Compositions and methods for control of insect infestations in plants
Abstract
Control of pest infestations by inhibiting one or more biological functions in a pest invertebrate. Methods and compositions are described for use in the control of pest infestations, by feeding one or more recombinant double stranded RNA molecules to the pest, in order to effect a reduction in pest infestation by suppressing gene expression The invention also relates to methods for preparing transgenic plants that express double-stranded RNA molecules, and with specific combinations of transgenic pesticide agents for use in plant protection from pest infestations.
Term
No projected expiry on record.
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30 claims: 18 independent, 12 dependent
- 1Un método para controlar infestaciones de invertebrados plaga CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en la dieta de un invertebrado plaga un agente que comprende un ácido nucleico que, al ser ingerido por la plaga, funciona inhibiendo la expresión de una secuencia blanco en dicha plaga, consistiendo dicho ácido ribonucleico en una secuencia de ribonucleótidos que es o es complementaria con dicha secuencia blanco, donde dicha secuencia de ribonucleótidos se transcribe a partir de una secuencia de ADN seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta.
- 2El método de la reivindicación 1, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicho invertebrado plaga se selecciona del grupo que consiste en una plaga vegetal y una plaga animal, y donde dicha plaga vegetal se selecciona del grupo que consiste en insectos plaga, ácaros plaga y nematodes plaga.
- 3Un ácido ribonucleico aislado CARACTERIZADO PORQUE, al introducirse en la dieta de un invertebrado plaga, funciona controlando infestaciones de invertebrados plaga, al inhibir la expresión de una secuencia blanco en dicha plaga, donde dicho ácido ribonucleico comprende una secuencia de ribonucleótidos transcripta a partir de una secuencia de ADN que es entre aproximadamente 80 y aproximadamente 100% idéntica a una secuencia de nucleótidos seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta.
- 4Un método para inhibir la expresión de una secuencia de nucleótidos blanco en una plaga vegetal, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en la dieta de una plaga un agente que, al ser ingerido por dicha plaga, inhibe la expresión de una secuencia de nucleótidos en dicha plaga, donde dicho agente comprende un ácido ribonucleico que se expresa a partir de una secuencia de ADN que es entre aproximadamente 80 y aproximadamente 100% idéntica a una secuencia codificante de nucleótidos presente en dicha plaga, donde dicha secuencia codificante de nucleótidos se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta.
- 5Una composición de polinucleótidos para usar en una célula vegetal, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende un cassette de expresión que comprende un promotor funcional en plantas, unido operativamente a un elemento de secuencia de nucleótidos que comprende entre aproximadamente 50 y aproximadamente 5000 nucleótidos contiguos, que presenta entre aproximadamente 80 y aproximadamente 100% de identidad de secuencia con una secuencia codificante de nucleótidos seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta, donde la ingestión de dicha composición de polinucleótidos por un invertebrado plaga de plantas inhibe una función biológica esencial en dicha plaga.
- 6Una célula vegetal CARACTERIZADA PORQUE comprende la composición de polinucleótidos de la reivindicación 5, una planta regenerada a partir de la célula vegetal, una planta de la progenie producida a partir de la planta regenerada, donde dicha planta de la progenie comprende dicha composición de polinucleótidos, y una semilla producida a partir de la planta de la progenie, donde dicha semilla comprende dicha composición de polinucleótidos.
- 7Un agente para controlar insectos CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende una secuencia de ribonucleótidos producida a partir de la expresión de una secuencia de ADN seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta, donde dicha secuencia de ribonucleótidos, al ser ingerida por un invertebrado plaga, funciona inhibiendo la expresión de una secuencia de nucleótidos sustancialmente complementaria con dicha secuencia de ADN.
- 8Un método para proteger una planta de infestaciones de insectos, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en la dieta de dicho insecto una o más células de dicha planta que expresan una molécula de ARN a partir de una secuencia de ADN seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta, donde la ingestión de dichas una o más células por dicho insecto resulta en la inhibición de una función biológica en dicho insecto.
- 9El método de la reivindicación 8, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dichas células vegetales que expresan dicho ARN comprenden un agente plaguicida seleccionado del grupo que consiste en una patatina, una proteína insecticida de Bacillus thuríngiensis, una proteína insecticida de Xenorhabdus, una proteína insecticida de Photorhabdus, una proteína insecticida de Bacillus laterosporous y una proteína insecticida de Bacillus sphearicus.
- 10El método de la reivindicación 9, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicha proteína insecticida de Bacillus thuringiensis se selecciona del grupo que consiste en Cry1, Cry3, TIC851, CryET70, Cry22, una proteína insecticida binaria CryET33 y CryET34, una proteína insecticida binaria CryET80 y CryET76, una proteína insecticida binaria TIC100 y TIC101, y una proteína insecticida binaria PS149B1.
- 11Un método para inhibir la expresión de un producto de un gen blanco en una o más células de un insecto plaga, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en dichas una o más células una cantidad capaz de suprimir genes de una molécula de ARN en la dieta de dicho insecto, donde dicha molécula de ARN capaz de suprimir genes se produce a partir de una secuencia de ADN seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y el complemento de ésta, donde la ingestión de dicho ARN supresor de genes resulta en una disminución en el nivel de dicho producto génico blanco en las células de dicho insecto plaga.
- 12El método de la reivindicación 11, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicha secuencia de ADN se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 4, SEQ ID N 9 17, SEQ ID N 9 18, SEQ ID N 9 31, SEQID N 9 32, SEQ ID N 9 35, SEQ ID N 9 36, SEQ ID N 9 39, SEQ ID N 9 40, SEQ ID N 9 43, SEQ ID N 9 44, SEQID N 9 47, SEQ ID N 9 48, SEQ ID N 9 52, SEQ ID N 9 53, SEQ ID N 9 56, SEQ ID N 9 57, SEQ ID N 9 60SEQ ID N 9 60, SEQ ID N 9 61, SEQ ID N 9 64, SEQ ID N 9 65, SEQ ID N 9 68, SEQ ID N 9 69, SEQ ID N 9 72, SEQ IDN 73, SEQ ID N 9 76, SEQ ID N 9 77, SEQ ID N 9 80, SEQ ID N 9 81, SEQ ID N 9 84, SEQ ID N 9 85, SEQ IDN 88, SEQ ID N 9 89, SEQ ID N 9 92, SEQ ID N 9 93, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174 y el complemento de ésta.
- 13El método de la reivindicación 12, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicha secuencia de ADN se selecciona del grupo que consiste en 19-21 nucleótidos contiguos como se indica en SEQ ID N 9 17 y SEQ ID N 9 31.
- 14Un cassette de expresión CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende una secuencia de ADN como se indica en la reivindicación 13.
- 15El método de acuerdo con la reivindicación 11, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicho gen blanco codifica una proteína cuya función predicha se selecciona del grupo de funciones que consiste en formación de músculos, formación de hormona juvenil, regulación de hormona juvenil, regulación y transporte de iones, síntesis de enzimas digestivas, mantenimiento del potencial de la membrana celular, biosíntesis de aminoácidos, degradación de aminoácidos, formación de esperma, síntesis de feromonas, percepción de feromonas, formación de las antenas, formación de las alas, formación de las patas, desarrollo y diferenciación, formación de los huevos, maduración de las larvas, formación de enzimas digestivas, síntesis de hemolinfa, mantenimiento de la hemolinfa, neurotransmisión, división celular, metabolismo energético, respiración, y apoptosis.
- 16El método de acuerdo con la reivindicación 11, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicho insecto es una Diabrotica spp. que se selecciona del grupo que consiste en Diabrotica virgifera, Diabrotica barberi y Diabrotica undecimpunctata.
- 17Un método para controlar infestaciones de invertebrados plaga, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en la dieta de un invertebrado plaga un agente que comprende una primera secuencia de ribonucleótidos que, al ser ingerida por la plaga, funciona inhibiendo una función biológica en dicha plaga, donde dicha secuencia de ribonucleótidos presenta entre aproximadamente 85 y aproximadamente 100% de identidad de secuencia nucleótidos con una secuencia codificante derivada de dicha plaga, e hibridiza con una segunda secuencia de ribonucleótidos que es complementaria con dicha primera secuencia de ribonucleótidos, y donde dicha secuencia codificante derivada de dicha plaga se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y los complementos de ésta.
- 18Un método para controlar infestaciones de invertebrados plaga, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en la dieta de un invertebrado plaga un agente que comprende una primera secuencia de ribonucleótidos que, al ser ingerida por la plaga, funciona inhibiendo una función biológica en dicha plaga, donde dicha secuencia de ribonucleótidos presenta entre aproximadamente 95 y aproximadamente 100% de identidad de secuencia de nucleótidos a lo largo de entre aproximadamente 14 y aproximadamente 25 nucleótidos contiguos con una secuencia codificante derivada de dicha plaga, e hibridiza con una segunda secuencia de ribonucleótidos que es complementaria con dicha primera secuencia de ribonucleótidos, y dicha secuencia codificante derivada de dicha plaga se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N° 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143, SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y los complementos de ésta.
- 19Una secuencia de nucleótidos CARACTERIZADA PORQUE comprende una molécula de ARN que, al proporcionarse en una cantidad capaz de inhibir una plaga en la dieta de una plaga, inhibe la alimentación de la plaga con la dieta que contiene la molécula de ARN, donde dicha secuencia de nucleótidos se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1 a SEQ ID N 9 143 y SEQ ID N 9 169 a SEQ ID N 9 174, y los complementos de ésta.
- 20La secuencia de nucleótidos de la reivindicación 19, CARACTERIZADA PORQUE dicha dieta se selecciona del grupo que consiste en una dieta artificial, una célula vegetal, una pluralidad de células vegetales, un tejido vegetal, una raíz de planta, una semilla de una planta y una planta cultivada a partir de una semilla de una planta, donde dicha dieta comprende una cantidad capaz de inhibir una plaga de dicha molécula de ARN.
- 21La secuencia de nucleótidos de la reivindicación 19, CARACTERIZADA PORQUE dicha secuencia comprende al menos aproximadamente 19 nucleótidos contiguos, como se indica en SEQ ID N 9 97.
- 22La secuencia de nucleótidos de la reivindicación 21, CARACTERIZADA PORQUE, además, los aproximadamente 19 nucleótidos contiguos se seleccionan entre el nucleótido en la posición 58 y aproximadamente el nucleótido 1010, como se indica en SEQ ID N 9 97.
- 23Un método para proteger una planta de las infestaciones de insectos, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende a) introducir en la dieta del insecto una célula vegetal que expresa un ARN que suprime un gen en el insecto y desempeña una función esencial para la supervivencia del insecto, donde dicha función se selecciona del grupo que consiste la reducción de la alimentación de la plaga, la reducción de la viabilidad de la plaga, la apoptosis celular en la plaga, la inhibición de la diferenciación y el desarrollo de la plaga o de cualquier célula de la plaga, la ausencia o la reducción de la capacidad o el deseo de reproducción sexual de la plaga, la formación de músculo, la activación muscular, la contracción muscular, la formación de hormona juvenil, la regulación de hormona juvenil, la regulación y el transporte de iones, el mantenimiento del potencial de la membrana celular, la biosíntesis de aminoácidos, la degradación de aminoácidos, la formación de esperma, la síntesis de feromonas, la percepción de feromonas, la formación de las antenas, la formación de las alas, la formación de las patas, la formación de huevos, la maduración de las larvas, la formación de enzimas digestivas, la síntesis de hemolinfa, el mantenimiento de la hemolinfa, la neurotransmisión, la transición del estado larval, la formación de pupas, la emergencia de la forma de pupa, la división celular, el metabolismo energético, la respiración, y cualquier componente de la estructura del citoesqueleto de las células eucariotas;y b) cultivar una planta que comprende dichas células vegetales.
- 24Un método para mejorar el rendimiento de un cultivo producido a partir de una planta de cultivo sometido a una infestación de insectos plaga, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende los siguientes pasos:a) cultivar dicha planta de cultivo usando semillas que comprenden una o más moléculas de ARN que suprimen uno o más genes blanco de un insecto plaga que haya ingerido una porción de dicha planta de cultivo en su dieta, donde dichos uno o más genes blanco desempeñan al menos una función esencial en la fisiología y el metabolismo del insecto, donde dicha función esencial se selecciona del grupo que consiste la alimentación de la plaga, la viabilidad de la plaga, la apoptosis celular de la plaga, la diferenciación y el desarrollo de la plaga o de cualquier célula de la plaga, la reproducción sexual de la plaga, la formación de músculo, la activación muscular, la contracción muscular, la formación y/o la reducción de hormona juvenil, la regulación de hormona juvenil, la regulación y el transporte de iones, el mantenimiento del potencial de la membrana celular, la biosíntesis de aminoácidos, la degradación de aminoácidos, la formación de esperma, la síntesis de feromonas, la percepción de feromonas, la formación de las antenas, la formación de las alas, la formación de las patas, la formación de huevos, la maduración de las larvas, la formación de enzimas digestivas, la síntesis de hemolinfa, el mantenimiento de la hemolinfa, la neurotransmisión, la transición del estado larval, la formación de pupas, la emergencia de la forma de pupa, la división celular, el metabolismo energético, la respiración, y cualquier componente de la estructura del citoesqueleto de las células eucariotas;y b) observar un mejoramiento en el porcentaje de rendimiento de dicha planta de cultivo.
- 25Un producto primario o un producto derivado comercial producido a partir de la semilla obtenida de una planta transgénica, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicha planta transgénica expresa un ARN a partir de una o más secuencias de nucleótidos contiguos seleccionadas del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N s 1 a SEQ ID N 2 143, SEQ ID N 2 169 a SEQ ID N 2 174, y los complementos de éstas, y donde dicha una o más secuencias de nucleótidos pueden detectarse dentro del producto primario o el producto derivado comercial.
- 26Una secuencia de nucleótidos contiguos CARACTERIZADA PORQUE tiene al menos aproximadamente 21 nucleótidos de longitud y se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1-143 y 169-174, expresada como una secuencia de ARN e introducida en la dieta de un insecto plaga, y cuya ingestión en una cantidad capaz de inhibir la plaga de dicho ARN inhibe la alimentación posterior de la plaga con dicha dieta.
- 27Una célula vegetal transformada CARACTERIZADA PORQUE está transformada con una secuencia de nucleótidos contiguos de al menos aproximadamente 21 nucleótidos de longitud, seleccionada del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1-143, y 169-174, expresándose dicha secuencia de nucleótidos en la célula vegetal como un segmento de ARN introducido en la dieta de un insecto plaga, donde (a) la ingestión de dicho ARN por el insecto plaga resulta en la supresión de un gen que codifica una proteína expresada a partir de dicho gen, y (b) la ingestión de una cantidad capaz de inhibir el insecto plaga de dicho ARN inhibe la alimentación posterior de la plaga con dicha dieta.
- 28Un método para seleccionar una secuencia de nucleótidos para expresar un ARN que puede usarse en la inhibición de un gen en las células de un insecto plaga, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende los siguientes pasos:(a) aislar ARNm de un huésped vegetal;(b) producir un ARN a partir de la totalidad o una parte de una secuencia de ADNc derivada del ARNm;(c) introducir el ARN en la dieta del insecto plaga;(d) seleccionar un ARN que inhibe la expresión de dicho gen en dicho insecto plaga;y (e) seleccionar una secuencia de nucleótidos que hibridiza con dicho ARN del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 9 1-143,169-174, o el complemento de éste.
- 29Un método para controlar un insecto plaga, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE comprende introducir en la dieta del insecto plaga dos o más agentes insecticidas tóxicos para la misma especie de insecto, donde un primer agente insecticida comprende una molécula de ARN expresada a partir de una secuencia de ADN, donde dicha molécula de ARN inhibe una función biológica en dicha plaga cuando es ingerida por la plaga, donde una porción de dicha secuencia de ADN que consiste en al menos aproximadamente 21 nucleótidos contiguos presenta entre aproximadamente 85% y aproximadamente 100% de identidad de secuencia de nucleótidos con una secuencia codificante derivada de dicha plaga, y donde se proporciona un segundo agente insecticida en combinación con el primer agente insecticida en la dieta, donde dicho segundo agente insecticida es diferente del primero.
- 30El método de la reivindicación 29, CARACTERIZADO PORQUE dicha plaga es una oruga de la raíz de maíz y dicha secuencia codificante derivada de dicha plaga se selecciona del grupo que consiste en SEQ ID N 5 1-143, y 169-174. COMPOSICIONES Y MÉTODOS PARA EL CONTROL DE INFESTACIONES DE INSECTOS EN
Independent claims30
771 paragraphs in 14 sections, as filed
SIGNATURE OF THE APPLICANT
SIGNATURE OF ATTORNEY
Dr. Alejandro Ponce Martinez
Dr. Alejandro Ponce Martínez Mat. 960 CAP
APM/mbp
CASE P5390
PCT/US2005/011816
TECHNICAL MEMORY
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECT INFESTATIONS IN PLANTS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to the genetic control of pest infestations in plants, and in and on animals. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods for modifying the endogenous expression of coding sequences in the cells or tissues of a particular pest. More specifically, the present invention utilizes recombinant DNA technology to post-transcriptionally repress or inhibit the expression of a desired coding sequence in pest cells, by feeding the pest one or more ribonucleic acid molecules. Small interfering or double-stranded RNAs (RNAs) transcribed from all or a portion of a desired coding sequence for the purpose of infestation control. Accordingly, the present invention relates to sequence-specific inhibition of the expression of coding sequences using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to achieve desired levels of pest control.
Also provided are isolated and substantially purified novel nucleic acid molecules, including, without limitation, naturally occurring nucleotide sequences and recombinant DNA constructs for transcribing the dsRNA or siRNA molecules of the present invention, which suppress or inhibit the expression of a endogenous coding sequence or a desired coding sequence in the pest, when introduced into it. Also provided are transgenic plants that (a) contain nucleotide sequences encoding the isolated and substantially purified nucleic acid molecules, and unnatural recombinant DNA constructs, for transcribing dsRNA or siRNA molecules and controlling pest infestations in plants , and (b) have improved resistance and/or tolerance to pest infestations. Also described are compositions containing the dsRNA nucleotide sequences of the present invention for use in topical applications on plants or animals, or in the animal's environment, to achieve elimination or reduction of pest infestation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The environment in which humans live is teeming with pest infestations. Pests, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, flatworms, roundworms, spindleworms, hookworms, tapeworms, trypanosomes, schistosomes, parasitic flies, fleas, ticks, mites, and lice, and their peers invade the human environment, and a multitude of means have been used to attempt to control infestations of these pests. Compositions for controlling infestations of microscopic pests, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, have been provided in the form of antibiotic compositions, antiviral compositions, and antifungal compositions. Compositions for controlling infestations of larger pests, such as nematodes, flatworms, roundworms, spindleworms, flukes, tapeworms, trypanosomes, schistosomes, and the like, have typically taken the form of chemical compositions that can be applied to surfaces. of substrates known to be susceptible to being infested, or that can be ingested by an infested animal, in the form of pellets, powders, tablets, pastes or capsules, and the like. The present invention provides an improved means of controlling pest infestations, compared to compositions known in the art.
Commercial crops are commonly the targets of insect attack. Substantial progress has been made in recent decades, directed towards the development of more efficient methods and compositions to control insect infestations in plants. Chemical pesticides have been very effective in eradicating pest infestations. However, there are several disadvantages associated with the use of chemical pesticidal agents. Chemical pesticidal agents are not selective. Chemical pesticide applications are aimed at controlling invertebrate pests that are harmful to various crops and other plants. However, due to lack of selectivity, chemical pesticidal agents exert their effects on fauna other than the target as well, often effectively sterilizing a field for the period of time the pesticidal agents are applied. Chemical pesticidal agents persist in the environment, and are generally metabolized slowly, if at all. They accumulate in the food chain, and particularly in the top predatory species. Accumulation of these chemical pesticidal agents results in the development of resistance to the agents, and in species further up the evolutionary chain, they act as mutagens and/or carcinogens, commonly causing deleterious and irreversible genetic modifications. Consequently, there has been a long-standing need for methods that are not harmful to the environment that allow controlling or eradicating insect infestations on or inside plants, that is, methods that are selective, inert to the environment, non-persistent, and biodegradable, and that fit into pest resistance management schemes.
Compositions including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria have been commercially available and used as safe and acceptable insecticides for over thirty years. The insecticidal effect of Bt bacteria is the result of proteins that are produced exclusively by these bacteria, which do not persist in the environment, are highly selective with respect to the affected target species, exert their effects when ingested by the pest insect, and those that have been shown not to be harmful to plants and other non-target organisms, including humans. There are also transgenic plants that contain one or more encoding Bt insecticidal proteins available in the art, and are remarkably efficient in controlling insect pest infestation. A substantial result of the use of recombinant plants expressing Bt insecticidal proteins is a marked decrease in the amount of chemical pesticidal agents that are applied to the environment to control pest infestation on crop plants, in areas where these transgenic crops are used. The decrease in the application of chemical pesticidal agents has resulted in cleaner soils and waters within canals, rivers, puddles and lakes. In addition to these environmental benefits, a notable increase in the number of beneficial insects has been observed in crop fields where insect-resistant transgenic crops are grown, due to the decrease in the use of chemical insecticidal agents.
The adventitious use of recombinant plants expressing an insecticidal crystalline protein toxin has raised concern about the spontaneous development of resistance to the toxin in the insect pest population. One means of delaying or eliminating the emergence of resistance in the pest population is to combine the recombinant toxin with a second means of controlling the pests, where the second means exerts its effects through a different mode of action, compared to the recombinant toxin. One means of deploying two or more toxins would be to incorporate a seed treatment containing an insecticidal composition effective at very low doses, which would be perfused into the soil or into the growing recombinant plants after they sprouted. This medium has been shown to be effective and inexpensive, but it has the disadvantages of subjecting the environment to a chemical pesticide, which could accumulate in the food chain and persist in the environment. Another means would be to apply a recombinant plant expressing at least two different insecticidal toxins, where each toxin would be toxic to the same insect pest, and where each toxin would exert its effects through a different mode of action. In the short term, this second approach is more cost-effective and more likely to delay the onset of resistance development in the pest population. However, there may be at least two drawbacks to this approach as well. One drawback is that any development of resistance to one of the insecticidal toxins applied to the pest's environment immediately increases the likelihood that resistance to a second or even a third toxin may develop earlier than anticipated. There is also a limited number of insecticidal crystal protein toxins that are toxic to the same insect pest available for use, which, when combined with another insecticidal protein, would be within the defined range of their effects, through a different mode of action. than the toxins used today. Accordingly, there is a need for additional compositions and methods for controlling pest infestations, and in particular, methods and compositions for use in delaying or minimizing the development of resistance to current insect pest control agents.
Chemical pesticidal agents typically exert their effects by inhibiting one or more proteins within the insect pest, irreversibly binding to an active site within a particular protein, inhibiting the protein's action on a naturally occurring substrate, or poisoning a respiratory gradient pathway. or chemical. Recombinant compositions and methods have typically been directed at cell membrane systems that produce proteins that, when ingested by a pest, introduce pores that result in loss of chemical or other gradients along the disrupted cell membranes. Unlike compositions that exert their effects directly on proteins involved in transcription or translation mechanisms, no method has been described for controlling pest infestations by inhibiting the production of essential proteins in the pest insect through RNA-mediated interference by providing one or more double-stranded RNA molecules in the pest's diet.
Antisense methods and compositions have also been described in the art, and are believed to exert their effects via the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule that, theoretically, hybridizes in vivo to a sense-framework RNA molecule. substantially complementary reading. Antisense methods are believed to work in much the same way as double-stranded RNA interference methods, except that the effectiveness of the antisense response is typically substantially less desirable, intermittent, or not apparent at all. Furthermore, there has never been a report contemplating the antisense approach as a means of suppressing the expression of a gene, in a cell remote from the cell or biological system in which the antisense sequence was expressed. Antisense technology has been applied solely as a means of achieving gene-specific interference with expression within the cell or biological system in which the antisense sequence is expressed. Antisense technology has proven difficult to employ in many systems for three main reasons. First, the antisense sequence expressed in the transformed cells is unstable. Second, the instability of the antisense sequence expressed in the transformed cells makes it difficult to deliver the sequence to the host, cell type, or biological system remote from the transgenic cell. Third, the difficulties encountered with instability and delivery of the antisense sequence create difficulties in trying to provide a dose within the recombinant cell expressing the antisense sequence that can effectively modulate the level of expression of the sense nucleotide sequence. desired reading frame.
The phenomenon of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced silencing has been known for a number of years in plant systems. One form of dsRNA-induced silencing is known as co-suppression and virus-induced silencing (VIGS), and is reviewed in Matzke et al. (Adv. Genet., 2002, 46:235-275). The effects of co-suppression and VIGS in recombinant plant systems have been observed, but not explained, since dsRNA has been identified in animal systems as the trigger for the induction of the conserved evolutionary mechanism of genetic suppression. Guo et al. first observed that the use of sense-in-frame RNA as a control was effective as antisense RNA in specific silencing of a desired gene in C. elegans (Guo et al., 1995, Cell 81:611-620). Fire et al. suspected that the single-stranded RNA preparations used by Guo et al. They were contaminated with dsRNA, and subsequently demonstrated that dsRNA was a much more potent trigger than single-stranded RNA for achieving specific gene silencing. The observations of Fire et al. distinguished the physical attribute of dsRNA deletion from antisense deletion (Fire et al., 1998, Nature 391:806-811). It is believed that the post-transcriptional gene silencing effects observed in plants (Jorgensen, 1990, Trends Biotechnol. 8:340-344) and the forced prevention effect in fungi (Romano et al., 1992, Mol. Microbiol. 6:3343-3353; Bernstein et al., 2001, RNA 7:1509-1521) using single-stranded RNA is the result of contamination of samples with double-stranded RNA sequences (Dykxhoorn et al., 2003, Nature Reviews 4:457-467 ; Hannon et al., 2002, Nature 418:244251). However, it is now clear that dsRNA-mediated inhibition of gene expression, co-suppression, and virus-mediated gene silencing are triggered by dsRNA and operate through similar mechanisms (Stevenson, 2003, Nature Reviews 3:851-858; Bernstein et al., 2001, RNA 7:1509-1521).
The lack of understanding of the specific mechanisms involved in these phenomena has led to few improvements in technologies for modulating the level of gene expression within a cell, tissue, or organism, and in particular, to a lack of technologies developed to delay, repress or otherwise reduce the expression of specific genes using recombinant DNA technology. Furthermore, as a consequence of the lack of predictability of these approaches, there is no commercially viable means of modulating the expression level of a specific gene in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic organism.
Double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition of specific genes has previously been demonstrated in several pests. dsRNA-mediated approaches to genetic control in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have been evaluated (Tabara et al., 1998, Science 282:430-431). Tabara et. to the. describe a method of administering dsRNA, which comprises generating transgenic insects expressing double-stranded RNA molecules, or injecting solutions of dsRNA into the insect's body or into the egg cavity, prior to or during embryonic development. Researchers have previously shown that double-stranded RNA-mediated gene suppression in nematodes can be effected by feeding or moistening nematodes in solutions containing interfering or double-stranded small RNA molecules, and injecting dsRNA molecules. Rajagopal et. to the. described failed attempts to suppress an endogenous gene in larvae of the insect Spodoptera litura, which involved feeding or moistening neonate larvae in solutions containing dsRNA specific for the target gene, where suppression was not achieved after injecting 5-year-old larvae.<sup>g</sup> stage with dsRNA in hemolymph (J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277:46849-46851). Similarly, Mesa et al. (US 2003/0150017) previously described a preferred locus for inhibiting larvae of the lepidopteran Helicoverpa armigera, using dsRNA administered to the larvae through ingestion of a transformed plant to produce the dsRNA. It is believed that it would be impractical to provide dsRNA molecules in the diet of most invertebrate pest species, or to inject dsRNA-containing compositions into the bodies of invertebrate pests. The method comprising providing dsRNA molecules in the diet of pest invertebrates is impractical because RNA molecules, even stabilized double-stranded RNA molecules, are indeed very unstable in slightly alkaline or acidic environments, such as those found in the digestive tracts of most invertebrate pests, and are readily broken down by nucleases in the environment. Therefore, feeding dsRNA to lepidopteran larvae, where the pH of the digestive tract is in the extreme alkaline range, is unlikely to result in the suppression of any genes within the larval cells. It will also not be practical to formulate compositions containing dsRNA molecules, such as recombinant bacteria expressing these dsRNA molecules, as a food source for nematodes that could be applied to large tracts of land in order to control invertebrate plant pest infestations. of cultivation.
Accordingly, there is a need for better methods of modulating gene expression, comprising suppressing, delaying, or otherwise reducing gene expression within a particular pest invertebrate, for the purpose of controlling pest infestations or introducing pests. phenotypic characters.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention, in one embodiment, comprises a method for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in a pest invertebrate. Specifically, the present invention comprises a method for modulating or inhibiting the expression of one or more target genes in an invertebrate pest, in particular, the western corn root caterpillar (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) and the like, which causes the interruption of feeding, growth, development, reproduction and infectivity, and eventually results in the death of the insect. The method comprises the introduction of partially or fully stabilized double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or its modified forms, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences, into cells or into the extracellular environment, such as the mesenteron, within the body of a pest invertebrate, where the dsRNA or siRNA enters cells and inhibits the expression of at least one or more target genes, and where inhibition of one or more target genes exerts a detrimental effect on the pest invertebrate. Specifically, it is contemplated that the methods and compositions of the present invention may be useful in limiting or eliminating pest invertebrate infestations in or on any pest host, pest symbiont, or pest-preferred environment by providing one or more compositions comprising dsRNA molecules in the pest's diet, as long as the pH in the pest's digestive system is in the range of between about 4.5 and about 9.5, between about 5 and about 9, between about 6 and about 8, and about pH 7.0.
The present application describes an exemplary sequence listing containing the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the western corn root caterpillar (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera), as set forth in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 174, and of other coleopteran insects, including the Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and red flour beetle (RFB, Tribolium castaneum}, of lepidopteran insects, including the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis), black clipper caterpillar (BCW, Agrotis ipsilon), corn ear caterpillar (CEW, Helicoverpa zea), fall walker caterpillar (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda), cotton ball weevil (BWV, Anthonomus grandis}, the silkworm (Bombyx morí} and Manduca sexta, and dipterous insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, as indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>144 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 159. The sequence listing is included with the paper copy of this application on a CD-ROM diskette.
The computer-readable form of the sequence listing file contains sequence listing information for Unigene corn rootworm sequences, EST sequences, corn rootworm-specific probe sequences , primer sequences, amplicon sequences, and coding sequences of double-stranded RNA sequences, and the orthologs of v-ATPase and L19 ribosomal protein from other insects, as previously described (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>144 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>159).
The present invention provides a method of suppressing gene expression in an invertebrate pest, such as a corn root caterpillar or a related species, comprising the step of introducing into the pest's diet an amount capable of suppressing gene expression. of at least one dsRNA molecule transcribed from a nucleotide sequence as detailed in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 174 of the sequence listing, where at least one segment thereof is complementary to an mRNA sequence formed within the cells of the pest, and observing death, inhibition, fading, or cessation of pest feeding.
In another aspect of the present invention, the method comprises the step of feeding the pest with one (or more) stabilized dsRNA molecules or their modified form, such as a siRNA molecule, whose nucleotide sequence is at least approximately 80, 81,82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or approximately 100% identical to an RNA molecule transcribed from of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174.
Accordingly, in another aspect of the present invention, a set of isolated and purified nucleotide sequences is provided, as set forth in SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing. The nucleotide sequences described in the present documentation, as detailed in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>2 </sup>143, were isolated and substantially purified from complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries prepared from WCR insect larvae. The nucleotide sequences described in the present documentation, as indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup> 174 in the sequence listing, were isolated and substantially purified from genomic DNA of the insect pest southern corn root caterpillar, or from mRNA stocks isolated from the insect pest, from cDNA nucleotide sequences derived from these mRNA stocks, or synthesized of novo, based on the nucleotide sequences described herein or known in the art as phage T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequences. The present invention provides a stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecule, or the expression of one or more miRNAs for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in an invertebrate pest, such as a WCR insect. A stabilized dsRNA, miRNA or siRNA molecule may comprise at least two coding sequences arranged in the sense of reading frame or in an antisense orientation, relative to at least one promoter, where the nucleotide sequence comprising a sense strand reading frame and an antisense strand is joined or connected by a spacer sequence of at least about five to about a thousand nucleotides, where the sense-frame strand and the antisense strand are of different length, and where each of the two coding sequences shares at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or even 100% sequence identity, with a nucleotide sequence as indicated in one of SEQ ID N-1 through SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>143 or in one of SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>174 in the sequence listing.
The invention also provides non-naturally occurring (NNO) nucleotide sequences, which can be used to target genes in the invertebrate pest to obtain double-stranded RNA-mediated suppression and effect the desired inhibition of target genes. Any of the nucleotide sequences listed in SEQ ID N can be used.<sup>2</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>174 to construct this NNO nucleotide sequence.
The present invention also provides a recombinant DNA construct encoding the dsRNA molecules contemplated herein, for the purpose of introduction into a host cell. The recombinant DNA construct comprises a nucleotide sequence that is transcribed into RNA by the host cell. The transcribed RNA forms at least one dsRNA molecule such that a strand of the dsRNA molecule is encoded by a portion of the nucleotide sequence that is at least about 80% to about 100% identical to a nucleotide sequence. selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 169 to SEQ ID N-<sup>J</sup> 174. The recombinant DNA construct is capable of producing dsRNA molecules in the host cell and inhibiting the expression of the endogenous gene, a derivative thereof or a sequence complementary to it in the host cell or in a pest, when the cell is ingested host transformed by an invertebrate pest. A nucleotide sequence of the present invention is placed under the control of a promoter sequence operable in the host cell, and expressed to produce ribonucleic acid sequences that form dsRNA molecules in the host cell. The dsRNA molecules can be further processed in the host cell or in a pest invertebrate to form siRNA molecules.
The present invention also provides a recombinant DNA sequence for transforming plants constructed to contain at least one non-naturally occurring nucleotide sequence that can be transcribed into a single-stranded RNA molecule. The single-stranded RNA molecule forms a double-stranded RNA molecule in vivo by intermolecular hybridization, which, when introduced into the diet of an invertebrate pest, inhibits the expression of at least one target gene in a cell of the invertebrate pest. The non-naturally occurring nucleotide sequence is operably linked to at least one promoter sequence that operates in a transgenic plant cell to transcribe the operably linked non-naturally occurring nucleotide sequence into one or more ribonucleic acid sequences. The RNA sequences are self-assembled into double-stranded RNA molecules, and are introduced into the diet of an invertebrate pest that feeds on the transgenic plant. The introduction of the dsRNA molecules into the diet of the pest allows to achieve the desired inhibition of the expression of one or more target genes within the pest.
The present invention also provides a recombinant host cell having in its genome at least one recombinant DNA sequence that is transcribed in the host cell to produce at least one dsRNA molecule that, once ingested by a pest invertebrate, operates to inhibit the expression of a target gene in the pest. The dsRNA molecule is encoded by a portion of a nucleotide sequence that exhibits at least about 80 to about 100% identity to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>Q</sup>143 or SEQ
ID Ν<sup>9</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174 in the sequence listing. Examples of nucleotide sequences for use in the construction of dsRNA agents targeting the deletion of WCR genes are indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174 in the sequence listing.
The present invention also provides a recombinant DNA construct for transforming plants, consisting of at least two non-naturally occurring sequences that, when expressed in vivo as RNA sequences and introduced into the diet of an invertebrate pest, inhibit the expression of at least two different target genes in the cells of the invertebrate pest. The first non-naturally occurring sequence is transcribed into an RNA that forms at least a first dsRNA molecule. A portion of the first dsRNA molecule is encoded by a portion of the first sequence that is not naturally occurring, and exhibits at least about 80 to about 100% identity to at least one of the nucleotide sequences listed in SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174 in the sequence listing, and with the nucleotide sequence of the first target gene, with a derivative thereof or with a sequence complementary to it. The second non-naturally occurring sequence is transcribed into an RNA that forms at least a second dsRNA molecule. A portion of the second dsRNA molecule is encoded by a portion of the second sequence that is not naturally occurring, and exhibits at least about 80 to about 100% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group listed in SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174 in the sequence listing, and with the nucleotide sequence of the second target gene, with a derivative thereof or with a sequence complementary to it. The two non-naturally occurring sequences are placed under the operative control of at least one promoter sequence. The promoter sequence functions to express the first and second dsRNA molecules in the transgenic plant cell. The dsRNA molecules are provided in a concentration that makes it possible to inhibit the pest, in the diet of a pest invertebrate that feeds on the transgenic plant, and the ingestion of the plant cells by the pest makes it possible to obtain the desired inhibition of the expression of the dsRNAs. target genes in the pest.
The present invention also provides a transformed plant cell having in its genome at least one of the previously mentioned recombinant DNA sequences for transforming plants. Transgenic plants are generated from the transformed plant cell, and progeny plants, seeds, and plant products, each comprising the recombinant DNA, are produced from the transgenic plants.
The methods and compositions of the present invention can be applied to any monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant, depending on the invertebrate pest it is desired to control, or they can be applied via pharmaceutically acceptable formulations to vertebrate animals to provide some level of reduction of pests. invertebrate pest infestations. Specifically, plants include, without limitation, alfalfa, anet, apple, apricot, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, kidney bean, jute, blackberry, cranberry, broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, canola, cantaloupe, carrot , cassava, cauliflower, celery, cherry, coriander, grapefruit, clementine, coffee, peanut, cotton, cucumber, Douglas fir, eggplant, endive, endive, eucalyptus, fennel, fig, pumpkin, grape, pineapple, honeydew, jicama, kiwi, lettuce, leek, lemon, lime, Loblolly pine, mango, melon, mushroom, walnut, oats, okra, onion, orange, an ornamental plant, papaya, parsley, pea, peach, peanut, pear, pepper, persimmon, pine, pineapple, banana, plum, pomegranate, steel , potato, pumpkin, quince, radish pine, radish, radish, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, southern pine, soybean, spinach, pumpkin, strawberry, beet, sugar cane, sunflower, sweet potato, sweet gum, tangerine, tea , tobacco, tomato, grass, a vineyard, watermelon, wheat, yams and cabbage.
The present invention also provides a pest control agent comprising a dsRNA molecule transcribed from a nucleotide sequence of the present invention. The nucleotide sequence shares at least about 80 to about 100% sequence identity with at least one of the nucleotide sequences as set forth in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 143 or SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>and</sup> 174 in the sequence listing. In one form, the pest control agents comprise dsRNA molecules. In another form, the pest control agents comprise siRNA molecules. In yet another form, the pest control agents comprise recombinant DNA sequences that encode mRNA molecules that form the dsRNA or siRNA molecules that are introduced into plants and microbes. In yet another form, the pest control agents are microbes that contain recombinant DNA sequences that encode the RNA molecules that make up the dsRNA or siRNA molecules. The pest control agent is preferably an insect or nematode pest control agent.
It may be understood that the pest control agent functions to reduce or eliminate the infestation of a corn root caterpillar, but it is also contemplated that the methods and compositions detailed herein may be used to derive related sequences from other pests and use those derived to control infestations of other pests. Furthermore, it is contemplated that insect pests may be selected from any insect genus, family, or order. For corn root caterpillars, it is contemplated that the pest is selected from the same genus, family, or order to which the corn root caterpillar belongs. Furthermore, the inventors contemplate that the present invention may be used and applied to control any species of the insect kingdom and nematodes, fungal pathogens, viruses, bacteria and any other invertebrate pests of plants.
The invention also provides combinations of methods and compositions for controlling invertebrate pest infestations. A means provides the methods and dsRNA compositions described herein for protecting plants from insect infestations, in combination with one or more insecticidal agents exhibiting characteristics different from those exhibited by the methods and dsRNA compositions. For example, when Bt proteins are introduced into the diet of laga insects, a mode of action for controlling insect pests is obtained that is dramatically different from the mode of action of the methods and compositions of the present invention. A composition formulated for topical administration, or one derived using a transgenic approach that combines dsRNA methods and compositions with Bt methods and compositions, results in synergisms previously unknown in the art for controlling insect infestations. Transgenic plants that produce one or more dsRNA or siRNA molecules, which inhibit certain essential biological functions in a target pest, together with one or more Bt insecticidal proteins, which are toxic to the target pest, provide surprising synergism. A synergism is the reduction in the expression level required for the dsRNAs or Bt proteins. When combined, a lower effective dose of each agent is required to control pests. Bt insecticidal proteins are thought to create entry pores through which dsRNA or siRNA molecules can more effectively penetrate into spaces remote from the pest mesenteron or can more efficiently penetrate cells near lesions. created by Bt proteins, thus less Bt protein or dsRNA is needed to obtain the desired insecticidal result or the desired inhibition or suppression of a desired biological function in the target pest.
The inventors herein describe a plurality of inventions, including a method for controlling invertebrate pest infestations, comprising introducing into the diet of an invertebrate pest an agent comprising or consisting of a ribonucleic acid which, when ingested by the plague, it operates by inhibiting the expression of a target nucleotide sequence within the cells of the pest. Ribonucleic acid provided in the diet consists of a ribonucleotide sequence that is the nucleotide sequence, or is complementary to it. The ribonucleotide sequence is transcribed from a contiguous DNA sequence that is at least about 19 to about 5000 nucleotides long, and is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143, SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174, and the complement of these. The method provides for the construction of a nucleotide sequence that can be used to express an RNA molecule that can be ingested by the pest in a diet provided to the pest. The diet may be an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for maintaining a pest on said diet, and may be supplemented with an amount of RNA sufficient to control the pest, which has been purified from a separate expression system, where the dietary supplement will be for the purpose of determining the amount sufficient to control the pest of the AR composition, or determining whether one or more particular RNAs, specifically constructed to bind or hybridize in part with one or more target sequences within the pest, they exhibit gene suppression activity once the provided diet is ingested by the pest. The diet can also be a recombinant cell transformed with a DNA sequence constructed to express the gene suppression agent, RNA or agent. Once the pest ingests one or more of these transformed cells, a desired genotypic or phenotypic result is observed, indicating that the agent has served to inhibit the expression of a target nucleotide sequence within the pest cells.
The pest invertebrate is preferably an insect, arachnid, nematode, flatworm, askelminth, fungal pest, or any other pest invertebrate for which genetic suppression technology is available. More preferably, the pest invertebrate is one that is particularly problematic in terms of animal or plant infestation. More particularly, the invertebrate pest is an insect or nematode, or fungal pest that preferably infests crop, ornamental, and/or pasture plants.
A DNA sequence that is selected for use in the expression of a gene suppression agent of the present invention is preferably at least between about 19 and about 5000 nucleotides in length, and has a sequence at least in part substantially identical to the strand in the sense of the reading frame or antisense of a target sequence present in the DNA of one or more particular target pest species. The phrase "at least in part refers to the concept that the DNA sequence selected for use in the expression of a gene suppression agent can be constructed from a single sequence derived from one or more target pests, which can be used in the expression of a genetic suppression agent." expression of an RNA that functions to suppress a single gene or a family of genes in one or more target pests, or denotes that the DNA sequence can be constructed as a chimera from a plurality of DNA sequences. The plurality of DNA sequences may comprise sequences that are each derived from one or more nucleotide sequences from a single pest, or may be derived from one or more nucleotide sequences from a plurality of different pests. In particular, the selected sequence should exhibit between about 80 and about 100% nucleotide sequence identity to a pest species DNA nucleotide sequence. The DNA of the pest species can be identified by directly isolating the DNA from the pest species or by identifying RNA sequences within the pest species and reverse translating the RNA sequences into DNA. Examples of DNA sequences of the corn root caterpillar pest species are detailed in the sequence listing of this documentation, as SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 143, SEQ ID No.<sup>B.</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174 and their complements.
Selected DNA sequences for use in expression of a gene suppression RNA molecule can be included in a polynucleotide composition for use in a plant cell. In particular, the DNA sequences may be incorporated into a vector for use in transforming a plant cell genome, and may be incorporated into an expression cassette containing at least one plant-functional promoter operatively linked to the selected DNA sequence, together with any other desired expression control elements to obtain an appropriate temporal or spatial level of expression in plant cells. Introduction of the polynucleotide composition into the genome of a plant cell provides a transformed cell that can be selected, provided appropriate selection means have been included along with the polynucleotide composition, and can be regenerated into a recombinant transgenic plant. The transgenic plant, an event, may be included in the diet of the pest(s) to achieve control of a pest infestation. The transgenic plant can give rise to progeny plants, plant cells, and seeds, each of which contains the polynucleotide composition.
The present invention provides a method of protecting a plant from insect infestations, comprising providing the pest insect with one or more plant cells, each of which expresses an RNA molecule that suppresses the gene expression of a DNA sequence that is selects from the group consisting of the sequences exemplified in the present documentation. Ingestion of the plant cells containing the RNA causing the genetic suppression, ie, the agent for controlling the pest or insect, results in the inhibition of one or more biological functions in the pest or insect.
The present invention provides a composition containing two or more different pesticidal agents, each of which is toxic to the same pest or insect species. As indicated herein, one of these pesticidal agents may be an RNA molecule that operates to suppress an essential biological function in one or more cells of the pest. A second pesticidal agent may be included in combination with the first. The second agent may be a second RNA that causes gene suppression and is different from the first, or the second agent may be an agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, an insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringlensis, an insecticidal protein from Xenorhabdus, a protein insecticide from Photorhabdus, an insecticidal protein from Bacillus laterosporous, an insecticidal protein from Bacillus sphearicus and a lignin. A Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein can be any of a number of insecticidal proteins, including, without limitation, Cry1, Cry3, TIC851, CryET70, Cry22, a binary insecticidal protein CryET33 and CryET34, a binary insecticidal protein CryET80 and CryET76, an insecticidal protein binary TIC100 and TIC101, a binary insecticidal protein PS149B1, a VIP insecticidal protein, TIC900 or a related protein, TIC901, TIC1201, TIC407, TIC417 and insecticidal chimeras of any of the preceding insecticidal proteins.
The gene to be suppressed, the function in a pest cell, or the physiological or metabolic aspect of the pest that is promoted by expression of the gene to be suppressed may encode an essential protein whose predicted function is selected from the group consisting in muscle formation, formation of youth hormone, regulation of youth hormone, regulation and transport of ions, synthesis of digestive enzymes, maintenance of cell membrane potential, amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromone synthesis, pheromone perception, antennae formation, wing formation, leg formation, development and differentiation, egg formation, larval maturation, formation digestive enzymes, hemolymph synthesis, hemolymph maintenance, neurotransmission, cell division, energy metabolism, respiration, and apoptosis. It is preferable that the DNA sequence selected for preparing the deletion construct is derived from the nucleotide sequences detailed in the sequence listing for deleting genes from corn root caterpillars. It is contemplated that the method of controlling invertebrate pest infestations includes introducing into the diet of the pest invertebrate an agent, for example, a first ribonucleotide sequence expressed from a first DNA sequence that, once ingested by the pest, works by inhibiting a biological function within said pest, and that said first DNA sequence exhibits about 85 and about 100% nucleotide sequence identity to a coding sequence derived from said pest. The first ribonucleotide sequence is capable of hybridizing to a second ribonucleotide sequence complementary or substantially complementary to the first ribonucleotide sequence, and the second ribonucleotide sequence is expressed from a second DNA sequence corresponding to a coding sequence derived from the invertebrate pest. , selected from the sequences detailed in the list of sequences of this documentation, or their complements. It is preferable that the first and second DNA sequences comprise a contiguous sequence with identity to one or more of the sequences detailed in the sequence listing, and have between about 14 and about 25 or more contiguous nucleotides.
