrences. The following analysis deals with stationary conditions, and Δ I designates a stationary fault current which is superimposed on the state prevailing before a fault.

0021The following designations are used: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>Index p represents the quantities a the measuring point P, and index q represents the quantities at the opposite end of the transmission line. ΔI is the current floating at the location of the fault. It is distributed such that K1ΔI is the positive sequence component, K2ΔI is the negative sequence component and K0ΔI is the zero sequence component of the current at the measuring point P. The K-factors, i.e. the distribution factors for the respective component of the current at the fault point, depend on where the fault occurs. ZA1. ZA2 and ZA0 are source impedances seen from the measuring point of the protection device. Z1 and Zo are the impedances of the transmission line (Z2 = Z1). U' is the voltage prevailing at the measuring point prior to the oc- curence of a fault.</li></ul>

0022For a single-phase ground fault in phase R, i.e. RN, the control voltage of the measuring point can be expressed as:

0023<maths id="math0001" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0001.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0002" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0002.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0003" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0003.tif" /></maths>The control voltage of the remote end point can be exprassed as follows with the data of the measuring points:<maths id="math0004" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0004.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0005" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0005.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0006" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0006.tif" /></maths>

0024The voltage change at the measuring point during the first half-period after a fault is thus as follows:<maths id="math0007" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0007.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0008" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0008.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0009" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0009.tif" /></maths>and the corresponding voltage change at the remote end point is as follows:<maths id="math0010" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0010.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0011" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0011.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0012" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0012.tif" /></maths>

0025The zero sequence voltage, i.e., the sum voltage, is as follows:<maths id="math0013" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0013.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0014" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0014.tif" /></maths>

0026The following expression can be set:<maths id="math0015" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0015.tif" /></maths>

0027Provided that |Z0|»|zA0| or arg (ZA0) ≈ arg (ZD), the increase of the sum voltage between the control points p and q in the line model can be written as follows:<maths id="math0016" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0016.tif" /></maths>where "+" relates to a fault lying ahead and "-" relates to a fault lying behind. It should be pointed out that K is a function of the fault point and thus has different values for faults laying ahead and faults lying behind.

0028In the same way, expressions for the change for the principal voltages along the line are derived:<maths id="math0017" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0017.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0018" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0018.tif" /></maths>and<maths id="math0019" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0019.tif" /></maths>

0029To sum up, for a single-phase ground fault, RN, lying ahead of the measuring point the following expressions are valid:<maths id="math0020" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0020.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0021" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0021.tif" /></maths>and for a single-phase fault RN lying behind, the following expressions are valid:<maths id="math0022" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0022.tif" /></maths>

0030Thus, a directional detection and a phase selection are obtained by means of this method.

0031For a two-phase short-circuit between the phase S and phase T the following result is obtained in the case of a fault lying ahead:<maths id="math0023" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0023.tif" /></maths>and the following result is obtained in the case of a fault lying behind:<maths id="math0024" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0024.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0025" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0025.tif" /></maths>

0032In the case of a two-phase ground fault, STN, the conditions for calculating the voltage changes will be somewhat more complex. However, it can be shown that in order to indicate how large a part of the fault current ΔI at the measuring point is zero sequence current and negative sequence current, respectively, the zero sequence component K0ΔI shown above must be multiplied by a factor C0 and the negative sequence component K2ΔI shown above must be multiplied by a factor C2. In this<maths id="math0026" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0026.tif" /></maths>

0033Thus, the zero sequence component of the fault current ΔI is K0C0ΔI and the negative sequence component is K2C2ΔI.

0034In this case the following is obtained<maths id="math0027" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0027.tif" /></maths>in the case of a fault lying ahead, while the following is obtained<maths id="math0028" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0028.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0029" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0029.tif" /></maths>in the case of a fault lying behind.

0035For a three-phase symmetrical fault the following is obtained<maths id="math0030" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0030.tif" /></maths>in-the case of a fault lying ahead, while the following is obtained<maths id="math0031" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0031.tif" /></maths>in the case of a fault lying behind.

0036It can also be proved that it is possible to use the described method for determining direction in the case of a fault on series-compensated transmission lines and for other conceivable cases of fault.

0037the described voltage difference can be formed as<maths id="math0032" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0032.tif" /></maths>where T is the period. In a sampled system there is obtained, in similar manner, for the kth measurement per period<maths id="math0033" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0033.tif" /></maths>where N = T/Δt and where Δt = the time between the samples.

0038An additive filter, in the sense that N is determined with the aid of the zero passages of the preceding periods, can. be used. In that case the influence of slow frequency changes upon oscillations is prevented.

0039The zero sequence quantities are generated as follows:<maths id="math0034" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0034.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0035" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0035.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0036" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0036.tif" /></maths>

0040For each principal voltage the following equations are formed:<maths id="math0037" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0037.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0038" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0038.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0039" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0039.tif" /></maths>

0041To obtain voltage values as representative as possible, some form of mean value generation should be resorted to.

0042An example of this is clear from the following:<maths id="math0040" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0040.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0041" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0041.tif" /></maths>

0043In summary, on the basis of the equations (20) and (21) it can be determined that a fault lying ahead exists when Δu0pg is greater than a chosen level of detection u0d and when Δupopq is greater than a chosen level of detection ua. In a similar manner is can be determined than when Δu0pq is smaller than -u0b, i.e. a chosen level of detection u0b, and when Δupδpq is smaller than -ub, i.e. a chosen level of detection ub, then a fault lying behind exists. If the positive or negative values are, respectively, greater than or smaller than the levels of detection, a fault exists and then the directional detectors are to deliver a signal indicating this. For the further signal processing it is suitable to resort to Boolean quantities. On the basis of the shown examples of fault, it can be generally stated that when Δu0pqk>u0d, a signal DO = 1 is obtained indicating a ground fault lying ahead, when Δupqk < -u0b, a signal BO = 1 is obtained indicating a ground fault lying behind, when Δuρδpqk>ud, a signal Dp6 = 1 is obtained indicating a fault lying ahead, and when Δuρδqk<-ub, a signal Bρδ = 1 is obtained indicating a fault lying behind.

0044For determining a faulty phase, or faulty phases, in the case of a fault, equation (20) can be used as starting-point as well, from which it can be understood that a fault in phase R, called FR, is obtained when, expressed in Boolean terms, FR = DRS <o>DST</o>. DTR·DO.

0045For a two-phase fault in the form of a short-circuit between the R- and S-phases, a fault in phase R shall, of course, also be indicated. The conditions are also clear from equation (20), which means that the complete phase selection for the faulty phase R is determined by<maths id="math0042" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0042.tif" /></maths>or FR = DRS. DTR if DO is not used.

0046The corresponding phase selection for faults in phase S and T can be derived in a simple manner as follows<maths id="math0043" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0043.tif" /></maths>(FS = DRS · DST)<maths id="math0044" num=""><img file="EP0241832A1_D0044.tif" /></maths>(FT = DST · DTR)

0047A direction-detecting protection device with ancillary functions according to the invention can be designed as shown in Figure 10. Phase currents IR' IS and IT and phase voltages UR, Us and UT are supplied to a device, located at some measuring point, comprising a travelling wave model 1 of the type described above. With the aid of the supplied currents and voltages, the general travelling wave model can indicate the voltage at a number of control points 1 to n along the transmission line. What is necessary for the directional detection according to the invention are really only voltages at the control points P and Q. This means that a simplified version of the travelling wave model may also be used if it is only to be used in connection with directional detection.

0048Changes Δu in the phase voltages of the control voltages are obtained by adding the voltage values of two consecutive half-periods. The time shift is obtained by means of the time delay elements 2-7 and the summation in the summation members 8-13. This part of the device corresponds to equation (28) or (29).

0049It would also be possible to form the voltage change Δu by comparing the voltage values for one period with the corresponding values during the preceding period. The time delay elements 2-7 must then provide a displacement of time corresponding to the time T for one period. The voltage value for each period must then be formed as a mean value or some other characteristic measure of values during one period. To generate the difference, the time-shifted value must now be supplied to summation members with a negative sign. This process has not been illustrated in the figure.

0050In the summation members 14 and 15 the zero sequence quantities according to equations (30) and (31) are formed. The valve symbol in boxes 14 and 15 - as well as other boxes in Figure 10 - indicate that a rectification of the measured values takes place in connection with the summing up. If the negative sequence voltage shall be used for directional detection, this component can be obtained by a known type of negative sequence filter.

0051For each principal voltage the voltage difference |Δuρδp| and |Δuρδq| are generated in the summation members 16-21 in accordance with equations (33) and (34).

0052The difference between the difference voltages calculated at P and Q - i.e. as regards the zero sequence voltage Δu0pq according to equation (32) and as regards the principal voltage Δuρδpq according to equation (35) - is generated in the summation members 22,23 and 24,25, respectively. The integral sign in the summation members indicate that a generation of a mean value is performed in connection with the summation. Such a generation of mean value according to equation (36) or (37) may, for example, take place according to Figure 11.