The invention works best when a diet is provided containing an amount capable of effecting genetic suppression in the pest of an insecticidal agent, such as one or more RNA molecules produced from the expression of one or more sequences detailed in the sequence listing herein, to a pest invertebrate having a digestive system with a pH between about 4.5 and about 9.5, or between about 5.0 and about 9.0, or between about 5.5 and about 8.5, or between about 6.0 and about 8.0, or between about 6.5 and about 7.0, or about 7.0. Any of the methods, nucleic acids, ribonucleic acids, ribonucleotide sequences, compositions, plants, plant cells, progeny plants, seeds, insect control agents, pest control agents, Expression cassettes described herein are optionally functional when introduced into the diet of one or more pests comprising said pH in the digestive tract.
The diet of the present invention can be any diet sufficient for the pest, including, without limitation, an artificial diet or formulation, a plant cell, a plurality of plant cells, a plant tissue, a plant root, a seed of a a plant, and a plant grown from a seed of a plant, where the diet comprises a pest-inhibiting amount of an RNA molecule encoded by a DNA sequence that is or is complementary, or that is substantially or is substantially complementary to one or more contiguous nucleotides of at least about 19 to about 5000 nucleotides selected from the nucleotide sequences detailed in the sequence listing, or selected from nucleotide sequences derived from an invertebrate species particular pest.
Products and/or compositions of agricultural and commercial importance, including, without limitation, animal feeds, commercial feedstocks, and derived products and by-products of corn, that can be used for human consumption or that can be used in directed commercial feedstocks and compositions for human consumption, including, without limitation, corn flour, corn-based foods, corn syrup, corn oil, corn starch, popcorn, corn cakes, cereals containing maize and maize by-products, and the like, are within the scope of the present invention, provided that these particular products and compositions contain detectable amounts of the nucleotide sequences described herein as diagnostic for any transgenic event containing said nucleotide sequences. These products are useful at least because they are likely to be derived from crops and products that have been propagated in fields containing fewer pesticides and organophosphates, as a result of incorporating the nucleotides of the present invention to control invertebrate plant pest infestations. These commercial primary products and commercial derivative products are produced from seeds obtained from a transgenic plant, where the transgenic plant expresses RNA from one or more contiguous nucleotides of the present invention, or nucleotides from one or more invertebrate pests, and the complements of are. These commercial primary products and commercial derived products may also be useful for controlling invertebrate pests of these commercial primary products and commercial derived products, such as, for example, the control of meal weevils, due to the presence in the commercial primary products. and commercially derived products of RNA capable of suppressing pest genes expressed from a genetic sequence detailed in the present invention.
The invention also provides a computer readable medium having recorded one or more of the nucleotide sequences indicated in SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or complements thereof, for use in a number of computer-based applications, including, without limitation, DNA identity and similarity search, protein identity and similarity search, characterizations of transcript profiles, comparisons between genomes, and artificial hybridization analyses.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A detailed description of the invention is provided below, the purpose of which is to assist those skilled in the art in putting the present invention into practice. Those skilled in the art may make modifications and variations to the embodiments described herein, without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.
The inventors have herein discovered that, contrary to prior art teachings, feeding a composition containing double-stranded RNA molecules, consisting of sequences found within one or more nucleotide sequences expressed in a invertebrate species, by the invertebrate species from which the nucleotide sequences were obtained, results in the inhibition of one or more biological functions within the invertebrate species. Particularly, the inventors have found that feeding double-stranded RNA molecules, consisting of RNA sequences from the corn root caterpillar, respectively to corn root caterpillars or Lygus bugs, surprisingly results in death or inhibition of the development of corn root caterpillars ingesting these compositions.
The inventors have identified the nucleotide sequence of thousands of cDNA sequences obtained from each of the invertebrate pest species. The amino acid sequences encoded by the indicated cDNA sequences were deduced, and compared to all known amino acid sequences. It is predicted that many of the cDNA sequences will encode proteins that will have some associated annotation information. The annotation information associated with a particular nucleotide sequence, and with the protein sequence associated with it, is based on the homology or similarity between the amino acid sequences deduced through translation of the cDNA sequences described herein. , and amino acid sequences known in the art and available in public databases. The deduced amino acid sequences mentioned herein were subjected to BLASTX searches with known amino acid sequences, and likely functionalities of each of the deduced amino acid sequences were assigned based on the alignment results. DNA sequences encoding proteins or portions of proteins known in the art to be essential for survival were selected, such as amino acid sequences involved in various metabolic or catabolic biochemical pathways, cell division, reproduction, energy metabolism, digestion, neurological function and the like, for use in the preparation of double-stranded RNA molecules, that were introduced into the diet of an invertebrate pest. As described herein, ingestion by a target pest of compositions containing one or more dsRNAs, at least one segment of which corresponds to at least one substantially identical RNA segment produced in cells of the target pest, resulted in death, fainting, or other inhibition of the pest insect. These results indicate that a nucleotide sequence, either DNA or RNA, derived from an invertebrate pest, can be used to construct a recombinant host or symbiont of the pest that is targeted for pest infestation. The pest host or symbiont can be transformed to contain one or more of the nucleotide sequences derived from the pest invertebrate. The transformed nucleotide sequence in the host or pest symbiont encodes one or more RNAs that form a dsRNA sequence in cells or biological fluids within the transformed host or symbiont, making the dsRNA available in the host. pest diet if/when the pest feeds on the transgenic host or symbiont, resulting in suppression of expression of one or more genes in the pest cells, and ultimately in death, the vanishing or other type of inhibition of the pest.
In general, the present invention relates to the genetic control of invertebrate pest infestations in host organisms. More particularly, the present invention includes methods of administering pest control agents to an invertebrate pest. These pest control agents cause, directly or indirectly, an alteration in the pest's ability to maintain or grow, or otherwise infest the pest's host or symbiont. The present invention provides methods for employing stabilized dsRNA molecules in the pest's diet as a means of suppressing desired genes in the pest, thus allowing control of pest infestations in or around the host or symbiont attacked by the pest. Transgenic plants can be produced using the methods of the present invention, which allow expression of stabilized recombinant dsRNA or siRNA molecules.
By allowing the above to be achieved, the present invention provides a method for inhibiting the expression of a target gene in an invertebrate pest, and in particular, in the western corn root caterpillar (WCR) or in another coleopteran insect species, thereby which will result in the interruption of feeding, growth, development, reproduction, infectivity, and may eventually result in the death of the pest. The method comprises introducing partially or fully stabilized double-stranded nucleotide RNA (dsRNA) molecules, or modified forms thereof, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, into a nutritional composition used by the pest as a food source. , and make the nutritional composition available for the pest to feed on. Ingestion of the nutritional composition containing double-stranded RNA or siRNA molecules results in the uptake of the molecules by the pest cells, resulting in the inhibition of the expression of at least one target gene in the pest cells. the plague. Inhibition of the target gene has a detrimental effect on the pest. The dsRNA molecules or siRNA molecules consist of nucleotide sequences such as those indicated in any of SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, whose inhibition results in the reduction or removal of an agent based on a protein or a nucleotide sequence that is essential for the growth and development of the pest, or for other biological functions. The selected nucleotide sequence has between about 80% and at least about 100% sequence identity to one of the nucleotide sequences listed in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or the complement thereof. This inhibition is specific, since a nucleotide sequence of a portion of the target gene is selected from which the inhibitory dsRNA or siRNA is transcribed. The method is effective in inhibiting the expression of at least one target gene, and can be used to inhibit many different types of target genes in the pest.
The present invention also provides different forms of the pest control agents, in order to achieve the desired reduction of pest infestations. In one form, the pest control agents comprise dsRNA molecules. In another form, the pest control agents comprise siRNA molecules. In yet another form, pest control agents comprise recombinant DNA constructs that can be used to stably transform microorganisms or plants, allowing the transformed microbes or plants to encode the dsRNA or siRNA molecules. In another form, the pest control agents are microbes that contain the recombinant DNA constructs that encode the dsRNA or siRNA molecules.
Pairs of nucleotide sequences isolated and purified from information from cDNA libraries and/or genomic libraries are provided. The pairs of nucleotide sequences are derived from any preferred pest invertebrate, and can be used as thermal amplification primers to generate the dsRNA and siRNA molecules of the present invention.
The present invention provides recombinant DNA constructs that can be used to effect stable transformation of a particular desired pest host or symbiont. The desired pest hosts or symbionts express pesticidally effective levels of preferred dsRNA or siRNA molecules from the recombinant DNA constructs, and introduce the molecules into the pest's diet.
The present invention also provides, by way of example, a transformed host organism or symbiont of the desired pest, transformed plant cells, and transformed plants and their progeny. Transformed plant cells and transformed plants express one or more of the dsRNA or siRNA sequences of the present invention from one or more of the DNA sequences listed in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or the complement thereof.
As used herein, the words "gene suppression", taken together, refer to any of the well-known methods of reducing the levels of proteins produced as a result of gene transcription into mRNA, and subsequent translation of the gene. mRNA. Gene deletion also denotes the reduction of protein expression from a gene or coding sequence, including post-transcriptional deletion and gene transcriptional deletion. Post-transcriptional deletion is mediated by homology between all or part of an mRNA transcribed from a gene or coding sequence to be deleted, and the corresponding double-stranded RNA used for deletion, and refers to the substantial and measurable reduction in the amount of mRNA available for binding to ribosomes. Transcribed RNA can be in the sense of reading frame, so that the effect is known as co-suppression, in the antisense orientation, so that the effect is known as in-frame deletion, or in both orientations , which makes it possible to produce a dsRNA that exerts an effect known as RNA interference (RNAi). Transcriptional suppression is mediated by the presence in the cell of a dsRNA, a genetic suppression agent that exhibits substantial sequence identity to or the complement of a promoter DNA sequence, exhibiting an effect known as trans promoter suppression. . Genetic deletion can be effective against a native plant gene associated with a trait, for example, to provide plants with reduced levels of a protein encoded by the native gene or with enhanced or reduced levels of an affected metabolite. Gene suppression may also be effective against target genes in plant pests that may ingest or come into contact with plant material containing gene suppression agents specifically designed to inhibit or suppress the expression of one or more homologous or complementary sequences in the cells of the plant. plague.
Post-transcriptional suppression of genes by antisense or in-frame oriented RNA to regulate gene expression in plant cells is described in US Pat. No.<sup>9</sup> 5107065, 5759829, 5283184 and 5231020. The use of dsRNA to suppress genes in plants is described in WO 99/53050, WO 99/49029, US Patent Application Publication No.<sup>9 </sup>2003/0175965 and 2003/0061626, US Patent Application No.<sup>9</sup> 10/465800, and US Pat. Nos.<sup>9</sup> 6506559 and 6326193.
A preferred method of effecting post-transcriptional suppression of genes in plants employs antisense and sense-oriented transcript RNA, which is stabilized, for example, as buckle and stem-and-loop structures. A preferred DNA construct for effecting post-transcriptional gene suppression is one where a first segment encodes an RNA that is in antisense orientation and exhibits substantial identity with a segment of a gene to be suppressed, which is linked to a second segment that encodes an RNA that is substantially complementary to the first segment. This construct would be expected to form a stem-and-loop structure from hybridization of the first segment to the second segment, and a loop structure from the nucleotide sequences joining both segments (see W094/01550, W098/05770 US 2002/0048814 and US 2003/0018993).
As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" refers to a polymer of single- or double-stranded ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotide bases, which reads from the 5' end to the 3' end. The nucleic acid may also optionally contain non-naturally occurring or altered nucleotide bases that allow correct reading by a polymerase and do not reduce expression of a polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid. The term nucleotide sequence or "nucleic acid sequence" refers to the in-frame and antisense strand of a nucleic acid, as single strands or in a doublet. The term "ribonucleic acid" (RNA) includes RNAi (inhibitory RNA), dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), siRNA (small interfering RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), miRNA (micro-RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA). , charged or unloaded with a corresponding acetylated amino acid), and cRNA (complementary RNA), and the term "deoxyribonucleic acid" (DNA) includes cDNA and genomic DNA, and DNA-RNA hybrids. The terms "nucleic acid segment", "nucleotide sequence segment" or more generally "segment" will be interpreted by those trained in the art as a functional term including genomic sequences, ribosomal RNA sequences, RNA blot sequences, sequences of messenger RNA, operon sequences, and modified small nucleotide sequences that express or can be adapted to express proteins, polypeptides, or peptides.
As used herein, the term "pest" refers to insects, arachnids, crustaceans, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, flatworms, roundworms, spindleworms, hookworms, tapeworms, trypanosomes, schistosomes , parasitic flies, fleas, ticks, mites and lice, and the like, which invade the human environment and can ingest or come into contact with one or more cells, tissues or fluids produced by a host or a pest symbiont transformed to express, or coated with, a double-chain gene suppression agent, or capable of ingesting plant material containing the gene suppression agent. As used herein, a "pest resistance" trait that is characteristic of a transgenic plant, transgenic animal, host, or transgenic symbiont, which causes the plant, animal, host, or symbiont to is resistant to attack by a pest that is typically capable of inflicting damage or loss on the plant, animal, host, or symbiont. This resistance to the pest may arise from a natural mutation, or more typically from the incorporation of recombinant DNA that confers resistance to the pest. To impart insect resistance to a transgenic plant, recombinant DNA, for example, encodes a protein that kills or inhibits insects, such as a delta endotoxin derived from a B. thuringiensis, for example, as used in commercially available varieties of cotton and maize, or that can be transcribed into an RNA molecule that forms a dsRNA molecule within recombinant plant tissues or fluids. The dsRNA molecule is composed in part of an RNA segment, which is identical to the corresponding RNA segment, encoded by a DNA sequence within a pest insect that prefers to feed on the recombinant plant. Expression of the gene within the desired insect pest is suppressed by the dsRNA, and suppression of expression of the gene in the desired insect pest results in a plant exhibiting resistance to the insect. Fire et al. (US Patent No.<sup>yes</sup> 6506599) generically described inhibition of pest infestation, providing specific details for only a few nucleotide sequences that were effective in inhibiting gene function in nematodes of the species Caenorhabditis elegans. Similarly, Plaetinck et al. (US 2003/0061626) describe the use of dsRNA to inhibit the gene function of a variety of pest nematodes. Mesa et al. (US 2003/0150017) describe the use of dsDNA sequences to transform host cells so that they express corresponding dsRNA sequences substantially identical to target sequences in specific pathogens, and particularly describe the construction of recombinant plants expressing these dsRNA sequences , which can be ingested by various plant pests, This facilitates downregulation of a gene in the pest genome and improves plant resistance to pest infestation.
The present invention provides for the inhibition of the genetic expression of one or more target genes in an insect pest, using stabilized dsRNA methods. The invention is particularly useful in the modulation of eukaryotic gene expression, in particular the modulation of the expression of genes present in insects that have a digestive system with a pH level of between about 4.5 and about 9.5, plus preferably between about 5.0 and about 8.0, and even more preferably between about 6.5 and about 7.5. Plant pests with digestive systems with pH levels outside of these ranges are not preferred candidates for double-stranded RNA-mediated methods of gene suppression that use a delivery method that requires ingestion of the preferred dsRNA molecules. The modulation effect can be applied to a variety of genes expressed in pests, including, for example, endogenous genes responsible for cell metabolism or cell transformation, including homeostasis genes, transcription factors, and other genes encoding polypeptides involved in cellular metabolism.
As used herein, the term "expression" refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of in-frame or antisense RNA derived from the nucleic acids described herein. The expression can also designate the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide or a protein. As used herein, the term RNA "in the reading frame sense" refers to an RNA transcript that corresponds to a sequence or segment that, when produced by the target pest, takes the form of an mRNA that can be translated into a protein in the cells of the target pest. As used herein, the term "antisense RNA" refers to an RNA transcript that is complementary to all or part of an mRNA that is normally produced in target pest cells. The complementarity of an antisense RNA can be with any part of the specific gene transcript, ie, the 5' non-coding sequence, the 3' non-translated sequence, the introns or the coding sequence. As used herein, the term "RNA transcript" refers to the product resulting from the RNA polymerase-catalyzed transcription of a DNA sequence. When the RNA transcript is a complementary copy of the DNA sequence, it is known as the primary transcript, or it may be an RNA sequence derived from post-transcriptional processing of the primary transcript, known as mature RNA.
As used herein, the phrase "inhibition of gene expression" or "inhibition of a target gene in insect cells" refers to the absence (or observable decrease) in the level of protein products and /o mRNA of the target gene. Specificity refers to the ability to inhibit the target gene without effect on other genes in the cell, and without effect on any gene within the cell that produces the dsRNA molecule. Inhibition of gene expression of the target gene in the pest insect may result in new phenotypic traits in the pest insect.
Without limiting the scope of the present invention, in one aspect, a method of controlling target insect infestation using stabilized dsRNA strategies is provided. The method comprises generating stabilized dsRNA molecules as a type of insect control agent, in order to induce gene silencing in an insect pest. The insect control agents of the present invention directly or indirectly induce post-transcriptional gene silencing events of desired genes in the insect. Downregulation of target gene expression prevents or at least delays insect growth, development, reproduction, and infectivity on hosts. As used herein, the phrase "generating stabilized dsRNA molecules" refers to methods of employing recombinant DNA technology available in the art (for example, according to Sambrook, et al., in: Molecular Cloning , A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989) in the construction of a DNA nucleotide sequence that is transcribed into stabilized dsRNA. Detailed construction methods of the present invention are described later in this specification. As used herein, the term silencing refers to the downregulation of the expression of the desired nucleotide sequence, and consequently, the removal of the sequence's ability to cause an effect on insect cells. .
The present invention provides in part a delivery system for administering insect control agents to insects, comprising exposing the latter to a diet containing the insect control agents of the present invention. According to one embodiment, the stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules can be incorporated into the insect's diet or can be placed on the diet for consumption by the insect.
The present invention also provides in part a delivery system for administering the insect control agents to insects, comprising exposing them to a microorganism or a host, such as a plant, containing the insect control agents of the present invention, to which following ingestion of the microorganism or host cells, or the contents of the cells. According to another embodiment, the present invention comprises generating a transgenic plant cell or plant containing a recombinant DNA construct to transcribe the stabilized dsRNA molecules of the present invention. As used herein, the phrase "generating a transgenic plant cell or plant" refers to methods of employing recombinant DNA technologies available in the art (eg, according to Sambrook, et al.) to constructing a vector to transform plants that allows transcription of the stabilized dsRNA molecules of the present invention, to transform the plant cell or the plant, and to generate the transgenic plant cell or plant containing the transcribed stabilized dsRNA molecules. In particular, the method of the present invention may comprise recombinant construction in a plant cell, allowing dsRNA transcripts substantially homologous to an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the insect genome to be obtained. When the nucleotide sequence within an insect's genome encodes a gene essential for insect viability and infectivity, its downregulation results in decreased survivability and infection of the insect's host cells. Consequently, this downregulation results in a detrimental effect on the maintenance of insect viability and infectivity, as it prevents or reduces the insect's ability to feed and survive on host cell-derived nutrients. By virtue of this reduction in viability and infectivity of the insect, improved resistance and/or tolerance to infection by an insect in plant cells is facilitated. The genes of the insect can be attacked in the mature (adult), immature (larval) or egg stages.
In yet another embodiment, non-pathogenic, attenuated strains of microorganisms can be used as a vehicle for insect control agents, and in this case, the microorganisms carrying these agents are also known as insect control agents. Microorganisms can be engineered to express a nucleotide sequence of a target gene so as to produce RNA molecules comprising RNA sequences homologous to or complementary to RNA sequences typically found within insect cells. Exposure of insects to microorganisms results in ingestion of the microorganisms and downregulation of target gene expression mediated directly or indirectly by RNA molecules, or fragments or derivatives thereof.
Alternatively, the present invention provides for exposure of an insect to the insect control agents of the present invention, incorporated into a spray mixer and applied to the surface of a host, such as a plant host. In one example of this embodiment, ingestion of the insect control agents by an insect allows the insect control agents to be delivered to the insect's gut, and subsequently to cells within the insect's body. In another embodiment, infection of the insect by the insect control agents through other means, such as by injection or by other physical methods, also allows administration of the insect control agents. In yet another embodiment, the RNA molecules themselves are encapsulated in a synthetic matrix, such as a polymer, and applied to the surface of a host, such as a plant. Ingestion of the host cells by an insect allows insect control agents to be delivered to the insect and results in the down-regulation of a target gene in the host.
It is contemplated that the compositions of the present invention may be incorporated into the seeds of a plant species, either as a product of recombinant gene expression incorporated into the genome of plant cells, or incorporated into a coating or treatment. for seeds that is applied to the seed before sowing it. The plant cell containing a recombinant gene is considered as a transgenic event in the present documentation.
It is believed that a pesticide seed treatment may provide significant advantages when combined with a transgenic event that provides protection against invertebrate pest infestations that is within the preferred range of effectiveness against a target pest. Furthermore, it is believed that there are situations well known to those of skill in the art where it is advantageous to have these transgenic events within the preferred range of effectiveness.
The present invention also includes seeds and plants with more than one transgenic event. These combinations are known as "pooled" transgenic events. These pooled transgenic events may be events that are directed at the same target pest, or that may be directed at different target pests. In a preferred method, a seed with the ability to express a Cry 3 protein, or an insecticidal variant thereof, also has the ability to express at least one other insecticidal agent, including, without limitation, a protein other than a Cry 3 protein, and/or an RNA molecule whose sequence is derived from the sequence of an RNA expressed in the target pest, that forms a double-stranded RNA structure when expressed in the seeds or cells of a plant grown from seed, where ingestion of one or more plant cells by the target pest results in suppression of expression of the RNA in the cells of the target plague.
In another preferred method, seeds that have the ability to express a dsRNA whose sequence is derived from a target pest also have a transgenic event that provides herbicide tolerance. It is preferred that the transgenic event that provides herbicide tolerance is an event that provides resistance to glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, including the isopropylamine salt form of said herbicide.
In the present method, a seed comprising a transgenic event is treated with a pesticide.
It is believed that the combination of a transgenic seed that exhibits biological activity against a target pest, as a result of the production of an insecticidal amount of an insecticidal dsRNA within the cells of the seeds or transgenic plants grown from the seed, with seed treatment with certain chemical or protein pesticides will provide unexpected synergistic advantages to seeds subjected to this treatment, including unexpectedly superior efficacy in terms of protection against damage to the resulting transgenic plant by the target pest. In particular, it is believed that treatment of a transgenic seed capable of expressing certain constructs that form dsRNA molecules, the sequence of which is derived from one or more sequences expressed in a corn root caterpillar, with between about 100 g and about 400 g of certain pesticides per 100 kg of seeds will provide unexpectedly superior protection against the corn rootworm. In addition, it is believed that these combinations will also be effective in protecting emerging maize plants from damage by black clipper caterpillars. It is also believed that the seeds of the present invention have the property of reducing the cost of pesticide use, due to the lower amount of pesticide needed to obtain the required amount of protection, compared to situations where the composition is not used. and the method of the invention. Furthermore, because less pesticide is used and because it is applied prior to planting and without separate field application, the present method is believed to be consequently safer for the operator and the environment, and is potentially Less expensive than conventional methods.
When some effects are said to be synergistic, this is interpreted to include the synergistic effects of the combination of the pesticidal activity (or efficacy) of the combination of the transgenic event and the pesticide. However, it is not intended to limit the pesticidal activity, but should also include advantages such as greater scope of activity, advantageous activity profile in terms of type and amount of damage reduction, lower cost of the pesticide and its application, the lower distribution of pesticides in the environment, the lower exposure to the pesticide of the personnel who produce, handle and sow corn seeds, and other advantages known to those of skill in the art.
Pesticides are insecticides that are useful in compositions, in combination with the methods and compositions of the present invention, including seed treatments and coatings, as well as methods of using these compositions, which can be found, for example, in US Pat. No.<sup>and</sup> 6551962, which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention has been found to be useful for protecting seeds and plants against a wide range of agricultural pests, including insects, mites, fungi, yeasts, molds, bacteria, nematodes, weeds, and parasitic and saprophytic plants.
It is preferred that the seed treatments and coatings described herein can be used in combination with the transgenic seeds of the present invention, in particular by applying a pesticidal agent other than the dsRNA molecules derived from the sequences described in the invention. present documentation, indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>g</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>5</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or their complements, to a transgenic seed. Although it is believed that seed treatments can be applied to a transgenic seed in any physiological state, it is preferred that the seed be in a state of sufficient durability that it is not damaged during the treatment process. Typically, the seed will be a seed that has been harvested in the field, removed from the transgenic plant, and separated from any other non-seed plant material. The seed will also preferably be physiologically stable so that the treatment does not cause any biological damage to the seed. In one embodiment, for example, the treatment can be applied to corn seeds that have been harvested, cleaned, dried to a moisture content of less than about 15% by weight. In an alternative embodiment, the seed may be a seed that has been dried and then treated with water and/or other material, and then dried again before or during the pesticide treatment. Within the limitations described above, it is believed that the treatment can be applied to the seed at any time between seed harvest and seed sowing. As used herein, the term unsown seed includes seed in any period between harvesting the seed and sowing the seed in the soil, for the purpose of germinating and cultivating the plant.
When it is said that the unsown seed is treated with the pesticide, this treatment does not include those practices where the pesticide is applied on the ground, instead of on the seed. For example, treatments such as band, T-band or furrow application of the pesticide simultaneously with seed sowing are not considered within the scope of the present invention.
The pesticide, or combination of pesticides, can be applied neat, ie without any diluent or other additional component present. However, the pesticide is typically applied to the seeds in the form of a pesticidal formulation. This formulation may contain one or more desirable additional components, including, without limitation, liquid diluents, binders that serve as a matrix for the pesticide, fillers to protect the seeds during stress conditions, and plasticizers to improve flexibility, adhesion, and/or the dispersibility of the coating. In addition, for oily pesticidal formulations containing little or no fillers, it may be desirable to add drying agents, such as calcium carbonate, kaolin or clay, bentonite, perlite, diatomaceous earth, or any other adsorbent material, to the formulation. The use of these components in seed treatments is known in the art. See, for example, US Pat. No.<sup>2</sup> 5,876,739. Those skilled in the art will readily be able to select desirable components for use in the pesticide formulation, depending on the type of seed to be treated and the particular pesticide selected. In addition, commercially available formulations of known pesticides may be used, as demonstrated in the examples below.
The present pesticides can be applied to a seed as a component of a seed coating. Seed coating methods and compositions that are known in the art are useful when modified by adding one of the embodiments of the pesticide combination of the present invention. These coating methods, and apparatus for applying them, are described, for example, in US Pat. Nos.<sup>2</sup> 5918413, 5891246, 5554445, 5389399, 5107787, 5080925, 4759945 and 4465017. Seed coating compositions are described, for example, in US Pat.<sup>2</sup> 5939356, 5882713, 5876739, 5849320, 5834447, 5791084, 5661103, 5622003, 5580544, 5328942, 5300127, 4735015, 4634587, 4383391, 4372080, 4339456, 4272, between 4275.
Pesticides that are useful in coating are those pesticides that are described in the present documentation. The amount of pesticide used to treat the seed will vary depending on the type of seed and the type of active ingredients, but the treatment will comprise contacting the seeds with an amount of the pesticide combination that is pesticide effective. When the target pest comprises insects, the amount will be an insecticidal amount that is effective as an insecticide. As used herein, an insecticidally effective amount refers to the amount of insecticide capable of killing insect pests in the larval or pupal stage of growth, or capable of consistently reducing or delaying the amount of damage produced by insect pests. .
In general, the amount of pesticide applied to the seed in the treatment will vary between about 10 g and about 2000 g of pesticide active ingredient per 100 kg of seed weight. Preferably, the amount of pesticide will be in the range of between about 50 g and about 1000 g of active ingredient per 100 kg of seeds, more preferably in the range of between about 100 g and about 600 g of active ingredient per 100 kg of seed. seeds, and even more preferably in the range between about 200 g and about 500 g of active ingredient per 100 kg of seed weight. Alternatively, it has been found that it is preferable that the amount of pesticide is more than about 60 g of pesticide active ingredient per 100 kg of seeds, and more preferably more than about 80 g per 100 kg of seeds.
Pesticides used in treatment must not inhibit seed germination, and must be effective in protecting seeds and/or plants during the period in the target insect's life cycle when it causes injury to seeds or the plants. In general, the coating will be effective for between about 0 and 120 days after planting.
The pesticides of the present invention can be applied to the seeds in the form of a coating. The use of a coating is particularly effective in accommodating large pesticide loads, which may typically be necessary to treat refractory pests such as the corn rootworm, while preventing unacceptable phytotoxicity due to the increased pesticide load. pesticide.
Coatings formed with a pesticidal composition contemplated herein are preferably capable of achieving a low rate of pesticide release, by diffusion or movement through the matrix into the surrounding environment.
In addition to the coating layer, the seed may be treated with one or more of the following ingredients: other pesticides, including fungicides and herbicides; herbicide insurers; fertilizers and/or biological control agents. These ingredients can be added as a separate layer, or alternatively, added in the pesticidal coating layer.
The pesticidal formulation can be applied to the seeds using conventional coating techniques and machines, such as fluid bed techniques, the roller mill method, rotostatic seed treatment devices and drum coating devices. Other methods, such as pressurized fluid beds, may also be useful. Seeds can be sorted for size before coating. After being coated, the seeds are typically dried and then transferred to a sizing machine for sorting. These procedures are known in the art.
As used herein, the term "insect control agent" or "genetic suppression agent" refers to a particular RNA molecule consisting of a first RNA segment and a second RNA segment, linked by a third segment of DNA. The first and second DNA segments are within the RNA molecule, are substantially inverted repeats of one another, and are linked to each other by the third DNA segment. The complementarity between the first and second DNA segments results in the ability of the two segments to hybridize in vivo and in vitro to form a double-stranded molecule, i.e., a stem, attached to one another at one end of the first and second. the second segment by the third segment, forming a loop, so that the entire structure constitutes a stem and loop structure, or even narrower hybridizing structures can be formed into a knotted stem and loop structure. The first and second segments invariably correspond, and do not, respectively, to an in-frame sequence and an antisense structure, to the target mRNA transcribed from the target gene in the target insect pest that is deleted by ingestion of the molecule. of dsRNA. The insect control agent may also be a substantially purified (or isolated) nucleic acid molecule, and more specifically may comprise nucleic acid molecules or fragments of nucleic acid molecules from a genomic DNA (gDNA) or cDNA library. Alternatively, the fragments may comprise smaller oligonucleotides with between about 15 and about 250 nucleotide residues, and more preferably between about 15 and about 30 nucleotide residues. The "insect control agent" can also designate a DNA construct comprising the isolated and purified nucleic acid molecules, or fragments of these nucleic acid molecules, from a gDNA or cDNA library. In addition, the "insect control agent" can designate a microorganism comprising a DNA construct comprising the isolated and purified nucleic acid molecules, or fragments of these nucleic acid molecules, from a gDNA or cDNA library. As used herein, the phrase "generating an insect control agent" refers to methods of employing recombinant DNA technologies available in the art (eg, according to Sambrook, et al.) to prepare a recombinant DNA construct that makes it possible to transcribe stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules, in order to construct a vector that makes it possible to transcribe the stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules, and/or transforming and generating the cells or microorganisms containing the transcribed stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules. The method of the present invention provides for the production of a dsRNA transcript whose nucleotide sequence is substantially homologous to a desired RNA sequence encoded by a target nucleotide sequence within the genome of a target insect pest.
As used herein, the term "genome" as applied to insect or host cells encompasses not only chromosomal DNA found in the nucleus, but also organelle DNA found within subcellular components of cells. the cell. Therefore, the DNAs of the present invention, introduced into plant cells, can be integrated into chromosomes or located in organelles. The term "genome", applied to bacteria, encompasses the chromosome and plasmids within a bacterial host cell. Accordingly, the DNAs of the present invention, introduced into bacterial host cells, can be integrated into chromosomes or located on plasmids.
Inhibition of target gene expression can be qualified by measuring endogenous target RNA or proteins produced by translation of the target RNA, and the consequences of inhibition can be confirmed by examining external properties of the cell or organism. Procedures for quantifying RNA and protein are well known to those of skill in the art. There are multiple selection markers available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, spectinomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline, and the like.
In some preferred embodiments, gene expression is inhibited by at least 10%, preferably at least 33%, more preferably at least 50%, and even more preferably at least 80%. In particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, gene expression is inhibited by at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% or at least 99%, in the insect cells, such that a significant inhibition. Significant inhibition designates inhibition sufficient to result in a detectable phenotype (eg, larval growth arrest, paralysis or mortality, etc.) or a detectable decrease in RNA and/or protein corresponding to the desired target gene. inhibit. Although in some embodiments of the invention inhibition occurs in substantially all cells of the insect, in other preferred embodiments inhibition occurs in only a subset of cells expressing the gene. For example, if the gene to be inhibited has an essential role in the alimentary tract of the insect, inhibition of the gene in these cells is sufficient to have a detrimental effect on the insect.
Advantages of the present invention may include, without limitation, the following: the ease of introducing dsRNA into insect cells, the low concentration of dsRNA or siRNA that can be used, the stability of dsRNA or siRNA, the effectiveness of inhibition. The ability to use a low concentration of a stabilized dsRNA allows one to avoid several drawbacks related to antisense interference. The present invention is not limited to in vitro use or to specific sequence compositions, to a particular set of target genes, to a particular portion of the nucleotide sequences of the target genes, or to a particular transgene or to a particular method of administration, unlike some of the available procedures known in the art, such as antisense and co-suppression methods. Furthermore, genetic manipulation is possible in organisms that are not classical genetic models.
In practicing the present invention, it is important that the presence of the nucleotide sequences that are transcribed from the recombinant construct is not harmful to the cells of the plant in which they are expressed according to the invention, and that they are not are harmful to animals in the food chain, particularly humans. Since the plant product may be available for human ingestion, downregulation of the expression of the desired nucleotide sequence occurs only in the insect.
Therefore, in order to selectively inhibit a target gene within an insect species to be controlled, the target gene should preferably exhibit a low degree of sequence identity to corresponding genes in a plant or animal. vertebrate. Preferably, the degree of sequence identity is less than about 80%. More preferably, the degree of sequence identity is less than about 70%. More preferably, the degree of sequence identity is less than about 60%.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a nucleotide sequence the expression of which in vitro results in the transcription of a stabilized RNA sequence that is substantially homologous to a target gene RNA molecule, in an insect comprising a RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the insect genome. Accordingly, once the stabilized RNA sequence incorporated in a diet or sprayed on the surface of a plant is ingested by the insect, the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target gene is downregulated in the cells of a target insect. The negatively regulated nucleotide sequence in the insect results in a detrimental effect on insect maintenance, viability, proliferation, reproduction, and infectivity. Accordingly, the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be useful for modulating or controlling infestation by a range of insects.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a nucleotide sequence whose expression in a microbial cell results in the transcription of an RNA sequence that is substantially homologous to a target gene RNA molecule, in an insect comprising an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the insect genome. Accordingly, once the stabilized RNA sequence contained in the cells of the microorganism is ingested by the insect, the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target gene is downregulated in the cells of a target insect. The negatively regulated nucleotide sequence in the insect results in a detrimental effect on insect maintenance, viability, proliferation, reproduction, and infectivity. Accordingly, the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be useful for modulating or controlling infestation by a range of insects.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a nucleotide sequence whose expression in a plant cell results in the transcription of an RNA sequence that is substantially homologous to a target gene RNA molecule, in an insect that comprises an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the insect genome. Accordingly, once the stabilized RNA sequence contained in the plant cells is ingested by the insect, downregulation of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the target gene is effected in the cells of a target insect. The negatively regulated nucleotide sequence in the insect results in a detrimental effect on insect maintenance, viability, proliferation, reproduction, and affectivity. Accordingly, the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be useful for modulating or controlling infestation by a range of insects.
As used herein, the term "substantially homologous" or "with substantial homology" as applied to a nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the coding sequence indicated in any of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 143 or SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or with their complements. Sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions with any of SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup> 143 or SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or with their complements, are those that allow an antiparallel alignment to occur between the two sequences, where later, under strict conditions, the two sequences are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the other sequences. corresponding bases on the opposite strand, in order to form a double molecule that is stable enough under the stringent conditions to be detectable using methods well known in the art. These substantially homologous sequences have between about 65% and about 70% sequence identity, or more preferably between about 80% and about 85% sequence identity, or more preferably between about 90% and about 95% sequence identity, and approximately 99% sequence identity, to the reference nucleotide sequences indicated in any of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or their complements.
As used herein, the term "sequence identity", "sequence similarity" or homology describes sequence relationships between two or more nucleotide sequences. Percent "sequence identity" between two sequences is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences in a comparison window, where the portion of the sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., mismatches). compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions), in order to effect optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions where there are nucleotide or amino acid base residues in both sequences to get the number of matching positions, dividing the number of matching positions by the number of positions in the comparison window, and multiplying the result by 100 to get percent sequence identity. A sequence that is identical at any position, as compared to a reference sequence, is said to be identical to the reference sequence, and vice versa. A first nucleotide sequence, when viewed in the 5' to 3' direction, is said to be "complementary" or complementary to a second nucleotide sequence or reference sequence, viewed in the 3' to 5' direction , if the first nucleotide sequence exhibits complete complementarity with the second nucleotide sequence or the reference sequence. As used herein, the sequence of nucleic acid molecules is said to exhibit "complete complementarity" when each nucleotide of one of the sequences, read in the 5' to 3' direction, is complementary to each nucleotide of the other sequence, read in the 3' to 5' direction. A nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a reference nucleotide sequence will have a sequence identical to the sequence of the reverse complement of the reference nucleotide sequence. These terms and descriptions are well defined in the art and are readily understood by those skilled in the art.
As used herein, a comparison window refers to a conceptual segment of at least 6 contiguous positions, usually between about 50 and about 100, more usually between about 100 and about 150, where a sequence is compared to a sequence. reference sequence with the same number of contiguous positions, once both sequences are optimally aligned. The comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., mismatches) of approximately 20% or less, compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions), in order to effect optimal alignment of the sequences. two sequences. Those of skill in the art can refer to the detailed methods used to align sequences in the Wisconsin Genetics software package, version 7.0 (Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive Madison, Wis., USA), or can consult Ausubel et al. (1998) for a detailed description of sequence analysis.
The target gene of the present invention is derived from an insect cell, or alternatively, from a foreign gene, such as a foreign genetic sequence from a virus, fungus, insect, or nematode, among others. The term "derived" denotes that the sequence is all or a portion of the naturally occurring nucleotide sequence of the target gene of the genome of an insect cell, particularly all or a portion of the naturally occurring nucleotide sequence of the mRNA. capped, cleaved and polyadenylated, expressed from the naturally occurring DNA sequence, as can be found in the cell if the gene is a structural gene, or the sequence of all or a portion of an RNA that is other than a structural gene, including, without limitation, tRNA, catalytic RNA, ribosomal RNA, micro-RNA, and the like. A sequence is derived from one of these naturally occurring RNA sequences if the derived sequence is produced on the basis of the native RNA nucleotide sequence, has between about 80% and about 100% sequence identity to the native sequence, and hybridizes to the native sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. In one embodiment, the target gene comprises a nucleotide sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or their complements. Depending on the particular target gene and the dose of dsRNA molecules administered, this process can result in a partial or complete loss of function of the target gene, or any desired intermediate level of suppression.
The present invention also provides an artificial DNA sequence that can be expressed in a cell or a microorganism, and that is capable of inhibiting the expression of the target gene in an insect cell, tissue or organ, wherein the artificial DNA sequence comprises at least one dsDNA molecule encoding one or more different nucleotide sequences, wherein each of the different nucleotide sequences comprises an in-frame nucleotide sequence and an antisense nucleotide sequence, connected by a spacer sequence encoding a dsRNA molecule of the present invention. The spacer sequence constitutes part of the in-frame nucleotide sequence or the antisense nucleotide sequence, and will form the dsRNA molecule between the in-frame and antisense sequences. The in-frame nucleotide sequence or antisense nucleotide sequence is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene, or a derivative thereof, or a sequence complementary thereto. The dsDNA molecule is placed under the operative control of a promoter sequence that functions in the host cell, tissue or organ, which expresses the dsDNA to produce dsRNA molecules. In one embodiment, the artificial DNA sequence may be derived from a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9 </sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing.
The invention also provides an artificial DNA sequence that can be expressed in the cells of a plant, and that, when the DNA is expressed in RNA and the plant is ingested by a target pest, suppression of the target gene in a cell is achieved, a tissue or an organ of the insect pest. The dsRNA comprises at least one or multiple structural gene sequences, wherein each of the structural gene sequences comprises a sense-in-frame nucleotide sequence and an antisense nucleotide sequence, connected by a spacer sequence forming a loop. within the complementary and antisense sequences. The in-frame nucleotide sequence or antisense nucleotide sequence is substantially identical to the nucleotide sequence of the target gene, a derivative thereof, or a sequence complementary thereto. The one or more structural gene sequences are placed under the operative control of one or more promoter sequences, at least one of which is operable in the cell, tissue or organ of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism, particularly an insect. In one embodiment, the artificial DNA sequence comprises approximately SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 143, or from SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the list of sequences, their complements.
As used herein, the term "non-naturally occurring gene", "non-naturally occurring coding sequences", "artificial sequence", or "synthetic coding sequences" to transcribe the dsRNA or siRNA of the present invention, or fragments thereof, refer to any type of isolation or genetic manipulation that results in obtaining a coding sequence that transcribes a dsRNA or siRNA of the present invention, or fragments of it. This includes isolation of the coding sequence from its naturally occurring state, manipulation of the coding sequence by (1) nucleotide insertions, deletions, or substitutions, (2) segment insertion, deletion, or substitution, (3) synthesis chemistry, such as phosphoramidite chemistry and the like, site-specific mutagenesis, cleavage of the coding sequence, or any other manipulation or isolation method.
The non-naturally occurring gene sequence or fragment thereof according to this aspect of the invention for controlling WCR can be cloned between two tissue-specific promoters, such as two root-specific promoters that can operate in a transgenic plant cell. , and which can be expressed therein to produce mRNA in the transgenic plant cell, so that dsRNA molecules are formed therein. dsRNA molecules contained in plant tissues are ingested by an insect to effect the desired suppression of target gene expression.
The present invention also provides a method for obtaining a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence for producing a dsRNA or siRNA of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention for obtaining the nucleic acid comprises: (a) screening a cDNA or gDNA library with a hybridization probe comprising all or a portion of a nucleotide sequence from a target insect, or a homologue thereof; (b) identifying a DNA clone that hybridizes with the hybridization probe; (c) isolating the cDNA clone identified in step (b); and (d) sequencing the cDNA or gDNA fragment comprising the clone isolated in step (c), where the nucleic acid molecule transcribes all or a substantial portion of the RNA nucleotide sequence, or a homologue thereof.
In another preferred embodiment, the method of the present invention for obtaining a nucleic acid fragment, comprising a nucleotide sequence to produce a substantial portion of a dsRNA or siRNA of the present invention, comprises: (a) synthesizing a first and a second oligonucleotide primer, corresponding to a portion of one of the nucleotide sequences of a target insect; and (b) amplifying the cDNA or gDNA insert present in a cloning vector, using the first and second oligonucleotide primers from step (a), wherein the amplified nucleic acid molecule transcribes a substantial portion of a dsRNA or siRNA from the present invention.
In practicing the present invention, a target gene may be derived from a corn root caterpillar (CRW), such as WCR or SOR, or any insect species that causes damage to crop plants, and consequent crop losses. performance. The present inventors contemplate the use of various criteria to select preferred target genes. The gene is one whose protein product has a high turnover rate, so inhibition by dsRNA results in a rapid decline in protein levels. In certain embodiments, it is advantageous to select a gene for which a small drop in expression level results in detrimental effects to the insect. It is preferable to attack a wide range of insect species, so the selected gene should be highly conserved among these species. Similarly, in order to confer specificity, in certain embodiments of the invention a gene will be selected that contains poorly conserved regions between individual insect species, or between insects and other organisms. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to select for a gene that has no known homologues in other organisms.
As used herein, the term "derived form" refers to a specific nucleotide sequence that can be obtained from a particular defined source or species, although it need not necessarily be from the same source or species.
In one embodiment, a gene that is expressed in the insect mesenterum is selected. Targeting genes expressed in the mesenteron obviates the need to disperse the dsRNA within the insect. Target genes for use in the present invention may include, for example, those that share substantial homologies with nucleotide sequences of genes known to be expressed in the mesenterum, which encode protein components of the plasma membrane proton V-ATPase (Dow et al., 1997, J. Exp. BioL, 200:237-245, Dow, Bioenerg. Biomemb., 1999, 31:75-83). This protein complex is the sole source of energy for epithelial ion transport, and is responsible for alkalinization of the lumen of the mesenteron. V-ATPase is also expressed in the Malpighian tubules, an extension of the hindgut that is involved in fluid balance and detoxification of foreign compounds, in a manner analogous to the mammalian kidney.
In another embodiment, a gene that is essentially involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of an insect is selected. Examples of genes include, without limitation, a CHD3 gene and a β-tubulin gene. The CHD3 gene in Drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein with ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity, which is involved in the assembly/dismantling of chromatin in the nucleus. Similar sequences have been found in various organisms, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes of the beta-tubulin family encode proteins associated with microtubules that are components of the cellular cytoskeleton. Related sequences can be found in organisms as diverse as Caenorhabditis elegans and Manduca Sexta.
Other target genes for use in the present invention may include, for example, those that have important roles in viability, growth, development, reproduction, and affectivity. These target genes can be homeostasis genes, transcription factors and insect-specific genes, or lethal mutations in Drosophila. Target genes for use in the present invention may also be those from other organisms, eg, from a nematode (eg, C. elegans). Additionally, the nucleotide sequences for use in the present invention can also be derived from plant, viral, bacterial or fungal genes, the functions of which have been established in the literature and whose nucleotide sequences share substantial similarity with gene banks in the genome. of an insect In accordance with one aspect of the present invention for controlling WCR, the target sequences may be derived essentially from the WCR insect target. Some examples of target sequences from WCR cDNA libraries encoding D. v. proteins can be found in the Sequence Listing. virgifera, or fragments thereof, which are homologous to known proteins.
Nucleic acid molecules are known from D. virgifera that encode homologues of known proteins (Andersen et al., US Patent Application Case No. 10/205189).
Although the sequences described by Andersen et al. are directed primarily to the WCR, in the practice of the invention it is preferable to use DNA segments whose sequences exhibit at least about 80% identity, or at least 90% identity, or at least 95% identity, or at least 98 % identity, or at least about 100% identity, with sequences corresponding to the genes or coding sequences of the pest it is desired to control. Sequences with less than 80% identity to a target gene are less effective. The inhibition is specific for one or more genes of the pest, whose sequence corresponds to the dsRNA. The expression of unrelated genes is not affected. This specifically allows for the selective attack of pest species, without effects on other organisms exposed to the compositions of the present invention.
A segment of DNA for use in the present invention is at least about 19 to about 23, or about 23 to about 100 nucleotides, but less than about 2000 nucleotides in length.