0053In the comparison devices 26-33 according to Figure 10, the differences obtained are compared with the levels of detec- tion ud, -ub, u0d and -u0b, mentioned in the description, from which Boolean signals are obtained in the form of a "1" when the positive values exceed the levels of detection and when the negative values are lower than the levels of detection, respectively. The signals obtained, identified as DTR, DRS, DST, BTR, BRS, BST, DO and BO, are then used for determining the direction to a fault, for phase selection logic and in the case of blocking.

0054The "OR"-element 34 is supplied with all the D-signals, i.e. DRS, DST, DTR and DO. When;any of these consists of a "1", this means that there is a;fault lying ahead, which leads to the output FF becoming "1", and the requisite measures for disconnection are initiated, e.g. sending a trip signal to the opposite station in a so-called permissive system.

0055In similar manner, all the B-signals, i.e. BRS, 3ST, BTS and BO, are supplied to an "OR"-element 35 and when any of the signals is activated, a signal BB is obtained for blocking the tripping of the circuit-breakers on the opposite side of the line in a so-called blocking system.

0056The phase selection logic according to the Boolean equations (38), (39) and (40) are executed by means of the "AND"-elements 36,37,38 and 39 with the outputs A,B,C and D and the "OR"-elements 40,41 and 42. The respective signals FR,FS and FT indicate a fault in the respective phase and can, of course, also be used in connection with disconnection of a faulty phase.

0057As mentioned above, the generation of a mean value according to equations (36) and (37) can be performed with scheme according to Figure 11. The scheme as such is relatively trivial and consists of two time delay elements 43 and 44 and two summation members 45 and 46.

0058The components included in the device, such as travelling wave model, summation members, comparison members, time delay elements, etc., can be designed as more or less integrated solutions in analog or digital technique.

0059In addition to being alternatively formed in digital or analog technique, the travelling wave model may be a complete such model, whereby the voltage distribution along the entire transmission line can be obtained, or it may be a simplified variant, whereby only control voltages at P and Q are obtained.

0060The indices "δ" and "ρ", appearing for the first time in equation (33), refer to phase voltages, while the index "ρδ" refers to principal voltages.

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Citations
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9 members in 6 offices; this record represents the family

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Priority claims
Document	Office	Kind	Date
8601565	Sweden	A	1986-04-08
8601565	Sweden	–	1986-04-08
SE19860001565	–	–	–
8601565	–	–	–

Members9

Family members, oldest first
Document	Office	Kind
SE8601565D0	Sweden	D0	1986-04-08
SE8601565L	Sweden	L	1987-10-09
JPS62239814A	Japan	A	1987-10-20
EP0241832A1This record	European Patent Office (EPO)	A1	1987-10-21
SE452533B	Sweden	B	1987-11-30
US4731689A	United States of America	A	1988-03-15
EP0241832B1	European Patent Office (EPO)	B1	1990-07-04
DE3763510D1	Germany	D1	1990-08-09
CA1285644C	Canada	C	1991-07-02

26 legal events, as 3 offices reported them to INPADOC

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	Event	Code	Office
2006-04-10	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP	PGFP	EP
2005-04-04	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25	PG25	EP
2002-11-27	Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal feeCeasedGBPC	GBPC	EP
2002-04-04	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25	PG25	EP
2002-01-01	European patent in force as of 2002-01-01IF02	IF02	GB
2001-04-04	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP	PGFP	EP
2001-02-01	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25	PG25	EP
1999-04-09	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP	PGFP	EP
1993-12-31	Patent ceasedCeasedPL	PL	CH
1993-04-30	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25	PG25	EP
1993-04-30	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25	PG25	EP
1992-04-16	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP	PGFP	EP
1991-06-26	No opposition filedOpposition26N	26N	EP
1991-05-09	No opposition filed within time limitOppositionORIGINAL CODE: 0009261PLBE	PLBE	EP
1991-05-09	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patentGrantedSTATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMITSTAA	STAA	EP
1991-04-30	It: last paid annual feeITTA	ITTA	EP
1990-09-21	It: translation for a ep patent filedITF	ITF	EP
1990-09-21	It: translation for a ep patent filedITF	ITF	EP
1990-08-10	Fr: translation filedET	ET	EP
1990-08-09	Corresponds to:REF	REF	EP
1990-07-04	Designated contracting statesAK	AK	EP
1990-05-19	(expected) grantORIGINAL CODE: 0009210GRAA	GRAA	EP
1989-12-13	First examination report despatched17Q	17Q	EP
1988-03-23	Request for examination filed17P	17P	EP
1987-10-21	Designated contracting statesAK	AK	EP
1987-09-05	Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phaseORIGINAL CODE: 0009012PUAI	PUAI	EP

Method and device for directional detection of a fault on a power transmission line.

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