The invention is not limited to the specific genes described herein, but encompasses any gene whose inhibition produces a detrimental effect on an insect pest.
For many of the insects that are potential targets for control in accordance with the present invention, there may be limited information regarding the sequences of most genes or the phenotype resulting from mutation of particular genes. Then, the present inventors contemplate that the selection of appropriate genes from insect pests for use in the present invention may be effected using information available from the study of corresponding genes in a model organism, such as Drosophila, in another insect species, or even in a nematode species, in a fungus species, or in a plant species, where the genes have been characterized. In some cases, it will be possible to obtain the sequence of a corresponding gene from a target insect by searching databases, such as GenBank, using the name of the gene or sequence, for example, from Drosophila, another insect, a nematode, a fungus or plant from which the target gene has been cloned. Once the sequence is obtained, PCR can be used to amplify an appropriately selected segment of the gene in the insect for use in the present invention.
In order to obtain a DNA segment of the corresponding gene in an insect species, PCR primers are designed based on the sequence found in the WCR or in other insects from which the gene has been cloned. Primers are designed to amplify a segment of DNA of sufficient length for use in the present invention. DNA (genomic DNA or cDNA) is prepared from the insect species and the PCR primers are used to amplify the DNA segment. Amplification conditions are selected so that amplification occurs even if the primers do not exactly match the target sequence. Alternatively, the gene (or a portion thereof) can be cloned from a gDNA or cDNA library prepared from the pest insect species, using the WCR gene or another known insect gene as a probe. Techniques for performing PCR and cloning from libraries are known. Additional details are provided in the examples on the process by which DNA segments can be isolated from insect pest species, based on the sequence of genes previously cloned from WCR or another target insect species. Those of skill in the art will recognize that a variety of procedures can be used to isolate gene segments from insect pest species that correspond to genes previously isolated from other species.
Insects that can cause damage to plants generally fall into three categories, based on their feeding methods, and these categories are, respectively, chewing, sucking, and boring insects, which belong to the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera, Heteroptera, Ctenophalides, Arachnidiae and Hymenoptera. Chewing insects that feed on plant tissue such as roots, leaves, shoots, and spikes cause extensive damage. Examples of this large category of insects include beetles and their larvae. WCR and SCR belong to chewing insects. Its larvae feed on the roots of a plant, in particular a corn plant, and the adults feed mainly on the foliage. Genes derived from the WCR or SCR, or from any species of the previously mentioned orders, may be considered targets for practicing the present invention.
The present method has been found to be useful for protecting seeds and plants against a wide range of agricultural pests, including insects, mites, fungi, yeasts, molds, bacteria, nematodes, weeds and parasitic and saprophytic plants, and the like.
When an insect is the target pest of the present invention, these pests include, without limitation: from the order Lepidoptera, for example,
Acleris spp., Adoxophyes spp., Aegeria spp., Agrotis spp., Alabama argillaceae, Amylois spp., Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips spp, Argyrotaenia spp., Autographa spp., Busseola fusca, Cadra cautella, Carposina nipponensis, Chilo spp., Choritoneura spp. Clysia ambiguella ., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp., Euxoa spp., Grapholita spp., Hedya nubiferana, Heliothis spp., Hellula undalis, Hyphantria cunea, Keifería lycopersicella, Leucoptera scitella, Lithocollethis spp., Lobesia botrana, Lymantría spp., Lyonetia spp., Malacosoma spp., Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Operophtera spp., Ostrinia Nubilalis, Pammene spp., Pandemis spp., Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypiella, Phthorimaea operculella, Pieris rapae, Pieris spp., Plutella xylostella, Prays spp., Scirpophaga spp., Sesamia spp., Sparganothis spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp., Thaumetopoea spp., Tortrix spp., Trichoplusia nie Yponomeuta spp.;
of the order Coleoptera, for example,
Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Atomaria linearis, Chaetocnema tibialis, Cosmopolites spp., Curculio spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Epilachna spp., Eremnus spp., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Lissorhoptrus spp., Melolontha spp., Orycaephilus spp., Otiorhynchus spp., Phlyctinus spp., Popillia spp., Psylliodes spp., Fíhizopertha spp., Scarabeidae, Sitophilus spp., Sitotroga spp., Tenebrío spp., Tríbolium spp. and Trogoderma spp.·, of the order Orthoptera, for example,
Blatta spp., Blattella spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae, Locusta spp., Períplaneta ssp. and Schistocerca spp.;
of the order Isoptera, for example,
Reticulitemes ssp;
of the order Psocoptera, for example,
Liposcelis spp.;
of the order Anoplura, for example,
Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Pemphigus spp. and Phylloxera spp.;
of the order Mallophaga, for example,
Damalinea spp. and Tríchodectes spp:, of the order Thysanoptera, for example,
Franklinella spp., Hercinothríps spp., Taeniothríps spp., Thríps palmi, Thríps tabaci and Scirtothríps aurantií, of the order Heteroptera, for example,
C/mex spp., Distantiella theobroma, Dysdercus spp., Euchistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Leptocorísa spp., Nezara spp., Piesma spp., Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularís, Scotinophara spp., Triatoma spp., Miridae family spp. . such as Lygus hesperus and Lygus lineoloris, Lygaeidae family spp. such as Blissus leucopterus and Pentatomidae family spp.;
of the order Homoptera, for example,
Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleyrodes brassicae, Aonidiella spp., Aphididae, Aphis spp., Aspidiotus spp., Bemisia tabaci, Ceroplaster spp., Chrysomphalus aonidium, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Coccus hesperidum, Empoasca spp., Eriosoma larigerum, Erythroneura spp. , Laodelphax spp., Lacanium corni, Lepidosaphes spp., Macrosiphus spp., Myzus spp., Nehotettix spp., Nilaparvata spp., Paratoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudaulacaspis spp., Pseudococcus spp., Psylia spp. ., Pulvinaria aetiopica, Quadraspídiotus spp., Fíhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoideus spp., Schizaphis spp., Sitobion spp., Trialeurodes vaporaríorum, Trioza erytreae and Unaspis citrr, of the order Hymenoptera, for example,
Acromyrmex, Atta spp., Cephus spp., Diprion spp., Diprionidae, Gilpinia politoma, Hoplocampa spp., Las/t/spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion spp, Solenopsis spp. and Vespa ssp.;
of the order Diptera, for example,
Aedes spp., Antherigona soccata, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Ceratitis spp., Chrysomyia spp., Culex spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus spp., Drosophila melanogaster, Fannia spp., Gastrophilus spp., Glossina spp., Hypoderma spp. ., Hyppobosca spp., Liriomysa spp., Lucilia spp., Melanagromyza spp., Musca ssp., Oestrus spp., Orseolia spp., Oscinella frit, Pegomyia hyosciami, Phorbia spp., Rhagoletis pomonella, Sciara spp., Stomoxis spp. , Tabanus spp., Tannia spp. and Típula spp., of the order Siphonaptera, for example,
Ceratophyllus spp. und Xenopsylla cheopis and of the order Thysanura, for example,
Silverfish saccharina.
The present invention has been found to be particularly effective when the pest insect is Diabrotica spp., and especially when the pest is Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (western corn root caterpillar, WCR), Diabrotica barberi (western corn root caterpillar, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican corn root caterpillar, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian corn root caterpillar (BZR) or Brazilian corn root caterpillar (BCR) complex), consisting of Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa), or Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii (southern corn root caterpillar, SOR).
The present invention is also particularly effective in controlling insect species that pierce and/or suck fluids from plant cells and tissues, including, without limitation, stink bugs (species in the family Pentatomidae), and plant bugs. of the family Miridae, such as western opaque plant bugs (Lygus hesperus species), opaque plant bugs (Lygus linearis species), and pale bean bugs (Lygus elisus).
Surprisingly, modifications of the methods described in the present documentation are also particularly useful for controlling crop pests of the order Lepidoptera.
The present invention provides stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules for controlling insect infestations. The nucleotide sequences of dsRNA or siRNA comprise double strands of polymerized ribonucleotides, and may include sugar phosphate or nucleoside backbone modifications. Modifications in the RNA structure can be designed to allow for specific genetic inhibition.
In one embodiment, dsRNA molecules can be modified using an enzymatic process, in order to generate siRNA molecules. siRNA can effectively mediate the downregulating effect of some target genes in some insects. This enzymatic process can be carried out using an RNase III enzyme or a DICER enzyme, present in the cells of an insect, a vertebrate animal, a fungus or a plant in the eukaryotic RNAi pathway (Elbashir et al., 2002, Methods, 26( 2):199-213; Hamilton and Baulcombe, 1999, Science 286:950-952). This process can also use a recombinant DICER or RNase III, introduced into the cells of a target insect using recombinant DNA procedures well known to those of skill in the art. The DICER enzyme and the RNase III enzyme can be naturally occurring in an insect or can be made using recombinant DNA methods, but in either case they cut large dsRNA strands into smaller oligonucleotides. DICER enzymes specifically cut dsRNA molecules into siRNA chunks, each of which is approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length, whereas RNase III enzymes typically cut dsRNA molecules into 12-15 base pair siRNAs. The siRNA molecules produced by either enzyme have 2 or 3 nucleotide overhangs at the 3' end, and 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl ends. The siRNA molecules generated by the RNase III enzyme are the same as those produced by the DICER enzymes in the eukaryotic RNAi pathway, and are therefore attacked and degraded by the cell's inherent RNA degradation mechanism, once they they unfold, separate into single-stranded RNA, and hybridize with the sequences transcribed by the target gene. This process results in the effective degradation or removal of the RNA sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence of the target gene in the insect. The result is the silencing of a particular target nucleotide sequence within the insect. Detailed descriptions of the enzymatic process can be found in Hannon (2002, Nature, 418:244-251).
Inhibition of a target gene using the stabilized dsRNA technology of the present invention exhibits sequence specificity, since nucleotide sequences corresponding to the duplex region of the RNA are targeted for genetic inhibition. Inhibition of RNA containing a nucleotide sequence identical to a portion of the target gene is preferred. RNA sequences with single point insertions, deletions and mutations relative to the target sequence have also been found to be effective for inhibition. In practicing the present invention, it is preferred that the inhibition dsRNA and the target gene portion share at least about 80% sequence identity, or about 90% sequence identity, or about 95% sequence identity, or about 99% sequence identity, or even about 100% sequence identity. Alternatively, the RNA duplex region can be defined in functional terms as a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to a portion of the target gene transcript. An incomplete sequence that exhibits greater homology makes up for the shorter length with greater homology. The length of the identical nucleotide sequences can be at least about 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, or at least about 1000 bases. Normally a sequence of greater than 20-100 nucleotides should be used, although a sequence of greater than about 200-300 nucleotides will be preferred, and a sequence of greater than about 500-1000 nucleotides will be especially preferred, depending on the size of the target gene. The invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate sequence variations that can be expected due to genetic mutation, strain polymorphism or evolutionary divergence. The introduced nucleic acid molecule may not need to be absolutely homologous, may not need to be full length, to the primary transcription product or the complete processed mRNA of the target gene. Accordingly, those of skill in the art will understand that, as described herein, 100% sequence identity between the RNA and the target gene is not required to practice the present invention.
dsRNA molecules can be synthesized in vivo or in vitro. dsRNA can be formed from a self-complementary RNA strand or from two complementary RNA strands. The endogenous RNA polymerase of the cell can mediate transcription in vivo, a cloned RNA polymerase can be used to effect transcription in vivo or in vitro. Inhibition can be directed by specific transcription in an organ, tissue, or cell type, stimulation of an environmental condition (eg, infection, stress, temperature, chemical inducers), and/or modification of transcription in a stage of development or a certain age. The RNA strands may or may not be polyadenylated; the RNA strands may or may not be capable of being translated into a polypeptide in the translation apparatus of the cell.
Those of skill in the art can produce the RNA, dsRNA, siRNA, or miRNA of the present invention by chemical or enzymatic means, using manual or automated reactions, or in vivo in another organism. RNA can also be produced by partial or total organic synthesis; Any modified phosphonucleotide can be introduced using in vitro enzymatic or organic synthesis. The RNA can be synthesized by a cellular RNA polymerase or a bacteriophage RNA polymerase (eg, T3, T7, SP6). The use and production of an expression construct are known in the art (see, for example, WO 97/32016; US Pat. No.<sup>B.</sup> 5593874, 5698425, 5712135, 5789214 and 5804693). If synthesized by chemical means or using in vitro enzymatic synthesis, the RNA can be purified before being introduced into bulk. For example, RNA can be purified from a mixture by performing solvent or resin extraction, precipitation, electrophoresis, chromatography, or a combination of these. Alternatively, RNA with minimal or no purification can be used to avoid losses caused by sample processing. The RNA can be dried for storage, or it can be dissolved in an aqueous solution. The solution may contain buffers or salts to promote alignment and/or stabilization of the duplexes.
To transcribe a transgene or expression construct in vivo, a regulatory region (eg, a promoter, enhancer, silencer, and polyadenylation signal) can be used to transcribe the RNA strand(s). Then, in one embodiment, the nucleotide sequences that are used to produce RNA molecules may be operably linked to one or more promoter sequences functional in a microorganism, fungus, or plant host cell. Under ideal circumstances, nucleotide sequences are placed under the control of an endogenous promoter that normally resides in the host genome. The nucleotide sequence of the present invention, under the control of an operably linked promoter sequence, may be further surrounded by additional sequences that advantageously affect transcription and/or the stability of the resulting transcript. These sequences are generally located upstream of the operably linked promoter and/or downstream of the 3' end of the expression construct, and may occur upstream of the promoter and downstream of the 3' end of the expression construct, although they are also contemplated. the use of one of these upstream sequences alone.
In another embodiment, the nucleotide sequence of the present invention may contain an inverted repeat separated by a spacer sequence. The spacer sequence can be a region comprising any nucleotide sequence that facilitates the formation of secondary structures between each repeat, where necessary. In one embodiment of the present invention, the spacer sequence is part of the in-frame or antisense mRNA coding sequence. Alternatively, the spacer sequence can comprise any combination of nucleotides or homologues thereof that are capable of covalently binding to a nucleic acid molecule. The spacer sequence may comprise a nucleotide sequence at least about 10-100 nucleotides in length, or alternatively at least about 100-200 nucleotides in length, at least about 200-400 nucleotides in length, or at least about 400-500 nucleotides in length. length.
For the purposes of the present invention, dsRNA or siRNA molecules can be obtained from CRW by means of polymerase chain reaction (POR) amplification of CRW target gene sequences derived from a library of gDNA or cDNA of corn root caterpillar, or portions thereof. WCR larvae can be prepared using methods known to those of skill in the art, and DNARNA can be extracted from them. Larvae of various sizes, ranging from first instar to fully developed CRW larvae, can be used for the purposes of DNA/RNA extraction of the present invention. Genomic DNA or cDNA libraries generated from WCR can be used to perform PCR amplification to produce dsRNA or siRNA.
Target genes can then be amplified by PCR, and sequenced using methods available in the art. Those of skill in the art will be able to modify the PCR conditions to ensure optimal formation of PCR products. The confirmed PCR product can be used as a template for in vitro transcription to generate sense and antisense RNA, with the minimal promoters included.
The present inventors contemplate that the nucleic acid sequences identified and isolated herein from any insect species in the insect kingdom may be used to control WCR and other target insects. In one aspect of the present invention, the nucleic acid may be derived from a species of the order Coleoptera. Specifically, the nucleic acid may be derived from leaf beetles belonging to the genus Diabrotica (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and, more specifically, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be derived from a species of the virgifera group. More specifically, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be derived from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, which is commonly known as WCR. The isolated nucleic acids may be useful, for example, to identify a target gene and construct a recombinant vector that allows production of the stabilized dsRNAs or siRNAs of the present invention, to protect plants from WCR insect infestations.
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention comprises isolated and purified nucleotide sequences from WCR or Lygus that may be used as insect control agents. The isolated and purified nucleotide sequences comprise those indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 143 or SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing.
WCR or other insect nucleic acids that can be used in the present invention may also comprise isolated and substantially purified nucleic acid molecules from Unigenes and ESTs, or fragments of these nucleic acid molecules. EST nucleic acid molecules can encode significant portions or most of the polypeptides. Alternatively, the fragments may comprise smaller oligonucleotides, with between about 15 and about 250 nucleotide residues, and more preferably between about 15 and about 30 nucleotide residues. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecules for use in the present invention may take the form of cDNA libraries from WCR, Lygus, or any other invertebrate pest species.
As used herein, the phrase "a substantially purified nucleic acid," "an artificial sequence," "an isolated substantially purified nucleic acid," or "an isolated substantially purified nucleotide sequence" refers to a nucleic acid that is no longer accompanied by some of the materials with which it is associated in its natural state, or to a nucleic acid whose structure is not identical to that of any naturally occurring nucleic acid. Examples of substantially purified nucleic acids include: (1) DNA with the sequence of part of naturally occurring genomic DNA molecules, but not surrounded by two coding sequences that surround the part of the molecule in the organism's genome where it occurs naturally; (2) a nucleic acid incorporated into a vector or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or a eukaryote in such a way that the resulting molecule is not identical to any naturally occurring vector or genomic DNA or; (3) a separate molecule, such as a cDNA, a genomic fragment, a fragment produced by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or a restriction fragment; (4) recombinant DNA; and (5) synthetic DNA. A substantially purified nucleic acid can also be composed of one or more segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA.
Nucleic acid molecules from WCR, Lygus or other invertebrate pest species, and fragments thereof, can be used to obtain other nucleic acid molecules from other species, for use in the present invention to produce the nucleic acid molecules. dsRNA and siRNA desired. These nucleic acid molecules include the nucleic acid molecules that encode the complete coding sequence of a protein, and surrounding sequences of these molecules. Furthermore, these nucleic acid molecules include nucleic acid molecules that encode members of the same gene family. These molecules can be readily obtained by using the previously described nucleic acid molecules, or fragments thereof, to screen cDNA or gDNA libraries derived from D. v. virgífera or Lygus hesperus. Methods for forming these libraries are well known in the art.
The WCR or Lygus nucleic acid molecules, and fragments thereof, can also be used to obtain other nucleic acid molecules, such as nucleic acid homologues, which can be used in the present invention to produce the desired dsRNA and siRNA molecules. . These homologues include nucleic acid molecules that encode, in whole or in part, homologous proteins from other species, plants, or other organisms. These molecules can be readily obtained by using the previously described nucleic acid molecules, or fragments thereof, to screen ESTs, cDNA or gDNA libraries. Methods for forming these libraries are well known in the art. These homologous molecules may differ in their nucleotide sequences from those found in one or more of SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>g</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or the complements of these described in this documentation, since complete complementarity is not needed to obtain stable hybridization. These nucleic acid molecules also include molecules that, while capable of specifically hybridizing to the nucleic acid molecules, may lack complementarity. In a particular embodiment, 3' or 5' RACE methods can be used to obtain these sequences (Frohman, MA et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85:8998-9002 (1988); Ohara, O et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86:5673-5677 (1989)). In general, any of the previously described nucleic acid molecules, or fragments thereof, can be used to generate appropriate dsRNA or siRNA for use in a diet, spray mixer, or recombinant DNA construct of the present invention.
As used herein, the phrase coding sequence, "structural nucleotide sequence" or "structural nucleic acid molecule" refers to a nucleotide sequence that is translated into a polypeptide, usually via mRNA, when used. placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a translation start codon at the 5' end and a stop codon at the 3' end. A coding sequence can include, without limitation, genomic DNA, cDNA, EST, and recombinant nucleotide sequences.
The term "recombinant DNA" or "recombinant nucleotide sequence" refers to DNA containing a genetic modification, effected by manipulation by mutagenesis, restriction enzymes and the like.
Nucleic acid molecules, or fragments of nucleic acid molecules, or other nucleic acid molecules of WCR are capable of specifically hybridizing to other nucleic acid molecules under certain circumstances. As used herein, two nucleic acid molecules are said to be capable of specifically hybridizing to one another if the two molecules are capable of forming an antiparallel double-stranded nucleic acid structure. A nucleic acid molecule is said to be the complement of another nucleic acid molecule if they exhibit complete complementarity. Two molecules are said to be "minimally complementary" if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to allow them to remain aligned with one another under at least conventional "low stringency" conditions. Similarly, molecules are said to be complementary if they can hybridize to one another with sufficient stability to allow them to remain aligned with one another under at least conventional "high stringency" conditions. Standard stringency conditions are described in Sambrook, et al., and Haymes, et al. In: Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington, DC (1985).
Therefore, departures from complete complementarity are permitted, as long as such departures do not completely abrogate the molecules' ability to form a double-stranded structure. Therefore, in order for a nucleic acid molecule or a fragment of the nucleic acid molecule to serve as a probe or primer, it only needs to have sufficiently complementary sequence that it can form a double-stranded structure under the concentrations particulars of solvent and salt used.
Appropriate stringency conditions that promote DNA hybridization, for example, 6.0X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at approximately 45<sup>9</sup>C, followed by a 2.0X SSC wash at 50<sup>9</sup>C, are known to those of skill in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. For example, the salt concentration in the wash step can be selected from a low stringency of about 2.0X SSC to 50<sup>9</sup>C and a high severity of approximately 2.0X SSC at 50<sup>9</sup>C. In addition, the temperature in the wash step can be increased from low stringency conditions to room temperature, approximately 22<sup>9</sup>C, up to high severity conditions at approximately 65<sup>9</sup>C. The temperature and salt can be varied, or the temperature or salt concentration can be held constant while the other variable is altered.
Nucleic acids for use in the present invention can specifically hybridize to one or more WCR nucleic acid molecules, or complements thereof, under conditions of moderate stringency, for example, with about 2.0x SSC and about 65<sup>9</sup>C. A nucleic acid that can be used in the present invention will include those nucleic acid molecules that specifically hybridize to one or more nucleic acid molecules described herein, indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or with complements thereof, under high stringency conditions. Preferably, a nucleic acid that can be used in the present invention will exhibit at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 98%, or even about 100% sequence identity with a or more nucleic acid molecules indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or as described herein; or a nucleic acid that can be used in the present invention will exhibit about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 98%, or even about 100% sequence identity to one or more molecules of nucleic acids indicated in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>1 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9 </sup>174, as detailed in the list of isolated genomic DNA sequences of a pest insect.
All or a substantial portion of the WCR nucleic acids can be used to isolate cDNA, gDNA, and nucleic acids encoding homologous Diabrotica proteins, or fragments thereof, from the same or different species. Detailed descriptions of procedures for isolating and identifying the nucleic acids of the present invention from cDNA or gDNA libraries are presented in the Examples.
The nucleic acids of the present invention may also be synthesized, in whole or in part, especially when it is desirable to provide plant-preferred sequences, using methods known in the art. Accordingly, all or a portion of the nucleic acids of the present invention can be synthesized using codons preferred by a selected host. Host-preferred codons can be determined, for example, from the most frequently used codons in proteins expressed in a particular host species. Other modifications to the nucleotide sequences may result in mutants with slightly altered activity.
The present invention provides in part a delivery system for delivering insect control agents to insects. The stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules of the present invention can be introduced directly into the cells of an insect, or they can be introduced into an extracellular cavity, an interstitial space, the lymphatic system, the digestive system, into the insect circulation by oral ingestion or via through other means that can be used by those trained in the art. Oral introduction methods can include direct mixing of the RNA with insect food, as well as modification approaches, where a food species will be modified to express dsRNA or siRNA, then fed to the insect to be fed. you want to affect with it. In one embodiment, for example, the dsRNA or siRNA molecules can be incorporated into, or placed on, the insect's diet. In another embodiment, the RNA can be sprayed on the surface of the plant. In yet another embodiment, the dsRNA or siRNA can be expressed in microorganisms, and the microorganisms can be applied to the surface of a plant, or introduced into the root or stem through a physical means, such as injection. In yet another embodiment, a plant can be genetically engineered to express the dsRNA or siRNA in an amount sufficient to kill insects known to infect the plant.
Specifically, in practicing the present invention in WCR, the dsRNA or siRNA can be introduced into the interior of the insect, in the mesenteron, to achieve the desired inhibition of target genes. The dsRNA or siRNA molecules can be incorporated into the diet or can be placed on the diet, as previously described, for later ingestion by the insects. In either case, the dsRNAs of the present invention will be provided in the diet of the target pest. The target pest of the present invention will exhibit a pH in the digestive tract of between about 4.5 and about 9.5, or between about 5 and about 8.5, or between about 6 and about 8, or between about 6.5. and about 7.7, or about 7.0. The digestive tract of the target pest is defined herein as the location within the pest where food ingested by the target pest is exposed to an environment that is favorable for the assimilation of the dsRNA molecules of the present invention, without that they are subjected to such an extreme pH that it causes the dissociation of the hydrogen bonds between the double strands of the dsRNA and single-stranded molecules are formed.
Furthermore, for the purpose of controlling insect infestations in plants, administration of dsRNA to control insects onto plant surfaces by spray application provides another means of protecting plants. In this case, a modified bacterium can be fermented to produce and accumulate dsRNA, and the fermentation products can be formulated as a spray compatible with common agricultural practices. Formulations can include appropriate adhesives and humectants, necessary for efficient leaf coverage, as well as UV protectants to protect dsRNAs from UV radiation damage. These additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are well known to those of skill in the art. Similarly, formulations for soil application may include granular formulations that serve as bait for the larvae of terrestrial insect pests, such as the corn rootworm.
It is also anticipated that dsRNAs produced by chemical or enzymatic synthesis may be formulated in a manner consistent with common agricultural practices, and may be used as spray products to control insect infestations. Formulations can include appropriate adhesives and humectants needed to obtain efficient foliar coverage, as well as UV protectants to protect dsRNAs from UV radiation damage. These additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide industry and are well known to those of skill in the art. These applications may be combined with other sprayable insecticide applications, biologically based or not, to enhance plant protection against insect feeding damage.
The present inventors contemplate the use of the bacterial strains that produce insecticidal proteins to produce dsRNA for the purpose of controlling insects. These strains may exhibit improved insect control properties. A variety of different bacterial hosts can be used to produce dsRNA to control insects. Examples of bacteria may include E. coli, B. thuringiensis, Pseudomonas sp., Photorhabdus sp., Xenorhabdus sp., Serratia entomophila and related species to Serratia sp., B. sphaericus, B. cereus, B. laterosporus, B. popilliae, Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium species, or other bacteria gram positive spore formers.
The present invention also relates to recombinant DNA constructs that can be expressed in a microorganism. The exogenous nucleic acids, from which the RNA of interest is transcribed, can be introduced into a microbial host cell, such as a bacterial cell or a fungal cell, using methods known in the art.
The nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be introduced into a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic host microorganisms in order to produce stabilized dsRNA or siRNA molecules. The term microorganism includes prokaryotic and eukaryotic species of microbes, such as bacteria and fungi. Fungi include yeasts and filamentous fungi, among others. Examples of prokaryotes, both Gram negative and Gram positive, include Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia, Erwinia, Shigella, Salmonella, and Proteus; Bacillaceae; Phizobaceae, such as Rhizobium; Spirillaceae, such as photobacterium, Zymomonas, Serratia, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Desulfovibrio, Spirillum; Lactobacillaceae; Pseudomonadaceae, such as Pseudomonas and Acetobacter; Azotobacteraceae, Actinomycetales and Nitrobacteraceae. Among the eukaryotes, there may be mentioned fungi, such as Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes, including yeasts, such as Saccharomyces and Schizosaccharomyces-, and Basidiomycetes yeasts, such as Phydotorula, Aureobasidium, Sporobolomyces and the like.
For the purpose of protecting plants against insects, a large number of microorganisms that are known inhabitants of the phytoplane (the surface of plant leaves) and/or the rhizosphere (the soil surrounding plant roots) of a wide A variety of important cultures may also constitute desirable host cells for handling, propagating, storing, administering, and/or mutagenizing the described recombinant constructs. These microorganisms include bacteria, algae, and fungi. Of particular interest are microorganisms, such as bacteria, for example, of the genera Bacillus (including the species and subspecies B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1, B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-73, B. thuringiensis sotto, B. thuringiensis berliner , B. thuringiensis thuringiensis, B. thuringiensis tolworthi, B. thuringiensis dendrolimus, B. thuringiensis alesti, B. thuringiensis galleriae, B. thuringiensis aizawai, B. thuringiensis subtoxicus, B. thuringiensis entomocidus, B. thuringiensis tenebrionis and B. thuringiensis san diego), Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Serratia,
Klebsiella, Zanthomonas, Streptomyces, Phyzobium, Phydopseudomonas, Metilophilius. Agrobacterium, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Arthrobacter, Azotobacter, Leuconostoc and Alcaligenes: fungi, particularly yeasts, for example, of the genera Saccharomyces, Cryptococcus, Kluyveromyces, Sporobolomyces, Rhodotorula and Aureobasidium. Of particular interest are species of phytosphere bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Acetobacter xylinum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Xanthomonas campestris, Phyzobium melioti, Alcaligenes eutrophus, and Azotobacter vinlandir, and phytosphere yeast species such as Rhodotorula rubra, Phy. glutinis, fi. marine, fi aurantiaca, Cryptococcus albidus, C. diffluens, C. laurentii, Saccharomyces rosei, S. pretoriensis, S. cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces roseus, S. odorus, Kluyveromyces veronae, and Aureobasidium pollulans.
A bacterial recombinant DNA vector can be a closed circular or linear plasmid. The vector system can be a single vector or plasmid, or two or more vectors or plasmids that together contain the total DNA that it is desired to introduce into the genome of the bacterial host. Furthermore, the bacterial vector can be an expression vector. For example, the nucleic acid molecules indicated in SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>143 or SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>Q</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing, or fragments thereof, can be appropriately inserted into a vector under the control of an appropriate promoter, which functions in one or more microbial hosts to drive expression of a coding or other sequence. united DNA. There are many vectors available for this purpose, and the selection of the appropriate vector will depend primarily on the size of the nucleic acid to be inserted into the vector and the particular host cell to be transformed with the vector. Each vector contains several components, depending on its function (DNA amplification or DNA expression) and the particular host cell with which it is compatible. Vector components for bacterial transformation generally include, without limitation, one or more of the following: a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more selectable marker genes, and an inducible promoter that allows expression of exogenous DNA.
Expression and cloning vectors generally contain a selection gene, also known as a selection marker. This gene encodes a protein necessary for the survival or growth of transformed host cells grown in a selective culture medium. Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, for example, ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) provide critical nutrients that are not available in normal media. complexes, for example, the gene encoding Bacilli D-alanine racemase. Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologous protein or fragment thereof produce a protein that confers drug resistance, thus the cells survive the selection regimen.
An expression vector for producing an mRNA may also contain an inducible promoter that is recognized by the host bacterial organism and linked to the nucleic acid encoding, for example, the nucleic acid molecule encoding D. v. mRNA. virgifera or the fragment thereof of interest. Inducible promoters suitable for use with bacterial hosts include the β-lactamase promoter, P promoters<sub>L</sub> And p<sub>R.</sub> from E. coli λ phage, and the E. coli galactose promoter, arabinose promoter, alkaline phosphatase promoter, tryptophan (trp) promoter, and lactose operon promoter, and variations thereof, and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter. However, there are other suitable inducible bacterial promoters.
The term "operably linked," as used in reference to a regulatory sequence and a structural nucleotide sequence, denotes that the regulatory sequence causes regulated expression of the linked structural nucleotide sequence. Regulatory sequences or "control elements" refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5' non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3' non-translated sequences) of a structural nucleotide sequence, and which includes at the time and the level or extent of RNA transcription, processing, or stability, or translation of the associated structural nucleotide sequence. Regulatory sequences can include promoters, translational leader sequences, introns, enhancers, stem-loop structures, repressor binding sequences, and polyadenylation recognition sequences, and the like.
Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated with an integration vector into the bacterial genome. Integration vectors typically contain at least one sequence homologous to the bacterial chromosome that allows the vector to integrate. The integrations are the result of recombinations between the homologous DNA in the vector and the bacterial chromosome. For example, integration vectors constructed with DNA from various Bacillus strains integrate into the Bacillus chromosome (EP 0 127328). Integration vectors can also be composed of bacteriophage or transposon sequences. Suicide vectors are also known in the art.
Construction of appropriate vectors containing one or more of the components listed above employs standard recombinant DNA procedures. The isolated plasmids or DNA fragments are separated, excised and assembled in a desired shape to generate the necessary plasmids. Examples of available bacterial expression vectors include, without limitation, multifunctional cloning and expression vectors of E. coli, such as Bluescript™ (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), to which, for example, a protein from D. v. virgifera. or a fragment thereof, in frame with the amino terminal sequences and subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase, in order to produce a hybrid protein; pIN vectors (Van Heeke and Schuster, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509); and the like.
A recombinant construct for yeast may typically include one of the following: a promoter sequence, a fusion partner sequence, a leader sequence, a transcription termination sequence, a selection marker. These elements can be combined into an expression cassette that can be maintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element (eg, plasmids) capable of being stably maintained in a host, such as yeast or bacteria. The replicon can have two replication systems, which will allow it to be maintained, for example, to be expressed in yeast and to be cloned and amplified in a prokaryotic host. Examples of these yeast-bacteria transport vectors include YEp24 (Botstein et al., 1979, Gene, 8:17-24), pCI/1 (Brake et al., 1984, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci USA, 81 :4642-4646), and YRp17 (Stinchcomb et al., 1982, J. Mol. Biol., 158:157). Furthermore, a replicon can be a high or low copy number plasmid. A high copy number plasmid will generally have a copy number ranging from about 5 to about 200, and typically from about 10 to about 150. A host containing a high copy number plasmid will preferably have at least about 10 copies. , and more preferably at least about 20.
Useful yeast promoter sequences may be derived from genes encoding enzymes in the metabolic pathway. Examples of these genes include alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) (EP 0 284044), enolase, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAP or GAPDH), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, and pyruvate kinase (PyK) (EP 0 3215447). The yeast PHO5 gene, which encodes acid phosphatase, also provides useful promoter sequences (Myanohara et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:1, 1983). In addition, non-naturally occurring synthetic promoters may also function as yeast promoters. Examples of these hybrid promoters include the ADH regulatory sequence linked to the GAP transcription activation region (US Pat. No.<sup>9</sup> 4876197 and 4880734). Other examples of hybrid promoters include promoters that consist of the regulatory sequences of genes.
ADH2, GAL4, GALLIUM or PHO5, combined with the transcription activation region of a glycolytic enzyme gene, such as GAP or PyK (EP 0 164556). Furthermore, a yeast promoter can include naturally occurring promoters of non-yeast origin that have the ability to bind yeast RNA polymerase and initiate transcription.
Examples of transcriptional terminator sequences and other termination sequences recognized by yeast, such as those encoding glycolytic enzymes, are known to those of skill in the art.
Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated with an integration vector into the yeast genome. Integration vectors typically contain at least one sequence homologous to a bacterial yeast chromosome that allows the vector to integrate, and preferably contain two homologous sequences surrounding the expression construct. The integrations are the result of recombinations between the homologous DNA in the vector and the yeast chromosome (Orr-Weaver et al., 1983, Methods in EnzymoL, 101:228-245). An integrating vector can be targeted to a specific locus in yeast by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence to include in the vector. See Orr-Weaver et al., supra. One or more expression constructs may integrate and possibly affect the levels of recombinant proteins produced (Riñe et al., 1983, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 80:6750). Chromosomal sequences included in the vector can appear as single segments in the vector, resulting in integration of the entire vector, or as two segments homologous to adjacent segments on the chromosome, surrounding the expression construct in the vector, resulting in results in stable expression of the expression construct alone.
The present invention also contemplates transforming a nucleotide sequence of the present invention into a plant to achieve expression levels capable of inhibiting pests of one or more dsRNA molecules. A transformation vector can be readily prepared using methods available in the art. The transformation vector comprises one or more nucleotide sequences that are capable of being transcribed into an RNA molecule, and that are substantially homologous and/or complementary to one or more nucleotide sequences encoded by the insect genome, such that, upon entering the RNA transcript from one or more sequences of nucleotide molecules into the insect, the negative regulation of at least one of the respective nucleotide sequences of the insect genome is verified.
Furthermore, the transformation vector may comprise a dsDNA construct, and may also be considered, among others, as a recombinant molecule, an insect control agent, a genetic molecule, or a chimeric genetic construct. A chimeric construct of the present invention may comprise, for example, nucleotide sequences encoding one or more antisense transcripts, one or more in-frame transcripts, one or more of each of the aforementioned sequences, where all or part of a transcript thereof is homologous to all or part of a DNA molecule comprising an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence in the genome of an insect.
In one embodiment, the plant transformation vector is an isolated and purified DNA molecule, comprising a promoter operatively linked to one or more nucleotide sequences of the present invention. The nucleotide sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup> 1 to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup> 143 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup> 174, as detailed in the sequence listing. The nucleotide sequence includes a segment encoding all or part of an RNA present in a target pest RNA transcript, and may comprise inverted repeats of all or part of a target pest RNA. The DNA molecule comprising the expression vector may also contain the sequence of a functional intron located upstream of the coding sequence or even within the coding sequence, and may also contain a non-translated (5') leader sequence (i.e. , a UTR or 5'-UTR) located between the promoter and the translation start point.
A plant transformation vector can contain sequences from more than one gene, allowing more than one dsRNA to be produced to inhibit the expression of two or more genes in the cells of a target pest. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that DNA segments, the sequence of which corresponds to that present in different genes, can be combined into a single composite DNA segment, in order to express it in a transgenic plant. Alternatively, a plasmid of the present invention, which already contains at least one DNA segment, can be modified by consecutive insertion of additional DNA segments between the enhancer, promoter, and terminator sequences. In the insect control agent of the present invention designed to inhibit multiple genes, the genes to be inhibited can be obtained from the same insect species in order to improve the effectiveness of the insect control agent. In certain embodiments, the genes may be derived from different insects, in order to broaden the range of insects against which the agent may be effective. When it is desired to delete several genes, or when several genes are selected for expression and suppression in combination, a polycistronic DNA element can be made as illustrated and described in Fillatti, US Application Publication No.<sup>9</sup> 2004-0029283.
When it is desired to use a nucleotide sequence of the present invention to transform a plant, a promoter is selected that has the ability to direct expression of the coding sequence in the plant species in question. Promoters that function in different plant species are also known in the art. Promoters useful for expressing polypeptides in plants are those that are inducible, viral, synthetic, or constitutive, as described in Odell et al. (1985, Nature 313:810-812), and/or promoters that are temporally, spatially, and spatiotemporally regulated. Preferred promoters include the improved CaMV35S promoters and the FMV35S promoter. For the purpose of the present invention, for example, to obtain optimal control of the root-feeding species, it is preferable to obtain higher levels of expression of these genes in the roots of the plants. Several promoters with enhanced expression in the root have been identified and are known in the art (Lu et al., 2000, J. Plant Phys., 156(2):277-283; US Pat. No.<sup>9 </sup>5837848 and 6489542). A vector or recombinant DNA construct of the present invention will typically comprise a selection marker that confers on plant cells a selectable phenotype. Selection markers can also be used to select for plants or plant cells that contain the exogenous nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides or proteins of the present invention. The marker can code for biocide resistance, antibiotic resistance (eg, kanamycin, G418 bleomycin, hygromycin, etc.), or herbicide resistance (eg, glyphosate, etc.). Examples of selection markers include, without limitation, a neo gene, which encodes kanamycin resistance and can be selected for using kanamycin, G418, etc.; a bar gene, which encodes resistance to bialaphos; a mutant EPSP synthetase gene, encoding glyphosate resistance; a nitrilase gene, which confers resistance to bromoxynil; a mutant acetolactate synthetase (ALS) gene, which confers resistance to imidazolinone or sulfonylurea; and a DFHR gene with resistance to methotrexate.
A vector or recombinant construct of the present invention may also include a test marker gene. Assay markers can be used to monitor expression. Examples of test markers include a β-glucuronidase or uidA (GUS) gene, which encodes an enzyme for which numerous chromogenic substrates are known (Jefferson, 1987, Planta Mol. Biol, fiep. 5387-405; Jefferson et al. ., 1987, EMBO J. 6:3901-3907); a gene from the R locus, which encodes a product that regulates the production of anthocyanin (red color) pigments in plant tissues (Dellaporta et al., 1988, Stadler Symposium 11:263-282); a β-lactamase gene (Sutcliffe et al., 1978, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 75:3737-3741), a gene encoding an enzyme for which numerous chromogenic substrates are known (eg, PADAC, a chromogenic cephalosporin); a luciferase gene (Ow et al., 1986, Science 234:856-859); an xylE gene (Zukowsky et al., 1983, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 80:11011105), which encodes a catechol dioxygenase capable of converting chromogenic catechols; an a-amylase gene (Ikatu et al., 1990, Bio/Technol. 8:241-242); a tyrosinase gene (Katz et al., 1983, J. Gen. Microbiol. /29:2703-2714), which encodes an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine to DOPA and dopaquinone, which in turn condenses to melanin; and an α-galactosidase, which catalyzes a chromogenic substrate of α-galactose.
In general, it is preferable to introduce functional recombinant DNA at a non-specific location in a plant genome. In special cases, it may be useful to insert a recombinant DNA construct by integration at specific sites. There are several specific recombination systems known to work in plants, including cre-lox, which is described in US Pat. No.<sup>5</sup> 4959317, and FLP-FRT, which is described in US Pat. No.<sup>5</sup> 5527695.
In practice, DNA is introduced into only a small percentage of the target cells in a single transformation experiment. Genes encoding selection markers are used to provide an efficient system for identifying those stably transformed cells, which comprises receiving and integrating a transgenic DNA construct into its genome. Preferred marker genes provide selection markers that confer resistance to a selection agent, such as an antibiotic or herbicide. Any of the herbicides to which the plants of this invention may be resistant will be useful agents as selection markers. Potentially transformed cells are exposed to the selection agent. The surviving cell population will comprise those cells where, in general, the resistance-conferring gene has integrated and is expressed at levels sufficient to allow cell survival. Cells can be further evaluated to confirm stable integration of exogenous DNA. Commonly used selection marker genes include those that confer resistance to antibiotics, such as kanamycin (nptll), hygromycin B (aph IV), and gentamicin (aac3 and aacC4), or resistance/tolerance to herbicides, such as glufosinate (baropat), glyphosate (EPSPS) and AMPA (phnO). Examples of these selection markers are illustrated in US Pat. No.<sup>5</sup> 5550318; 5633435; 5,780,708 and 6,118,047. Assay markers may also be employed that provide the ability to identify transformants by visual means, for example, a gene that expresses a colored or fluorescent protein, such as luciferase or green fluorescent protein (GFP), a gene that expresses a bea-glucuronidase or a uidA (GUS) gene, for which several chromogenic substrates are known.
Preferred plant transformation vectors include those derived from an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid (for example, US Pat. No.<sup>9</sup> 4536475, 4693977, 4886937, 5501967 and EP 0 122 791). Agrobacterium rhizogenes (or R¡) plasmids are also useful and known in the art. Other preferred plant transformation vectors include those described, for example, by Herrera-Estrella (1983, Nature 303:209-213), Bevan (1983, Nature 304:184187), Klee (1985, Bio/Technol. 3:637 -642) and EP 0 120 516.
Methods and compositions for transforming plants that comprise introducing a recombinant DNA construct into a plant genome include any of a number of methods known in the art. One method of constructing transformed plants is microprojectile bombardment, as illustrated in US Pat. No.<sup>9</sup> 5015580, 5550318, 5538880, 6153812, 6160208, 6288312 and 6399861. Another method for constructing transformed plants is Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, as illustrated in US Pat. Nos.<sup>9</sup> 5159135, 5824877, 5591616 and 6384301. Alternatively, species other than Agrobacterium may be used, such as, Rhizobium, and other prokaryotic cells that exhibit the ability to infect plant cells and introduce heterologous nucleotide sequences into the genome of infected plant cells. .
The DNA constructs of the present invention can be introduced into the genome of a desired plant host using a variety of standard transformation procedures that are well known to those of skill in the art. Plant transformation vectors suitable for effecting Agrobacterium-mediated transformation include those derived from an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid. In addition to Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation vectors, other methods can be used to insert the DNA constructs of the present invention into plant cells. These methods may comprise, without limitation, for example, the use of liposomes, electroporation, chemicals that increase DNA uptake, delivery of free DNA by microprojectile bombardment, and transformation using viruses or pollen.
Any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be introduced into a plant cell, permanently or transiently, in combination with other genetic elements, such as promoters, introns, enhancers and untranslated leader sequences, etc. Any of the nucleic acid molecules encoding RNA from a coleopteran species or RNA from a boring or sucking insect species, or preferably RNA from D. v. virgifera or Lygus hesperus RNA, can be manufactured and introduced into a plant cell in a way that allows dsRNA molecules to be produced within the plant cell, which will provide an insecticidal amount of one or more particular dsRNAs in the diet of the target insect pest.
The term "transgenic plant cell" or "transgenic plant" refers to a plant cell or a plant that contains an exogenous nucleic acid, which may be derived from WCR or from a different insect or non-insect species. Transgenic plants also comprise the progeny (offspring, pups, etc.) of any generation of said transgenic plant, or a seed of any generation of said transgenic plants, wherein said progeny or said seed comprises a DNA sequence encoding the RNA, the sRNA, dsRNA, siRNA or fragment thereof of the present invention, and also constitute an important aspect of the invention.
A transgenic plant formed using Agrobacterium transformation methods typically contains a single single recombinant DNA sequence inserted into a chromosome, and is known as a transgenic event. These transgenic plants can be referred to as heterozygous for the inserted foreign sequence. A transgenic plant homozygous for a transgene can be obtained by sexually crossing (self-crossing) an independently segregating transgenic plant that contains a single exogenous genetic sequence with itself, eg, an FO plant, to produce F1 seeds. One quarter of the F1 seeds produced will be heterozygous for the transgene. Germination of F1 seeds results in plants in which heterozygosity can be assessed, typically using an SNP assay or a thermal amplification assay that allows one to distinguish between heterozygotes and homozygotes (ie, a zygosity assay). Crossing a heterozygous plant with itself or with another heterozygous plant results only in heterozygous progeny.
In addition to direct transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA construct, transgenic plants can be prepared by crossing a first plant with a recombinant DNA construct with a second plant lacking the construct. For example, recombinant DNA for gene suppression can be introduced into a first plant line that can be transformed to produce a transgenic plant, which can be crossed with a second plant line in order to introduce the recombinant DNA for gene suppression into the second plant line. .
Transgenic plants that can be generated by practicing the present invention include, without limitation, alfalfa, anet, apple, apricot, artichoke, arugula, asparagus, avocado, banana, barley, bean, jute, blackberry, cranberry, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels cabbage, canola, cantaloupe, carrot, cassava, cauliflower, celery, cherry, coriander, grapefruit, clementine, coffee, peanut, cotton, cucumber, Douglas fir, eggplant, endive, endive, eucalyptus, fennel, fig, pumpkin, grape , pineapple, Honeydew, Jicama, Kiwi, Lettuce, Leek, Lemon, Lime, Loblolly Pine, Mango, Melon, Mushroom, Walnut, Oats, Okra, Onion, Orange, Ornamental Plant, Papaya, Parsley, Pea, Peach, Peanut, Pear , pepper, persimmon, pine, pineapple, banana, plum, pomegranate, steel, potato, pumpkin, quince, radiate pine, radicheta, radish, raspberry, rice, rye, sorghum, southern pine, soybean, spinach, pumpkin, strawberry, beet, sugar cane, sunflower, sweet potato, sweet gum, tangerine, tea, tobacco, tomato, grass, a vineyard, watermelon, wheat, yams and cabbage.
In practice, the present invention may be combined with other traits for controlling insects on a plant, in order to obtain traits for improving control of insect infestations. Combining insect control traits employing different modes of action may provide insect-protected transgenic plants with greater durability than plants containing a single insect control trait, due to the lower likelihood that resistance will develop in the insect. field.
The mechanism of the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins has been extensively studied in the past decade. Crystal proteins have been shown to be toxic to the larval form of the insect only after ingestion of the protein. In Lepidopteran larvae, an alkaline pH and proteolytic enzymes in the insect's mesenterum solubilize proteins, allowing the release of components that are toxic to the insect. These toxic components destroy the cells of the mesenterum, which causes the insect to stop feeding and eventually leads to its death. For this reason, toxins from B. thuringiensis have proven to be effective and environmentally safe insecticides to deal with various insect pests. Coleoptera and Hemiptera, and probably Diptera, Lygus, and other boring and sucking insects, have a mesenteron pH that is slightly acidic, so Bt toxins that are effective against Lepidopteran larvae are not effective against these pests. . It is also believed that the slightly acidic pH of the mesentery of these insects is more favorable for the compositions of the present invention, and without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it is likely that the alkaline pH of Lepidopteran larvae is the reason why previous attempts to demonstrate the efficacy of dsRNA have failed (Fire et al. US Pat. No.<sup>yes</sup> 6506559; Mesa et al. Patent Publication No.<sup>9</sup> US2003/0150017; Rajagopal et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277:46849-46851; Tabara et al., 1998, Science 282:430-431). Therefore, it is believed that the dsRNA methods described herein should preferably be used in compositions and in plants to control Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lygus, and boring and sucking insects. The methods and compositions detailed herein are particularly useful for causing gene suppression in insects with a mesenteral pH between about 4.5 and about 9.5, or between about 5.0 and about 9.0. , or between about 5.5 and about 8.5, or between about 6.0 and about 8.0, or between about 6.5 and about 7.7, or between about 6.8 and about 7.6, or about 7.0. However, insects and other pest species with an intestinal pH between about 7.5 and about 11.5, or between about 8.0 and about 11.0, or between about 9.0 and about 10.0, such as the larvae of lepidopteran insects, are also within the scope of the present invention. This is particularly true when a specific dsRNA to inhibit a gene in a Lepidopteran larva is introduced into the larva's diet, in combination with one or more Bt proteins, which, relative to the Bt protein, would commonly be toxic to that Lepidopteran larva. lepidoptera when supplied at a level equal to or higher than the threshold. The presence of one or more Bt toxins toxic to the same insect species will effectively lower the pH of the mesenteron, providing a stable environment for the double-stranded RNA molecules to exert their target gene suppression effects on the insect pest.
It will be useful to combine one or more stabilized dsRNA constructs that produce the dsRNA molecules of the present invention, in the diet of a target insect pest, in combination with one or more insecticidal proteins, such that the dsRNA and insecticidal protein are toxic to the same pest insect. The insecticidal protein may be derived from B. thuringiensis, but also from other organisms known in the art to produce insecticidal proteins, such as the bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes (eg, Photorhabdus sp., Xenorhabdus sp.), Serratia entomophila and Serratia-related species, B. sphaericus. B. cereus. B. laterosporus, B. popilliae, Clostridium bifermentans, or other spore-forming gram-positive bacteria that exhibit insecticidal properties. Similarly, it is contemplated that two or more different stabilized dsRNA constructs producing dsRNA molecules of the present invention may be provided within a single plant in order to ensure durability of the insect control phenotype. These dsRNA molecules may be directed to silencing the same gene, or alternatively, they may be directed to silencing different genes. Two or more different dsRNAs may be combined in the same plant, where each dsRNA will be toxic to a different insect pest and none of the dsRNAs will be toxic to the same insect species.
It is anticipated that the combination of certain stabilized dsRNA constructs with one or more insect control protein genes will result in synergisms that will improve the insect control phenotype of a transgenic plant. Biological assays in insects using artificial diets or whole plant tissue can be used to define dose responses, in terms of mortality or growth inhibition of larvae, using dsRNA and proteins to control insects. Those skilled in the art will be able to evaluate mixtures of dsRNA molecules and proteins to control insects in biological assays, in order to identify combinations that are synergistic and desirable to introduce into plants with protection against insects (Tabashnik, 1992). Synergism between different insect control proteins in killing insect pests has been described (for a review, see Schnepf et al., 1998). Synergisms are anticipated to exist between certain dsRNAs and between certain dsRNAs and certain proteins to control insects.
The dsRNA combinations are also anticipated to reveal unexpected toxicity to certain insect pests. Rajagopol et al (2002, J Biol Chem. 277:46849-46851) reported that feeding larvae of the lepidopteran pest S. litura with dsRNA was not effective in silencing a gene encoding a mesenteron aminopeptidase. It is worth noting that the alkaline pH environment of the typical Lepidopteran mesenterum may be a hostile environment for dsRNAs, as denaturation of RNA doublets at alkaline pH is expected to lead to rapid degradation. The pores formed by the toxic proteins of B. thuringiensis inserted in the epithelial membrane of the mesenterum result in a neutralization of the pH of the mesenterum (reviewed in Gilí, 1995, Mem. Inst. Osaldo Cruz, Rio of Janeiro, 90:69-74). . Therefore, toxic B. thuringiensis proteins that are only capable of forming transient ion channels in the epithelial membrane of the Lepidopteran mesenterum without causing mortality will be sufficient to reduce mesenteral pH to levels more appropriate for dsRNA assimilation. by epithelial cells of the mesenteron. By way of example, the CrylAc protein is known not to be an effective toxin against the jute marcher Spodoptera exigua (Chambers et al., 1991, J. Bacteriol. 173:3966-3976). Still, the transient reductions in mesenteral pH caused by the CrylAc protein could serve to stabilize co-ingested dsRNAs and make them effective in silencing target genes in S. exigua, thus providing an unexpected means of controlling insect pests. This effect could be observed with any protein, insecticidal or not, that alters the ionic regulation of mesenteron cells of lepidopteran insects, and could also be effective in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lygus bugs and other boring and sucking insects, and the like. .
Some B. thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, such as Cyt proteins, can cause transient openings in the mesenteral epithelial membrane of sensitive insect larvae, due to structural pore formation or general detergent-like activity of the protein (Butko, 2003). , Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2415-2422). These openings could facilitate the passage of dsRNA molecules towards the epithelial cells of the mesenterum, even at protein concentrations that were suboptimal to cause mortality. It is anticipated that any protein, insecticidal or not, that causes transient openings in insect epithelial membranes may facilitate passage of dsRNA molecules into insect cells and promote gene silencing.
The nucleotide sequences provided in SEQ ID N-1 to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup> 143 or SEQ ID No.<sup>9 </sup>169 to SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>174, as detailed in the list of sequences, fragments of these, or complements of these, may be "introduced" in a variety of media to facilitate their use. This means will also be able to provide a subset of these, in a form that allows those skilled in the art to examine the sequences.
Commercial primary products containing one or more of the sequences of the present invention, produced from a recombinant plant or seed containing one or more of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention, are specifically contemplated as embodiments of the present invention. . A commercial primary product containing one or more of the sequences of the present invention includes, without limitation, whole or ground foods, oils, grains, or seeds of a plant, or any food product comprising any whole or ground foods, oils, or grains. from a recombinant plant, or a seed containing one or more of the sequences of the present invention. In fact, the detection of one or more of the sequences of the present invention in one or more primary products or commercial derived products contemplated in the present documentation is evidence that the primary product or commercial derived product is prepared from a plant. transgenic modified to express one or more of the nucleotide sequences of the present invention, with the purpose of controlling insect infestations using dsRNA-mediated genetic suppression methods.
In one application of this embodiment, a nucleotide sequence of the present invention may be recorded on a medium that can be read by a computer. As used, “a computer-readable medium” means any tangible medium of expression that can be read and easily accessed by a computer. These media include, without limitation: magnetic storage media, such as removable disks, hard drives, storage media, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as CD-ROMs; electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM; optical character recognition format computer files, and hybrids of these three categories, such as magnetic/optical storage media. Those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that any of the presently computer-readable media can be used to create a construct comprising a computer-readable media having a recorded nucleotide sequence hereof. invention.
As used in this documentation, "recording" refers to a process for storing information on a medium that can be read by a computer. Those of skill in the art will readily adopt presently known methods for recording information on computer-readable media to generate media comprising the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention. A variety of data storage structures are available for those skilled in the art to create a medium that can be read by a computer having a recorded nucleotide sequence of the present invention. The choice of the data storage structure will generally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information. In addition, a variety of data processing programs and formats can be used to store the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention on a medium that can be read by a computer. The sequence information may be represented in a word processor text file in a format provided by commercially available software, such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, or it may be represented in the form of an ASCII text file, stored in a database application, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle or the like. Those of skill in the art will be able to readily adapt any number of data processor structure formats (eg, text or database files) to obtain a medium that can be read by a computer having the sequence information recorded. nucleotides of the present invention.
Computer analysis software is publicly available that allows those skilled in the art to access sequence information provided on a medium that can be read by a computer. Software can be used that implements the BLAST (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 2/5:403-410 (1990)) and BLAZE (Brutlag, et al., Comp. Chem. 17:203207 (1993)) on a Sybase system to identify open reading frames (ORFs) within sequences, such as the Unigenes and ESTs provided herein, that exhibit homology to ORFs or proteins from other organisms. These ORFs are protein-encoding fragments within the sequences of the present invention, and are useful for producing proteins of commercial importance, such as enzymes used in amino acid biosynthesis, metabolism, transcription, translation, RNA processing. , nucleic acid and protein degradation, protein modification and DNA replication, restriction, modification and repair.
Furthermore, the present invention provides systems, particularly computer-based systems, that contain the sequence information described in the present documentation. These systems are designed to identify commercially important fragments of the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. As used herein, a "computer-based system" designates hardware means, software means, and data storage means used to analyze the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention. The minimal hardware media for the computer-based systems of the present invention comprise a central processing unit (CPU), input media, output media, and data storage media. Those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that any currently available computer based system will be suitable for use in the present invention.
The most preferred sequence length for a target sequence is between about 10 and about 100 amino acids, or between about 23 and about 300 nucleotide residues.
As used herein, "a target structural motif" or "a target motif" designates any rationally selected sequence or combination of sequences where the sequence(s) are selected on the basis of a three-dimensional configuration that is formed by fold the white motif. There are a variety of target motifs known in the art. Target protein motifs include, without limitation, active enzyme sites and signal sequences. Target nucleic acid motifs include, without limitation, promoter sequences, cis elements, buckle structures, and inducible expression elements (protein binding sequences).
EXAMPLES
The present inventors have identified a means of controlling an invertebrate pest infestation comprising provision of a double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecule in the diet of the pest. Surprisingly, the inventors have discovered that the double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecule, upon ingestion by the pest, inhibits a biological function in the pest, resulting in one or more of the following attributes: reduced feeding by the pest, reduced viability of the pest, death of the pest, inhibition of differentiation and development of the pest, absence or reduced ability of the pest for sexual reproduction, muscle formation, formation of juvenile hormone, regulation of juvenile hormone, regulation and transport of ions, maintenance of cell membrane potential, amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid degradation, sperm formation, pheromone synthesis, pheromone perception, antennae formation, wing formation, leg formation, development and differentiation, egg formation, larval maturation, digestive enzyme formation, hemolymph synthesis, hemolymph maintenance, neurotransmission, division cell, energy metabolism, respiration, apoptosis and any component of the cytoskeleton structure of eukaryotic cells, such as, for example, actins and tubulins. Any or any combination of these attributes can result in effective inhibition of infestation by the pest and, in the case of a plant pest, inhibition of infestation of the plants. For example, when used as a diet composition containing a sufficient amount to inhibit a pest of one or more double-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules administered to the plant as a topical, as a treatment, as an application to the surrounding soil. of the plant, or when produced by a plant from a recombinant DNA molecule present within the cells of a plant, plant pest infestation is unexpectedly and dramatically reduced. The examples given herein are illustrative of the invention when applied to a single pest. However, the specialist will understand that the methods, The formulas and ideas presented in the examples are not intended to be limiting and are applicable to all invertebrate pest species that may consume food sources that can be formulated to contain a sufficient amount of a pest-inhibiting agent consisting of at least one or more of the exemplary double-stranded RNA molecules described herein for suppressing some essential characteristic or function of the pest.
Example 1
This example illustrates the identification of nucleotide sequences which, when provided as double-stranded RNA molecules in the diet of a corn rootworm, are useful in controlling corn rootworms.
Maize rootworm cDNA libraries (LIB149, LIB 150, LIB3027, LIB3373) were constructed from whole larvae and dissected gut sections, and nucleotide sequence information was obtained (see Andersen et al., Application US Patent No.<sup>9</sup>: 10/205,189, filed July 24, 2002, the contents of which are specifically and completely incorporated herein by reference). In addition, cDNA libraries were constructed from whole larvae at different stages of development and at different times within each stage of development in order to maximize the number of different EST sequences from Diabrotica species. Libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 were constructed, respectively, from pools of mRNA obtained from the first (1 gram) and third (2.9 gram) instars of western corn rootworm larvae. Harvested insects were snap frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen. Insects were ground in a mortar and then preserved -20 Ό or less by cooling on dry ice and/or by adding liquid nitrogen to the mortar until the tissue had been ground into a fine powder. RNA was extracted using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen) according to the supplier's instructions. Poly A+ RNA was isolated from total RNA preparations using Dynabeads Oligo dT (Dynal Inc., NY) according to the supplier's instructions. A cDNA library was constructed from the Poly A+ RNA using the SuperScript™ Plasmid System (Invitrogen). The cDNA was size fractionated using chromatography. The fourth and fifth fractions were collected and ligated into the pSPORTI vector (Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg MD) between the Salí and Noli restriction endonuclease recognition sites, and then transformed into E. coli by electroporation. The library of first instar larvae yielded approximately 420,000 colony-forming units. The library of larvae in the third instar allowed to obtain approximately 2.78 x 10<sup>6</sup> colony forming units. LIB149, LIB150 colonies were washed from the plates, briefly mixed until homogeneous by vortexing and pooled in Tris-EDTA buffer. Half of the wash was taken to 10% glycerol, aliquoted into cryovials, and then stored at -70 °C. The other half was used to produce plasmid DNA using a Quiagen midi-prep purification column, or an equivalent thereof. Purified plasmid DNA was aliquoted into microcentrifuge tubes and then stored at -20 Ό.
Single colonies of the Diabrotica virgifera cDNA libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 were amplified in high viscosity medium. Approximately 200,000 colony-forming units of LIB5444 and 600,000 colony-forming units of LIB5462 were mixed on a separate shake plate in 500 mL of LB medium containing 0.3% SeaPrep agarose® and 50 mg/l carbenecillin at 37°C and then rapidly chilled in an ice/water bath for 1 hour to obtain a uniform suspension of bacterial colonies. The inoculated libraries were then grown at 30°C for 42 hours. After incubation, the cells were mixed for 5 minutes on a shake plate. The medium was then transferred to two 250 ml centrifuge bottles. Bacterial cells were pelleted at 10,000 xg for 10 minutes. The medium was removed from the bottles and the cells were resuspended in a total of 20 ml of LB medium with 50 mg/l carbenecillin. Dimethyl sulfoxide 10% was added to keep the cells frozen. Both libraries were amplified to a final titer of 10<sup>8</sup> colony forming units per milliliter. Samples of the Diabrotica virgifera cDNA libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 were pooled and adjusted to a DNA concentration of approximately 1.25 micrograms per microliter in sterile distilled, deionized water and aliquoted into twenty-five cryovials, each cryovial containing approximately 8.75 micrograms of DNA. These samples were deposited by the Applicants/Inventors with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) domiciled at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Virginia, USA ZIP 20110-2209 on June 10, 2004, and were designated LIB5444/62. . The ATCC provided a deposit receipt to the Applicant, assigning it the N- ATCC Deposit Access, PTA-6072.
High molecular weight corn rootworm cDNA libraries, ie, LIB5496 and LIB5498, were prepared essentially as described above for the production of corn rootworm cDNA libraries . LIB5496 and LIB5498 libraries were constructed, respectively, from mRNA pools obtained from the first (1 gram) and second and third (1 gram) instars of western corn rootworm larvae. Briefly, the insects were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen insects were reduced to a fine powder by grinding in a mortar. RNA was extracted using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen) according to the supplier's instructions. Poly A+ RNA was isolated from the total RNA preparation using Dynabeads.
Oligo dT (Dynal Inc., NY). A high molecular weight cDNA library was obtained from 20 micrograms of poly A+ RNA using the SuperScript™ Plasmid System (Invitrogen). The cDNA was size fractionated on a 1% TAE agarose gel, and cDNA in the 1 Kb to 10 Kb range was collected, ligated into the pSPORTI vector between the Sal) and Notl restriction sites and then transformed into electrocompetent DH10B cells of E. coli by electroporation. The LIB5496 library allowed to obtain a total title of approximately 3.5 x 10<sup>6</sup> colony forming units. The LIB5498 library allowed a total titer of approximately 1.0 x 10 ® colony-forming units to be obtained. Colonies of the high molecular weight corn rootworm cDNA libraries LIB5496 and LIB5498 were individually amplified in high viscosity medium. Approximately 600,000 colony-forming units of LIB5496 and LIB5498 were mixed on a separate shake plate in 500 mL of LB medium containing 0.3% SeaPrep® agarose and 50 mg/l carbenecillin at 37°C and then rapidly cooled on a ice/water bath for 1 hour to obtain a uniform suspension of bacterial colonies. Libraries were then grown at 30 °C for 42 hours. After incubation, the cells were mixed for 5 minutes on a shake plate. The medium was then transferred to two 250 ml centrifuge bottles. Bacterial cells were pelleted at 10,000 xg for 10 minutes. The medium was removed from the bottles and the cells were resuspended in a total of 20 ml of LB medium with 50 mg/l carbenecillin. Dimethyl sulfoxide 10% was added to preserve the cells by freezing. Both libraries were amplified to a final titer of 10<sup>8</sup> colony forming units per milliliter. Information on the inserted cDNA sequence was obtained from corn rootworm species-specific plasmid libraries.
The rootworm libraries of Andersen et al. together with additional sequences from libraries LIB5444 and LIB5462 initially produced approximately 18,415 individual EST sequences, consisting of approximately 1.0 x 10<sup>7</sup> nucleotide residues. The average length of an EST sequence was approximately 586 nucleotide residues. These EST sequences were subjected to bioinformatics algorithms which resulted in the assembly of contig sequences, herein referred to as UNIGENE sequences, and individual EST sequences that could not be compiled by overlapping identity with other EST sequences, herein referred to as singletons. The LIB5444 and LIB5462 libraries were then sequenced in greater detail, resulting in additional individual EST sequences. The EST sequences obtained from the libraries, i.e. LIB149, LIB150, LIB3027,
LIB3373, LIB5444, LIB5462, LIB5496 and LIB5503, are shown in the sequence listing from SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>:1 up to SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>: 143 and from SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:169 up to SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:174.
EST sequences isolated from CRW cDNA libraries were assembled, where possible, into UNIGENE sets and these assembled Unigene sequences are listed in the sequence listing. A UNIGENE is a gene-oriented cluster formed from the overlap of individual EST sequences within regions of sequence identity to form a larger sequence. Pontius et al., Nuci Acids Res 31: 28-33 (2003). Each nucleotide sequence shown in the sequence listing was analyzed for the presence of open reading frames. Amino acid sequence information deduced from the open reading frames was compared with known amino acid sequence information available in public databases in order to infer the extent of amino acid sequence identity or similarity with known amino acid sequences. The biological function, if any, associated with the amino acid sequences was annotated in public databases for the amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequence information of the cDNA libraries. The annotations provided information that suggested the function of the protein that could be expressed from a particular gene that gave rise to a particular cDNA sequence, but was not determinative of outcome. Based on this information suggested in the annotations, certain cDNA sequences were characterized as encoding a protein that was most likely involved in some biological function within corn rootworm cells that was either essential for the life or was necessary to ensure the health and vitality of a cell or would be compromised in cellular integrity, cell maintenance, reproductive capacity and the like.
Several cDNA sequences were selected from this subset of cDNA sequences that would encode proteins inhibition of which would likely cause morbidity or mortality in CRWs or cells of other invertebrate species. These sequences were then used in the construction of double-stranded RNA molecules for incorporation into the diet of CRWs.
Primer pairs for thermal amplification were designed based on the cDNA sequences described in the CRW cDNA library. Primer pairs were constructed as either a pair of nucleotide sequences, where each member of a primer pair exhibited perfect complementation to a sequence oriented in-frame or antisense. Some of the primer pair sequences were constructed such that each member of the pair exhibited a sequence containing a phage T7 RNA polymerase promoter at its 5' end as shown, for example, in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 5 from nucleotide position 1 to nucleotide position 23. A higher fidelity first amplification reaction was preferably conducted using a first primer pair that did not contain the T7 promoter to generate a first amplicon using CRW genomic DNA as a template. . A cDNA or mRNA sequence is preferably used as a template for the synthesis of a dsRNA molecule to be used in the present invention because it is recognized in the art that eukaryotic genomic sequences contain sequences that are not present in the dsRNA molecule. mature RNA. A sample of the first amplicon generated in said first higher fidelity amplification reaction was then used as a template in a second thermal amplification reaction with a second pair of primers containing the T7 promoter sequence to produce a second amplicon containing said T7 promoter near or included in the 5' end of each strand of the second amplicon. The complete nucleotide sequence of the second amplicon in both directions was obtained and compared to the nucleotide sequence reported for the cDNA, and discrepancies between the two sequences, if any, were recorded. In general, the sequences that were prepared using genomic DNA as a template were inconsistent with their further use as dsRNA molecules to obtain significant levels of deletion due to variations within the genomic sequences that were not observed in the mRNA or cDNA sequences.
An in vitro transcription reaction typically contained between about 1 and about 2 micrograms of linearized DNA template, 10X concentrated T7 polymerase reaction buffer, the ribonucleotides ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP at a final concentration between 50 and 100 mM each and 1 unit of T7 RNA polymerase enzyme. The RNA polymerase reaction was incubated at approximately 37°C, depending on the optimum temperature of the RNA polymerase used according to the supplier's instructions, for a period of time ranging from several minutes to several hours. In general, reactions took between about 2 and about 6 hours for transcription of template sequences up to about 400 nucleotides in length, and up to 20 hours for transcription of template sequences greater than about 400 nucleotides in length. Heating the reaction at 65 °C for fifteen minutes terminates RNA transcription. The RNA transcripts were ethanol precipitated, washed, air dried, and resuspended in RNAse-free water to a concentration of approximately 1 microgram per microliter. Most of the transcripts taking advantage of the T7 promoter opposition strategy described above produced dsRNA in the in vitro transcription reaction, however, a higher yield of dsRNA was obtained by heating the purified RNA to 65 Ό and subsequent slow cooling to room temperature to ensure proper alignment of the antisense and sense-oriented RNA segments. The double-stranded RNA products were then incubated with DNAse I and RNAse at 37°C for one hour to remove any DNA or single-stranded RNA present in the mixture. Double-stranded RNA products were purified on a column according to the supplier's instructions (AMBION MEGASCRIPT RNAi set) and resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.5) or water without RNAse to a concentration between 0.1 and 1.0 micrograms per microliter.
The dsRNA sample was either added directly to each well containing the insect diet as previously indicated or modified prior to addition to the diet. Double-stranded RNA modification was performed according to the instructions for RNAse III (AMBION CORPORATION, Austin, Texas) or DICER (STRATAGENE, La Jolla, California) provided by the supplier. RNAse III digestion of double-stranded RNA produced twenty-one and twenty-two nucleotide pairs containing phosphorylated 5' ends and hydroxylated 3' ends with 2-3 base overlaps, similar to the -21-26 base pairs of the double-stranded RNAs. small interfering RNA (siRNA) fragments produced by the enzyme say in the eukaryotic pathway identified by Hamilton et. to the. (Science, 1999, 286: 950-952) and Elbashir et. to the. (Genes & Development, 2001, 15: 188-200). This set of small interfering RNA duplexes were further purified and the sample characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine the integrity and efficiency of duplex formation. The purity and quantity of the samples were then determined by spectrometry at a wavelength of 250 nanometers and unused samples were retained for later use by storing at -20 °C.
Full-length siRNA or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) samples were bioassayed with a selected number of target pests. Varying doses of dsRNA or siRNA were applied to the artificial corn rootworm diet according to the following procedure. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (WCR) eggs were obtained from Crop Characteristics, Inc., Farmington, Minnesota. Non-diapausal WCR eggs were incubated in soil for approximately 13 days at 24 Ό, 60% relative humidity, in total darkness. On day 13, the soil containing the WCR eggs was placed between mesh N<sup>and</sup> 30 and N<sup>yes</sup> 60 and the eggs were washed from the soil using a high pressure garden hose. Eggs were surface disinfected by soaking in LYSOL for three minutes, then washed three times with sterile water, washed once with 10% formalin solution, and then washed three more times with sterile water. The thus treated eggs were placed on sterile coffee filters and hatched overnight at 27 °C, 60% relative humidity, in total darkness.
An insect diet was prepared essentially according to Pleau et al. (Entomology Experimentalis et Applicata, 2002, 105: 1-11), with the following modifications. 9.4 grams of SERVA agar was placed in 540 milliliters of purified water and agitated until exhaustive distribution of the agar was achieved. The water/agar mixture was heated to a boil to dissolve the agar completely and then poured into a WARING blender. The mixer was kept at low speed while adding 62.7 grams of BIO-SERV DIET mix (F9757), 3.75 grams of freeze-dried corn root, 1.25 milliliters of green food coloring, and 0.6 milliliters of formalin to the hot agar mixture. The pH of the mixture was then adjusted to 9.0 with the addition of 10% potassium hydroxide stock solution. The approximately 600 milliliter volume of liquid diet was mixed continuously at high speed and maintained at a temperature between approximately 48 ΐ and approximately 60 °C using a sterilized NALGENE-coated magnetic stir bar on a hot magnetic stir plate while dispensing. 200 microliter aliquots into each well of FALCON 96-well round-bottom microtiter plates. The diet on the plates was allowed to solidify and air dried under a sterile laminar flow hood for approximately ten minutes.
Thirty (30) microliter volumes of test sample containing either control reagents or the double-stranded RNA in varying amounts were used to coat the surface of the insect diet in each well using an automated micropipettor. The insect diet was allowed to stand under a sterile laminar flow hood for up to half an hour after applying the test sample to allow the reagents to diffuse into the diet and to allow the surface of the diet to dry. A neonate WCR larva was deposited in each cavity with a fine brush. The plates were then sealed with MYLAR and vented using an insect wand. 12-72 insect larvae per dose were evaluated depending on the trial design. Bioassay plates were incubated at 27 °C, 60% relative humidity in total darkness for 12-14 days. The number of larvae that survived per dose at 12-14 days was recorded. Larval mass was determined using a suitable microbalance for each surviving larva. Data were analyzed using JMP®4 statistical software (SAS Institute, 1995) and a full factorial ANOVA with Dunnet's test was conducted to find the effects of treatment compared to untreated control (P<0.05). A post hoc Tukey-Kramer test was also performed to compare all treatment pairs (P<0.05).
The following nucleotide sequences were first derived as cDNA sequences identified in a corn rootworm gut cDNA library (Andersen et al., ibid) and then adapted for use in the construction of RNA molecules from double-stranded for the evaluation of the efficacy of inhibition of biological function in a pest by feeding double-stranded RNA molecules in the diet of said pest.
• · A homologous sequence of Chd3
CHD genes have been identified in numerous eukaryotes and the corresponding proteins have been proposed to function as chromatin remodeling factors. The term CHD is derived from the three domains with sequence homology present in CHD proteins: a chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domain, a SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domain, and a DNA-binding domain. Each of them is believed to confer a distinct chromatin-related activity. CHD proteins are separated into two categories based on the presence or absence of another domain with sequence homology, a PHD zinc finger domain, typically associated with chromatin-related activity. CHD3-related proteins possess a PHD zinc finger domain, but CHD1-related proteins do not. Experimental observations have suggested a role for CHD3 proteins in the repression of transcription, and it has been shown that in some species they are a component of a complex containing a histone deacetylase as a subunit. Histone deacetylation correlates with inactivation of transcription, and it is for this reason that CHD3 proteins have been implicated in a role as transcriptional repressors by virtue of being components of a histone deacetylase complex (Ogas et al., 1999, PNAS 96: 13839-13844). Therefore, suppression of CHD3 protein synthesis may be a useful target for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition of invertebrate pests.
The SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>: 4 corresponds to a nucleotide sequence of CRW intestine cDNA, the translation of which into the amino acid sequence was indicated as a homologous amino acid sequence of Drosophila melanogaster CHD3 (GenBank No.<sup>Q</sup> Access AF007780). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>Q</sup>: 5 and
SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>: 40609 respectively correspond to the genomic forward and reverse amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in the production of an amplicon of CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or cDNA produced from of these groupings. The sequence of said amplicon corresponds to a part of a CRW gene encoding a homologue of a D. melanogaster CHD3 amino acid sequence. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>: 5 contains a T7 polymerase promoter sequence at its 5' end (nucleotides 1-23) ligated to a CRW genomic primer sequence (arbitrarily assigned as the forward primer sequence) shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 5 at nucleotide positions 24-45, corresponding from nucleotide position 31 to nucleotide position 52 as shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 4. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:6 contains a T7 polymerase promoter sequence at its 5' end shown at nucleotide positions 1-23. The T7 promoter sequence is ligated at its 3' end to an arbitrarily assigned reverse genomic primer sequence corresponding to nucleotide positions 24-44 as shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 6, the reverse complement of which is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:4 at nucleotide positions 298-319. Using a primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 5 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 6 In an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 335 base pair amplicon was produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 7, corresponding to the part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits approximately 66% identity to a Drosophila melanogaster CHD3 amino acid sequence. The nucleotides at positions 1-23 and the reverse complement of the nucleotides at positions 314-335 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:7 correspond to the T7 promoter sequences at each end of the amplicon. The amplified genomic nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 7 from nucleotide 24 to nucleotide 313 substantially corresponds to the reported cDNA nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:4 from nucleotide 31 to nucleotide 319, except that nucleotides at positions 63, 87, 117, 177, 198, 213, 219-220, 246, 249, and 261 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 4 were reported as T, T, G, G, G, T, T, T, C, C, and A, respectively, in both the corresponding positions in the alignment with SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 7 contained C, C, A, A, A, C, A, C, G, A, and G at nucleotide positions 56, 80, 110, 170, 191, 206, 212-213, 239, 242, and 254 . This difference corresponds to approximately a 4% difference in nucleotide sequence composition between the previously reported cDNA sequence and the sequence of the amplicon produced from the genomic DNA template, consistent with the previous report that the cDNA sequence probably it was less than 99% accurate (Andersen et al., ibid.).
The amplicon that exhibits the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:7 was cloned into a plasmid vector capable of replication in E. coli and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA was recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters included at both ends of the cloned fragment . Double-stranded RNA was produced and bioassayed; an RNA segment, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 7 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 313 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>: 7, the other RNA segment is substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 7 from about nucleotide position 313 to at least about nucleotide position 24, with uridines appropriately positioned in place of thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>: 4 exhibited significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
Other CRW-derived nucleotide sequences were also evaluated in parallel bioassays with CHD3 sequences including nucleotide sequences annotated for encoding likely equivalents of CRW proteins, such as the beta-tubulin protein, the V-ATPase subunit protein 40 kDa, EF1a and EF1a 48D elongation factor proteins, p28 protein of the 26S proteasome subunit, the juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase protein, swelling-dependent chloride channel protein, glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase protein, actin 42A protein, ADP-ribosylation factor 1 protein, transcription factor IIB, chitinase proteins, and a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.
• A homologous sequence of beta-tubulin
Tubulin proteins are important structural components of many cellular structures in all eukaryotic cells and mainly in the formation of microtubules. Inhibition of microtubule formation in cells results in catastrophic effects including interference with mitotic spindle formation, blockage of cell division, and the like.
Thus, suppression of tubulin protein formation may be a useful target for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition.
A CRW-derived beta-tubulin-related sequence was identified for use in the present invention. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:18 corresponds to a nucleotide sequence of cDNA from the intestine of CRW and translation into the corresponding amino acid sequence was found to be homologous in part to the amino acid sequence of Manduca beta-1-tubulin sixth and in part to the amino acid sequence of beta-1-tubulin from Drosophila melanogaster (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access AF030547 and M20419, respectively). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 19 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 20 correspond, respectively, to forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or from CRW mRNA pools. of a cDNA produced from said pools. The sequence of said amplicon corresponds to all or part of a CRW gene that codes for a beta-tubulin protein. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 19 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 20 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence at nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-44 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 19 correspond to nucleotides 96-116 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 18. Nucleotides 24-44 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 20 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:18 at nucleotides 428-448. The use of the primer pair of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:19 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 20 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, allowed the production of a 399 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 21, corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting substantial identity to a homologous beta-tubulin protein present in Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 21 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 18 of nucleotides 96-448. No sequence differences were observed between the genomic amplicon sequence and the corresponding sequence in the cDNA sequence.
An amplicon was cloned that presents a sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 21 into a plasmid vector, and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA was recovered to effect in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA was obtained and a sample thereof was subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 21 from about nucleotide position 24 at least to about nucleotide position 376, except that there is a uridine residue at each position at which a thymidine residue occurs in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 21, the reverse complement of the RNA segment or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 21 from about nucleotide position 376 to at least about nucleotide position 24, with appropriately placed uridines instead of thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were plated on the CRW bioassay diet as described above and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 18 exhibited significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A 40 kDa V-ATPase homologous sequence
Energy metabolism within subcellular organelles in eukaryotic systems is an essential function. Vacuolar ATP synthetases are involved in maintaining sufficient levels of ATP within the vacuoles. Thus, vacuolar ATP synthetases may be useful targets for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition.
The nucleotide sequence encoding the protein that showed similarity to the 40 kDa V-ATPase was derived from CRW. The translated amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32 showed homology to an amino acid sequence of the 40 kDa V-ATPase subunit from Manduca sexta (GenBank N<sup>yes</sup> Access X98825). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>yes</sup>: 33 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 34 correspond, respectively, to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or a derived cDNA of said CRW groups. The sequence of said amplicon should correspond to all or part of a CRW gene encoding a 40 kDa V-ATPase homologous protein. However, the nucleotide sequence of the derived amplicon, using CRW genomic DNA as a template, was inconsistent with the reported cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32.
The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>Q</sup>: 33 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 34 represent thermal amplification primers. Each primer contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence at nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-40 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>: 33 correspond to nucleotides 95-111 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32. Nucleotides 24-43 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 34 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32 at nucleotides 362-381. The use of the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 33 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 34 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, allowed the production of a 291 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 35. SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:35, from nucleotide 24 to nucleotide 268, was only about 50% homologous to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32 based on Martinez/Needleman-Wunsch DNA alignment. The amplicon sequence derived with the thermal amplification primer pair was inconsistent with the reported sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32. Preferably, an amplicon is produced using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNA derived from such a pool.
An amplicon was produced that presented the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32 between about nucleotide position 95 and about nucleotide position 381, was cloned into a plasmid vector, and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA was recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from the promoters Convergent T7 included at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA was produced and a sample thereof was subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 32 between about nucleotide position 95 and at least about nucleotide position 381, except that there was a uridine residue at each position at which a thymidine residue occurs in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32, and an RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32 between about nucleotide position 381 and at least about nucleotide position 95, with appropriately positioned uridines instead of thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae feeding on the diet containing dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 32 had significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• · An EF1a homologous sequence
Transcription elongation and transcription termination factors are essential for metabolism and may be advantageous targets for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition.
At least two CRW cDNA sequences were identified for use in the present invention, which are putatively encoding elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1 a) homologues.
The amino acid sequence translation of a CRW singleton cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:36 showed homology to a Drosophila melanogaster EF-1 -alpha amino acid sequence (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access X06870). Other sequences that would encode EF1a homologous proteins were also identified from the CRW intestine cDNA library. These sequences were aligned to produce the UNIGENE sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:40, which putatively encodes an EF1α homologous protein referred to herein as 48D. Several of the sequences comprised in this singleton would encode amino acid sequences that exhibit homology to various EF1a homologous protein sequences including, but not limited to, an EF1a from Bombyx mori (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Accession D13338), an EF1a of the Alternia species (GenBank N<sup>yes</sup> Access X03704), an EF1a from Spragueia leo (GenBank No.<sup>yes</sup> Access U85680), an EF1a from Apis mellifera (GenBank No.<sup>yes</sup> Access AF015267), an EF1a Anisakis simplex (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Access AJ250539), an EF1a of Papapipema species (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Access AF151628), an EF1a of Ephedrus persicae (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Accession Z83663), an EF1a from Papilio garamas (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Access AF044833), an EF1a from Alysia lucicola (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Accession Z83667), an EF1a of the Bracon species (GenBank No.<sup>9 </sup>Accession Z83669), an EF1a of Histeromerus mystacinus (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Access Z83666) and an EF1a of Caenorhabditis elegans (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access U41534).
A CRW cDNA sequence that would encode a part of an EF1a homologue is referred to herein as the B2 sequence and is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 36. SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 37 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 38 respectively correspond to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (i.e., a pair of primers, with reference to the corresponding reverse complement sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 36) for use in the production of an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from a cDNA derived from such mRNA pools. The sequence of said amplicon should correspond to all or a part of a CRW gene encoding an EF1a homologous protein. However, the nucleotide sequence of the amplicon derived when CRW genomic DNA was used as a template was inconsistent with the reported cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>: 36.
The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 37 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 38 represent thermal amplification primer sequences. Each primer contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-44 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 37 correspond to nucleotides 8-29 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 36. Nucleotides 24-42 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 38 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 36 at nucleotides 310-328. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 37 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 38 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 933 base pair amplicon was obtained comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 39. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 39 was inconsistent with the nucleotide sequence from nucleotide position 8 to nucleotide position 328 in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 36. Preferably, the amplicon is produced using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNA derived from such a pool, such as, for example, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:36.
An amplicon was obtained that presented the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 36 from about nucleotide position 8 to about nucleotide position 328 using CRW mRNA pools or cDNA prepared from such pools, and cloned into a plasmid vector. A sufficient amount of plasmid DNA was recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA was obtained and a sample thereof was subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 36 between about nucleotide position 8 and at least about nucleotide position 328 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 36, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 36 between about nucleotide position 328 and at least about nucleotide position 8, with appropriately placed uridines instead of thymidines. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sample was treated with either DICER or RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were distributed on the CRW bioassay diet as described above and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 36 had significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
The sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 40 was used to design a primer pair for use in amplifying a CRW genomic DNA sequence encoding the EF1a 48D homolog protein sequence. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>yes</sup>: 41 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 42 correspond respectively to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (ie, one primer pair). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 41 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 42 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-41 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 41 correspond to nucleotides 61-79 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:40. Nucleotides 24-45 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:42 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 40 at nucleotides 562-583. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 41 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 42 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, allowed to obtain a 569 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 43, corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding protein that exhibits substantial identity with the EF1a protein also present in Drosophila melanogaster. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 43 from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 546 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 40 at about nucleotides 61-583. No sequence differences were observed between the genomic sequence of the amplicon and the corresponding sequence in the cDNA sequence.
The amplicon that presents the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:43 was cloned into a plasmid vector, and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA was recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA was obtained and a sample thereof was subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 43 between about nucleotide position 24 and at least about nucleotide position 546 except that there was a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurred, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 43, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, was substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 43 from about nucleotide position 546 and at least about nucleotide position 24, with uridines appropriately placed instead of thymidines. A sample of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNAs (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 43 had significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• · A sequence homologous to the p28 subunit of the 26S proteasome
The 26S proteasome is a large, ATP-dependent, multi-subunit protease that is highly conserved in all eukaryotes. It has a general role in the selective removal of several short-lived proteins that first bind covalently to ubiquitin and are then degraded by the 26S proteasome complex. The ubiquitin pathway plays an important role in the control of the cell cycle by the specific degradation of numerous regulatory proteins, including mitotic cyclins and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases such as p27 from mammalian cells. Therefore, suppression of the synthesis of the 26S proteasome and suppression of the synthesis of its component subunits may constitute preferred targets for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition. (Smith et al., Plant Phys. 1997, 113:281-291).
A cDNA sequence derived from a CRW gut library was identified as partially homologous to the amino acid sequence of the 26S proteasome subunit and used in the present invention. The SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>:44 corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence of the CRW intestine cDNA. The translation into the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:44 showed homology with the p28 subunit protein of the 26S proteasome (GenBank N<sup>2</sup> Access AB009619). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>2</sup>: 45 and SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>: 46 correspond respectively to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, and from CRW mRNA pools. cDNA produced from such pools. An amplicon produced in this manner should have a sequence encoding all or part of a CRW gene encoding a homologue of the 26S proteasome subunit protein. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>2</sup>: 45 and SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>: 46 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence at nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-46 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 45 correspond to nucleotides 130-152 of SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 34. Nucleotides 24-41 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 46 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 44 at nucleotides 423-440. The use of the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 44 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 46 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, allowed to obtain a 1113 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:47. The sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:47 did not match the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:44 and was therefore inconsistent with the reported cDNA sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 44. It is preferred to produce an amplicon using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNA derived from such a pool.
An amplicon with a sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N was obtained.<sup>9</sup>: 44 from about nucleotide 130 to about nucleotide 440, cloned into a plasmid vector and recovered sufficient plasmid DNA to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters included in either from the ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA was produced and a sample thereof was subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 44 from about nucleotide position 130 to at least about nucleotide position 440 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 44, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 44 between about nucleotide position 440 and at least about nucleotide position 110, with appropriately placed uridines instead of thymidines. A sample of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNAs (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA were plated on the Bioassay CRW Diet as described above and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:44 had significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• · A sequence homologous to the epoxide hydrolase of juvenile hormone
Insect juvenile hormone controls and regulates a variety of biological processes necessary within the insect life cycle including, but not necessarily limited to, metamorphosis, reproduction, and diapause. Peak concentrations of juvenile hormone (JH) are required, at the appropriate time, in the hemolymph of the larval form of an insect pest, particularly Lepidopteran and Coleopteran larvae, and must then be broken down in order to terminate the effects of the hormonal response. Enzymes involved in lowering juvenile hormone concentration are effective through two primary pathways of metabolic degradation. One pathway involves a juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), which hydrolyzes the methyl ester to provide the corresponding acid. The second pathway uses juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) to achieve hydrolysis of the epoxide, resulting in the formation of the diol. The contribution of JHE in JH degradation is well elucidated and has been found to not vary between Lepidopteran and Coleopteran species. Inhibition of JH esterase has been associated with severe morphological changes including, but not limited to, larval wandering, delayed pupation, and development of intermediate malformations. In contrast, the contribution of JHEH to JH metabolism is less understood and has been shown to vary between species, although recent studies point to suggest that JHEH may be the primary route of JH metabolism (Brandon J. Fetterolf, PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University (February 10, 2002) Synthesis and Analysis of Mechanism Based Ir/hibitors of Juvenile Hormone Epoxide Hydrolase from Insect Trichoplusia ni). In either case, disruption of the degradation of any JH pathways using gene knockout technology could constitute an effective target for double-stranded RNA-mediated pest inhibition.
The CRW-derived homologous sequence of an insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase was identified for use in the present invention. The SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:48 corresponds substantially to a CRW intestine cDNA nucleotide sequence. The translation into the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:48 presupposes homology to a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) in Manduca Sexta (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access U46682). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 49 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 50 respectively correspond to forward and reverse amplification primers (i.e., a pair of primers) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or a cDNA derived from such pools from CRW. The sequence of said amplicon should correspond to all or part of a CRW gene encoding a JHEH homologous protein. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 49 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 50 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence at nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 49 correspond to nucleotides 7-26 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 48. Nucleotides 24-44 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 50 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 48 at nucleotides 360-380. The use of the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 49 and SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>: 50 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, allowed to obtain a 95 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 52. The amplicon sequence did not correspond to the cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>: 48. Preferably, an amplicon is obtained using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNA derived from such a pool as the template nucleotide sequence in the amplification reaction.
The amplicon that presents the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:48 is cloned into a plasmid vector, and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is obtained and a sample thereof is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 48 from about nucleotide position 7 and at least about nucleotide position 380 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:48, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 48 from about nucleotide position 380 to at least about nucleotide position 7, with uridines appropriately placed instead of thymidines. A sample of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with either DICER or RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:48 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• · A sequence homologous to the swelling-dependent chloride channel protein
Swelling-dependent chloride channel proteins have been proposed to play a critical role in osmotic regulation in eukaryotic animal cell systems. Therefore, a nucleotide sequence capable of expressing an amino acid sequence that was homologous to previously identified swelling-dependent chloride channel proteins may be useful as a target for RNA inhibition in a pest.
A swelling-dependent chloride channel (SDCC) homologous amino acid sequence was deduced from a CRW cDNA library and used in the present invention. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>: 53 corresponds substantially to a CRW intestine cDNA nucleotide sequence. It was determined that the translation in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 53 was homologous to an SDCC protein in the zebrafish Danio rerio (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access Y08484). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 54 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 55SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>: 55 respectively correspond to the forward and reverse thermal amplification primers (i.e., a pair of primers) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or from CRW mRNA pools. a cDNA derived from said pools. The sequence of said amplicon should correspond to all or part of a CRW gene encoding an SDCC homologous protein. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 54 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 55 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence from nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-43 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 54 correspond to nucleotides 78-97 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 53. Nucleotides 24-41 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 55 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 53 at nucleotides 332-349. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 54 and the SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 55 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, allowed to obtain a 318 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 56, corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits substantial identity to an SDCC protein. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 56 from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 295 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 53 at nucleotides 78-349.
The amplicon that presents a sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:56 is cloned into a plasmid vector, and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is obtained and a sample thereof is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 56 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 295 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 56, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 56 from about nucleotide position 295 to at least about nucleotide position 24, with the uridines appropriately placed instead of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 56 show significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• · A sequence homologous to the protein glucose-6-phosphate 1 -dehydrogenase
The protein glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyzes the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate by concomitantly reducing the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to NADPH. NADPH is known in the art as a necessary cofactor in many biosynthesis reactions in eukaryotes and is known to maintain glutathione in its reduced form. Reduced glutathione acts as a sequestering agent for deleterious oxidative metabolites in eukaryotic cells, and with the assistance of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, converts deleterious hydrogen peroxide to water (Beutler et al., 1991, N. Engl. J. Med 324:169-174). Thus, G6PD may be a preferred target for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition of an invertebrate pest.
A homologous amino acid sequence of glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase protein (G6PD) was deduced from a CRW cDNA library and used in the present invention. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>: 57 corresponds substantially to a CRW intestine cDNA nucleotide sequence. It was determined that the translation in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 57 exhibits homology to a G6PD protein in a species of actinopterygian fish (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access U72484). The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 58 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>: 59 correspond, respectively, to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (ie, a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or a from a cDNA derived from said pools. The sequence of said amplicon would presumably correspond to all or part of a CRW gene encoding a G6PD homologous protein. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 58 and SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>: 59 each contain a T7 promoter sequence of 23 nucleotides from nucleotide positions
1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-46 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 58 correspond to nucleotides 113-136 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 57. Nucleotides 24-45 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 59 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 57 at nucleotides 373-394. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 58 and SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 59 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, allowed to obtain a 328 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 60, corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting homology to a G6PD protein. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 60 from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 305 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 57 at nucleotides 113-394.
An amplicon with the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N was cloned.<sup>g</sup>: 60 into a plasmid vector, and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. A double-stranded RNA is obtained and a sample thereof is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 60 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 305 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 60, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>: 60 from about nucleotide position 305 to at least about nucleotide position 24, with uridines appropriately placed instead of thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae feeding on the diet containing dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 60 show significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• · A homologous sequence of the Act42A protein
Actin is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein in eukaryotes necessary for cell movement and motility (Lovato et al., 2001, Insect Mol. Biol. 20: 333-340). Numerous CRW cDNA sequences were identified that are likely to encode actin or proteins that have an amino acid sequence structure related to actin proteins. Therefore, genes encoding actin homologues in pest cells may be useful targets for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition.
A UNIGENE pool identified in a corn rootworm intestine cDNA library (Pool 1561) consisted of several singleton EST sequences each of which would putatively encode all or a portion of actin homologous proteins. The alignment of these singletons in the group, allowed to derive the consensus sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 61 that would code for an actin homologous protein. Actin homologous protein sequences in the annotated group included, by way of example, fragments of actin 3 from Drosophila melanogaster, an actin A3a from cytoplasm of Helicoverpa armigera (GenBank N<sup>9</sup> Access X97614), an actin from Drosophila melanogaster (GenBank No.<sup>9</sup> Access X06383), a messenger RNA sequence of an actin from the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii and an actin from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (GenBank N<sup>9 </sup>Access X05739).
The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 62 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 63 correspond, respectively, to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers (i.e., a primer pair) for use in producing an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from a cDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of said amplicon should correspond to all or part of a CRW gene encoding an actin homologous protein. The SEQ ID Nos.<sup>9</sup>: 62 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 63 each contain a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence at nucleotide positions 1-23 respectively. Nucleotides 24-45 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 62 correspond to nucleotides 14-35 of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 61. Nucleotides 24-45 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 63 correspond to the reverse complement of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>: 61 at nucleotides 449-470. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 62 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 63 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, allowed to obtain a 503 base pair amplicon comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 64, corresponding substantially to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein exhibiting homology to an actin protein. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 64 from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 480 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 61 at nucleotides 14-470.
An amplicon was cloned that presented the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 64 into a plasmid vector and a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA was recovered to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters included at either end of the cloned amplicon. A double-stranded RNA was obtained and a sample thereof was subjected to a bioassay; a segment of RNA, strand oriented in the reading frame, consisting of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 64 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 480 except that there is a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue occurs in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 64, and the RNA segment of the reverse complement, or antisense strand, being substantially the reverse complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>: 64 from about nucleotide position 480 to at least about nucleotide position 24, with the uridines appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was treated with DICER or with RNAse III to produce a sufficient amount of small interfering RNAs (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are plated on the bioassay CRW diet as described above and the larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that fed on the diet containing the dsRNA corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>: 64 shows significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A sequence homologous to ADP ribosylation factor 1
Ribosylation factors have been shown to be essential in cell function because they play integral roles in the DNA damage repair process, in carcinogenesis, in cell death, and in genomic stability. Thus, it would be useful to possess the ability to selectively disrupt the transcription of ADP-ribosylation factors in invertebrate pest species using double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition.
A number of CRW cDNA sequences were identified that are predicted to encode amino acid sequences that exhibit homology to proteins that are ADP ribosylation factors. One particular UNIGENE cluster (Cluster 88_1) was composed of about thirty (30) single EST units that were each predicted to encode all or part of an actin-homologous protein. After alignment of these units in the pool, the consensus sequence shown in SEQ ID N was derived.<sup>2</sup>:65. Amino acid sequence translation of the unique CRW cDNA sequence comprising this cluster predicted an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to ADP-ribosylation factor homologues. The ADP-ribosylation factor protein sequences exhibited significant homology to the deduced amino acid sequence of the ORF (open reading frame) found within SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:65 included, but were not limited to, a Drosophila melanogaster ADP-ribosylation factor (GenBank, Ν<sup>θ</sup> Access. Y10618), a Drosophila obscura ADP-ribosylation factor (GenBank, N.<sup>9</sup> Access. AF025798), an ADP-ribosylation factor from Anopheles gambiae (GenBank, N.<sup>9</sup> Access. L11617), and an ADP-ribosylation factor from an Australian sheep meat blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) (GenBank, N<sup>9</sup> Access. AF218587).
The sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:66 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:67 correspond to the forward and reverse amplification primers, respectively (ie, a primer pair) that are used to produce an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from cDNA sequences. derived from these groups. The sequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or part of a CRW gene encoding a protein homologous to ADP-ribosylation factor. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:66 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:67 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-42, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:66, correspond to nucleotides 70-88, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:65. Nucleotides 24-40, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:67, correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:65 from nucleotides 352-368. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:66 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:67 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, a 345 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:68, which substantially corresponds to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits homology to another protein, which is ADP-ribosylation factor. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:68, from about nucleotide 24 to about 322, corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:65 from nucleotides 70-368.
By cloning an amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:68 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:68 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 322, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:68, and the complementary segment of the RNA, or non-coding strand, is substantially the complementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:68, from around nucleotide position 322 to around nucleotide position 24, with the uridines being appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Samples containing 0.15 parts per million siRNA or dsRNA are overlaid in the CRW diet bioassays as described above, and the larvae are allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:68 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A sequence homologous to the Transcription Factor IIB protein.
Transcription elongation and transcription termination factors are, as noted above, essential for metabolism and may be advantageous targets in double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition to control or eliminate invertebrate pest infestation.
A CRW cDNA sequence was identified which was predicted to encode an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a protein that is a transcription factor IIB. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:69 served as the basis for the construction of a primer pair for use in amplifying a sequence found within the CRW genome and encoding the mRNA that formed the basis for this cDNA sequence.
The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:70 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:71 correspond to the forward and reverse thermal amplification primers respectively (ie, a primer pair) to be used in the production of an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or a from cDNA derived from said pools. The sequence of said amplicon must correspond to all or part of a CRW gene that codes for a protein homologous to the IIB transcription factor. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:70 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:71 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-44, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:70, correspond to nucleotides 4-24, which are shown in the
SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:69. Nucleotides 24-44, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:71, correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>:69, starting at nucleotides 409-429. Using the primer pair consisting of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:70 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:71, in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, a 472 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:72, and substantially corresponding to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits homology to a protein that is a transcription factor IIB. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:72, from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 449 corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N®:69 from nucleotides 4-429.
By cloning an amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:72 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:72, from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 449, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>:72, and the complementary segment of the RNA (or the non-coding strand), is substantially the complementary sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>:72, from around nucleotide position 449 to around nucleotide position 24, with the uridines being appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as described above, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:72 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• Sequences homologous to Chitinase
Chitin is a β(1—> 4) homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine and is found in the exoskeletons of insects. Chitin is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in a reaction catalyzed by chitin synthetase. Chitin is a structural homopolymeric polysaccharide, and there are many enzymatic steps involved in the construction of this highly branched, cross-linked structure. Chitin gives insects shape, rigidity, and support and provides them with the scaffolding to which internal organs, such as muscles, are attached. Chitin must in turn be degraded to some extent to mediate the steps involved in the insect molting process. Therefore, it is believed that double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition of the proteins in these pathways would be useful as a means of controlling invertebrate pest infestation.
Amino acid sequence information was identified from the translation of sequences from a cDNA library produced from corn rootworm midgut, which exhibited homology to proteins with chitinase activity. A consensus sequence for chitinase was generated (UNIGENE Pool No. 716_1; SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:73) from the alignment of two unique EST sequences. A second consensus sequence for chitinase was generated (UNIGENE Pool No. 1238_1; SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:77) from the alignment of four unique sequences. The translation amino acid sequences derived from the ORFs that lie within these UNIGENE were annotated to the chitinase amino acid sequence (GenBank, N<sup>9</sup> Access. Y18011) of a mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae). The SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>:73 and SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:77 served as the basis for the construction of primer pairs to be used in the amplification of two sequences found within the CRW genome, in CRW mRNA pools, or in cDNA sequences derived from said mRNA pools. The nucleotide sequence of said amplicons should correspond to all or part of a gene encoding a chitinase-homologous protein.
The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:74 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:75 correspond to the forward and reverse thermal amplification primers respectively (ie, a primer pair) to be used in the production of an amplicon from nucleotide sequences derived from a corn rootworm. The sequence of said amplicon must correspond to all or part of a CRW gene shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:73 encoding a protein homologous to chitinase. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:74 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:75 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:74 correspond to nucleotides 1-19 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:73. Nucleotides 24-47 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:75 correspond to the complementary sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>B.</sup>:73, starting at nucleotides 470-493. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:74 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:75 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, a 472 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:76, which substantially corresponds to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits homology to another protein with chitinase activity. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:76 from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 516 corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:76, from nucleotides 1-493.
By cloning an amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:76 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:76, from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 516, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:76, and the complementary segment of the RNA (or the non-coding strand), is substantially the complementary sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:76, from about nucleotide position 516 to about nucleotide position 24, with the uridines being appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as described above, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:76 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
The sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:78 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:79 correspond to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers, respectively (ie, a primer pair) that are used to produce an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, CRW mRNA pools, or from CRW sequences. cDNA derived from such pools. The sequence of such an amplicon should correspond to all or part of the CRW gene shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77 encoding a protein homologous to chitinase. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:78 and SEQ ID
No.<sup>yes</sup>:79 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-44 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:78 correspond to nucleotides 64-84 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77. Nucleotides 24-44 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:79 correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77, from nucleotides 779-799. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:78 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:79 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 912 base pair amplicon was produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:80. A sequence alignment of the cDNA shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77 and of the amplicon sequence, revealed that there was a substantial dissimilarity between the two sequences, resulting in a sequence identity of only about 32%. It is preferable to produce an amplicon using primer pairs such as those of this type, shown in SEQ ID N.<sup>9</sup>: 78 and 79, and as a template, mRNA or cDNA, in order to avoid such inconsistencies.
By cloning an amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77 from about nucleotide position 64 to at least about nucleotide position 799, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:77, and the complementary segment of the RNA (or the non-coding strand), is substantially the complementary sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:77, from about nucleotide position 799 to about nucleotide position 64, with the uridines being appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as described above, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:77 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A sequence homologous to an enzyme that conjugates ubiquitin
The ubiquitin pathway plays an important role in the control of the cell cycle through the specific degradation of a number of regulatory proteins including mitotic cyclins and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases such as p27 from mammalian cells. Therefore, genes encoding ubiquitin and associated components may be a preferred target for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition. (Smith et al., Plant Phys. 1997, 113:281291). The ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway is one of the major routes by which intracellular proteins are selectively destroyed in eukaryotes. The conjugation of ubiquitin to substrate proteins is mediated by a markedly diverse collection of enzymes. The process of proteolytic targeting of a protein may also be regulated in the steps that occur between ubiquitination of the substrate and its degradation to peptides by the 26S multisubunit protease. The complexity of the ubiquitin system suggests a central role for protein turnover in the regulation of eukaryotic cells, and implicates other proteins in the pathway, including ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme , to ubiquitin protein ligase, and to component subunits of the 26S proteasome. Therefore, it is believed that double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition of proteins in this pathway would be useful as a means of controlling invertebrate pest infestation.
A CRW cDNA sequence was identified which was predicted to encode an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The SEQ ID No.<sup>and</sup>:81 served as the basis for the construction of a pair of primers for use in the production of an amplicon comprising all or a portion of a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme from corn rootworm.
The SEQ ID No.<sup>g</sup>:82 and SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:83 correspond to the forward and reverse genomic amplification primers respectively (ie, a primer pair) to be used in the production of an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or a from cDNA derived from said mRNA pools. The sequence of said amplicon must correspond to all or part of a CRW gene that codes for a protein homologous to the enzyme that conjugates ubiquitin. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:82 and SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:83 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-42 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:82 correspond to nucleotides 16-34 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:81. Nucleotides 24-42 shown in the
SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:83 correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N-:81 from nucleotides 295-313. Using the primer pair consisting of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:82 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:83 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as template, a 344 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:84, which substantially corresponds to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits homology to a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:84 from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 321 corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:81 from nucleotides 16-313.
By cloning an amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:84 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:84 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 253, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:84, and the complementary segment of the RNA, or non-coding strand, is substantially the complementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:84, from about at least nucleotide position 253 to about nucleotide position 24, the uridines being appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as described above, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. The CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:84 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A sequence homologous to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase • The glycolytic pathway is an essential pathway in most organisms and is involved in the production of metabolic energy from glucose breakdown. An important enzyme in the second step of the glycolytic pathway is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), which, in the presence of NAD<sup>+</sup> and inorganic phosphate, it catalyzes the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate along with the formation of NADH. The important event of this reaction is the storage of energy through the formation of NADH. Genes encoding enzymes associated with the glycolytic pathway, and particularly genes encoding enzymes involved in steps useful for the formation of energy stores, may be particularly advantageous targets for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition in pests consisting of invertebrate species.
A sequence was identified from a CRW cDNA library predicted to encode an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a protein of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity. The consensus sequence for the pool shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:85 was assembled from the overlapping sequences of three unique EST sequences. The translation of the amino acid sequence of an ORF found within the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:85 exhibited homology to the amino acid sequence of G3PDH derived from a Crytococcus curvatus G3PDH gene (GenBank, N.<sup>9</sup> Access. AF126158) and with the amino acid sequence of the G3PDH protein from the organism Drosophila pseudoobscura (GenBank, N<sup>9 </sup>Access. AF025809). Therefore, the translation of the amino acid sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:85 is a part of a CRW protein with G3PDH enzyme activity. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:85 served as the basis for the construction of a thermal amplification primer pair for use in amplifying a sequence encoding the CRW G3PDH enzyme sequence.
The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:86 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:87 correspond to the primers for the forward and reverse thermal amplification respectively (that is, a pair of primers) to be used in the production of an amplicon from the nucleotide sequences of the CRW, either genomic DNA, mRNA pools, or from cDNA sequences derived from said mRNA pools. The sequence of said amplicon must correspond to all or part of a CRW gene that codes for a protein homologous to G3PDH. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:86 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:87 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-45 shown in SEQ ID N-:86, correspond to nucleotides 103-124 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:85. Nucleotides 24-45 shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:87, correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:85, starting at nucleotides 573-594. Using the primer pair consisting of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:86 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:87 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 538 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:88, which substantially corresponds to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits homology to a G3PDH-conjugating enzyme. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N-:88, from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 515 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:85 from nucleotides 103-594.
By cloning an amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:88 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:88 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 515, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:88, and the complementary segment of the RNA, or non-coding strand, is substantially the complementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:88, from about nucleotide position 515 to about nucleotide position 24, with the uridines being appropriately placed in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as described above, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. The CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:88 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A sequence homologous to ubiquitin B
As previously described, the ubiquitin pathway for protein degradation plays an important role in cell cycle control by specifically degrading a number of regulatory proteins including mitotic cyclins and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases such as for example the p27 of mammalian cells. Therefore, genes encoding ubiquitin and associated components may be preferred targets for double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition. (Smith et al., Plant Phys. 1997, 113:281-291).
A sequence was identified from a CRW cDNA library predicted to encode an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to a protein designated herein as ubiquitin B. The consensus sequence for the UNIGENE cluster shown in SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:89 was assembled from the overlapping sequences of four unique EST sequences. The translation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:89 exhibited homology to a polyubiquitin amino acid sequence from Amoeba proteus (GenBank, N<sup>9</sup> Access. AF034789) and with the Drosophila melanogaster ubiquitin protein sequence (GenBank, N.<sup>9</sup> Access. M22428). Therefore, it was thought that the translation of the amino acid sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:89 encodes a B ubiquitin. SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:89 served as the basis for the construction of a pair of primers to be used in a thermal amplification reaction to amplify a nucleotide sequence encoding all or part of the corn rootworm ubiquitin B amino acid sequence.
The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:90 and the SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:91 correspond to the forward and reverse thermal amplification primers respectively (i.e., a pair of primers) to be used in the production of an amplicon from the CRW-derived nucleotide sequences, either genomic DNA, mRNA pools , or cDNA sequences derived from such mRNA pools. The sequence of said amplicon must correspond to all or part of a CRW gene that codes for a protein homologous to ubiquitin B. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:90 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:91 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-40, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:90, correspond to nucleotides 62-78, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:89. Nucleotides 24-47, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:91, correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:89, starting at nucleotides 399-422. Using the primer pair consisting of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:90 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:91 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 407 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:92, which substantially corresponds to a part of the CRW genome encoding a protein that exhibits homology to a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:92, from about nucleotide 24 to about nucleotide 384 corresponds substantially to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:89 from nucleotides 62-422.
By cloning the amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:92 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:92 from about nucleotide position 24 to at least about nucleotide position 384, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:92, and the complementary segment of the RNA, or non-coding strand, is substantially the complementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:92, from about nucleotide position 384 to at least about nucleotide position 24, with the uridines being appropriately located in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as described above, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. The CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:92 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
• A homologue of juvenile hormone esterase
As indicated above, insect juvenile hormone (JH) controls and regulates a variety of biological processes necessary within the insect life cycle including but not necessarily limited to metamorphosis, reproduction, and diapause. Interruption of HJ synthesis or degradation pathways, using gene suppression technology, could be an effective target for double-stranded RNA-mediated pest inhibition.
A CRW-derived sequence homologous to that of juvenile hormone esterase was identified for use in the present invention. The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:93 substantially corresponds to the nucleotide sequence of a CRW midgut cDNA. The translation of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:93 predicted homology with juvenile hormone esterase (HJE). The SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:94 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:95 correspond to the thermal, forward and reverse amplification primers respectively (i.e., a pair of primers) to be used in the production of an amplicon from CRW genomic DNA, from CRW mRNA pools, or from CRW mRNA pools. CRW cDNA sequences derived from said mRNA pools. The sequence of said amplicon must correspond to all or part of a CRW gene that codes for a protein homologous to HJE. Each of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:94 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:95 contains a 23 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence located from nucleotide positions 1-23, respectively. Nucleotides 24-45, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:94, correspond to nucleotides 58-79, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:93. Nucleotides 24-46, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:95, correspond to the complementary sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N°:93, from nucleotides 338-360. Using the primer pair consisting of the sequences SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:94 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:95 in an amplification reaction with CRW genomic DNA as a template, a 348 base pair amplicon is produced comprising the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:96. It is preferable to produce an amplicon using a CRW mRNA pool or a cDNA derived from such a pool as a nucleotide sequence template in the amplification reaction.
By cloning the amplicon that exhibited the sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:96 into a plasmid vector, a sufficient amount of plasmid DNA is recovered to allow in vitro transcription of T7 RNA polymerase from the convergent T7 promoters located at both ends of the cloned amplicon. Double-stranded RNA is produced and a sample is subjected to a bioassay; a segment of the RNA, the coding strand, consists of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:96 from about nucleotide position 45 to at least about nucleotide position 302, except for the presence of a uridine residue at each position where a thymidine residue is shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:96, and the complementary segment of the RNA, or non-coding strand, is substantially the complementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:96, from about nucleotide position 302 to at least about nucleotide position 45, with the uridines being appropriately located in place of the thymidines. A sample of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is treated with DICER or RNase III to produce sufficient amounts of small interfering RNA (siRNA). The CRW diet bioassays were overlaid with the samples containing siRNA or dsRNA at 0.15 parts per million, as previously described, and the larvae were allowed to feed for 13 days. The CRW larvae that are fed with the diet containing the dsRNAs corresponding to all or part of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:96 exhibit significant growth inhibition and mortality compared to controls.
Ten of the double-stranded RNA molecules were tested in a bioassay in parallel with small interfering RNAs generated from the double-stranded RNA molecules. Double-stranded RNA sequence samples or interfering small RNA samples prepared from the double-stranded RNA sequence samples were applied, each corresponding to annotated amino acid sequences for homologous genes of the selected target genes that include a homolog of the 40 kDa V-ATPase, an EF-1-alpha homolog, a p28 subunit homolog of the 26S proteasome, a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homolog, a CHD3 homolog, one beta-tubulin homolog, two chitinase homologs, one transcription factor IIB homolog, and one juvenile hormone esterase homolog (corresponding respectively to sequences SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:35, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:39, SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:47, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:52, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:7, SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:21, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:76, SEQ ID N-:80, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:72, and SEQ ID N-:96) to the insect diet at a concentration of about ten parts per million (30 microliters of a solution containing a double-stranded RNA sample adjusted to an appropriate concentration was added to the microtiter plate wells containing 200 microliters of insect diet per well). A total of eighteen wells were used for each sample. A single first instar larva was added to each well after the RNA samples had disseminated in the diet. Bioassays were incubated as above for approximately 13 days and monitored daily for morbidity and mortality. A crystalline insecticidal protein, amino acid sequence variant, Cry3Bb1, was used which was designated as an insecticidal protein 11231 in English et al. (US Patent No. 6,642,030), as a positive control to observe specific insecticidal bioactivity for rootworm blight. Cry3Bb was applied to the diet as shown in English et al., except that the concentration of Cry3Bb in the diet was adjusted to be around 200-300 parts per million. A separate control sample that was treated with either buffer or water alone was also included. One double-stranded RNA control sample and one interfering small RNA control sample produced from the double-stranded RNA control samples were also included as additional negative controls (MEGAscript® ¡RNA Element Set, AMBION, Austin, Texas).
Initial evaluation using double-stranded RNA molecules derived from these ten sequences indicated that larvae allowed to feed on a diet containing double-stranded RNA corresponding to a 40 kDa V-ATPase homologue (SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:35), to a CHD3 homologue (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:7), and to a beta-tubulin homologue (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:31), exhibited significant mortality compared to controls. Based on these results, additional bioassays were carried out to assess whether interfering, small, double-stranded RNA particles would be more effective than full-length double-stranded RNA molecules.
• A sequence homologous to alpha tubulin
Eukaryotic cells generally use the structural elements of the cytoskeleton that are important, not only as a mechanical scaffold, but also as sustaining the shape of the cell. Microfilaments, which are semi-flexible, give the cell mobility, help it divide during mitosis (cytokinesis) and, in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, are responsible for muscle contraction. Microtubules, which are relatively rigid and are made of alpha and beta tubulin proteins, play an important role in acting as a kind of highway for the transport of vesicles and organelles, and in the separation of chromosomes during mitosis (karyokinesis). Intermediate filaments, which are flexible, provide at least one additional strength to the overall cell structure. The cytoskeleton is also known to be involved in signaling through the cell cytoplasm. Taking these functions into account, it is believed that any disruption of the cytoskeleton or even slight changes in its integrity can cause pathological consequences to a cell.
At least one sequence was identified from a CRW cDNA library predicted to encode an amino acid sequence exhibiting homology to the protein designated herein as alpha tubulin, and more specifically referred to herein as SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:163 as provided in the sequence listing. The translation of the amino acid sequence of the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>:163 encoded an alpha tubulin protein or a fragment thereof. The SEQ ID No.<sup>5</sup>:163 served as the basis for the construction of a sequence that was predicted to form a double-stranded RNA when expressed in E. coli from a T7 promoter or in a plant from a functional plant promoter. A sequence that serves as the basis for a sequence encoding such a double-stranded RNA is SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>:97 that is shown in the list of sequences from nucleotide position 58 to nucleotide position 1010. This sequence can be expressed as an RNA molecule, to later be purified and evaluated in in vitro feeding assays, with the purpose of determine the inhibition of the corn rootworm.
A promoter for T7 RNA polymerase was introduced upstream of a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:97 from nucleotide position 58 to nucleotide position 1010, and RNA was produced from this construct (plC17527). RNA of this type was tested in triplicate in an in vitro feeding assay against corn rootworms, against a beta tubulin positive control (described herein above), 200 ppm Cry3Bb, and a no treatment control. , and mean mortality was determined. The untreated control samples exhibited less than about 3-5% mortality while all other test samples exhibited about 20 to about 55% mortality. Cry3Bb samples exhibited from about 20 to about 36% mortality, while plC17527 samples (at 15 ppm) exhibited from about 38 to about 45% mortality. Samples of D8 (beta tubulin as shown herein, above), also at about 15 ppm, exhibited from about 38 to about 52% mortality. Based on these results, the alpha tubulin construct was placed under the control of a functional plant promoter, used to transform maize plants, and the transformation events arising from the transformation were evaluated for their ability to resist the corn rootworm infestation.
Roots of R0 maize plants transformed with a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:97. Briefly, the sequence encoding a dsRNA construct in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:97 as previously described, was ligated at its 5' end to a sequence consisting of an e35S promoter operatively linked to a maize hsp70 intron and at the 3' end to a terminator of the NOS3' transcription and a polyadenylation sequence. This expression cassette was placed downstream of a glyphosate selection cassette. These ligated cassettes were then placed into a functional plant transformation vector, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the new vector designated pMON72829 (the alpha tubulin dsRNA construct), was used to transform maize tissue for glyphosate tolerance, and events were selected and transferred to earth. R0 plant roots were fed to western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virifera) larvae. The transgenic maize roots were grown in Petri dishes with MS0D medium containing the antibiotics and glyphosate for in vitro selection. Two WCR larvae were infested per root in each plate with a fine-tipped brush. The plates were sealed with plastic sheets to prevent the escape of the larvae. Assays were placed in a Percival incubator at 2Ί-C and 60% RH in complete darkness. The contamination and the quality of the larvae were monitored. After six days of feeding on root tissue, the larvae were transferred to a WCR diet in a 96-well plate. The larvae were allowed to feed on the diet for eight days, making the entire trial fourteen days in total. Larval mass and survival were recorded for analysis. A one-way analysis was performed on the larval mass data and Dunnett's test for statistical significance compared to LH244, an untransformed negative control. WCR larvae were significantly stunted (a = 0.05) after feeding in two events, ZM_S125922 and ZM_S125938, and compared to the growth of larvae fed on negative control plants (p<0.02). Larvae feeding on the negative control plants exhibited a mean larval mass from about 0.6 to about 0.8 mg, while larvae feeding on the transgenic roots exhibited a mean larval mass from about 0. 1 to about 0.2 mg.
Transgenic corn plants (R0) generated using pMON72829 were planted in 10-inch pots containing Metromix soil, after reaching an appropriate size. When the plants had reached the V4 growth stage, approximately 1000 Western Corn Rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica viniera) eggs were infested in the root zone. Non-transgenic maize of the same genotype at a similar growth stage was infested to serve as a negative control. Eggs were pre-incubated so that hatching occurred within 24 hours of infestation. The larvae were allowed to feed on the root system for 3 weeks. The plants were removed from the soil and washed, so that the roots could be evaluated for larval feeding. Root damage was estimated using a Node Injury Scale (ELN) to score the level of damage, where a 0 indicates no damage occurred, a 1 indicates a root nodule was pruned back to 1.5 inches. inwards, a 2 indicates that 2 nodes were pruned, while a 3 indicates that 3 nodes were pruned. Because the plants that were used for evaluation were directly removed from tissue culture after transformation and because transformation events are unique, only a single plant per event has been evaluated so far and no statistics are available. All plants in the test showed symptoms of larval feeding, indicating that a successful infestation was obtained. Negative control roots were moderately to severely damaged averaging about 1.9 on the Nodule Injury Scale. Single plants from eight different transgenic events were evaluated. Roots from three of these transgenic plants provided excellent control of larval feeding, averaging about 0.2 or less on the Nodule Injury Scale. The roots of two of the transgenic plants exhibited moderate feeding damage, and three other transgenic plants exhibited no control of larval feeding. These data indicated that the double nucleotide sequence encoding an RNA sequence that can be transformed into a dsRNA is fully capable of providing protection against rootworm pest infestation when expressed in a transgenic plant and that plant is provided in the diet of the plague of rootworms.
One explanation for the lack of observable and consistent mortality or other effects with sequences targeted for gene suppression including EFIalpha, the 26S proteasome subunit, and various other cDNA sequences could be that, for these genes, Homologs are present that are expressed within the population of genes encoding proteins that have similar functions but exhibit sufficient sequence differences that the iRNA pathway does not act to suppress the homolog using the sequences selected for suppression.
Example 2
This example illustrates significant inhibition of pest obtained by feeding an invertebrate pest a diet containing double-stranded RNA sequences derived from that pest.
Sufficient artificial diet to rear the corn rootworm larvae was prepared by applying double-stranded RNA sequence samples derived from six different rootworm cDNA sequence libraries. Corn rootworm larvae were allowed to feed on the diet for several days and were monitored for mortality, morbidity, and stunting compared to rootworms allowed to feed on the diet alone. control. The nucleotide sequences that were used in the diet were derived from the sequences shown in SEQ ID N-:35, in SEQ ID N-:39, in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:47, in SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:52, in SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:7, and in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:31, each corresponding to nucleotide sequences derived from a corn rootworm cDNA library, the deduced amino acid sequence for translation thereof corresponding respectively to proteins annotated to a V-ATPase homologue from 40 kDa, an EF1a homolog, a 26S proteasome subunit homolog, a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homolog, a CHD3 homolog, and a β-tubulin homolog.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) corresponding to these sequences were produced in the same manner as above. The siRNAs were generated by cleavage of the corresponding dsRNAs using the RNAse III enzyme, whose activity cleaves dsRNA into 12-15 bp dsRNA fragments containing 2 to 3 protruding nucleotides at the 3' end, and endings at a phosphate at the 5' end and hydroxyl at the 3' end. The siRNAs produced in this way were expected to exhibit the same properties as siRNAs that could be produced by the Dicer enzyme involved in the eukaryotic iRNA pathway.
Samples of the dsRNAs and siRNAs were spiked onto the CRW diet in the same manner as above at approximately 0.15 ppm. Twelve individual corn rootworm larvae were tested separately against each of the dsRNA or siRNA samples in the same manner as above and the results scored after 13 days.
A significant reduction in larval mass (p<0.05) was observed for larvae feeding on the diet containing 0.15 ppm dsRNA sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:35, in SEQ ID No.<sup>5</sup>:52, in SEQ ID N-:7, and in SEQ ID N-:31 compared to the untreated control (CNT). The siRNA corresponding to the sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:35, in SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:39, in SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:47, and in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:7 also provided a significant reduction in larval mass (p<0.05). However, the sample size of larvae was insufficient to establish with certainty that in cases where dsRNA or siRNA molecules resulted in the greatest decreases in larval mass compared to controls this was an undesirable result. of natural variation or was clearly the result based on double-stranded RNA-mediated inhibition of some biological function within rootworm larvae. Therefore, based on these results, the RNA sequences corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:35, to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:39, to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:7, and to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:31 were re-evaluated with a larger sample size of larvae.
• dsRNA or siRNA samples were applied to each of 72 wells for each of the four RNA sequences in the evaluation. Each well was loaded with 0.15 ppm dsRNA or siRNA as indicated above by applying a 30 microliter volume containing the RNA to the surface of the diet and allowing the sample to infuse and quench. the surface of the diet to dry out. A single larva was added to each well and incubated for thirteen days. Larval mortality and morbidity were evaluated, and the mass of surviving larvae was determined. The results of the bioassay are shown in Table 1.................................
• Table 1. Results of the Bioassays
<td>RNA</td><td>% Mortality</td><td>Mass (mg)</td><td>EE</td>
<td colspan="4">dsRNA bioassay results</td>
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:35</td><td> 62,25</td><td> 0,42</td><td> 0,12</td>
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:39</td><td> 50,5</td><td> 0,39</td><td> 0,05</td>
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>5</sup>:7</td><td> 47,67</td><td> 0,37</td><td> 0,05</td>
<td>SEQ ID#:31</td><td> 92,24</td><td> 0,27</td><td> 0,05</td>
<td>dsRNA control<sup>1</sup></td><td> 21,08</td><td> 0,58</td><td> 0,08</td>
<td>Cry3Bb<sup>2</sup></td><td> 42,08</td><td> 0,21</td><td> 0,03</td>
<td>CNT</td><td> 5,58</td><td> 1,24</td><td> 0,33</td>
siRNA bioassay results
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:35</td><td> 21,11</td><td> 0,45</td><td> 0,06</td>
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:35</td><td> 21,39</td><td> 1,31</td><td> 0,16</td>
<td>SEQ ID N-:7</td><td> 15,83</td><td> 0,73</td><td> 0,09</td>
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:31</td><td> 20,00</td><td> 0,39</td><td> 0,07</td>
<td>siRNA control<sup>1</sup></td><td> 6,52</td><td> 1,10</td><td> 0,16</td>
<td>Cry3Bb<sup>2</sup></td><td> 27,78</td><td> 0,49</td><td> 0,05</td>
<td>CNT</td><td> 9,45</td><td> 1,25</td><td> 0,18</td>
All siRNA samples were at 0.15 ppm per well.
CNT-TrisHC110 mM pH 7.5
EE - standard error
1- phage λ dsRNA, EPICENTER TECHNOLOGIES, Madison, Wisconsin in the dsRNA bioassay; MEGAscript® ¡RNA Item Set, AMBION, Austin, Texas in siRNA Bioassay • 2- Cry3Bb Variant 11231 at 300 ppm in dsRNA Bioassay, 200 ppm in siRNA Bioassay
All samples were compared with each other using Tukey's HSD method rather than against any single control. Significant larval atrophy was observed for each of the dsRNAs or siRNAs tested, as judged by the average reduction in surviving larval mass compared to the untreated control. Most importantly, the interfering small double-stranded RNA samples demonstrated an ability to cause mortality and morbidity (based on reduced larval mass) at a level that was at least as effective as the positive control sample. of Cry3Bb variant 11231. These results suggest that any double-stranded RNA molecule derived from a mRNA sequence present in corn rootworm cells could be effective, when provided to rootworms in their diet, to inhibit infestation of corn rootworms. a kind of rootworm pest plant.
Example 3
This example illustrates nucleotide sequences for expression in a plant cell, and the effect of providing such nucleotide sequences in the diet of a corn rootworm.
A CHD3 coding sequence derived from a corn rootworm cDNA library was used to construct a nucleotide sequence encoding a stabilized double-stranded RNA. A cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID N-:171 encoding a portion of an ortholog or homolog of the amino acid sequence of a CHD3 was used to construct a pair of primers for use in a thermal amplification reaction. using the genomic DNA of the corn rootworm as a template. The primer pair shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:5 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:6 allowed amplification of a double-stranded genomic amplicon, one strand of which exhibited the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:7. Three nucleotide sequence segments were produced from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:7. A first nucleotide segment (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:174) using a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:7 as a template in a thermal amplification reaction together with the thermal amplification primer pair that displayed the sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:8 and in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:9. A second nucleotide segment (SEQ ID N<sup>B.</sup>:13) using a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:7 as a template in a thermal amplification reaction together with the thermal amplification primer pair that displayed the sequences shown in SEQ ID N-:11 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:12. A third nucleotide segment (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:16) using a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:7 as a template in a thermal amplification reaction together with the pair of thermal amplification primers that displayed the sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:14 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:fifteen. The 3' end of one of the strands of the first segment is complementary to the 3' end of one of the strands of the second segment so that in a thermal amplification reaction containing both of these segments, these complementary ends anneal and allow a polymerase-mediated extension of both strands from their respective 3' ends. The 3' end of the other strand of the second segment is complementary to the 3' end of one of the strands of the third segment, so that in a thermal amplification reaction containing both of these segments, these complementary ends anneal and allow a polymerase-mediated extension of both strands from their respective 3' ends. In a thermal amplification reaction containing all three segments and their complementary sequences, that is, the first, second, and third segments, together with the thermal amplification primer sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:8 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:15, a new sequence is produced, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:17, which when placed under the control of a plant-functioning promoter, can produce an RNA nucleotide sequence substantially identical to the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:17 except for the presence of uridine residues where thymidine residues were present. This RNA nucleotide sequence can be formed into a stabilized RNA molecule by virtue of the complementarity between the third segment and the first segment, in which the portion of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:17 corresponding to the third segment from about nucleotide position 303 to about nucleotide position 473 hybridized with the portion of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:17 corresponding to the first segment from about nucleotide position 1 to about nucleotide position 171, and the first and third segments are joined by a second segment of nucleotide sequence, which in this example is represented by the portion from SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:17 corresponding to the second segment from about nucleotide position 172 to about nucleotide position 302. Expression of a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:17 in plant cells results in the synthesis of a stabilized RNA molecule. Plant cells that transcribe the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:17 in an RNA sequence can be provided in the diet of a corn rootworm. A corn rootworm that feeds on such plant cells stops feeding, is prevented from developing into an adult beetle, is prevented from feeding, dies, or suffers from any or all of these effects as a result of inhibition. of the synthesis of the protein homologous to CHD3.
The coding sequence for β-tubulin derived from a corn rootworm cDNA library was used to construct a nucleotide sequence encoding a stabilized double-stranded RNA. A cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID N was used.<sup>B.</sup>:18 encoding a portion of an ortholog or homologue of the amino acid sequence of a β-tubulin to construct a pair of primers for use in a thermal amplification reaction using corn rootworm genomic DNA as a template . The primer pair shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:19 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:20 allowed amplification of a double-stranded genomic amplicon, one strand of which exhibited the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:twenty-one. Three nucleotide sequence segments were produced from the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:twenty-one. A first nucleotide segment (SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:173) using the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:21 as a template in a thermal amplification reaction together with the pair of thermal amplification primers displaying the sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:22 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:23. A second nucleotide segment (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:27) using a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:21 as a template in a thermal amplification reaction together with the pair of thermal amplification primers displaying the sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:25 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:26. A third nucleotide segment (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:36) using a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N-:21 as a template in a thermal amplification reaction together with the thermal amplification primer pair displaying the sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:28 and in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:29. The 3' end of one of the strands of the first segment is complementary to the 3' end of one of the strands of the second segment so that in a thermal amplification reaction containing both of these segments, these complementary ends anneal and allow a polymerase-mediated extension of both strands from their respective 3' ends. The 3' end of the other strand of the second segment is complementary to the 3' end of one of the strands of the third segment, so that in a thermal amplification reaction containing both of these segments, these complementary ends anneal and allow a polymerase-mediated extension of both strands from their respective 3' ends. In a thermal amplification reaction containing all three segments and their complementary sequences, that is, the first, second, and third segments, together with the thermal amplification primer sequences shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:22 and in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:29, a new sequence is produced, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:31, which when placed under the control of a plant-functioning promoter, can produce an RNA nucleotide sequence substantially identical to the sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:31 except for the presence of uridine residues where thymidine residues were present. This RNA nucleotide sequence can be formed into a stabilized RNA molecule by virtue of the complementarity between the third segment and the first segment, in which the portion of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:31 corresponding to the third segment from about nucleotide position 358 to about nucleotide position 577 hybridized with the portion of SEQ ID N-:31 corresponding to the first segment from about nucleotide position 31 to about from nucleotide position 250, and the first and third segments are joined by a second segment of nucleotide sequence, which in this example is represented by the portion of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:31 corresponding to the second segment from about nucleotide position 251 to about nucleotide position 357. Expression of a nucleotide sequence corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:31 in plant cells results in the synthesis of a stabilized RNA molecule. Plant cells that transcribe the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N-:31 into an RNA sequence can be provided in the diet of a corn rootworm. A corn rootworm that feeds on such plant cells stops feeding, is prevented from developing into an adult beetle, is prevented from feeding, dies, or suffers from any or all of these effects as a result of inhibition. of the synthesis of the β tubulin protein.
Example 4
This example illustrates the synergistic effects of providing in the diet of an invertebrate pest one or more compositions effective as pesticides together with one or more double-stranded RNA sequences derived from the pest invertebrate, the pesticidal effect of the pesticidal invertebrates having been previously demonstrated. one or more dsRNA sequences when provided in the plague diet.
As indicated in Example 3, providing a double-stranded RNA molecule derived from that pest in the diet of an invertebrate pest results in the inhibition of one or more biological functions of the pest and thus functions to acquire a pesticidal effect, resulting in pest mortality or some other mediating characteristic that reduces the pest's ability to infest a particular environment or host. The addition of one or more different pesticidal agents, each distinct from the other and each functioning to achieve its pesticidal effect by a different means from the way that dsRNA works to achieve its pesticidal effect, may result in achieving an improved level of pest control and may further decrease the likelihood that pests may develop resistance to one or more of any of the pesticidal or dsRNA agents when used alone to achieve plague inhibition.
To assess this, CRW larvae are allowed to feed on the diet into which variable amounts of a corn rootworm inhibitory protein Cry3Bb and a fixed amount of a previously formulated double-stranded RNA have been incorporated as shown in Example 2 or 3, such as a dsRNA corresponding to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:17 or to SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:31. A synergistic effect of plague inhibition is observed. As shown in Example 2 and 3, an LD50 amount of a Cry3Bb variant was used to achieve about 50% mortality of insect larvae with a coordinated reduction in fitness of surviving larvae, as can be be judged by the reduced larval weights compared to negative controls. Reducing the amount of insecticidal protein in the diet results in a coordinated reduction in the mortality rate, and in an increase in the mean weights of surviving larvae. The addition of dsRNA corresponding to either SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:31 or to SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:17 results in almost complete mortality with each of the Cry3Bb concentrations, and in a substantial decrease in the mean weights of any survivors. This suggests a synergistic effect. Synergy can be achieved through disturbance of the larvae in the midgut as a result of the introduction of any amount of Cry3Bb, which has been shown to introduce pores in the midgut membrane. The pores may allow a higher level of dsRNA species to permeate into cells or even into the hemolymph, resulting in a more efficient delivery of dsRNA species into larvae, and thus resulting in reduced more efficient suppression of target mRNA. Some particular combinations of the pore-forming compositions together with double-stranded RNA compositions result in an increased and synergistic pesticidal effect because the dsRNA is now better able to distribute throughout the hemolymph and exert effects on cells and tissues remote from the intestine. of the plague Particular pore-forming compositions include, but may not be limited to, the proteinaceous insecticidal toxins derived from B. thuringiensis and related species, whether or not these have been shown to be insecticidal for a particular insect, and may still include, but are not limited to, the pore-forming domains of toxins of this type. Pore-forming compositions of this type may also include one or more of these pore-forming toxins or domains or combinations thereof, each different from the other, each exhibiting a different mode of action and the properties for each toxin or domain can be judged. channel-forming domain including ion channel formation kinetics, sizes and conductance states, total membrane conductance, ionic specificity, and the ion channel opening properties. Combinations of such pore-forming compositions together with specific dsRNA molecules for suppression of one or more genes in a Coleopteran species are specifically contemplated herein.
Example 5
This example illustrates that fragments of the V-ATPase nucleotide sequence, when provided as double-stranded RNA in the diet of a CRW species, are useful in controlling the pest insect.
The sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:104 is a cDNA clone representing 1870 nucleotides of a 2400 nucleotide mRNA encoding a protein that exhibits substantial sequence identity to a Drosophila melanogaster Vacuolar ATPase (68kd, subunit 2). This cDNA clone was completely sequenced on both strands using primers designed from the initial sequence data. These sequencing primers are listed as SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:105 to SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:120. The SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:121 and the SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:122 are the sequences of the primers used to produce a copy of SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:104 from the cDNA in the cloning vector pSPORT (Invitrogen). Each primer contained a 20 nucleotide T7 promoter sequence, from nucleotide positions 1-20. Nucleotides 21-44, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:121 and nucleotides 21-45, shown in SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:122, correspond to the sequences that flank the cDNA inserted in the pSPORT vector. These primers allow amplification of a DNA template containing the cDNA fragment flanked at both ends by T7 promoters, which allow for the in vitro production of double-stranded RNA with a T7 RNA polymerase. When double-stranded RNA derived from SEQ ID N was included<sup>yes</sup>:104 on the CRW diet, about 80% mortality was observed.
Six different regions of SEQ ID N-:104 were evaluated using the following sets of amplification primers: SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:123 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:124, which correspond to nucleotides 1 to 291 (referred to as section #1,271 base pairs) of SEQ ID N-: 1; SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:125 and SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup>:126 corresponding to nucleotides 292 to 548 (referred to as section #2, 260 base pairs); SEQ ID N-:127 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:128 corresponding to nucleotides 549 to 830 (referred to as section #3, 271 base pairs); SEQ ID No.<sup>and</sup>:129 and SEQ ID N-:130 corresponding to nucleotides 840 to 1345 (referred to as section #4, 505 base pairs); SEQ ID No.<sup>3</sup>:131 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:132 corresponding to nucleotides 1360 to 1621 (referred to as section #5 261 base pairs); SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:133 and SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:136 corresponding to nucleotides 1540 to 1870 (referred to as section #6, 278 base pairs). Note that section 5 and 6 overlap by approximately 80 base pairs. When these 6 sections were incorporated into the CRW diet separately, sections #1, #2, #3 and #4 showed CRW mortality ranging from 94% to 100%. Section #5 and #6 did not show CRW mortality above the background observed in the untreated controls. The sequence represented by section #1 was further subdivided into 3 smaller sections, each of these smaller sections being represented by at least from about 150 to about 180 contiguous nucleotides within section #1, such that the first subsection in section #1 overlaps the second subsection in section #1, and the third subsection in section #1 overlaps the second subsection. Each of these subsections was evaluated separately in the CRW bioassay. Mortality of between 80 and 90% was observed using these three shorter sequences.
A second means of evaluating the bioactivity of dsRNA molecules derived from CRW genes is to construct a self-complementary RNA molecule. By combining the same DNA sequences in the reverse orientation with the T7 RNA polymerase promoter, a unique molecule can be synthesized that is self-complementary. Such an RNA molecule was constructed by combining nucleotides 1 to 345 with 50 to 325 of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID N<sup>5</sup>:104. The resulting sequence is like the one shown in SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:137 and was designated plC17527. plC17527 was cloned into pTOPT2.1 (Invitrogen). Using the T7 promoter found in the pTOPO 2.1 vector, a dsRNA of approximately 500 nucleotide base pairs was produced and incorporated into the CRW diet. The resulting mortality was between 80% and 100%.
Example 6
This example illustrates the oral toxicity of dsRNAs to the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
Total RNA was isolated from the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata using the Ambion m/rVana element set (Catalog # 1560) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). . CPB larvae occupying approximately a 200 pL volume in a microcentrifuge tube were used for each preparation. Five micrograms of total RNA was used to prepare cDNA using the RT-PCR system, Invitrogen Thermoscopy™ (Catalog # 11146) and recommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). This cDNA was used as a template for the amplification of the orthologous sequences of the V-ATPase A2 subunit using Taq DNA polymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID N-:160) and pr552 (SEQ ID N-:160).<sup>and</sup>:161). These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences to the closest orthologs of V-ATPase A from Manduca sexta (SEQ ID N-:151), Aedes aegypti (SEQ ID N°:152), Drosophila melanogaster (SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:153), and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and by selecting regions of minimal degeneration. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides 230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.
Amplification was achieved using a pull-down amplification procedure with the following cycling parameters:
Step 1.94<sup>2</sup>C, 2 min;
Step 2. 94 -C, 30 sec;
Step 3. 50<sup>2</sup>C, 2 min;
Step 4. 72 -C, 2 min (35 cycles for steps 2-4, with a decrease in -0.3<sup>2</sup>C per cycle for step 3);
Step 5. 72<sup>2</sup>C, 10 min; and
Step 6. 4<sup>2</sup>c.
The approximately 1.2 kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA was cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) to give rise to the recombinant plasmid plC17105. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned insert (SEQ ID N-:144) shares only 82% nucleotide sequence identity with the sequence of the ortholog of the A2 subunit of the V-ATPase of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera however, the deduced amino acid sequences for the encoded V-ATPase A proteins share 97% sequence identity.
The orthologous sequence of V-ATPase A present in plasmid plC17105 was amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup>:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>:163), designed as "universal" primers to generate DNA templates with promoter sequences for T7 polymerase from pCR2.1-TOPO clones. The amplified DNA served as the template for dsRNA synthesis using the Ambion MEGAscnpt™ Element Set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). L. decemlineata larvae were fed the purified dsRNAs derived from the orthologous sequence of V-ATPase A from L. decemlineata in an insect feeding trial.
• The CPB diet consists of 13.2 g/L agar (Serva 11393), 140.3 g/L Βίο-Serve premix (F9380B), 5ml/L KOH (18.3% w/w), and 1.25 ml/L formalin (37%). The diet was dispensed in 200 µL aliquots into 96-well plates and dried briefly prior to sample application. Twenty µL of test sample was applied per well, with sterile water serving as the safety control. untreated (CNT). The plates were allowed to dry before adding the insect larvae. One CPB neonate larva was added per well with a fine brush. Plates were sealed with Mylar and vented using an insect clip. Forty larvae per treatment were evaluated. Bioassay plates were incubated at 27 -C, 60% RH, in complete darkness for 10-12 days. Plates were scored for stunting and larval mortality. Data were analyzed using the JMPe 4 statistical program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) .................................... .....................................
Table 2. Oral toxicity of dsRNA for CPB larvae.
<td>Treatment</td><td>% Mortality</td><td>Detour Standard</td><td>SEM</td><td>95% CI</td>
<td>Untreated security control</td><td> 8,33</td><td> 10,21</td><td> 4,17</td><td> -2,38-19,04</td>
<td>V-ATPase A dsRNA</td><td> 87,5</td><td> 10,83</td><td> 3,61</td><td> 79,18-95,82</td>
Based on data from the oral toxicity bioassay using a dsRNA specific for the CPB VATPase, CPB infestation of plants can be controlled by providing the pest in the diet, a plant cell expressing one or more dsRNA sequences specific for the deletion of one or more CPB genes, which constitutes a plague.
Example 7
This example illustrates the results of bioassays of various Lepidopteran larvae on artificial diets using insect-specific dsRNAs.
Total RNA was isolated from larvae of 2<sup>d0</sup>-3<sup>er</sup> instar of Spodoptera frugiperda, Helicoverpa zea, Agrotis ipsilon, and Ostrínia nubilalis using the Ambion m/A/ana element set (Catalog # 1560) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). Larvae occupying approximately a 200 pL volume in a microcentrifuge tube were used for each preparation.
Five micrograms of total RNA from each of the aforementioned Lepidopteran species was used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR System (Catalog # 11146) and recommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis. (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). This cDNA was used as a template for the amplification of one or more orthologous sequences of the A2 subunit of the V-ATPase specific for each of the lepidopteran species using Taq DNA polymerase and oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID N °:160) and pr552 (SEQ ID N-:161).
These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences to the closest orthologs of V-ATPase A from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and by selecting for regions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides 230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.
Amplification was carried out using a knockdown PCR procedure with cycling parameters in the same way as described in Example 6. Amplified DNA products were cloned into pCR2.1-TOPO and sequenced to confirm their identity. . The recombinant plasmids containing the orthologous gene sequences are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Orthologous sequences of the A2 subunit of the V-ATPase of lepidoptera.
plasmid
PIC17088
insect species
Spodoptera frugiperda
PIC17101
agrotis ipsilon
SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:
SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:145
SEQ ID N-:146 plC171Q2
PIC17103
Helicoverpa zea
Ostrinia nubilalis
SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>:147
SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:148
The V-ATPase A orthologous sequences within plasmids plC17088, plC17101 and plC17102 were amplified using primers pr555 (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:164) and pr556 (SEQ ID No.<sup>2</sup>:165), designed to generate DNA fragments with flanking and opposing T7 polymerase promoters for in vitro dsRNA synthesis.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for the FAW, BCW, and CEW orthologous sequences were synthesized from these amplified DNA templates using the Ambion MEGAscript™ element set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to insect bioassays at 10 ppm.
For these assays, an artificial lepidopteran diet (165 g/L Southland Multi-Species Diet, 14.48 g/L agar) was prepared and dispensed 500μΙ per well into 128 well trays. Samples were dispensed on the diet and placed in a "drying" chamber at 27<sup>9</sup>C and 35% humidity, where excess water is evaporated. Once dry, each well was infested with a single neonate larva and sealed with a perforated Mylar seal. The trays were incubated for six to eight days at 27<sup>9</sup>C. Untreated control insects exhausted the entire diet from their respective wells in six to eight days. Fifty-well trays were prepared with 4 ml of artificial diet per well, and all insects at or near diet depletion were transferred to the new trays before the assay was completed. These trays were sealed and returned to the incubator, and then all bioassays were evaluated after a total of ten to twelve days.
The results of these bioassays for the Lepidopteran insect species indicate no significant effect on larval mortality or mass gain when compared to the untreated safety control (comparisons for all pairs were made using the Tukey-Kramer HSD) and using this test regimen has been observed. No effects on larval mortality or mass gain were observed in bioassays, either, using combinations of dsRNA and sublethal amounts of insecticidal pore-forming proteins BT known from previous experiments to be toxic to these insect pests. lepidoptera. Example 8
This example illustrates a bioassay for the determination of oral toxicity of dsRNA towards the larvae of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis.
Total RNA was isolated from boll weevil (BWV) larvae, Anthonomus grandis, using the Ambion m/A/ana element set (Catalog # 1560) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). BWV larvae occupying approximately a 200 pL volume in a microcentrifuge tube were used for each preparation. Five micrograms of total RNA was used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR system (Catalog # 11146) and recommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). This cDNA was used as a template for the amplification of the orthologous sequences of the V-ATPase A2 subunit using Taq DNA polymerase and oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:160) and pr552 (SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:161).
These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences to the closest orthologs of V-ATPase A from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and by selecting for regions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides 230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.
Amplification was carried out using a drop-down PCR procedure with cycling parameters in the same way as described in Example 6. The approximately 1.2 kb amplified DNA fragment from the cDNA was cloned into the vector. pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert was sequenced for confirmation. The VATPase A orthologous sequence (SEQ ID NO:149) was amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:163), designed as universal primers to generate DNA templates with promoter sequences for the flanking T7 polymerase, from the pCR2.1 -TOPO clones.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were synthesized from this amplified DNA template using the Ambion MEGAscpt™ element set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to the insect bioassay. .
For bioassays of the boll weevil, Anthonomus granais Boheman, an artificial agar-based insect diet (Bioserv™ - F9247B; Gast and Davich, 1966) was used following the manufacturer's instructions. Approximately 200 μΙ of molten diet was dispensed into 96-well microtiter plates and allowed to cool and solidify. A sample (20μΙ) containing about 10 ppm of dsRNA corresponding to the orthologous sequence of V-ATPase A (SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:149) was then used to coat the diet and allowed to dry. Insect eggs (0-14) were then dispensed onto the diet on 25 μΙ of 0.1% agar. The plates were then sealed with perforated stamps (Zymark #72281). The assay was incubated at 27<sup>9</sup>C for ten to twelve days and a score was given taking into account the activity, by determining the accumulation of insect droppings. No effects on larval mortality or mass gain were observed, but this may be a result of the particular feeding physiology of the boll weevil. Diet scavenging can significantly decrease the dose of dsRNA ingested and thus significantly reduce any effects that would otherwise be observed with surface feeding physiology. Incorporation of dsRNA into the diet in a uniform manner could probably achieve significant mortality and reduced mass gain.
Other boll weevil target gene sequences can be cloned and used as templates for in vitro synthesis of dsRNA which can then be tested in insect bioassays for efficacy. For example, the gene for ribosomal protein L19 (rpllty) can be used as a template for dsRNA synthesis. The nucleotide sequences for rpl19 orthologs from Bombyx mori (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:154), Drosophila melanogaster (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:155), Anopholes gambiae (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:156), and Diabrotica virgifera (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:157) were aligned and consensus regions with minimal degeneracy were identified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Primers pr574 (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:166) and pr577 (SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:168) or the pr575 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:167) and pr577 (SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:168) can be used to amplify putative rpH 9 orthologous sequences from many different insect species.
Amplification is achieved using a pull-down amplification procedure in conjunction with the cycling parameters that were described in Example 6. The approximately 0.4 kb DNA fragment amplified from boll weevil cDNA was cloned into the pCR2 vector. .1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert was sequenced for confirmation. The orthologous sequence of rpl19 (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:158) was amplified using pr568 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:163), designed as "universal" primers to generate DNA templates with flanking promoter sequences for T7 polymerase from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.
• Example 9
This example illustrates a bioassay for the determination of oral toxicity of dsRNAs towards the larvae of the chestnut flour weevil, Tribolium castaneum.
Some insect pests are commercially important because they infest commercial products and processed materials produced from a particular crop. One particular such pest is the chestnut flour weevil. The presence of one or more dsRNA species specific for the inhibition of one or more genes of said pests found in the commercial product and processed materials produced from a particular crop would be useful in the control of such an infestation. because of the plague
Total RNA was isolated from the larvae of the chestnut meal weevil (RFB), Tribolium castaneum, using the Ambion m/'rVana element set (Catalog # 1560) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). RFB larvae occupying approximately a 200 pL volume in a microcentrifuge tube were used for each preparation. Five micrograms of total RNA was used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR system (Catalog # 11146) and recommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). This cDNA was used as a template for the amplification of the orthologous sequences of the V-ATPase A2 subunit using Taq DNA polymerase and the oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID N-:160) and pr552 (SEQ ID N-:160).<sup>Q</sup>:161).
These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences to the closest orthologs of V-ATPase A from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and selecting for regions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides 230-252 in the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 in the M. sexta gene sequence.
Amplification was carried out using a drop-down PCR procedure with cycling parameters in the same way as described in Example 6. The approximately 1.2 kb amplified DNA fragment from the cDNA was cloned into the vector. pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert was sequenced for confirmation. The VATPase A orthologous sequence (SEQ ID NO:150) was amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:163), designed as universal primers to generate DNA templates with promoter sequences for the flanking T7 polymerase from the pCR2.1-TOPO clones.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were synthesized from this amplified DNA template using the Ambion MEGAscript™ Element Set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to the insect bioassay. . The wheat flour is mixed uniformly with water and with the dsRNA corresponding to the orthologous sequence of V-ATPase A (SEQ ID NO:150), and is allowed to dry. The composition is used as a substrate for a bioassay together with chestnut meal weevil larvae. Insecticidal effects are observed after a few days of incubation by extracting the weevil larvae from the mixture of flour and dsRNA.
Other chestnut meal weevil target gene sequences can be cloned and used as templates for in vitro synthesis of dsRNA which can then be tested in insect bioassays for efficacy. For example, the gene for ribosomal protein L19 (rpl19) can be used as a template for dsRNA synthesis. The nucleotide sequences for rpl19 orthologs from Bombyx morí, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopholes gambiae, and Diabrotica virgifera were aligned and consensus regions exhibiting minimal degeneracy were identified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Primers pr574 (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:166) and pr577 (SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:168) or the pr575 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:167) and pr577 (SEQ ID No.<sup>9</sup>:168) can be used to amplify putative rpH 9 orthologous sequences from many different insect species.
Amplification is achieved using a pull-down amplification procedure in conjunction with the cycling parameters that were described in Example 6. The approximately 0.4 kb DNA fragment amplified from chestnut flour weevil cDNA was cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) and the insert was sequenced for confirmation. The orthologous sequence of rpl19 (SEQ ID N<sup>g</sup>:159) was amplified using pr568 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:163), designed as "universal" primers to generate DNA templates with flanking promoter sequences for T7 polymerase from pCR2.1-TOPO clones. Example 10
This example illustrates a bioassay for the determination of oral toxicity of dsRNAs towards white grubs and wireworms.
Total RNA from white larvae is isolated from wireworm larvae using the Ambion m/A/ana element set (Catalog # 1560) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). Larvae occupying approximately a 200 pL volume in a microcentrifuge tube are used for each preparation. Five micrograms of total RNA is used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR System (Catalog # 11146) and recommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). This cDNA is used as a template for the amplification of the orthologous sequences of the V-ATPase A2 subunit using Taq DNA polymerase and oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:160) and pr552 (SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:161).
These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences to the closest orthologs of V-ATPase A from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and by selecting for regions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides 230-252 of the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 of the M. sexta gene sequence.
Amplification is carried out using a drop-down PCR procedure with cycling parameters in the same way as described in Example 7. The approximately 1.2 kb amplified DNA fragment from the cDNA is cloned into the vector. pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert is sequenced for confirmation. The VATPase A orthologous sequence is amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:163), designed as universal primers to generate DNA templates with flanking T7 polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1 -TOPO clones.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from this amplified DNA template using the Ambion MEGAscpt™ kit (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to the insect bioassay. .
Other target gene sequences from white grubs or wireworms can be cloned and used as templates for in vitro synthesis of dsRNA which can then be tested in insect bioassays for efficacy. For example, the gene for ribosomal protein L19 (rpl19) can be used as a template for dsRNA synthesis. The nucleotide sequences for rpl19 orthologs from Bombyx morí, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopholes gambiae, and Diabrotica virgifera were aligned and consensus regions with minimal degeneracy were identified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Primers pr574 and pr577 or primers pr575 and pr577 can be used to amplify putative rpH 9 orthologous sequences from many different insect species.
Amplification is achieved using a pull-down amplification procedure in conjunction with the cycling parameters that were described in Example 7. The approximately 0.4 kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA is cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector. (Invitrogen) and the insert is sequenced for confirmation. The orthologous sequence of rpl19 is amplified using the pr568 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>B.</sup>:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID No.<sup>B.</sup>:163), designed as "universal" primers to generate DNA templates with flanking promoter sequences for T7 polymerase from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.
Example 11
This example illustrates a bioassay for the determination of the oral toxicity of dsRNAs towards mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti.
Total larval RNA was isolated from Aedes aegypti larvae using the Ambion m/rVana element set (Catalog # 1560) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX). Aedes aegypti larvae occupying approximately a 200 pL volume in a microcentrifuge tube are used for each preparation. Five micrograms of total RNA is used to prepare cDNA using the Invitrogen Thermoscript™ RT-PCR System (Catalog # 11146) and recommended procedures for random primer-mediated cDNA synthesis (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). This cDNA is used as a template for the amplification of the orthologous sequences of the V-ATPase A2 subunit using Taq DNA polymerase and oligonucleotide primers pr 550 (SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:160) and pr552 (SEQ ID No.<sup>5</sup>:161).
These primers were designed by aligning the nucleotide sequences to the closest orthologs of V-ATPase A from Manduca sexta, Aedes aegypti, Drosophila melanogaster, and Diabrotica virgifera (WCR) and by selecting for regions of minimal degeneracy. Primer pr550 corresponds to nucleotides 230-252 of the M. sexta gene sequence while primer pr552 corresponds to nucleotides 1354-1331 of the M. sexta gene sequence.
Amplification is carried out using a drop-down PCR procedure with cycling parameters in the same way as described in Example 7. The approximately 1.2 kb amplified DNA fragment from the cDNA is cloned into the vector. pCR2.1-TOPO (Invitrogen) and the insert is sequenced for confirmation. The VATPase A orthologous sequence is amplified using primers pr568 (SEQ ID NO:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID NO:163), designed as universal primers to generate DNA templates with flanking T7 polymerase promoter sequences from pCR2.1 -TOPO clones.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from this amplified DNA template using the Ambion MEGAscript™ Element Set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to the insect bioassay. .
Other mosquito target gene sequences can be cloned and used as templates for in vitro synthesis of dsRNA which can then be tested in insect bioassays for efficacy. For example, the gene for ribosomal protein L19 (rpl19) can be used as a template for dsRNA synthesis. The nucleotide sequences for rpl19 orthologs from Bombyx morí, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopholes gambiae, and Diabrotica virgifera were aligned and consensus regions with minimal degeneracy were identified for the purpose of designing degenerate oligonucleotide primers. Primers pr574 and pr577 or primers pr575 and pr577 can be used to amplify putative rpl19 orthologous sequences from many different insect species.
Amplification is achieved using a pull-down amplification procedure in conjunction with the cycling parameters that were described in Example 7. The approximately 0.4 kb DNA fragment amplified from the cDNA is cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector. (Invitrogen) and the insert is sequenced for confirmation. The orthologous sequence of rp!19 is amplified using pr568 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>B.</sup>:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID No.<sup>B.</sup>:163), designed as "universal" primers to generate DNA templates with flanking promoter sequences for T7 polymerase from pCR2.1-TOPO clones.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from this amplified DNA template using the Ambion MEGAscpt™ Element Set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to the insect bioassay. .
Other species of mosquitoes are contemplated within the scope of this invention. Appropriate target gene sequences from Aedes, Culex, and Anopholes species can be amplified using appropriate oligonucleotide primers, cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) and the insert sequenced for confirmation. The cloned target sequences are amplified using pr568 primers (SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:162) and pr569 (SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:163), designed as "universal" primers to generate DNA templates with promoter sequences for T7 polymerase from pCR2.1 -TOPO clones.
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) are synthesized from these amplified DNA templates using the Ambion MEGAscript™ Element Set (Catalog # 1626) and recommended procedures (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) and subjected to the insect bioassay. .
Example 12
This example illustrates how dsRNA made from the 3'UTR region of V-ATPase showed downstream regulation of target.
Segments (approximately 300 bp dsRNA) of the WCR V-ATPase 3' UTR have been put into the WCR bioassay and have failed to show atrophy and mortality within a 12 day bioassay period. Segments of comparable sizes that lie within the V-ATPase coding region do show significant atrophy and mortality over a range of concentrations. Northern blots examining total RNA extracted from WCR larvae fed for 4 days with a 3' UTR segment of V-ATPase (and probed with a coding region probe) showed a significant decline in V-ATPase mRNA. Target ATPase relative to untreated control larvae (summarized in NBP#7497215). However, the detectable message remained, indicating a less effective knock-down of the target with a 3' UTR segment of dsRNA (versus using a segment of a coding region) and/or a contribution from a second putative gene of the dsRNA. V-ATPase having 3' UTR significantly divergent from the primary V-ATPase gene. Southern blot data on WCR are consistent with more than one gene sequence pertaining to the genome hybridizing, but examination of ESTs and Jimited family PCR have not yet shown that a putative second gene be transcribed
It is important to mention that although it is critical to determine the potential to stunt and kill larvae, simple monitoring of the expression of a target gene by Northern blotting or quantitative PCR could also find favorable targets for iRNA strategies. The foregoing results plus other Northern experiments concerning the target of V-ATPase have shown that the effect on transcript abundance is discernible in insects within a period of hours from dsRNA presentation.
Example 13
This example illustrates an approach to implementing gene suppression of insect pests using a ta-s¡RNA-mediated silencing method.
An alternative method for silencing genes in a plant pest uses the recently discovered class of trans-acting interfering small RNAs (ta-s¡RNAs) (Dalmay et al., Cell 101:543-553, 2000; Mourrain et al. al., Cell 101:533-542, 2000; Peragine et al, Genes and Development, 18:2368-2379, 2004; Vazquez et al, Mol Cell 16(1):69-79, 2004; Yu et al., Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16:206-216, 2003). ta-s¡RNAs are derived from single-stranded RNA transcripts that are targeted by miRNAs that naturally occur in the cell. Methods for using microRNAs to trigger ta-s¡RNAs to achieve gene silencing in plants are described in US Provisional Patent Application No.<sup>9</sup> 60/643,136 (Carrington et al. 2004), and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. At least one plague-specific miRNA was identified, expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells of corn rootworm larvae. This specific miRNA plague is then used to identify at least one transcribed RNA target sequence, complementary to the miRNA that is expressed in the cell. The corresponding target sequence is a short sequence of no more than 21 contiguous nucleotides that, when part of an RNA transcript and contacted by its corresponding miRNA in a cell type with a functional iRNA pathway, leads to miRNA-mediated cleavage. a cutting machine of said transcript. Once miRNA target sequences have been identified, at least one miRNA target sequence is fused to a second sequence that corresponds to part of a plague gene to be silenced using this method. For example, the miRNA target sequence(s) is fused to the vacuolar sequences of the corn rootworm vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) gene. The miRNA target sequence can be placed at the 5' end, at the 3' end, or embedded in the middle of the V-ATPase gene. It may be preferable to use multiple miRNA target sequences corresponding to multiple miRNA genes, or to use the same miRNA target sequence multiple times in the chimera of miRNA target sequence and V-ATPase sequence. The V-ATPase sequence can be any length, with a minimum of 21 bp.
The chimera of the target miRNA sequence(s) and the V-ATPase sequence is expressed in plant cells using any of a number of appropriate promoters and other transcriptional regulatory elements, as long as transcription occurs in cell types subject to pest diet provision, eg maize roots for control of corn rootworm.
This method may have the added advantage of delivering longer RNA molecules to the white plague. Typically, plant-produced dsRNAs are rapidly processed by Dicer into short RNAs that may not be effective when fed exogenously to some pests. In this method, a single-stranded transcript is produced in the plant cell, taken up by the pest, and converted into a dsRNA in the pest cell where it is then processed into a ta-s¡RNA capable of post-silencing. transcriptionally to one or more genes in one or more target pests.
Example 14
This example illustrates the comparison of CRW cDNA sequences with sequences from sources other than CRW and the identification of (1) sequences in common with those other sources of sequences and (2) sequences that are unique to CRW. cDNA sequences that are conserved between two organisms are potential iRNA candidates that can be used to target gene expression and function in both organisms. Alternatively, it may be desirable to select sequences for CRW gene suppression for which homologous sequences are not known to be present in (a) other pest organisms, (b) non-target organisms, and (c) the genome of the plant selected for transformation with the CRW deletion sequence.
Six cDNA sequences from the CRW were selected for comparison with sequences from other sources. Specific sequences included sequences encoding alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, CHD3, vacuole proton pump E subunit, VATPase A subunit, and filamentous proteins. The nucleotide sequences are shown in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:98,SEQ
ID No.<sup>yes</sup>:99, SEQ ID N<sup>and</sup>:100, SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>:101, SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:102 and SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:103, respectively. CRW cDNA sequences were compared to all public cDNA from various organisms from the GenBank using the NCBI Megablast program (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, 1990), the parameters being search the following:
-W 21 -b50 -v50 that require at least one 21-mer match and retain only the best 50 matches and alignments. The results were filtered to include only organisms of the order Insecta, and the honey bee (Apis mellifera) was excluded. Although the analysis was done only on the six cDNA sequences from the CRW, the same process can be applied to all cDNA or Unigene sequences from the CRW or other organism of interest without undue burden or experimentation.
Using the six CRW cDNA sequences, a total of 145 matches to 20 different insect organisms were identified. These included some pest species, such as the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citrí) and the human louse (Pediculus humanus).
The results are presented in Table 4 below, with the match coordinates (match) on the queried sequence (query) and the impact (hit), the percent identity of the match, and the insect species from from which the result sequence was derived. For example, a segment was identified from nucleotide position 844 to 1528 of SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:98 as being substantially identical to a segment from nucleotide position 812 to 128 of the sequence GenBank accession number Gl: 47521748 derived from the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). These two sequences share about 85% identity.
<td colspan="2">Table 4. Unigene sequences of</td><td>CRW and the homos</td><td colspan="3">Insect nucleotide sequence logos</td>
<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>g1</sup></td><td>Position of Identity<sup>2</sup></td><td>Gene ID<sup>3</sup></td><td>Position of Identity<sup>4</sup></td><td>% Identity<sup>5</sup></td><td>genus and species<sup>5</sup></td>
<td>9R</td><td> 171-1529</td><td>GI-14279R71</td><td>R9-1447</td><td></td><td>Chironomus tentans</td>
<td> 98</td><td> 175-938</td><td>Gl:60297223</td><td> 69-832</td><td> 88%</td><td>Diaprepes abbreviatus</td>
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<td>SEQ ID No.<sup>s1</sup></td><td>Position of Identity<sup>1 2</sup></td><td>Gene ID<sup>3</sup></td><td>Position of Identity<sup>4</sup></td><td>% Identity<sup>5</sup></td><td>genus and species<sup>6</sup></td>
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1. SEQ ID No.<sup>yes</sup> of the WCR shown in the sequence listing;
2. Nucleotide position in SEQ ID N<sup>Q</sup> from column 1 exhibiting substantial identity with the Gene ID from column 3 on the same row;
3. Gene accession number of the corresponding matching sequence, identified within the public database, and exhibiting substantial identity to SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup> from column 1;
4. Nucleotide position of the sequence identified in column 3 that matches the CRW nucleotides specified in the same row;
5. Percent identity between SEQ ID N<sup>2</sup> WCR and Gene ID (identity comparison between column 2 and column 4 sequences on any given row); and
6. Genus and species of organism from which N was derived<sup>2</sup> of access to
Sequence gene • Example 15
This example illustrates the identification of predicted protein functional domains and gene families from translation of the nucleotide sequences disclosed herein using sequence matches to learn consensus domain models and sequences.
Protein sequences were first produced with a "translator" program, which translated the Unigenes into peptide sequences through the following steps: homology to known proteins; ab initio prediction of model-based gene structure; and the longest open reading frames (ORFs). Fixed frame changes due to sequencing errors. Protein sequences were then searched in the Pfam database, a large collection of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models (HMMs) covering many common protein families (The Pfam Protein Families Database, Bateman et al., Nucleic Acids research 32:D138D141, 2004). HMM protein models were searched with the HMMPAM program (Durbin et al., Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids, Cambridge University Press, 1998), using the default stringencies. Post-filtering was performed to keep only those matches with an expectation value of 0.1 or less as significant matches. Of the 20,303 corn rootworm peptide sequences, 4,199 (21%) were identified with 1,317 distinct protein domains and families.
The results of the analysis were presented in the characteristics fields of the sequence listing file with these attributes: Pfam name, Pfam description, and level of agreement with the HMMPFAM score, expected value (E-value), and domain copy number. in the peptide sequence.
• Example 16
This example illustrates a method for providing a DNA sequence for dsRNA-mediated gene silencing. More specifically, this example describes the selection of an improved DNA useful in dsRNA-mediated gene silencing by (a) selecting from a target gene a DNA sequence that includes more than 21 contiguous nucleotides; (b) identifying at least one shorter DNA sequence derived from some regions of the initial DNA sequence that consists of regions that have been predicted not to generate undesirable polypeptides; and (c) selecting a DNA sequence for dsRNA-mediated gene silencing that includes at least one shorter DNA sequence. Undesirable polypeptides include, but are not limited to, polypeptides homologous to allergenic polypeptides and polypeptides homologous to known polypeptide toxins.
The WCR V-ATPase has been shown to function in corn rootworm feeding assays to assess dsRNA-mediated gene silencing as a means of controlling larval growth. A cDNA sequence of a Western corn rootworm (WCR) vacuolar ATPase (VATPase) gene (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) was selected to be used as a starting DNA sequence (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>. 104). This initial DNA sequence was checked for each contiguous fragment that includes at least 21 nucleotides within the regions, matching less than 21 of 21 contiguous nucleotides of known vertebrate sequences. Three segments of larger sequences of about 100 contiguous nucleotides were identified that were free of such 21/21 hits; a first sequence segment corresponding to nucleotide position 739-839, a second sequence segment corresponding to nucleotide position 849-987, and a third sequence segment corresponding to nucleotide position 998-1166 that is show in SEQ ID N<sup>yes</sup>:104. These three sequence segments were combined to construct a chimeric DNA sequence (SEQ ID N<sup>9</sup>: 1) for use in dsRNA-mediated gene silencing of the corresponding CRW V-ATPase coding sequence. The new chimeric DNA sequence was evaluated in the CRW bioassay described above.
All publications, patents, and published patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference as if each individual publication or patent was specially and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
SEQUENCE LISTING <110> Monsanto Technology LLC
Baum, James A.
Gilbertson, Larry A.
Kovalic, David K.
LaRosa, Thomas J.
Lu, Maolong
Munyikwa, Tichifa RI
Roberts, James K.
Wu Wei
Zhang, Bei <120> COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECT INFESTATIONS IN PLANTS <130> 38-21 (53597)AAR <150> 60560842 <151> 2004-04-09 <150> 60565632 <151> 2004-04 -27 <150> 60579062 <151> 2004-06-11 <150> 60603421 <151> 2004-08-20 <150> 60617261 <151> 2004-10-11 <160> 174 <210> 1 <211> 409 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 1 ggacaagaaa cttgcccaac gtaagcactt cccttcagta gactggcttg gatcatattc 60 caaatattta agagcattgg acgactttta tgacaaaaac tttattcctc ttagaaccaa 120 agttaaggaa attcttcagg aagaagatga tctagccgaa attgtgcagc tggtaggtaa 180 agcatctctg gcagaaacgg acaaaatcac cttggaaatt gccaggcttc ttaaagaaga 240 caaaactcat actcttctta tgacagattc tgtccattct ataaaactgt cggtatgttg 300 agaaacatga tcggtttgta cgacatggcg agacacgctg tagaatcaac cgcacaatca 360 gaaaataaga tcacttggaa cgtaataaga gattcaatga gtggaattt
409 <210> 2 <211> 157 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 2 atgtttcagg tgggctcaat aagcaccaac tttcaatttt atttttcatt tttgtattta 60 tttacagtaa ctcctcagtt tgctaacaat attacattgt taacgcattc atatgttgtt 120 taatataata gttttggaat ataattacaa gtttgtc 157 <210> 3 <211> 338 <212 > DNA <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 3 atttttattc tgttaatagt ttttcacatt tcatgtttca cacatactta gatctagtca 60 agattgttag agttttggca aagaaattaa ataaaaattc ttttcataaa aatcatttct 120 ttaatattac attagagaaa aattatattt ttatactgag tacaaatttg aacaagttat 180 taattttaag ttacaaaata cgcttttata ggttaacaat tatcaaagcg cttaaatcta 240 atagatacta cacaacatta aggactgcaa accatatctt tcacgaagta atccctacta 300 gtgaccaatt gctcgctagg agcagatgca aattacac 338 <210> 4 <211> 458 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 4 aaaagagtga ggaaacaggt taattataat gacggaggaa tgacaactga cacacgagaa 60 gatacgacat ggcaagaaaa tctctctgat taccattctg acttttctgc gggatcggat 120 gaggataagg aagacgatga tttcgatgag aagaacgacg ccgatttaag cagaaggagt 180 cgaagaaaga tggaaaggaa agacgagaag gatcgtcctt taccaccgtt actagccaga 240 gttggcggca atattgaagt actcggtttt aatgccaggc agcgtaaagc gttccttaat 300 gctattatgc gctacggaat gccaccacaa gacgctttca attcacagtg gctggtgaga 360 gatcttcgag gaaaatctga gaagatattc aaggcttacg tgtctctctt tatgaggcat 420 ctttgcgaac ctggtgcaga taatgctgat acgtttgc
458 <210> 5 <211> 45 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial Sequence <400> 5 taatacgact cactataggg agagacggag gaatgacaac tgaca 45 <210> 6 <211> 44 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial sequence <400> 6 taatacgact cactataggg agattccgta gcgcataata gcat 44 <210> 7 <211> 335 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 7 taatacgact cactataggg agagacggag gaatgacaac tgacacacga gaagacacga 60 catggcaaga aaatctctcc gattaccatt ctgacttttc tgcgggatca gatgaggata 120 aggaagacga tgatttcgat gagaagaacg acgccgattt aagcagaaga agtcgaagaa 180 agatggaaag aaaagacgag aaggaccgtc cactaccacc gttactagcc agagttgggg 240 gaaatattga agtgctcggt tttaatgcca ggcagcgtaa agcgttcctt aatgctatta 300 tgcgctacgg aatctcccta tagtgagtcg tatta 335 < 210> 8 <211> 29 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial Sequence <400> 8 tctgaattct ccgtagcgca taatagcat <210> 9 <211> 21 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial Sequence <400> 9 gacgccgatt taagcagaag a 21 <210> 10 <211> 171 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 10 tctgaattct ccgtagcgca taatagcatt aaggaacgct ttacgctgcc tggcattaaa 60 accgagcact tcaatatttc ccccaactct ggctagtaac ggtggtagtg gacggtcctt 120 ctcgtctttt ctttccatct ttcttcg act tcttctgctt aaatcggcgt c 171 <210> 11 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial sequence <400> 11 tcttctgctt aaatcggcgt cgaagacacg acatggcaag aaaat 45 <210> 12 <211> 32 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial Sequence <400> 12 gatcccgcag aaaagtcaga atggtaatcg ga <210> 13 <211> 112 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial Sequence <400> 13 tcttctgctt aaatcggcgt cgaagacacg acatggcaag aaaatctctc cgattaccat 60 tctgactttt ctgcgggatc tccgattacc attctgactt ttctgcggga te 112 <210> 14 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial
<223> Artificial Sequence <400> 14 ctccgattac cattctgact ttte 24 <210> 15 <211> 30 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial sequence <400> 15 tctggatcct tccgtagcgc ataatageat 30 <210> 16 <211> 245 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 16 ctccgattac cattctgact tttctgcggg atcagatgag gataaggaag acgatgattt 60 cgatgagaag aacgacgccg atttaagcag aagaagtcga agaaagatgg aaagaaaaga 120 cgagaaggac cgtccactac caccgttact agccagagtt gggggaaata ttgaagtgct 180 cggttttaat gccaggcagc gtaaagcgtt ccttaatgct attatgcgct acggaaggat 240 ccaga
245 <210> 17 <211> 473 <212> DNA <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 17 tctgaattct ccgtagcgca taatagcatt aaggaacgct ttacgctgcc tggcattaaa 60 accgagcact tcaatatttc ccccaactct ggctagtaac ggtggtagtg gacggtcctt 120 ctcgtctttt ctttccatct ttcttcgact tcttctgctt aaatcggcgt cgaagacacg 180 acatggcaag aaaatctctc cgattaccat tctgactttt ctgcgggatc tccgattacc 240 attctgactt ttctgcggga tcagatgagg ataaggaaga cgatgatttc gatgagaaga 300 acgacgccga tttaagcaga agaagtcgaa gaaagatgga aagaaaagac gagaaggacc 360 gtccactacc accgttacta gccagagttg ggggaaatat tgaagtgctc gttttaatgc 420 caggcagcgt aaagcgttcc ttaatgctat tatgcgctac ggaaggatcc aga 473 <210> 18 <211> 536 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 18 accgccatca tgttattggc atcacacatg tgctgtgtga gctctggaac tttcaacggt 60 ctgtattgtt ggctgcctct tgaggtgagt ggagcgaatc cgggcatgaa gaagtggaga 120 cgggggaagg gaaccatgtt gacagccaat tttctaagat cagcattcaa ctgacctggg 180 aacctaagac aggtggttac accggacatt gtgagggata ccaaatggtt taagtctcca 240 tatgtgggtg ttgtgagttt caaagttctg aagcaaatgt catagagagc ttcattatca 300 atacagtatg tttcatctgt gttttctacc aattgatgta ctgaaagtgt ggcattgtat 360 ggttctacta cggtatctga tactttgggt gaggggacta ctgagtatgt gttcataatt 420 ctgtctgggt attcttcacg gatttttgag atagggaggg tacccatacc tgatccagta 480 ccacctccaa gtgagtgtgt gagttggaat ccttgtaaac aatcacatga tcagct 536 <210> 19 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Artificial sequence <400> 19 taatacgact cactataggg agagaatccg ggcatgaaga agtg 44<210> 20 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 20 taatacgact cactataggg agacaaaaat ccgtgaagaa tace 44 <210> 21 <211> 399 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 21 taatacgact cactataggg agagaatccg ggcatgaaga agtggagacg ggggaaggga 60 accatgttga cagccaattt tctaagatca gcattcaact gacctgggaa cctaagacag 120 gtggttacac cggacattgt gagggatacc aaatggttta agtctccata tgtgggtgtt 180 gtgagtttca aagttctgaa gcaaatgtca tagagagett cattatcaat acagtatgtt 240 tcatctgtgt tttctaccaa ttgatgtact gaaagtgtgg cattgtatgg ttctactacg 300 gtatctgata ctttgggtga ggggactact gagtatgtgt teataattet gtctgggtat 360 tcttcacgga tttttgtctc cctatagtga gtcgtatta 399 <210> 22 <211> 26 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 22 actgaattct ccgggcatga agaagt <210> 23 <211> 19 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 23 tattcttcac ggatttgac 19 <210> 24 <211> 267 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 24 actgaattct ccgggcatga agaagtggag acgggggaag ggaaccatgt tgacagccaa 60 ttttctaaga tcagcattca actgacctgg gaacctaagg caggtggtta caccggacat 120 tgtgagggat accaaatggt ttaagtctcc gtatgtgggt gttgtgagtt tcaaagttct 180 gaagcaaatg tcatagagag cttcattatc aatacagtat gtttcatctg tgttttctac 240 caattgatgt caaatccgtg aagaata 267 <210> 25 <211> 17 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 25 caaatccgtg aagaata 17 <210> 26 <211> 19 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 26 ctgaaagtgt ggcgttgta <210> 27 <211> 106 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 27 caaatccgtg aagaataccc agatagaatt atgaacacat actcagtagt cccctctccc 60 aaagtatcag ataccgtagt agaaccatac aacgccacac tttcag 106 <210> 28 <211> 22 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 28 tagaaccata caacgccaca ct 22 <210> 29 <211> 25 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 29 tctggatcca cgggggaagg gaacc 25 <210> 30 <211> 257 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 30 tagaaccata caacgccaca ctttcagtac atcaattggt agaaaacaca gatgaaacat 60 actgtattga taatgaagct ctctatgaca tttgcttcag aactttgaaa ctcacaacac 120 ccacatacgg agacttaaac catttggtat ccctcacaat gtccggtgta accacctgcc 180 ttaggttccc aggtcagttg aatgctgatc ttagaaaatt ggctgtcaac atggttccct 240 tcccccgtgg atccaga
257 <210> 31 <211> 586 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 31 actgaattct ccgggcatga agaagtggag acgggggaag ggaaccatgt tgacagccaa 60 ttttctaaga tcagcattca actgacctgg gaacctaagg caggtggtta caccggacat 120 tgtgagggat accaaatggt ttaagtctcc gtatgtgggt gttgtgagtt tcaaagttct 180 gaagcaaatg tcatagagag cttcattatc aatacagtat gtttcatctg tgttttctac 240 caattgatgt caaatccgtg aagaataccc agatagaatt atgaacacat actcagtagt 300 cccctctccc aaagtatcag ataccgtagt agaaccatac aacgccacac tttcagtaca 360 tcaattggta gaaaacacag atgaaacata ctgtattgat aatgaagctc tctatgacat 420 ttgcttcaga actttgaaac tcacaacacc cacatacgga gacttaaacc atttggtatc 480 cctcacaatg tccggtgtaa ccacctgcct taggttccca ggtcagttga atgctgatct 540 tagaaaattg gctgtcaaca tggttccctt cccccgtgga tccaga 586 <210> 32 <211> 399 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 32 acgcgtccag ttaatatccc gtgagatatt tttgcagtcc ttttaataag attcttcata 60 attcaccatg aagggctgcg ttttcaacat cgacaacggt tatttggaag gcctgtgtcg 120 tggctttaaa tgtgggatcc tgaaacacgc cgattatttg aatttggtcc agtgtgaaac 180 tcttgaagat ttaaaactgc acttgcaagg cactgactat ggaacttttt tggccaatga 240 accttcacct ttgtcagtat ccgtcatcga ttcaagactt cgacaaaaac tcctgattga 300 gttccagcac atgcgtaacc aagcagtaga gcctctctcg acatttatgg gcttcattac 360 ctacagttac atgatcgaca acataatttt gcttattac 399 <210> 33 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 33 taatacgact cactataggg agaaacggtt atttggaagg 40 <210> 34 <211> 43 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 34 taatacgact cactataggg agattgtcga tcatgtaact gta 43 <210> 35 <211> 291 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 35 taatacgact cactataggg agaaacggtt atttgcaagg tttgactgta tattattatt 60 tttatgtatc gacatygatg aattgattta tttatcgtaa agaaattcaa atacatttaa 120 agcttcaaat attaataata atgaacaagc tttgaagggt tacaaacaac caatcgatct 180 attaatatag tctattgact ctgaagttgc aaacggtaat agggccaatg caatggtttg 240 attctcccta cagttacatg atcgacaact ccctatagtg agtcgtatta a 291 <210> 36 <211> 451 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 36 ccacatacca cgctatgaaa cccccttata tggggccgat ctaacaggag tgtggaactc 60 tatatccatt atatctaaaa tggttaacag aaaagaattc ataattaaca ttcaattgcc 120 attgtacacg tatattctgg taaatctact actactggac atttaattta caaatgtagt 180 ggtatcgaca aacttaccat cgaaaagttc caaaaagaat cccaacaaat gggtaaaggc 240 taattcaaat atgcctgggt actctacata cttacagccc atagagaacg tggtattacc 300 attgatattg ctgtgcggaa attcgaaaca gctaaatact attgaaccat cattgatgcc 360 cctggcacag atatttcatt aataacatta tcactggtac attacaatct gactgtgctg 420 tactcattga tgcaactggt acttggtaat t 451 <210> 37 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 37 taatacgact cactataggg agacacgcta tgaaaccccc ttat 44 <210> 38 <211> 42 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 38 taatacgact cactataggg agatttcgaa tttccgcaca ge 42 <210> 39 <211> 933 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 39 taatacgact cactataggg agatttcgaa tttccgcaca gcaagtgtgt aacttaaatt 60 tcaaaaaact tttcgttgtc ccaatttttt ttcataatct tagcggttac gattegeata 120 tgatgattag agatcttgcg aaaaatggta gtatcagctt actaccaata aataaggaaa 180 agtatatttc atttacaata tacgattctg aggtcagtat taggttgagg ttcgttgatt 240 cactgagatt tttaaattca tcattggaca agttggctgc cacattgcaa cctgaggatt 300 taagatattt agctagcgaa tttccaaata ccactaccga acaaatggaa ttattgaaac 360 gaaaaggcat attcccatac gaatatattg agtctttcaa taaattgaat gaaacgcaac 420 taccatcaat tgataaattt tacagctcat tatcgggtga aaacatctcc aaaaatatgt 480 atcatcatgc tcagaatgtt tggcagtcat tcggtattaa aaatattttg gaatatagta 540 tgttgtacat gaaaactgat attatgttac tgacttgcat ttttgaaaat tttcgacaaa 600 aatgtcgaag tacatacagt cttgatcctg catggtacta taccatgcct ggattttctt 660 gggatgcaat gcttaaatat actggatgta aacttgaact gctgaatgat atcgataaaa 720 tcatgtttat tgagaaagct atccgaggtg gtataagtca agtaagtaat cggtattctg 780 aggcaaataa caaatacatg cataattatg atccatcaaa gcctagtaaa tatgtgctat 840 atttagatgt caacaatttg tatggttggg caatgtctca attattacca taagggggtt 900 tcatagcgtg tctccctata gtgagtcgta tta 933 <210> 40 <211> 918 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 40 cccaagcgtc cgcccacgcg tccgcccacg cggccccccc cgccgcccgc acggtgtgga 60 cctcgcgcct ggtgttacat cccaagtagt gttcctttta ttctaagttt aatttcgaac 120 agttgcattt actttatttc caaacaatca aaatgggtaa agaaaagatt catattaaca 180 tcgttgtcat tggacacgta gattctggta aatctactac tactggacat ttaatttaca 240 aatgtggtgg tatcgacaaa cgtaccatcg aaaagttcga aaaagaagcc caagaaatgg 300 gtaaaggttc attcaaatat gcctgggtac tcgacaaact taaggccgag agagaacgtg 360 gtattaccat tgatattgct ttgtggaaat tcgaaacagc taaatactat gtaaccatca 420 ttgatgcccc tggacacaga gatttcatta agaacatgat cactggtaca tcacaagctg 480 actgtgctgt actcattgtt gcagctggta ctggtgaatt tgaagcaggt atttcaaaga 540 atggacaaac acgtgaacat gctcttcttg ctttcaccct tggtgtaaaa caacttattg 600 ttggtgtcaa caaaatggac tcgactgaac cagcatacag tgaatcacgt ttcgaggaaa 660 tcaagaagga agtatcctca tacatcaaga aaattggtta caacccagct gccgttgctt 720 tcgtaccaat ttcaggatgg cacggagaca acatgttaga aggatctgac aagatgccat 780 ggttcaaggg atggcaaatc gaacgtaaag aaggaaaagc tgaaggaaag tgcttgattg 840 aggctttgga tgctatcctt cccccacctc gtccaactga gaaacccctc cgtcttccac 900 tccaggatgt ctacaaaa
918 <210> 41 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 41 taatacgact cactataggg agacctcgcg cctggtgtta c 41 <210> 42 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 42 taatacgact cactataggg agaccaaggg tgaaagcaag aagag 45 <210> 43 <211> 569 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 43 taatacgact cactataggg agacctcgcg cctggtgtta catcccaagt agtgttcctt 60 ttattctaag tttaatttcg aacagttgca tttactttat ttccaaacaa tcaaaatggg 120 taaagaaaag attcatatta acatcgttgt cattggacac gtagattctg gtaaatctac 180 tactactgga catttaattt acaaatgtgg tggtatcgac aaacgtacca tcgaaaagtt 240 cgaaaaagaa gcccaagaaa tgggtaaagg ttcattcaaa tatgcctggg tactcgacaa 300 acttaaggcc gagagagaac gtggtattac cattgatatt gctttgtgga aattcgaaac 360 agctaaatac tatgtaacca tcattgatgc ccctggacac agagatttca ttaagaacat 420 gatcactggt acatcacaag ctgactgtgc tgtactcatt gttgcagctg gtactggtga 480 atttgaagca ggtatttcaa agaatggaca aacacgtgaa catgctcttc ttgctttcac 540 ccttggtctc cctatagtga gtcgtatta
569 <210> 44 <211> 440 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 44 tcgcgggccg acacacgcct ccatattaag tcttgaaagt catttttaaa aacattttaa 60 tttaaaagta gtatttttaa gatttttcat tttcacacca gttcataatg gcatctggtt 120 caatatacga cgctgcacat aagggagatt ttgaatatgt ttcccaaaag attgaagagg 180 atccactaat tataaaagca ccagactcta gtaaaaggct tctaattcat tgggcagttc 240 tcagcggaaa tgtaaagctt gttactcatt tactggaact tggatcttct gtgaacccct 300 cggatgatac agatatgaca ccattaatat tagcttcatc ggctggccat accgaagttg 360 tcaaattgtt attaaaaaaa tgtgatgatg tcaatcataa aaatgcacag ggtcattcat 420 cacttcagta tgcagcctcc 440 <210> 45 <211> 46 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 45 taatacgact cactataggg agaacgctgc acataaggga gatttt 46 <210> 46 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 46 taatacgact cactataggg agaggaggct gcatactgaa g 41 <210> 47 <211> 1113 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 47 taatacgact cactataggg agaacgctgc acataaggga gattttgact atgtttcaga 60 aaagattgaa gagtttccaa taattttaga agcaccagac tctgtaagtt gtaattattt 120 gtatattatt atctaacgtt aatctctaga cgaaccttta ttatatccaa tctctaccgt 180 gcaatactaa aatgtaccac gtacatttgt agttcctttg atttttttaa tttcattttt 240 ttaacaggtt ttgcaaatgt atacattttt attttggtta catagtcagg ttatacagtc 300 cgtataattt caataatttc tctatctagt atagaaccca tgtcacctta tcaacctatt 360 atcctgcata tttaaatgca gtaaaaccac atttaaaaac atattttctg gtatctcata 420 gccatttgta tcctctaatg gatgtgcata ggcttcttct aaagttttct agtttctatg 480 aagttacaaa gtagtttcct gttattctct tgagaacatt tgttcatatg ataggtggtt 540 catattatct gacagtttca gcttacaagt gaagcagtag catctccaga agatgccaac 600 ccctagtgtt ggtgaaacgt cgagaactac ttgacagtct aagagcccca acaaacagtt 660 taacaagttg gtgtgcattt agttgataga attctgtcag gttcttggat actccattgt 720 attggtttat tttatttaac taatttcctc tctcttggtt ctctttacta ttccaaacct 780 aaaaattttt tattgtatag attcattttg ttgttgagct tatatattgt gctattgacc 840 aataatcaaa tactttttag agtaagaggc ttgtaattca ttgggcagtt ctcagcggaa 900 atgtaaagct tgttacctat ttactgaaac ttggatctcc tgtgaactcc tcagatgata 960 cagatatgac accattaata ttagcttcat cagctggcca taccgaagtt gtcaaattgt 1020 tattaaaaaa atgtgatgat gtcaatcata aaaatgcaca gggccattca tcacttcagt 1080 atgcagcctc cctccctata gtgagtcgta tta 1113 <210> 48 <211> 425 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 48 aggattttct gaagctgccg aagtaactgg actcaatcca gcccaaatat ccgtcattat 60 gaagaacctg atggctcgat tgggattcca gaagtactac cttcagggag gtgattgggg 120 ttccgcaata gtagccaact tagcatcatt attcccagaa aaagtgctgg gagtccattc 180 caatatgtgt atggtcaata gtatgctttc taatctaaaa ttagcattgg gtagttttat 240 gccatccttg attgttgatg ctgacaagca acatctcctt tatcccagaa tgaaacattt 300 tggattcctt atattggaaa gtggttatat gcatcttcag ggtagtaaac cagataccgt 360 tggtgtcgct ctacgtgata gccctgtagg tcttgcagct tacatcatag agaagtttca 420 cacat
425 <210> 49 <211> 42 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 49 taatacgact cactataggg agatctgaag ctgccgaagt aa 42 <210> 50 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 50 taatacgact cactataggg agatatcacg tagagcgaca ccaa 44 <210> 51 <211> 47 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 51 taatacgact cactataggg agactatgat gtaagctgca agaccta 47 <210> 52 <211> 95 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 52 taatacgact cactataggg agatcgcgat gagtagaccc aacacctctg gtaagggctc 60 tcatgcattg tttctcccta tagtgagtcg tatta <210> 53 <211> 427 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 53 gacgcgcggg tcgatgcaag actctagata gagtcgtaat attgtcaact ttttcgtttc 60 ggtaaaattt atactaacta gccgtcagaa aagttactaa ttctccagtt atttaattga 120 gaatttgact ttattcgtca ctagcgcaat aactcagtat ggtgattatt aattcattta 180 aacaccccga gtctcctatt aggtatcaac aggacgatgt tcaagtctac ttagacaaga 240 aagatttggg cctgggaact ttatttgtta gtgaaagcac attatgctgg caacaagaag 300 agaacaatgg ttttgctatt gaatattcaa gtatttcctt gcatgccata tctaaagatt 360 taaacattca ttctacagaa tgtgtatacc tcgtgacaga tggacatatt actatgccag 420 gtgacag 427 <210> 54 <211> 43 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 54 taatacgact cactataggg agactagccg tcagaaaagt tac 43 <210> 55 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 55 taatacgact cactataggg agaatggcat gcaaggaaat a 41 <210> 56 <211> 318 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 56 taatacgact cactataggg agactagccg tcagaaaagt tactaattct ccagttattt 60 aattgagaat ttgactttat tcgtcactag cgcaataact cagtatggtg attattaatt 120 catttaaaca ccccgagtct cctattaggt atcaacagga cgatgttcaa gtctacttag 180 acaagaaaga tttgggcctg ggaactttat ttgttagtga aagcacatta tgctggcaac 240 aagaagagaa caatggtttt gctattgaat attcaagtat ttccttgcat gccattctcc 300 ctatagtgag tcgtatta 318 <210> 57 <211> 431 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 57 caattattca cagaacaaca attatacaga atagaccact atttgggtaa ggaaatggta 60 cagaatttaa tgacacttcg atttggtaac agaatcttta accccacatg gaacagtgac 120 catatagctt ccatccaaat aaattgtaag gaacccttcg gaactgaagg cagaggaggg 180 tattttgacg aattcggcat tattagggat gtaatgcaga atcatatttt acaaattcta 240 gctctagtag ctatggaaaa accagcttca gttcaaccag acgatataag aaatgaaaag 300 gtaaaggtat taaaaagtat agctccaata aagctcaagg acgttgtatt gggtcagtac 360 gttggaaatc ctgatggaca aggtaatgcg aaattgggat acttagatga tccgagtgtt 420 cctaaagattc 431 <210> 58 <211> 47 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 58 taatacgact cactataggg agaacagtga ccatatagct tccatcc 47 <210> 59 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 59 taatacgact cactataggg agaatttcgc attaccttgt ccatc <210> 60 <211> 328 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 60 taatacgact cactataggg agaacagtga ccatatagct tccatccaaa taaattgtaa 60 ggaacccttc ggaactgaag gcagaggagg gtattttgac gaattcggca ttattaggga 120 tgtaatgcag aatcatattt tacaaattct agctctagta gctatggaaa aaccagcttc 180 agttcaacca gacgatataa gaaatgaaaa ggtaaaggta ttaaaaagta tagctccaat 240 aaagctcaag gacgttgtat tgggtcagta cgttggaaat cctgatggac aaggtaatgc 300 gaaattctcc ctatagtgag tcgtatta 328 <210> 61 <211> 483 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 61 acccacgcct accccgcccc gtgatattta gtgcttactt ggtacagcag tttcagtgct 60 gtgctttaga ataatttatt ttttaacatt tatatagaaa tcaaatacta accaatcaac 120 atgtgtgaag aagaagttgc cgctttagtc gtagacaatg gatccggtat gtgcaaagct 180 ggttttgctg gggatgatgc acctcgtgct gtattccctt caattgttgg acgcccaaga 240 catcagggtg tgatggtagg aatgggacaa aaagattcct atgtaggtga tgaagctcaa 300 agtaaaagag gtatccttac cttaaaatac cccatcgagc acggaatagt cacaaactgg 360 gatgatatgg agaaaatttg gcatcataca ttctacaatg aactcagagt agccccagaa 420 gaacaccctg ttctgttgac agaagctcct ctcaacccca aggccaacag ggaaaagatg 480 aca 483 <210> 62 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 62 taatacgact cactataggg agaccgcccc gtgatattta gtgct 45 <210> 63 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 63 taatacgact cactataggg agactgttgg ccttggggtt gagag 45 <210> 64 <211> 503 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 64 taatacgact cactataggg agaccgcccc gtgatattta gtgcttactt ggtacagcag 60 tttcagtgct gtgctttaga ataatttatt ttttaacatt tatatagaaa tcaaatacta 120 accaatcaac atgtgtgaag aagaagttgc cgctttagtc gtagacaatg gatccggtat 180 gtgcaaagct ggttttgctg gggatgatgc acctcgtgct gtattccctt caattgttgg 240 acgcccaaga catcagggtg tgatggtagg aatgggacaa aaagattcct atgtaggtga 300 tgaagctcaa agtaaaagag gtatccttac cttaaaatac cccatcgagc acggaatagt 360 cacaaactgg gatgatatgg agaaaatttg gcatcataca ttctacaatg aactcagagt 420 agccccagaa gaacaccctg ttctgttgac agaagctcct ctcaacccca aggccaacag 480 tctccctata gtgagtcgta tta 503 <210> 65 <211> 407 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 65 aggtgaatgt tatatcgttt ttcaaagtgt aaggtgttta ttttcaaaaa gtttataaaa 60 taagcaatca ctatgggtaa tgtgtttgca aatttattca aaggcctctt tggcaaaaag 120 gaaatgagga tattgatggt acgactcgat gcagctggta aaaccacaat tttatataaa 180 cttaaattag gagaaattgt aacaactatt ccaacaattg gatttaatgt ggagactgta 240 gaatataaga acattagttt tacagtatgg gatgtaggtg gtcaagataa aattaggcca 300 ttgtggagac actatttcca aaacacacaa cgcctaattt tcgtagtaga cagtaaccac 360 acggaaacta acactgaggc taaagattaa ttaatgcgtt agttggg 407 <210> 66 <211> 42 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 66 taatacgact cactataggg agaactatgg gtaatgtgtt tg 42 <210> 67 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 67 taatacgact cactataggg agagtttccg tgtggttact 40 <210> 68 <211> 345 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 68 taatacgact cactataggg agaactatgg gtaatgtgtt tgcaaattta ttcaaaggcc 60 tctttggcaa aaaggaaatg aggatattga tggtacgact cgatgcagct ggtaaaacca 120 caattttata taaacttaaa ttaggagaaa ttgtaacaac tattccaaca attggattta 180 atgtggagac tgtagaatat aagaacatta gttttacagt atgggatgta ggtggtcaag 240 ataaaattag gccattgtgg agacactatt tccaaaacac acaacgccta attttcgtag 300 tagacagtaa ccacacggaa actctcccta tagtgagtcg tatta
345 <210> 69 <211> 456 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 69 tcgcgggtcg atacaagcgt ctaaacacac gttctgatga catcaatttc taaaaatgtt 60 cgcaaattcc taccaaagcg gcttcatttc aatattctac agcgtaggaa gtaatccact 120 agcattatgg gacaagcagg taaagaacgg acatatcaga cggattatgg acgatgatgt 180 gaaatcatta gttttggaaa tatctggaac taatgtagct actacttata taacgtgccc 240 catcaaacca cgagcttcac ttggaatcag attacctttt ctgattatga ttataaagaa 300 tatgaagaag tactttacat ttgaaattca aatattagat gataaagata tgcgtagaag 360 gtttagaata tcaaatttcc aatcatccac caaagtgaga ccgttctgta caacgatgcc 420 aatgggactc agcagtggct ggaatcaagt tcaatt 456 <210> 70 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 70 taatacgact cactataggg agacgggtcg atacaagcgt ctaa 44 <210> 71 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 71 taatacgact cactataggg agaagtccca ttggcatcgt tgta 44 <210> 72 <211> 472 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 72 taatacgact cactataggg agacgggtcg atacaagcgt ctaaacacac gttctgatga 60 catcaatttc taaaaatgtt cgcaaattcc taccaaagcg gcttcatttc aatattctac 120 agcgtaggaa gtaatccact agcattatgg gacaagcagg taaagaacgg acatatcaga 180 cggattatgg acgatgatgt gaaatcatta gttttggaaa tatctggaac taatgtagct 240 actacttata taacgtgccc catcaaacca cgagcttcac ttggaatcag attacctttt 300 ctgattatga ttataaagaa tatgaagaag tactttacat ttgaaattca aatattagat 360 gataaagata tgcgtagaag gtttagaata tcaaatttcc aatcatccac caaagtgaga 420 ccgttctgta caacgatgcc aatgggactt ctccctatag tgagtcgtat ta 472 <210> 73 <211> 503 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 73 cacgcgtcca aaatcaatcc ttgaaaaaag gcaacttcac ggaactttta caaaaactta 60 gtaaggttct aaaaccccag ggatacttat taagtgcagc agctccggga gcacgtgata 120 aaattgatga accttacgac attccagcga tttcaaagct actagacttg gtcaatgtta 180 tggttttcga tttccacggc gcttttgaca actatgtagg acatatctca ccgctttttc 240 ccgctaaagt tgactacgat tactataata ataaaacata caatgtggat acaggaattc 300 aatattggtt gaatggtggt gcagatcctg caaaattaaa cttgggtgtt gtcgcttatg 360 gaagaacttt tactttggct gataaaaata ataccgctct atatgctcct gtcaaaggtg 420 gaggtacagt tggaccttat tcacaacaat ctggatattt gggatataat gagatttgca 480 gatactatac cgactcaact tac 503 <210> 74 <211> 42 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 74 taatacgact cactataggg agacacgcgt ccaaaatcaa te <210> 75 <211> 47 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 75 taatacgact cactataggg agatcggtat agtatctgca aatctca 47 <210> 76 <211> 417 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 76 taatacgact cactataggg agacaaacat caggtgcgga aaaaacacga gaggctaata 60 ccaagtgatg ccgacgttgc caaatggaga tgtgttggtc ttctgtcagt cacaaccgca 120 aggcagtgtg aaatgtgaag ttatgtgatt tactttgaaa aaaacagata aggattacgt 180 aagatgagca attcatgtac tagtacaatt aaagttattg aaaataacac aattcttgta 240 gaatggcaaa aacatcatta tggtcatatt tttgattcgc aacatattaa tttacaaaag 300 aaagataata acataatagg ttcaaagcta atatcggagt cccatagcaa aggtaaaaaa 360 attgtttttc ttttttttct tacttaaaaa attctctccc tatagtgagt cgtatta 417 <210> 77 <211> 927 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 77 aggtaaatgc tcaacatgaa ggtgctagtg ttactctcgg tactatctgc atttcttgtt 60 tgccaaacat caggtgcgga aaaacgggtc gtttgttatt tcgccagttg gaccatttat 120 agagcaagaa aaggtgcttt cgatgtcagt aatatagatc catcgctgtg tacacacatt 180 aattttgctt tccttggtct taatgaagat ggttctattc acattttgga ttcctgggag 240 tcaagtgatg ctggtggtca tgagggtttt aaacatctcg tagagcttaa aaagaccaat 300 cctgacctta aggtatgtgt aagtatgggc ggttggaacg aaggttccaa gcagtattca 360 gcagtagcat cagatccagc aaaaagagta aaacttgcag atgaggtttt agcttttatc 420 gaaaattggg gcttcgatgg ttttgatttg gattgggaat atccaggatt acgaggagga 480 aacgaaacta ttgataaaga gaattatgtc gaacttttga aagctcttag tgacgttctt 540 gagcccaaag gatacttact cagtgtagcc actgcaggcg ccgttgaaaa aatcgacgtt 600 ggatttgacg tctcagttat aaatgagttg gtggatatga ttaacgttat ggtttttgat 660 tttcatggag catttgagaa ctttgtagga cacgtttcac cattgttccc agctcaagtt 720 gattacgaat atgaagctaa tagtacatac aatgtagaca caggaatcca acactggata 780 ttgagtggtg cagatcccgc aaaaataaac ctcggcattg tcacctatgg aagaacctat 840 accttagctg ataaaaccaa tacttctctt tatgcaaatg ttaccggtgg tggtaataca 900 gggccatatt ctgcacaatc tggatat 927 <210> 78 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 78 taatacgact cactataggg agacaaacat caggtgcgga aaaa 44 <210> 79 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 79 taatacgact cactataggg agacgggatc tgcaccactc aata 44 <210> 80 <211> 912 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 80 taatacgact cactataggg agacgggatc tgcaccactc aataatatta aaactactat 60 aaaaatatga ctagttattc agaagattta atcataatct aaaaaagtgc aatacatttt 120 taataaacta tgatttattt atcccgcggt aaacactaaa aacactatat attatacata 180 aagataaatt aatacagtca aatactatta atttattctc tgaagtacgg gccattactt 240 tgtttacatg tttgtatact aacctgtaga acgttattcc tgaagatttt ttattaacat 300 tgcttctgct actgcaacta cgttgagaac aagaagccat tattatgcac tatcacaata 360 tattattaca gtttctataa aagtattaaa aaactaaaaa tattcgaaag acaacaaacg 420 taaacaaaca tatacgatct gtcaaaagtg tcacaacaat cttaacgata tggccgaagt 480 gaggtcgttt ttagtcacgt gatgccttct ccatagattc taactcgatg gtgtagacgc 540 aaatagcgac atctgataat aaaatcgtga actaattttc gaaaccaaat tcagaatttc 600 gctttaatct gtgccttcta agaattgcaa ggcaagacag acgttgataa agatgttaga 660 tataagtttg atataagtag atataagttt gattattact tacaataggg acagcatcta 720 attattttta gcacactcac ttgctgccaa caatactggc cgcaaaacta ggtaatagag 780 aaatagtgta tattaaggaa tgaactgact ggtcgcaagc tcttgcttgt cggacctttc 840 cttacgaagt tgcttgacga ctgtattatt tttccgcacc tgatgtttgt ctccctatag 900 tgagtcgtatta 912 <210> 81 <211> 342 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 81 ggagcgaagg catctctctc catcccgacc tctcgtggcc gccgcgaaga aaaggagctt 60 atcatggctt caaaacgtat cctgaaggaa ctgaaggact tgcagaaaga tcctccgaga 120 tcatgcagtg caggtccttc tggcgaggat atgttccatt ggcaggcaac aattatgggt 180 cctcctgata gtccctatgc tggaggtgtt ttcttagtga atatccattt ccccccggac 240 taccccttca agcctccgaa ggtatcgttc aagacaaagg tcttccatcc gaacatcaat 300 agcaatggag gcatatgcct cgacattctg aaggagcaat gg 342 <210> 82 <211> 42 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 82 taatacgact cactataggg agactctcca tcccgacctc te <210> 83 <211> 42 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 83 taatacgact cactataggg agatgcctcc attgctattg at 42 <210> 84 <211> 344 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 84 taatacgact cactataggg agactctcca tcccgacctc tcgtggccgc cgcgaagaaa 60 aggagcttat catggcttca aaacgtatcc tgaaggaact gaaggacttg cagaaagatc 120 ctccgagatc atgcagtgca ggtccttctg gcgaggatat gttccattgg caggcaacaa 180 ttatgggtcc tcctgatagt ccctatgctg gaggtgtttt cttagtgaat atccatttcc 240 ccccggacta ccccttcaag cctccgaagg tatcgttcaa gacaaaggtc ttccatccga 300 acatcaatag caatggaggc atctccctat agtgagtcgt atta 344 <210> 85 <211> 674 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 85 tcggcggccg gtaaggaact ttaaaccgga atggtcaaaa aacaaaatcc tggcataatg 60 gggaaaattg gaattaacgg ttttggccga attggccgcc tggtaccccg tgcagctctt 120 gaaaaaggag ttgaagtagt agctgtcaac gatcccttcc ttgatgtcga ctacatggta 180 tacttgttca aatttgactc tacccacggt cgctacaagg gatgtgtcaa cagtgatggc 240 aaaaacttag ttgttgatgg caaagtcatt tccgtacacc aagaaagaga cccagctgct 300 attccatggg gcaaagctgg tgeagattat gtagtagaat ctaccggagt gttcaccaca 360 attgaaaagg ccaagaaaca tcttgacggt ggtgctaaga aagtcatcat ctcagctcca 420 tctgctgatg ctccaatgta tgtatgtggt gttaacttgg atgcctacaa tccagctgat 480 cccgtaatct ctaacgcttc ttgcactacc aactgccttg ctccactcgc caaagtcatc 540 cacgacaact tcgaaatcgt tgaaggtttg atgaccaccg tacatgccac aaccgccaca 600 caaaaaactg tcgacggacc ctctggaaaa ttgtggcgtg acggtcgtgg tgccggacaa 660 aacatcatcc cagc 674 <210> 86 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 86 taatacgact cactataggg agagtacccc gtgcagctct tgaaa 45 <210> 87 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 87 taatacgact cactataggg agaggttgtg gcatgtacgg tggtc 45 <210> 88 <211> 538 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 88 taatacgact cactataggg agagtacccc gtgcagctct tgaaaaagga gttgaagtag 60 tagctgtcaa cgatcccttc cttgatgtcg actacatggt atacttgttc aaatttgact 120 ctacccacgg tcgctacaag ggatgtgtca acagtgatgg caaaaactta gttgttgatg 180 gcaaagtcat ttccgtacac caagaaagag acccagctgc tattccatgg ggcaaagctg 240 gtgcagatta tgtagtagaa tctaccggag tgttcaccac aattgaaaag gccaagaaac 300 atcttgacgg tggtgctaag aaagtcatca tctcagctcc atctgctgat gctccaatgt 360 atgtatgtgg tgttaacttg gatgcctaca atccagctga tcccgtaatc tctaacgctt 420 cttgcactac caactgcctt gctccactcg ccaaagtcat ccacgacaac ttcgaaatcg 480 ttgaaggttt gatgaccacc gtacatgcca caacctctcc ctatagtgag tcgtatta 538 <210> 89 <211> 551 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 89 atagaagttg aaccatctga tactattgag aatgtgaaag ctaagatcca agataaggaa 60 ggtatcccac cagaccagca aagattgatc tttgcaggta aacagctgga agatggtaga 120 accttgtctg actataacat ccagaaagag tccactcttc acttggtact gagattgaga 180 ggaggtatgc agatcttcgt caagacacta actggaaaga ccatcacttt ggaagttgaa 240 ccatctgata ccattgagaa tgtcaaagct aagatccaag ataaggaagg tatcccacca 300 gatcagcaaa gattgatctt tgcaggtaaa cagctagaag atggtagaac tttgtctgat 360 tataacatcc agaaagagtc cactcttcac ttggtactta gattgagagg aggtatgcac 420 attttcgtca agacattgac tggtaatacc atcacattag aagttgaacc atctgatact 480 attgagaatg tgaaagctaa gattcaagat aaggaaggta tcccaccaga tcagcaaaga 540 ttgatctttg c 551 <210> 90 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 90 taatacgact cactataggg agagtatccc accagaccag 40 <210> 91 <211> 47 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 91 taatacgact cactataggg agaatgtgca tacctcctct caatcta <210> 92 <211> 407 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 92 taatacgact cactataggg agagtatccc accagaccag caaagattga tctttgcagg 60 taaacagctg gaagatggta gaaccttgtc tgactataac atccagaaag agtccactct 120 tcacttggta ctgagattga gaggaggtat gcagatcttc gtcaagacac taactggaaa 180 gaccatcact ttggaagttg aaccatctga taccattgag aatgtcaaag ctaagatcca 240 agataaggaa ggtatcccac cagatcagca aagattgatc tttgcaggta aacagctaga 300 agatggtaga actttgtctg attataacat ccagaaagag tccactcttc acttggtact 360 tagattgaga ggaggtatgc acattctccc tatactgagt cgtatta 407 <210> 93 <211> 401 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <220>
<221 > característ¡ca_m ¡se <222> (369)..(369) <223> n es a, c, g or t <400> 93 gtaatgttca tgttttgtgt gtagaaaaac gctaaaactg tgtgcaggca catcctttcg 60 cgatgagtag acccaacaca aactgttttc aagtcttacc gaacaatagc agatggctat 120 cgacacaaga ttctggaatt tttcccaaac gtcacactga ctactatgta tttaatatgg 180 gaagacagga agtgttagtg gaaggatggt ggggaacaaa actgggatgg actggggttt 240 tggatggagt gaacctggcg cctggcaatg gttacagaat tgtagtcagt gataaaccat 300 attttgtaac agctgtgaaa ataacaaata aaacaactgt aagggctctc atgcattgtt 360 ctgagatana cggttatcct ctgcggagtc aaggaactga c 401 <210> 94 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 94 taatacgact cactataggg agatcgcgat gagtagaccc aacac 45 <210> 95 <211> 46 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 95 taatacgact cactataggg agaaacaatg catgagagcc cttaca 46 <210> 96 <211> 348 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 96 taatacgact cactataggg agacgcgatg agtagaccca acacaaactg ttttcaagtc 60 ttaccgaaca atagcagatg gctatcgaca caagattctg gaatttttcc caaacgtcac 120 actgactact atgtatttaa tatgggaaga caggaagtgt tagtggaagg atggtgggga 180 acaaaactgg gatggactgg ggttttggat ggagtgaacc tggcgcctgg caatggttac 240 agaattgtag tcagtgataa accatatttt gtaacagctg tgaaaataac aaataaaaca 300 actgtaaggg ctctcatgca ttgtttctcc ctatactgag tcgtatta 348 <210> 97 <211> 1168 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 97 acgctgacaa gctgactcta gcagatcacc gtcttcgata ccaagcggcc tgaattcgcg 60 tgaatcgtat ctcagtccat cgttggccaa gccggagtcc aaataggtaa tgcctgctcg 120 ggagttgtac tcgcctggaa cagggcatcc aacctgacgg tcagatgcca tcagacaaga 180 ctgttggagg aggagatgac agtttcaaca cattcttcag tgaaactggt gccggcaaac 240 atgtacctag agcagtattt gtagatttgg aaccaacagt agtagatgaa gtacgtaccg 300 gcacataccg tcaattgttc cacccagaac aactcatcac tggcaaagaa gatgccgcca 360 ataactacta gaggtcacta tacaattggt aaagaaatag ttgacttggt attggacaga 420 atccgtaaat tggctgatca atgccatagt caacagatag acgttccatc aacaaagaag 480 tgaaaccaga tccagtacca ccaccgaagg agtggaagat caagaaacct tgaagtccag 540 tacattgatc agccaattta cggattctgt ccaataccaa gtcaactatt tctttaccaa 600 ttgtatagtg acctctagta gttattggcg gcatcttctt tgccagtgat gagttgttct 660 gggtggaaca attgacggta tgtgccggta cgtacttcat ctactactgt tggttccaaa 720 tctacaaata ctgctctagg tacatgtttg ccggcaccag tttcactgaa gaatgtgttg 780 aaactgtcat ctcctcctcc aacagtcttg tctgatggca tctgaccgtc aggttggatg 840 ccctgttcca ggcgagtaca actcccgagc aggcattacc tatttggact ccggcttggc 900 caacgatgga ctgagatacg attcacgcat tttggttgat gagtttttaa cttttacacc 960 acaaatgaaa caaaattacg acagacgttc agattagcta gtaatgcagc ggatccgatc 1020 gttcaaacat ttggcaataa agtttcttaa gattgaatcc tgttgccggt cttgcgatga 1080 ttatcatata atttctgttg aattacgtta agcatgtaat aattaacatg taatgcatga 1140 cgttatttat gagatgggtt tttatgat 1168 <210> 98 <211> 2131 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 98 tcgcggcgac acacacccct ctaaacacgc tatcattggt cccacgcgcc gctagctagc 60 gatcgcgagc gagcgcccgc ccccccgccc gggaagctgc attactagct aatctgaacg 120 tctgtcgtaa ttttgtttca tttgtggtgt aaaagttaaa actcatcaac caaaatgcgt 180 gaatgtatct cagtccatgt tggccaagcc ggagtccaaa tcggtaatgc ctgctgggag 240 ttgtactgcc tggaacatgg catccaacct gacggtcaga tgccatcaga caagactgtt 300 ggaggaggag atgacagttt caacacattc ttcagtgaaa ctggtgccgg caaacatgta 360 cctagagcag tatttgtaga tttggaacca acagtagtag atgaagtacg taccggcaca 420 taccgtcaat tgttccaccc agaacaactc atcactggca aagaagatgc cgccaataac 480 tatgctagag gtcactatac aattggtaaa gaaatagttg acttggtatt ggacagaatc 540 cgtaaattgg ctgatcaatg tactggactt caaggtttct tgattttcca ctccttcggt 600 ggtggtactg gatctggttt cacttctttg ttgatggaac gtctatctgt tgactatggt 660 aaaaaatcaa aactggaatt cgccatctac ccagctcctc aagtatctac tgctgtagta 720 gaaccataca actccatctt gaccacccac accactcttg aacactcaga ctgtgccttt 780 atggtagata atgaagccat ctatgacatc tgcagacgta atctagacat cgagcgccca 840 acctacacca acttgaacag acttattggc caaatcgtat cctcaatcac agcttctcta 900 agattcgatg gtgctctaaa tgttgacttg acagaattcc aaactaactt ggttccttac 960 cctcgtattc acttccctct tgtcacctat gccccagtaa tttccgctga aaaggcttac 1020 catgaacaac tttccgtagc tgaaatcacc aatgcctgtt tcgaacctgc caaccagatg 1080 gtaaaatgtg atcccagaca tggtaaatac atggcttgct gtatgttgta cagaggggat 1140 gttgtaccaa aggatgtaaa tgctgctatt gcaaccatta agaccaaacg taccatccaa 1200 ttcgtagact ggtgtccaac tggtttcaaa gtaggtatca actaccaacc accaactgtt 1260 gtacctggag gtgatttggc taaagtacaa cgtgccgtat gcatgttgtc caacactaca 1320 gctattgctg aagcctgggc aagattggac cacaaattcg atcttatgta tgccaagaga 1380 gctttcgtcc actggtatgt aggagagggt atggaagaag gtgaattctc tgaagctcgt 1440 gaagatttgg ctgctttgga gaaagattat gaagaagttg gtatggactc cggagaaggt 1500 gagggtgaag gagctgaaga atattaaatt tgattccaaa catgacaaat cacttgtttt 1560 taagacaaaa aattcctttc aattttttta cactttttca ttacttttct gtgaaacgat 1620 tatttaaagt ctgatttaat ttaatacaga attttttacg agcaaaaaaa aaaaagggcg 1680 gcccccgatt gcgcatatag ctacattaaa gatcgtggcc tctgtctaga gactgactac 1740 aagtatccat gattaaacgg agactgcaaa cagtgtaatc tcggttatca ataaccatcc 1800 aatgaactag tgcatgctgt agtatcataa cacgaagtaa gcatcttcac ttgaggaatg 1860 tattatactg tgtgagccaa tatcagtatg tgacaacact aaatgagact ggccatagat 1920 aaaacctaca gcgcctttag gacgacttcc tatactagaa tccggtggaa aaccagttcc 1980 tcaaagcact gctatctgca ggcatctgtc taacgtatgc aaatcttggt ggtaaagacg 2040 caaaggtaaa tcttgttata tatattgctg atcaagcgta tgatgatatg aagaaaccta 2100 tgggcgaata catgagatac agggatgaaa g 2131 <210> 99 <211> 1720 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 99 gacacgggcc cgaatatccc cggccgctct ctacgatcaa cgcatcgaag agagcgttct 60 gtgttttcta gtaatagtta tttaatacat tttataaatc aaaatgaggg aaatcgttca 120 catccaagct ggacaatgcg gtaaccaaat tggagccaaa ttctgggaaa tcatctctga 180 tgaacacgga atcgacccca ccggagccta ccatggagac tctgacctcc aacttgaaag 240 aatcaatgtc tactacaacg aggcctccgg cggaaaatac gtaccccgcg ccatcctcgt 300 cgacttggaa cccggtacca tggattcagt aaggtcgggt cccttcggac aaatcttcag 360 accagacaac ttcgtgtttg gacagtctgg agctggaaac aactgggcca agggacatta 420 cacagaaggt gctgaattag ttgattcagt attagatgtt gtaaggaaag aagctgaatc 480 atgtgattgt ttacaaggat tccaactcac acactcactt ggaggtggta ctggatcagg 540 tatgggtacc ctccttatct caaaaatccg tgaagaatac ccagacagaa ttatgaacac 600 atactcagta gtcccctcac ccaaagtatc agataccgta gtagaaccat acaatgccac 660 actttcagta catcaattgg tagaaaacac agatgaaaca tactgtattg ataatgaagc 720 tctctatgac atttgcttca gaactttgaa actcacaaca cccacatatg gagacttaaa 780 ccatttggta tccctcacaa tgtccggtgt aaccacctgt cttaggttcc caggtcagtt 840 gaatgctgat cttagaaaat tggctgtcaa catggttccc ttcccccgtc tccacttctt 900 catgcccgga ttcgctccac tcacctcaag aggcagccaa caatacagag cgttgacagt 960 tccagagctc acacagcaaa tgtttgatgc caagaacatg atggcggctt gtgatcccag 1020 acacggaagg taccttacag tagctgcagt attcagaggt aggatgtcaa tgaaagaagt 1080 tgacgaacag atgctcaaca tccagaacaa gaacagcagc tacttcgtcg aatggatccc 1140 caacaacgtt aaaacagccg tttgtgatat cccaccaaga ggtctcaaga tgtctgccac 1200 tttcatcggc aactcaaccg ccatccaaga attgttcaaa cgtatctccg aacaatttac 1260 agctatgttc aggaggaaag ctttcttgca ttggtacacc ggagaaggta tggatgaaat 1320 ggaattcacg gaagcagaat ccaacatgaa cgacttggta tcagaatacc aacagtacca 1380 agaagccaca gctgacgaag atgccgaatt cgacgaagac caggaagccg aagtcgacga 1440 gaactaaatt tcatacgtta attttggatc tgaaatcaaa gctttataac ttttatattt 1500 gtctcctctc cttttatttt ttatttaagc atgttttttg tacagtctct acattcccgt 1560 ttgtaaattt cgaatacact acttaaatta ttccaagact gactttttgt tgcttgtgtt 1620 tctggaattt caggaagtgt ttagatattt aacatgtttt gcgaactgtt tttttatgaa 1680 taggcattaa aactgctgcc attacttata ctcagaggca 1720 <210> 100 <211> 1175 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 100 tgacaactga cacacgagaa gatacgacat ggcaagaaaa tctctctgat taccattctg 60 acttttctgc gggatcggat gaggataagg aagacgatga tttcgatgag aagaacgacg 120 ccgatttaag cagaaggagt cgaagaaaga tggaaaggaa agacgagaag gatcgtcctt 180 taccaccgtt actagccaga gttggcggca atattgaagt actcggtttt aatgccaggc 240 agcgtaaagc gttccttaat gctattatgc gctacggaat gccaccacaa gacgctttca 300 attcacagtg gctggtgaga gatcttcgag gaaaatctga gaagatattc aaggcttacg 360 tgtctctctt tatgaggcat ctttgcgaac ctggtgcaga taatgctgat acatttgcgg 420 acggtgtgcc gagggaagga ctgagtaggc aacatgtttt gacaaggatt ggtgtgatgt 480 cacttataag aaagaaggtt caggagttcg aacacatcaa cggcgagtat agcatgccgg 540 aagtaatcaa aaagagcatt atggatcaaa ataaaatcaa tgccgccggc accgccacca 600 caagcgaagc agaaacgcct aaaagtgcta ctaccagtac tagtgctacg ccagctacaa 660 gtgctgctcc cagtcccgct cccacacaag gagaagataa agataaggat aaagattccg 720 ttcagagtga cgaaaataaa gataaagaag tggttaataa aacggaaacc gaagatgaag 780 agaagaaaac gggagaatct tcaacagaaa agccgaaaac tgaaccggaa gaagtgaaag 840 aagcttctcc gaaaaccgaa attcccgaag ctagttccga agctgataaa tctgagatca 900 aatccgaagt cgatacctcg tctgtaacca gcgaggaaaa gaaagaagag aaagaggaag 960 aggccaaaaa ggaagaaccc gaagagacca aaatggaaat acaggaggag gaacttgtta 1020 aagaggagaa aaaagaagaa gaggatgata agaagaagga ggaaattaag aaagaggtgg 1080 aaaagaagga agaggatgac gttatggtta ttgatgatga taaagataag aaggacaaaa 1140 aggaaatcga tctcgaagcc aagaagcgtt tcatg 1175 <210> 101 <211> 1176 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 101 cccatgcggc cgcccatttt tattgagcaa attgttcaga aagttgctgg gcgtagtcgg 60 gaaaaacatt gtttaaatcc ctttaatttc ctctaagtcg aaagaaaaag gctcaaaatg 120 gctctcagcg acgcagatgt acaaaagcag atcaagcaca tgatggcttt cattgagcaa 180 gaagccaatg aaaaggccga ggaaattgat gcaaaggctg aagaagaatt caacatcgaa 240 aagggccgtc tggtccaaca acagaggctc aagattatgg agtactacga gaaaaaagag 300 aagcaagtag aactccagaa aaaaatccaa tcatcaaaca tgttgaacca ggcaagattg 360 aaggtattga aagtaaggga agaccatgta cgtgccgttt tggaagatgc tcgcaaacgt 420 cttggtgagg taaccagaga ttcaggcaaa tatacacaaa tcctggaaag tctcatcctc 480 caagggctct atcagctctt cgaaaaggac atcaccatta gagtacgccc tcaggacaga 540 gaattggtaa aatctatcat gcctaacgtc tcccaaaagt acaaggacat aaccggtaaa 600 gacgtaaatc taaaaatcga cgacgagagc cacctttctc aagaaaccac cggaggaatc 660 gaactgttgg ccttgagaaa caagatcaaa atcaacaata ctctggaagc ccgtcttgag 720 ctcatctcac aacaattgat tccccagatc cgtaatgctc tgttcggacg caacgtcaac 780 agaaaattca ctgattaagt attttttgga tactgtgtat tgcctgtatt ttatatagta 840 ttgtaaaaca ttgttggttg cttagacaga tcttcaaaaa ccttttaaac tactatgtat 900 atacgatata tataataaac cattcctttt tttgaagtat tttaaacagt taagtttgtt 960 gttaccctaa ttgtatcctt gtcaagcaga tattttttaa aatccttaga aaattattag 1020 gtttcagtta tactacctta ttttttttct caaatatatt catattttat gtttatatgt 1080 atataaaaaa attatttttt tcttgtgaga aaatcatcgc aataaaattt attgttagtc 1140 caacaaaaaa aaaatggtgg ccgctttgtt ttttat 1176 <210> 102 <211> 2410 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 102 cggacgcgtg ggggagaaac ataacatcca tccacaaata tgtcgaaagt aaggatcgga 60 gatgaagaga aggaagggca gtatggttat gtccatgctg tctcaggtcc agtcgttact 120 gctgagaaaa tgtctggttc tgctatgtac gaactggtac gtgtcggata ctatgagctg 180 gtaggagaaa tcattagatt ggaaggtgac atggctacta ttcaggtata cgaagaaaca 240 tcaggtgtaa ctgttggtga tccagtatta agaactggta aaccactttc agtagaactt 300 ggacctggta ttatgggttc catttttgat ggtatccaac gtccattgaa agacatttgt 360 gacgctactg atagtattta catccccaag ggtattaacg taccttcttt atcgagaaca 420 gcaaaatggg acttcaaccc aatcaacatc aagttgggat ctcacttaac tggaggtgat 480 atatatggtc tagttcatga aaacaccctt gtcaaacaca aaatgattct gcctcctaga 540 gctaagggta ctgtaaccta cattgcagaa ccaggaaact acactgttga tgaagtagta 600 ttggaaactg aatttgatgg tgatcgtacc aaatatacta tgttgcaagt atggcctgta 660 cgtcaagcaa ggccagtcag tgaaaaatta cctgccaacc atcctctgct tacaggacag 720 cgtgtacttg atgctctttt cccatgtgta cagggtggta ctactgccat tcccggagct 780 ttcggttgtg gaaaaactgt aatttcacaa tctctttcca aatattccaa ctctgatgtc 840 attatctacg tcggttgcgg agaaagaggt aacgaaatgt ctgaagtatt gagagatttc 900 cctgaattga ctgttgaaat tgacgggcac actgaatcta ttatgaaacg taccgcattg 960 gtcgccaaca catctaacat gcctgtagct gctcgtgaag cttctatcta tactggtatt 1020 actctttctg aatacttccg tgatatgggt tacaacgtat ctatgatggc tgactcgaca 1080 tcacgttggg ccgaagcttt gagagaaatt tcaggtcgtt tggctgaaat gcctgccgat 1140 tccggttatc cggcttactt aggtgcccgt ttggcttcct tctacgaacg tgctggtcgc 1200 gttaaatgtt taggtaatcc agacagagaa ggatccgttt caattgtagg agccgtatca 1260 cctcctggtg gtgatttctc agatcctgtt accactgcta ctcttggtat tgtacaggtg 1320 ttctggggtt tggacaagaa acttgcccaa cgtaagcact tcccttcagt agactggctt 1380 ggatcatatt ccaaatattt aagagcattg gacgactttt atgacaaaaa cttccaagag 1440 tttattcctc ttagaaccaa agttaaggaa attcttcagg aagaagatga tctagccgaa 1500 attgtgcagc tggtaggtaa agcatctctg gcagaaacgg acaaaatcac cttggaaatt 1560 gccaggcttc ttaaagaaga tttcttgcaa caaaactcat actcttctta tgacagattc 1620 tgtccattct ataaaactgt cggtatgttg agaaacatga tcggtttgta cgacatggcg 1680 agacacgctg tagaatcaac cgcacaatca gaaaataaga tcacttggaa cgtaataaga 1740 gattcaatga gtggaatttt atatcaactt agcagtatga aatttaagga tcccgtaaaa 1800 gatggtgaag ctaaaatcaa ggcagatttt gatcaattat atgaagatat tcagcaggcc 1860 ttcagaaact tagaagatta aatcttttta aggaaatttt cctattttgt tcatcagtgt 1920 aagtttaaaa atatagcgat atttatcaaa aagaataata aggcctctat ccctcacttc 1980 tgtgaatatt aatatggccg tactaaagat agtaactaaa gataggtttt ctcttttttg 2040 atattatcct gtacaaaata aattatgtaa attgttgaat atgtgtatag tttttttggg 2100 tgagggtaca gtgcttatta aatacttttt aaacattttt cccgccattc caattactat 2160 taagtttttt cgttttaata cttttttaaa tatacaggtg cttaatatcg tttatatttt 2220 cagtattact tggttttctt catgtaaatt gttttaaatt tttcttttac ccttttaatc 2280 ttgtatatta cattacccaa ttaaagttaa ttgtacagat taagataaac gagtatctta 2340 taacatctat tagattgtta gaatcaataa atgtagtgta attgttctgt tttgaacaaa 2400 taaatgcatc 2410 <210> 103 <211> 1575 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 103 atctgacagt ttctacagta tagttgcagt gttcagtgga aaatattcaa ttaagatatt 60 cctagcgttc agacgtgtgc tctgatttca tggtactaaa atggcagtag ttcaatcaaa 120 ttacattcaa aatatacctt cttttggatg tgtagaccaa cctgacaacg gctccaaaac 180 aacaagagaa tcattagtag aagtgtcttc atcacgtcca cgccaagaag actactcagt 240 atatgagaac agactggcat ctttcactaa ctggcccaac acccaagtgt caagagaatc 300 attagctcga gctggtttta tatatacagg tcaagatgac atcgttatct gccctatttg 360 taagatagag ggataccatt gggtatcagg agacaatcca atggatgatc atcgtgtttg 420 gaatcccaac tgcccctttc ttaatagaag agataacatc gagcacgatc actctgtagg 480 ttctagagac acttgtggac tttttggcat agaattgtta ccaaattcag ttcctgaaga 540 taatacaagt aatttacaaa aattagggat ccaacctgga acaggtccac aaaatcaaga 600 caaaattacg ttagaaagcc ggttagcaac attccagggt tggccaaaga gcattaaaca 660 gaggccttct gagttagctg aggcgggatt ttattacaca ggagctgggg accaaactgt 720 gtgcttttat tgtggtgggg gattaaaaga ctgggatgaa ggagatgatc cttgggagca 780 acatgccctt tggtttagca aatgtgtgtt tctcaatttg aaaaagggca aagaattcat 840 cgatcaagta aagaggaagg ctgatccaca attttcaatt cctggaccta gcggtactca 900 agccaaagag gaaccgactg ctactgaatc ttcaagtgat aaacaaagtg aaacagtgaa 960 aacaaaatca gatagggaaa gtttcgcaac tgacacaact ttgtgcaaaa tttgctttaa 1020 aaacgaactt ggtgttgttt tcttgccttg tggacatatt gttgcttgtg tagattgtgc 1080 tgctgcacta aaaacatgtg ctgtatgccg aaaaccttta gaggccacag tcagagcgtt 1140 cctatcataa atttttattc tgttaatagt ttttcacatt tcatgtttca cacatactta 1200 gatctagtca agattgttag agttttggca aagaaattaa ataaaaattc ttttcataaa 1260 aatcatttct ttaatattac attagagaaa aattatattt ttatactgag tacaaatttg 1320 aacaagttat taattttaag ttacaaaata cgcttttata ggttaacaat tatcaaagcg 1380 cttaaatcta atagatacta cacaacatta aggactgcaa accatatctt tcacgaagta 1440 atccctacta gtgaccaatt gctcgctagg agcagatgca aattacacaa atttactata 1500 aatctgacat taaaacttag gtgtatgttt gtgtgtatgt tatgtattga tcataataat 1560 atagtaattt ataat 1575 <210> 104 <211> 1870 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 104 gtcgacccac gcgtccgaat ttgatggtga tcgtaccaaa tatactatgt tgcaagtatg 60 gcctgtacgt caagcaaggc cagtcagtga aaaattacct gccaaccatc ctctgcttac 120 aggacagcgt gtacttgatg ctcttttccc atgtgtacag ggtggtacta ctgccattcc 180 cggagctttc ggttgtggaa aaactgtaat ttcacaatct ctttccaaat attccaactc 240 tgatgtcatt atctacgtcg gttgcggaga aagaggtaac gaaatgtctg aagtattgag 300 agatttccct gaattgactg ttgaaattga cgggcacact gaatctatta tgaaacgtac 360 cgcattggtc gccaacacat ctaacatgcc tgtagctgct cgtgaagctt ctatctatac 420 tggtattact ctttctgaat acttccgtga tatgggttac aacgtatcta tgatggctga 480 ctcgacatca cgttgggccg aagctttgag agaaatttca ggtcgtttgg ctgaaatgcc 540 tgccgattcc ggttatccgg cttacttagg tgcccgtttg gcttccttct acgaacgtgc 600 tggtcgcgtt aaatgtttag gtaatccaga cagagaagga tccgtttcaa ttgtaggagc 660 cgtatcacct cctggtggtg atttctcaga tcctgttacc actgctactc ttggtattgt 720 acaggtgttc tggggtttgg acaagaaact tgcccaacgt aagcacttcc cttcagtaga 780 ctggcttgga tcatattcca aatatttaag agcattggac gacttttatg acaaaaactt 840 ccaagagttt attcctctta gaaccaaagt taaggaaatt cttcaggaag aagatgatct 900 agccgaaatt gtgcagctgg taggtaaagc atctctggca gaaacggaca aaatcacctt 960 ggaaattgcc aggcttctta aagaagattt cttgcaacaa aactcatact cttcttatga 1020 cagattctgt ccattctata aaactgtcgg tatgttgaga aacatgatcg gtttgtacga 1080 catggcgaga cacgctgtag aatcaaccgc acaatcagaa aataagatca cttggaacgt 1140 aataagagat tcaatgagtg gaattttata tcaacttagc agtatgaaat ttaaggatcc 1200 cgtaaaagat ggtgaagcta aaatcaaggc agattttgat caattatatg aagatattca 1260 gcaggccttc agaaacttag aagattaaat ctttttaagg aaattttcct attttgttca 1320 tcagtgtaag tttaaaaata tagcgatatt tatcaaaaag aataataagg cctctatccc 1380 tcacttctgt gaatattaat atggccgtac taaagatagt aactaaagat aggttttctc 1440 ttttttgata ttatcctgta caaaataaat tatgtaaatt gttgaatatg tgtatagttt 1500 ttttgggtga gggtacagtg cttattaaat actttttaaa catttttccc gccattccaa 1560 ttactattaa gttttttcgt tttaatactt ttttaaatat acaggtgctt aatatcgttt 1620 atattttcag tattacttgg ttttcttcat gtaaattgtt ttaaattttt cttttaccct 1680 tttaatcttg tatattacat tacccaatta aagttaattg tacagattaa gataaacgag 1740 tatcttataa catctattag attgttagaa tcaataaatg tagtgtaatt gttctgtttt 1800 gaacaaataa atgcatcaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaggaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 1860 gggcggccgc 1870 <210> 105 <211> 24 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 105 ctaatagatg ttataagata ctcg <210> 106 <211> 24 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 106 cgagtatctt ataacatcta ttag 24 <210> 107 <211> 23 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 107 gtaatactga aaatataaac gat 23 <210> 108 <211> 23 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 108 atcgtttata ttttcagtat tac 23 <210> 109 <211> 20 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 109 agcactgtac cctcacccaa 20 <210> 110 <211> 20 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 110 ttgggtgagg gtacagtgct 20 <210> 111 <211> 21 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 111 gtgagggata gaggccttat t 21 <210> 112 <211> 21 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 112 aataaggcct ctatccctca c 21 <210> 113 <211> 19 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 113 aacttacact gatgaacaa 19 <210> 114 <211> 19 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 114 ttgttcatca gtgtaagtt <210> 115 <211> 20 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 115 aggcctgctg aatatcttca 20 <210> 116 <211> 20 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 116 tgaagatatt cagcaggcct 20 <210> 117 <211> 21 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 117 ctgccttgat tttagcttca c 21 <210> 118 <211> 21 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 118 gtgaagctaa aatcaaggca g 21 <210> 119 <211> 20 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 119 gattgtgcgg ttgattctac <210> 120 <211> 19 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 120 gtagaatcaa ccgcacaat 19 <210> 121 <211> 43 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 121 taatacgact cactataggg tacgtaagct tggatcctct aga 43 <210> 122 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 122 taatacgact cactataggg tgcaggtacc ggtccggaat tccc 44 <210> 123 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 123 taatacgact cactataggg cgcgtccgaa tttgatggtg a 41 <210> 124 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 124 taatacgact cactataggg gttacctctt tctccgcaac c 41 <210> 125 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 125 taatacgact cactataggg gaagtattga gagatttccc t 41 <210> 126 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 126 taatacgact cactataggg ggaatcggca ggcatttcag c 41 <210> 127 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 127 taatacgact cactataggg gcttacttag gtgcccgttt g 41 <210> 128 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 128 taatacgact cactataggg ataaaagtcg tccaatgctc 40 <210> 129 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 129 taatacgact cactataggg ccaagagttt attcctctta 40 <210> 130 <211> 41 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 130 taatacgact cactataggg gctatatttt taaacttaca c 41 <210> 131 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 131 taatacgact cactataggg gaataataag gcctctatcc 40 <210> 132 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 132 taatacgact cactataggg taaacgatat taagcacctg 40 <210> 133 <211> 40 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 133 taatacgact cactataggg acatttttcc cgccattcca <210> 134 <211> 39 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 134 taatacgact cactataggg gatgcattta tttgttcaa 39 <210> 135 <211> 36 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 135 gcgtagaatt cgttcaaaac agaacaatta cactac 36 <210> 136 <211> 56 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 136 taatacgact cactataggg gcgtagaatt cgttcaaaac agaacaatta cactac <210> 137 <211> 53 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 137 ggccttaagc tagcgcaatt ggatcccatt tattgattct aacaatctaa tag 53 <210> 138 <211> 26 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 138 ggccttaagc tagcgcaatt ggatcc 26 <210> 139 <211> 25 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 139 gatggtgaag ctaaaatcaa ggcag 25 <210> 140 <211> 53 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 140 ctgccttgat tttagcttca ccatcggaaa ttttcctatt ttgttcatca gtg 53 <210> 141 <211> 608 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 141 gcgtagaatt cgttcaaaac agaacaatta cactacattt attgattcta acaatctaat 60 agatgttata agatactcgt ttatcttaat ctgtacaatt aactttaatt gggtaatgta 120 atatacaaga ttaaaagggt aaaagaaaaa tttaaaacaa tttacatgaa gaaaaccaag 180 taatactgaa aatataaacg atattaagca cctgtatatt taaaaaagta ttaaaacgaa 240 aaaacttaat agtaattgga atggcgggaa aaatgtttaa aaagtattta ataagcactg 300 taccctcacc caaaaaaact atacacatat tcaacaattt acataattta ttttgtacag 360 gataatatca aaaaagagaa aacctatctt tagttactat ctttagtacg gccatattaa 420 tattcacaga agtgagggat agaggcctta ttattctttt tgataaatat cgctatattt 480 ttaaacttac actgatgaac aaaataggaa aatttcctta aaaagattta atcttctaag 540 tttctgaagg cctgctgaat atcttcatat aattgatcaa aatctgcctt gattttagct 600 tcaccatc 608 <210> 142 <211> 533 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 142 ggccttaagc tagcgcaatt ggatcccatt tattgattct aacaatctaa tagatgttat 60 aagatactcg tttatcttaa tctgtacaat taactttaat tgggtaatgt aatatacaag 120 attaaaaggg taaaagaaaa atttaaaaca atttacatga agaaaaccaa gtaatactga 180 aaatataaac gatattaagc acctgtatat ttaaaaaagt attaaaacga aaaaacttaa 240 tagtaattgg aatggcggga aaaatgttta aaaagtattt aataagcact gtaccctcac 300 ccaaaaaaac tatacacata ttcaacaatt tacataattt attttgtaca ggataatatc 360 aaaaaagaga aaacctatct ttagttacta tctttagtac ggccatatta atattcacag 420 aagtgaggga tagaggcctt attattcttt ttgataaata tcgctatatt tttaaactta 480 cactgatgaa caaaatagga aaatttccga tggtgaagct aaaatcaagg cag 533 <210> 143 <211> 1114 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 143 cgtagaattc gttcaaaaca gaacaattac actacattta ttgattctaa caatctaata 60 gatgttataa gatactcgtt tatcttaatc tgtacaatta actttaattg ggtaatgtaa 120 tatacaagat taaaagggta aaagaaaaat ttaaaacaat ttacatgaag aaaaccaagt 180 aatactgaaa atataaacga tattaagcac ctgtatattt aaaaaagtat taaaacgaaa 240 aaacttaata gtaattggaa tggcgggaaa aatgtttaaa aagtatttaa taagcactgt 300 accctcaccc aaaaaaacta tacacatatt caacaattta cataatttat tttgtacagg 360 ataatatcaa aaaagagaaa acctatcttt agttactatc tttagtacgg ccatattaat 420 attcacagaa gtgagggata gaggccttat tattcttttt gataaatatc gctatatttt 480 taaacttaca ctgatgaaca aaataggaaa atttccttaa aaagatttaa tcttctaagt 540 ttctgaaggc ctgctgaata tcttcatata attgatcaaa atctgccttg attttagctt 600 caccatcgaa attttcctat tttgttcatc agtgtaagtt taaaaatata gcgatattta 660 tcaaaaagaa taataaggcc tctatccctc acttctgtga atattaatat ggccgtacta 720 aagatagtaa ctaaagatag gttttctctt ttttgatatt atcctgtaca aaataaatta 780 tgtaaattgt tgaatatgtg tatagttttt ttgggtgagg gtacagtgct tattaaatac 840 tttttaaaca tttttcccgc cattccaatt actattaagt tttttcgttt taatactttt 900 ttaaatatac aggtgcttaa tatcgtttat attttcagta ttacttggtt ttcttcatgt 960 aaattgtttt aaatttttct tttacccttt taatcttgta tattacatta cccaattaaa 1020 gttaattgta cagattaaga taaacgagta tcttataaca tctattagat tgttagaatc 1080 aataaatggg atccaattgc gctagcttaa ggcc 1114 <210> 144 <211> 1125 <212> ADN <213> Leptinotarsa decemlineata <400> 144 ggtgacatgg ccaccatcca ggtatatgaa gaaacttctg gagtaacggt gggagatcct 60 gtgttgcgta ccggtaaacc tctatctgtg gaacttgggc caggtattat gggttccatc 120 tttgatggta tccaacgtcc gctgaaagac atctgcgaca tgacggaaag tatctacatt 180 cccaagggtg tgaacgtgcc ttcactctcc agaactatca aatgggaatt caacccaatc 240 aacatcaagt tgggatccca cttgacaggt ggagatattt atggtatggt ccacgaaaac 300 acccttgtta agcacaaaat gatcctccca ccaaaatcta agggaacagt tacatacgtg 360 gcagaaccag gaaactatac cgttgatgaa gttgtattgg aaactgaatt tgatggagaa 420 aggtcaaaat acactatgtt acaagtctgg ccagttcgac aggcaagacc tgttagtgaa 480 aaactcccag ccaatcaccc gcttctcaca ggacagcgtg tattggactc tcttttccca 540 tgtgtgcaag gaggaaccac tgctattccc ggtgctttcg gttgtggtaa aactgtaatt 600 tcccagtcac tttccaagta ttccaactct gatgtcattg tgtatgtagg ttgtggagag 660 agaggtaatg agatgtctga agtattgaga gatttccctg aactgactgt ggaaattggt 720 ggtgagaccg aatctatcat gaaacgtacc gccttggttg caaacacctc caacatgcct 780 gtcgctgccc gtgaggcttc tatttatact ggtattaccc tgtctgaata tttccgtgat 840 atgggttaca acgtttctat gatggctgac tctacatcac gttgggctga agctttgaga 900 gaaatttcag gacgtttggc tgaaatgcct gctgattccg gttacccagc ctatttgggt 960 gctcgtcttg cctctttcta tgaacgtgct ggtcgcgtca aatgtttggg taaccctgac 1020 agagaaggat cggtttctat tgtaggagca gtatctccac ccggtggtga cttttcagat 1080 cccgttactt cagcaacttt aggtatcgta caggtgttct ggggt 1125 <210> 145 <211> 1125 <212> ADN <213> Spodoptera frugíperda <400> 145 ggtgacatgg ccaccatcca ggtatacgaa gaaacatcag gcgtaactgt aggtgacccc 60 gtgctgcgta ccggcaagcc cctgtccgta gagctcggac ctggtatcct cggctccatc 120 tttgacggta tccagcggcc actgaaggac atcaacgagc tcacacagtc catctacatc 180 cccaagggtg tcaacgtacc ctgccttgga cgtgatgtct cctgggaatt caaccccttg 240 aatgttaagg tcggctccca catcaccgga ggagacttgt acggtatcgt acacgagaac 300 acattggtta agcacaagat gttgatccca cccaaggcca agggtaccgt cacctacgtc 360 gcgccctccg gcaactacaa agtcactgac gtagtgttgg agacggagtt cgacggcgag 420 aaggagaagt acacgatgtt gcaagtatgg ccggtgcgcc agccccgccc cgtcactgag 480 aagctgcccg ccaaccaccc cctgctcacc ggacagagag tgctcgactc tctcttccct 540 tgtgtccagg gtggtaccac ggccatcccc ggcgccttcg gttgtggcaa gactgtcgtc 600 tcacaggctc tgtccaagta ctccaactct gacgtcatca tctacgtcgg atgcggtgaa 660 cgtggtaacg agatgtctga ggtactgcgt gacttccccg agctgacggt ggagatcgag 720 ggcatgaccg agtccatcat gaagcgtacc gcgctcgtcg ccaacacctc caacatgcct 780 gtagccgccc gagaggcttc catctacacc ggtatcaccc tctctgagta cttccgtgac 840 atgggttaca acgtgtccat gatggctgac tccacctctc gttgggccga ggctcttcgt 900 gagatctcag gtcgtctggc tgagatgcct gccgactccg gttaccccgc ctacctggga 960 gcccgtctgg cctcgttcta cgagcgtgcc ggacgcgtga agtgcctggg taaccccgac 1020 agggagggct ccgtgtccat cgtgggcgcc gtgtcgccgc ccggaggtga cttctccgac 1080 cccgtgacgg ccgccacgct gggtatcgtg caggtgttct ggggt 1125 <210> 146 <211> 1126 <212> ADN <213> Agrotis ípsilon <400> 146 ggtgacatgg ccaccatcca ggtatacgaa gaaacatcag gtgtaacagt gggcgacccc 60 gtactgcgta ctggcaagcc tctgtccgtg gaactgggtc ctggtatcct gggctccatc 120 tttgacggta tccagcgtcc tctgaaggac attaacgagc tcacacagtc catctacatc 180 cccaagggtg tgaacgtgcc cagtctatcc agggatatcg cctgggaatt tgagcccatg 240 aacctgaaga tcgggtccca catcactggc ggagacctgt acgccatcgt ccgcgagaac 300 accctggtga agcacaagat gttgatcccg cccaaggcca agggtaccgt cacatacatc 360 gcgcccgctg gcaactacca cgtcactgac gtggttctgg agacagagtt cgacggtgag 420 aaggagaagt acagcatgtt acaagtgtgg cccgtgaggc agccgcggcc ggtcgctgag 480 aagctccccg ccaaccatcc gctgctcacc gggcagaggg tactcgactc gctgttcccc 540 tgtgtgcagg gtggtacgac ggccatcccc ggagccttcg gttgcgggaa gactgtcatc 600 tcacaggcgt tgtccaagta ctccaactcc gatgtcatcg tctacgtcgg ttgcggagag 660 cgtggtaacg agatgtctga agtactgcgg gacttcccgg agctgaccgt agagatcggc 720 ggcgtcaccg agtccatcat gaagagaacc gcgctggtcg ccaacacatc caacatgcct 780 gtcgccgccc gagaggcttc catctatacc ggtatcactc tgtcggagta cttccgtgac 840 atgggctaca acgtgtccat gatggccgac tccacgtctc gttgggcgga ggccctccgt 900 gagatctctg gtcgtctggc cgagatgccg gcggactccg ggtacccggc ctacctggga 960 gcacgactgg cctccttcta cgagcgagcc ggacgagtca agtgtctggg taaccccgac 1020 agggaaggtt ccgtatccat cgtgggcgcc gtgtctcctc ccggcggaga cttctccgac 1080 cctgtgacgg ccgcgaccct gggtatcgtg caggtgttct ggggta 1126 <210> 147 <211> 1126 <212> ADN <213> Helicoverpa zea <400> 147 ggtgacacgg ccaccatcca ggtatacgag gaaacctcag gtgtaaccgt gggtgacccc 60 gtactccgta ccggcaagcc cctgtccgtg gagttgggcc ccggtatcct gggctccatc 120 tttgacggta tccagcgtcc cctgaaagac attaacgagc tcacacagtc catctacatc 180 cccaagggtg tgaacgtacc ctctctggct agggatgtca gctgggaatt cgttcccatg 240 aacgttaaga cgggctccca catcaccgga ggagacctgt acggtctggt gcacgagaac 300 acgctggtga agcaccgcat gctgatcccg cccaaggcca agggtaccgt cacatacatc 360 gcgcccgctg gcaactacaa agtcactgac gtagtgctgg agacggagtt cgacggcgag 420 agggagaagt acacgatgtt gcaggtgtgg ccggtgcgcc agccgcggcc cgtcaccgag 480 aagctccccg ccaaccatcc gctgctcacc ggacagaggg tgctcgactc actcttccct 540 tgcgtacagg gtggtacaac tgccatcccc ggagctttcg gttgcggcaa gactgtcatc 600 tcgcaggcgc tgtccaagta ctccaactcc gatgtcattg tgtacgtcgg gtgcggagag 660 cgtggtaacg agatgtccga agtactgcgt gacttccccg agctgacggt ggagatcgag 720 ggcgtgacgg agtccatcat gaagcgaact gccctcgtcg ccaacacctc caacatgcct 780 gtcgccgccc gagaggcttc catctacact ggtatcactc tatccgagta cttccgtgac 840 atgggttaca acgtgtccat gatggctgac tccacgtccc gttgggccga agccctgcgt 900 gagatctcgg gtcgcctggc ggagatgccg gccgactccg gctaccccgc atacctgggc 960 gctaggttag cttccttcta cgagagagcc ggacgcgtca agtgtctggg taaccccgac 1020 agggaaggtt ccgtatccat cgtgggtgcc gtatctcccc ccggaggtga cttctctgac 1080 cctgtaactg cggccacgct gggtattgtg caggtgttct ggggta 1126 <210> 148 <211> 1126 <212> ADN <213> Ostrinia nubilalis <400> 148 ggtgacacgg ccaccatcca ggtatacgaa gagacctcag gtgtgaccgt cggtgatccc 60 gtgctccgaa ccggcaagcc tctgtccgtc gagctgggtc cgggtatcct gggttccata 120 ttcgacggca tccagcgccc gctgaaggac atcaacgaac tgacgcagtc catctacatc 180 cccaagggag tcaacgtgcc ctgcctggcc aggaaccacg actgggagtt caacccgctt 240 aacgttaagg tcggctccca catcaccggc ggagacttgt acggtatcgt gcacgaaaat 300 accctggtga agcacaaaat gctgatgccg cccaaggcta aaggcaccat cacctacatc 360 gcgcctgccg gcaactacaa cgtcactgat gtggtgctgg agacagagtt tgacggcgaa 420 aagaactcct acaccatgtt gcaagtgtgg cccgtgcgcc agcccagacc ctgcactgag 480 aagctgcccg ccaaccaccc gctgctaact gggcagcgtg tgctggactc actcttcccc 540 tgtgtccagg gcggcaccac cgccatcccc ggcgccttcg gttgcggcaa gactgtcatc 600 tcgcaagcgc tgtccaagta ctccaactct gacgtcatcg tctacgtcgg ctgcggagag 660 cgtggtaacg agatgtctga ggtactgcga gacttccctg agctgagcgt ggagatcgac 720 ggcgtgacgg aatccatcat gaagcgcaca gcgctcgtgg ccaacacctc caacatgcct 780 gtggctgccc gtgaggcctc catctatact ggtatcaccc tatccgagta cttccgcgac 840 atgggttaca acgtgtcaat gatggcggat tccacatcgc gttgggcgga ggcgctgcgc 900 gagatctcgg gccgtctggc cgagatgccg gcggattccg gctacccggc ctacctgggc 960 gcccggctgg cctccttcta cgagcgagcg ggacgcgtga agtgtctcgg aaaccccgac 1020 agggaaggtt ccgtatccat cgtgggcgcc gtgtcgccac ccggaggaga cttctcggac 1080 ccggtgacgg cggcgaccct gggtatcgtg caggtgttct ggggta 1126 <210> 149 <211> 1125 <212> ADN <213> Anthonomus grandis <400> 149 ggtgacatgg ccaccatcca ggtatatgaa gaaacctcag gtgtaacagt aggcgaccct 60 gtcctaagaa cgggcaaacc tctgtcagta gaactgggac ctggtatcat gggttccatt 120 tttgatggta tccaacgtcc cttaaaagac attaacgact tgacccagtc catttacatc 180 cccaagggtg taaatgtgcc atgtctgtcc aggacagccc agtgggaatt caatcccgtc 240 cacatcaaga tgggttctca tttgaccgga ggcgacatct atggtatggt ccatgaaaac 300 actttggtga aacacaaaat gattttgcct ccaaaggcaa agggtactgt gacatatatc 360 gccgaggcag gcaactatac tgtggacgat gtggtacttg agaccgaatt cgacggagaa 420 cgcaccaaat acaccatgtt gcaagtgtgg cccgtacgtc aaccgagacc tgtgagcgaa 480 aaattgccgg ccaaccaccc actgctcacc ggacaacgtg tactcgattc acttttcccc 540 tgtgtgcaag gaggtaccac cgccatcccc ggcgctttcg gttgcggtaa aaccgtaatt 600 tcacaggcct tgtccaaata ttccaactcc gatgtcatca tttacgtcgg ttgcggtgaa 660 agaggtaacg aaatgtctga agtactacgt gacttcccgg agttaacggt cgaaatcgac 720 ggtgccaccg aatccatcat gaaacgtacc gctttggtgg cgaacacctc caacatgccc 780 gtggccgccc gtgaggcctc catttatacc ggaatcactt tgtccgagta tttccgtgat 840 atgggttaca acgtttcgat gatggccgac tccacctcac gttgggccga agccttaaga 900 gaaatttcag gtcgtttggc tgaaatgccc gccgattccg gttatcccgc ttacttggga 960 gcacgtttgg cctcgttcta cgaacgtgcc ggtcgcgtta agtgtttagg taatccggac 1020 agagagggct ccgtgtccat cgtaggcgca gtatcgccac ctggtggtga cttctcagat 1080 cccgtcactt ccgccacttt gggtatcgta caggtgttct ggggt 1125 <210> 150 <211> 1125 <212> ADN <213> Tribolium castaneum <400> 150 ggtgacatgg ccaccatcca ggtatacgaa gaaacttcag gtgttacggt gggtgatcca 60 gtcttacgaa ctggtaaacc cttgtcggtg gagctgggcc caggtattat gggttcgatt 120 tttgacggta tccagagacc gctgaaggac atcaacgagc tcacgcaaag tatttacatt 180 cctaagggtg ttaatgtgcc atcgttgtcg cgtacgacta agtgggagtt tgccccattg 240 aatatcaagt tggggtcaca tctgacaggc ggtgatattt acgggatcgt ccatgaaaac 300 actctcgtca agcataaaat gctgctgccg cccaaagcca aggggactgt cacatacgtc 360 gccgatcccg gaaattacac agtcgatgaa gtcgtcttgg agacggaatt cgacggcgag 420 aggaccaaat acaccatgtt gcaagtgtgg cctgtgcgtc agccccgccc tgtcagcgag 480 aaattgccag ccaatcaccc cctattaact ggtcaacgcg tactcgactc acttttcccg 540 tgcgtccaag ggggtaccac cgccattccc ggagctttcg gttgtggtaa gaccgtaatc 600 tcgcaatctc tctccaaata ttccaactct gacgttatca tttgcgtcgg ttgcggggag 660 cgtggtaacg aaatgtctga agtattgcgg gacttccccg aactgacagt cgaaatcgaa 720 ggccaaacag agtctatcat gaaacgtacc gctcttgtcg ccaacacctc taacatgcct 780 gtagccgccc gtgaggcttc aatttacacc ggtattacac tgtctgagta tttccgtgat 840 atgggttaca acgtgtcgat gatggccgat tccacctcgc gttgggccga agctttgaga 900 gaaatttccg gtcgtttagc tgaaatgccc gccgattctg ggtaccccgc gtatttgggg 960 gcccgtttgg cttcgtttta cgagcgtgca gggcgtgtta aatgcttggg taaccctgat 1020 cgtgaaggtt ccgtttctat tgtcggggcc gtatcgcccc ctggtggtga tttctctgat 1080 cccgtcacct cagctacctt gggtatcgta caggtgttct ggggt
1125 <210> 151 <211> 2860 <212> ADN <213> Manduca sexta <400> 151 ggttcgtctc atccatcttt ctcgtctcaa caggacacac agatagtaca aaatggcgag 60 caaaggcggt ttgaagacga tcgccaatga ggagaatgag gagaggttcg gatacgtgtt 120 cgccgtgtcc ggtcctgtcg taacagcgga gaagatgtcc ggatccgcta tgtacgagct 180 ggtgcgcgtc ggttacaacg agctggtggg agaaatcatc cgtcttgagg gtgacatggc 240 caccatccag gtatacgagg agacctcagg cgtcacagtc ggtgaccctg tgctgcgtac 300 cggcaagccc ttgtccgtgg aactcggccc cggtatcctg ggctccatct ttgacggtat 360 ccagcgtcca ctgaaggaca tcaacgagct cacacaatcc atctacatcc ccaagggtgt 420 gaacgtgccc tcgctcgcca gggaggttga ctgggaattc aaccccctca atgttaaggt 480 cggctcccac atcaccggcg gagacctgta cggtatcgtg cacgagaaca cgctcgtgaa 540 gcacaagatg ttgatgccgc cgcgcgccaa gggtaccgtc acctacatcg cgcccgccgg 600 caactacaaa gtcactgatg tagtgttgga gacagagttc gacggcgaga aggcgcagta 660 cacgatgttg caggtgtggc ccgtgcgtca gccccgtccc gtcaccgaga agctccccgc 720 caaccacccg ctgctcactg gacagagagt actcgactcc ctcttcccct gtgtccaggg 780 cggtaccact gccatccccg gagccttcgg ttgcggcaaa actgtcatct cacaggcgct 840 gtccaagtac tccaactctg acgtcatcat ctacgtcggt tgcggagagc gtggtaacga 900 gatgtctgag gtactgcgtg acttccctga gctgacggtg gagatcgagg gtgtgacgga 960 gtccatcatg aagcgtaccg ccctcgtcgc caacacatcc aacatgcctg tcgctgcccg 1020 tgaggcttcc atctacacag gaatcaccct ttccgagtac ttccgtgaca tgggttacaa 1080 tgtgtccatg atggctgact cgacctcccg ttgggccgag gctcttcgtg agatctcagg 1140 tcgtctagct gagatgcctg ccgattccgg ttaccctgcg tacctgggag cccgtctggc 1200 ctccttctac gagcgtgccg gtagagtcaa gtgtctcgga aaccctgaca gggaaggttc 1260 ggtgtccatc gtgggtgccg tgtcgccgcc cggaggtgac ttctcggacc ccgtgacggc 1320 ggccacgctg ggtatcgtgc aggtgttctg gggtctcgac aagaaactcg cgcagaggaa 1380 gcacttcccc tccatcaact ggcttatctc ttacagcaag tacatgcgtg ctttggatga 1440 cttttatgag aagaactacc ccgaattcgt gccccttagg actaaggtca aggagatcct 1500 gcaggaggaa gaggacctgt cagaaatcgt gcagttggtc ggtaaagcct cgctcgccga 1560 gactgacaag atcaccctcg aggtcgccaa actgcttaaa gacgacttct tgcaacagaa 1620 cagctactcg tcatacgatc gattctgtcc gttctacaag accgtgggca tgcttaagaa 1680 catcatctcg ttctacgaca tgtcgcggca cgcggtggag tccacggccc agtccgacaa 1740 caaggtcacg tggaacgtga tccgcgacgc catgggcaac gtactctacc aactctcctc 1800 catgaagttc aaggacccag tgaaagacgg cgaggccaag atcaaggcag atttcgacca 1860 gctgttggag gatatgtccg ccgccttccg taacctcgag gactaagcac agccgtacta 1920 cagtacagta cagtagggag cgcccacgag ccgcgccgcg acatcctccg cagccgagag 1980 gacatcttta tcgacttgtt ttcatgttgt catttttatt ataatttatt gattaatatg 2040 aggatatatt ttttcgtatt ctattcacgt ccggagcgtt ttgagacagt tttttcgagt 2100 ctggagtgtt ttgcatttta tcgatattat cgagtgtcgg gcgtcgttaa ggcggtgctg 2160 ttagcgaggt atgcgttatg acacacgcat atatcgtaat aacagcgttg tttaaacggg 2220 tctgtgcgca ggcgcagttc gtgggcggtc gtgttgttat agtaattatg tagtgttaaa 2280 tatattacaa catcgattcc agaggatggt gtcgcgggct agaactccga cagcgcgaaa 2340 gcctacaaag ggcgtggctt gtaaacggca caataaggcc gactaacaat tctccgttat 2400 ttgaaatagc agttcaaaca cagtcgtcac agtggcggta gtccgaatgt ttggacctgg 2460 gttggtgttt ataaagttcg cccaatctat tgtaaatata taacaggttc gctgttctag 2520 cccgcgggcc gttacggcgt ttagttgttt tatgaaatct atttatgtac tatatcgatc 2580 ggtaaaccgt gatttataat caaatatcct cttgcattcc acgttgttgt tagaaatata 2640 gaattcaaaa cgtttgttgt tttcgagagc tttttacgct taatatggat gttcattcag 2700 tattaatata atgcgtacga gtacgcagta acaatagtca gcactaatat gtctactcgc 2760 tgtttgaaat tctgtgacgt tacgtgttga gaaattatta taaataataa taaaatattg 2820 taaacaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 2860 <210> 152 <211> 3097 <212> ADN <213> Aedesaegypti <400> 152 caggttggcc agtctttcag tcagtcagtc ttgtgatacc attttgcttc gctcggtgtg 60 tggagtttgc atttttccca tcccatctct ctcgacaact gcagcaccta agagcagaag 120 gaagcagagc aggaggaacg gatcgtaaca atgtccaccc tgaagaagat ctccgatgag 180 gaccgcgagt ccaaattcgg atatgtgttc gccgtatccg gtcctgtcgt cacggccgag 240 cggatgtccg gttcggctat gtacgagttg gtccgcgtcg gttactacga gctggtcggt 300 gagatcatcc gtttggaagg tgacatggcc accatccagg tatacgagga aacctccggt 360 gtcaccgtcg gcgatcccgt gctgcgtacc ggcaagcccc tctccgtcga actcggtcca 420 ggtattatgg gtagcatctt tgacggtatc cagcgtccac tgaaggacat taacgaactg 480 accagctcga tctacatccc cgaagggtgt gaacattccc tgcttgtccc gtacaggagg 540 ctggggattc aaccccttga acgtaaaggg ttgggctctc acatcaccgg aagagatctg 600 tacggtttgg tgcacgagaa taccctggtc aagcacaagc tgttggtccc gccacgcgcc 660 aagggtacag ttcgttacat tgctccaccc ggaaattaca ccgtcgacga catcattctg 720 gagacggaat tcgacggtga gatcaacaag tggtctatgt tgcaggtgtg gcccgtgcgt 780 cagccacgtc cagtgactga gaagttgccc gccaatcatc ctctgctgac tggtcagcgt 840 gtgttggatt cgctgttccc ttgtgtccag ggtggtacca ctgccatccc cggagctttc 900 ggttgcggta agactgtcat ctcgcaggcc ctgtccaagt actccaactc cgatgtcatt 960 atctacgtcg gttgcggaga acgtggtaac gaaatgtctg aagtattgcg tgatttccct 1020 gagctgtcgg ttgagattga cggtgttacg gagtccatca tgaagcgtac cgcgctggtt 1080 gccaacacct ccaacatgcc tgtcgctgct cgtgaagctt ccatctacac cggtattacc 1140 ttgtccgagt acttccgtga tatgggttac aacgtatcca tgatggctga ctcgacctct 1200 cgttgggccg aagctcttcg agaaatttcc ggtcgtctgg ctgagatgcc tgccgattcc 1260 ggttatcctg cctacctggg tgcacgtttg gcctccttct acgagcgtgc cggtcgtgtc 1320 aagtgtctcg gtaaccctga acgtgaaggt tcggtgtcca tcgtcggtgc cgtatcgccc 1380 cctggtggtg atttctccga tcccgtcaca tccgccaccc tcggtatcgt acaggtgttc 1440 tggggtctgg acaagaaact ggcccagcgt aagcatttcc cctcgatcaa ctggttgatc 1500 tcctacagca agtacatgcg cgcccttgat gacttctacg ataagaactt ccaggagttt 1560 gtacccactg cgtacaaggt taaggagatc ctgcaggagg aagaagattt gtccgaaatt 1620 gtgcagctgg tcggtaaggc atcgctggca gaaaccgata agatcaccct tgaggtagcc 1680 aagctgctca aggatgattt cctgcagcag aactcgtact cggcgtacga tcgattctgt 1740 ccgttctaca agacggtcgg tcgtatgctg cgaaacatga tcggattcta cgatatggct 1800 cgccacgccg tcgaaaccac cgcccagtcg gagaacaaga tcacctggaa cgtgatccgt 1860 gactcgatgg gcaacatcct gtaccagctg tcgtcgatga agttcaagga cccgggaagg 1920 atggcgaaga agatcaaggc cgatttcgac caactgtacg aagacctgca gcaggcgttc 1980 cgcaacctgg aagattaaat tctcccgcac attcgtggtc tcttcaatgc gaaattcttg 2040 aacagtttat tgtttcagta acatagcaaa gaaatgttcg tagcatagtg caaacaaaac 2100 atcaaaatga gaaacacgaa acacagcaaa agtgtagggc cctccttggc atcatgataa 2160 accaacaaca tccattaagt aaaatgcttc taggtcacca ttttacaggc gtatttaggt 2220 ttaaacattt atttacacaa attattgcaa gaaaaagatt aagagaacaa atctataaag 2280 cgagtgtaac atatacattt agaaacggcg aaacactaca acaactacag aaccacacgg 2340 cagaacagaa acaaatttta gtaggtaagt gatattgcaa gtgttgtccg acggcgtagg 2400 aaaaggttag cgaacggaat aacgttcaat cggaaattgt cttcgaaagt ttccgcttgc 2460 atgcgtgtct caaatgcgaa taaaacgtat aaacaatcgt ggtgaaactt aacatcagtg 2520 atgatataat caaaggggat taaaatgaaa cacgtggaca aaagatctat aaagaaaaac 2580 tctcagctag aatagttcaa gacgtggcga agcgtatcat aaatagaata atatgtaaac 2640 cacggttaat gggaaaataa gaagaaactt tcgattgagt atgttataga aacttatcca 2700 tgtatgatgt ataaatcgct aattaatcgt ataagaaata acagaacaag ttttattata 2760 ggtgtaagcc aatcaagttg ttatatcagt ttaaatatta tttagtgaat atagttttac 2820 ttttaatttt gtagtgtcgt ttttccatcg gtaggatcgg aaacgagaat cgatgattga 2880 ttgactgttg acaaatgaaa tgaaagttaa atttattatg cttttttgtt tgtgtgaaca 2940 gaattgaaga gccgccgcgt cgtttcggtc aatgcaagcg accgacggct cgtatctgtc 3000 ctgtacattt ttgtcgatga gcagaaaata tatgagaata aaaccctcta aaaaattgca 3060 ttccgcgtaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaa 3097 <210> 153 <211> 2533 <212> ADN <213> Drosophila melanogaster <400> 153 cgaaaacacg cacacagact gcaagtgtgt tagataataa gtgcagcaca agtccacact 60 tgagtaaaat aatccctaaa aaagccgaat atcaattagt tttccaagga gcttgaaaaa 120 gtgcgtcgaa aaaacagaat aaagcaaaat gtccaacctt aagcgtttcg atgatgagga 180 gcgtgagtcc aaatatggac gtgtcttcgc tgtctccggt cctgtcgtca ccgccgaggc 240 catgtctgga tcagctatgt acgagttggt ccgcgtcggc tactacgagc tggtgggcga 300 gatcatccgt ctggagggtg acatggccac catccaggtg tacgaggaga cctctggcgt 360 aactgtcgga gatccggtgc tgcgtaccgg caagcctctt tccgtggagc tgggacccgg 420 tatcatgggc agcatctttg acggtatcca gcgtcccctg aaggacatta acgagctgac 480 cgaatccatc tacatcccca agggtgtgaa cgtgcccagt ttgtcccgcg tggccagctg 540 ggagttcaac cccctgaacg tcaaggtcgg ctcccacatc accggaggtg acctgtacgg 600 tctggtgcat gagaacactc tggtcaagca caagatgatt gtgaaccccc gcgccaaggg 660 aacagtgcgc tacatcgccc cctccggcaa ctacaaggtc gacgatgtcg tcctggagac 720 cgagttcgat ggagagatca ccaagcacac catgttgcag gtgtggccag tgcgtcagcc 780 acgtcccgtg accgagaagc tgcccgccaa ccaccccctg ctcaccggac agcgtgtgct 840 cgactcgctc ttcccctgtg tccagggcgg taccaccgcc attcccggag ctttcggttg 900 cggcaagact gtgatctcgc aggctctgtc caagtactcc aactccgatg tcatcatcta 960 cgtcggttgc ggtgagcgtg gtaacgagat gtctgaggta ctgcgtgact tccccgagct 1020 gtccgtggag atcgacggtg tcaccgagtc catcatgaag cgtaccgccc ttgtggccaa 1080 cacctccaac atgcctgtgg ctgctcgtga ggcctccatc tacactggta tcaccttgtc 1140 cgaatacttc cgtgatatgg gttacaacgt gtccatgatg gctgattcca cctcccgttg 1200 ggctgaggct cttcgtgaaa tttctggtcg tctcgctgag atgcctgccg attccggcta 1260 cccagcctac ttgggagccc gtctggcctc cttctacgag cgtgccggtc gcgttaagtg 1320 cttgggtaac cccgagcgcg agggatccgt gtccattgtc ggagctgtgt ctcctcctgg 1380 tggtgacttc tccgatcccg tgacctccgc cactctgggt atcgtgcagg tgttctgggg 1440 tctcgacaag aagttggccc agcgcaagca cttcccctcg atcaactggc tcatctccta 1500 ctcgaagtac atgcgtgctc tggatgactt ctatgacaag aacttccccg aattcgtgcc 1560 gctgcgtacc aaggtcaagg agatcctgca ggaggaggag gatctgtctg agatcgtgca 1620 actggtcggc aaggcctctc tggccgaaac cgacaagatc acgctggagg tggccaagct 1680 gctgaaggac gatttcctgc agcagaactc ctactcctcg tacgatcgct tctgcccctt 1740 ctacaagacc gtgggcatgt tgaggaacat catcgacttc tacgacatgg cccgtcactc 1800 cgtggagtct acggctcagt ctgagaacaa gatcacctgg aacgtgattc gtgaggcaat 1860 gggcaacatt atgtaccagc tgtcatccat gaagttcaag gaccccgtta aggatggtga 1920 ggccaagatc aaggctgact tcgagcagct gcacgaggac ctgcagcagg ccttcagaaa 1980 tctggaggac tagagaccgc gctggcccta cttttacact ctaatcttat atttgttata 2040 tagttaacgt ttaaaaatga aagcagtcaa aaaccatccg aaaaagccta atcaaacacc 2100 aacaattccg tgctgcattc gatgaaaaac aaaagtccaa caaataccac aacttcttgg 2160 tgcctgcgag agatgtaaac attccggcct gcggttaata ctttccccta accacgcccc 2220 ctccgcccct tgaagggcaa ctctaggcaa cagcaactac aacgtcctgc tatgtacttc 2280 catttacaac aacaacacca acatacactt gaataaaagt acacggacac tggcgcacac 2340 acaacacata cataaaagac acaaatacaa atgcatgcat aaatagtatt attgtttaat 2400 gaatggaaat tcttgtttat ttgtgaaaaa agtcatgttt tctccctgtt tgtttgttaa 2460 atttatgtaa atatttaaag tatgaaatat taaatgtacg aataaagtgc aacaacaaat 2520 acatttaatg taa 2533 <210> 154 <211> 603 <212> ADN <213> Bombyxmori <400> 154 atgagttccc tcaagctgca gaagaggctt gcagcctctg ttatgcgatg tggtaaaaag 60 aaggtgtggt tggatccaaa tgaaatcaat gagatcgcaa acaccaactc cagacagaac 120 atccgtaaga tgatcaagga tggtctcgtc atcaagaaac ctgtagcagt acactcccgc 180 gctcgtgtcc gcaaaaacac agaagcacgt agaaagggtc gtcactgtgg ctttggtaag 240 agaagaggta cagccaatgc gcgtatgcca cagaaggaac tatgggtaca aagacaaagg 300 gttttaagaa aattgctcct gaagtacaga actgccaaga agattgacag gcatctatac 360 cactcactct acatgaaggc gaagggtaat gtgttcaaga acaagcgtgt gctcatggag 420 tacatccaca ggaagaaggc tgagaaggcc aggacgaaga tgcttagcga ccaggctgag 480 gcccgccgca ataaagtgaa ggaggcacgc aagcgccgcg aggaacgtat tgccgccaag 540 aaggaggaac tgctgcagac cttcgctaga gaagacgaag ccgcgcttac cgctaagaag 600 taa
603 <210> 155 <211> 612 <212> ADN <213> Drosophila melanogaster <400> 155 atgagttctc taaagctcca gaagaggctc gcagcctccg tgctgcgatg cggcaagaag 60 aaggtctggt tggatcccaa tgaaatcaac gagatcgcta acacaaactc gcgtcagaac 120 attcgcaagc ttatcaagga tggtctgatc atcaagaagc ccgtcgtggt ccactcccgt 180 taccgtgtgc gcaaaaacac cgaggcccgc cgcaaggacc gtcactgcgg attcggaaag 240 cgtaagggta ctgcgaacgc ccgcatgcct accaagctgc tgtggatgca gcgccagccg 300 ttctgccgcc gcctgttgaa gaagtaccgc gacagcaaga agattgacag gcacctgtac 360 cacgacctgt acatgaagtg caagggtaac gtgttcaaga acaagcgcgt cctcatggag 420 tacatccaca agaagaaggc tgagaagcag cgcagcaaga tgctggctga tcaggccgag 480 gctcgccgac agaaggtgcg tgaggcccgc aagcgccgcg aggagcgtat tgccaccaag 540 aagcaggagc tcatcgccct gcatgctaag gaggacgaga tcgctgccaa ggccgccacc 600 gcgggtcactaa 612 <210> 156 <211> 567 <212> ADN <213> Anopheles gambiae <400> 156 atgcgatgcg gcaagaagaa ggtgtggttg gatcctaatg aaatcaacga gattggaaac 60 accaactcgc gacaaaacat tcgcaaactg atcaaggatg gtctgatcat caagaagccg 120 gtggtggtcc actcgcgtta ccgtgtgcgc aaaaacacga tcgctcgccg caagggtcgc 180 cactgcggtt atggtaagcg aaagggtacg gccaatgccc gtatgcccca gaagctgctc 240 tggatgaacc gtatgcgtgt gctgcgtcgt ctgctgaaga agtaccgtga ggcgaagaaa 300 atcgaccgtc acctgtacca cgacctgtac atgcgtgcga agggtaacgt gttcaagaac 360 aagcgtatcc tgatcgagca catccacaag aggaaggcgg agaaggcccg ctccaagatg 420 ctgagcgatc aggccgaagc caagcgtacc aaggttcgtg aggcccgtcg tcgtcgcgag 480 gaacgtattg ccaccaagcg ccaggagctt ctgcagacga tcgctaagga agaggagacc 540 gcgcagcatg ttgccgctac tggaaag
567 <210> 157 <211> 652 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 157 cacgttgaga ggtgcatttg cacgatgagt tccttaaaac ttcagaagag gctagcagcc 60 tctgttatgc gatgtggtaa aaagaaagta tggttggacc ctaatgaaat caacgaaatt 120 gccaacacta actcaagaca gaacatccgt aagttgataa aggatggtct tattattaag 180 aagcccgtag ctgtacattc ccgtgcccgt gttcgcaaaa acactgaagc ccgcaggaaa 240 ggaaggcact gcggttttgg taaaaggaag ggtactgcta atgcccgtac cccgcaaaag 300 gaattatgga ttcaacgcat gagagttttg cgtcgtctcc ttaaaaaata cagggaagct 360 aaaaaaattg acagacatct ataccactca ctctacatga aggccaaggg taacgtattc 420 aagaacaagc gtgtccttat ggaatacatc cacaagaaga aggcagagaa agcccgtgcc 480 aagatgttgg cagaccaggc caatgccaga aggatgaagg taaaacaggc tagagaaaga 540 cgtgaggaac gtatcgccac aaagaaacaa gaagttttgc agaactacat gagggaggat 600 gaagctgcgg ccactaagaa ataagttaat tgttttataa gatgactata tt 652 <210> 158 <211> 402 <212> ADN <213> Anthonomus grandis <400> 158 tgagatgtgg taagaagaag gtatggttgg accctaatga aattaacgag attgccaaca 60 ccaactcgag gcaaaacatc cgtaaattga tcaaggatgg tttgatcatt aagaaaccgg 120 tggcagtgca ctctagggct cgtgtccgta aaaacacaga agctcgcagg aagggaaggc 180 actgcggttt cggtaagagg aaaggtacag cgaacgctcg tatgcctcaa aaggaactat 240 ggatccaaag gatgcgtgtc ttgaggcgtc tcctgaaaaa atacagggaa gccaaaaaga 300 tcgacaggca tctgtaccac gccctgtaca tgaaggccaa gggtaacgtg ttcaagaaca 360 agagagtgtt gatggaatac atccacaaga agaaggctga ga 402 <210> 159 <211> 403 <212> ADN <213> Tribolium castaneum <400> 159 tgagatgcgg taagaagaag gtatggttag atccgaacga aatcaacgag atcgccaaca 60 cgaattcacg ccagaacatc cgcaaattga tcaaagatgg tctcatcatc aaaaagcccg 120 tcgctgtgca ctccagagcc cgcgtccgca agaacacgga ggcccgcagg aagggacgcc 180 attgcggctt cggcaagagg aaaggtacag ccaatgcgcg tatgccccag aaggagctct 240 ggatacagag gatgcgggtc ttgaggaggc tcctcaagaa gtatcgcgag gccaaaaaga 300 tcgacagaca tctttaccat tcgctgtata tgaaggccaa gggcaacgtc ttcaagaaca 360 agagggtcct tatggagtac atccacaaga ggaaggccga gaa 403 <210> 160 <211> 23 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 160 ggtgacatgg ccaccatcca ggt 23 <210> 161 <211> 24 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 161 accccagaac acctgyacra tace 24 <210> 162 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 162 ttaatacgac tcactatagg gagaccagtg tgctggaatt egee 44 <210> 163 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 163 ttaatacgac tcactatagg gagaggatat ctgcagaatt cgcc <210> 164 <211> 45 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 164 ttaatacgac tcactatagg gagacctgtc cgtagagctc ggacc 45 <210> 165 <211> 44 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 165 ttaatacgac tcactatagg gagaggcacg ctcgtagaac gagg 44 <210> 166 <211> 22 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <400> 166 tgmgatgygg yaaraagaar gt 22 <210> 167 <211> 26 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <220>
<221 > característica_m ¡se <222> (23)..(23) <223> n es a, c, g or t <400> 167 tgmgatgygg yaaraagaar gtntgg <210> 168 <211> 25 <212> ADN <213> Artificial <220>
<223> Secuencia artificial <220>
<221 > característica_m ¡se <222> (6)..(6) <223> n es a, c, g or t <400> 168 ttctcngcct tcytcytgtg gatgt 25 <210> 169 <211> 2713 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 169 cggacgcgtg agcggacgcg tgggcggacg cgtgggcgga cgcgtgggcg gacgcgtggg 60 cggacgcgtg ggcggacgcg tgggtggcaa cccacgcgtc cgctagttag tgctcgccgg 120 cgagcgcccg cgcccccgcc ccgaaagctg cattactagc taatctgaac gtctgtcgta 180 attttgtttc atttgtggtg taaaagttaa aactcatcaa ccaaaatgcg tgaatgtatc 240 tcagtccatg ttggccaagc cggagtccaa atcggtaatg cctgctggga gttgtactgc 300 ctggaacatg gcatccaacc tgacggtcag atgccatcag acaagactgt tggaggagga 360 gatgacagtt tcaacacatt cttcagtgaa actggtgccg gcaaacatgt acctagagca 420 gtatttgtag atttggaacc aacagtagta gatgaagtac gtaccggcac ataccgtcaa 480 ttgttccacc cagaacaact catcactggc aaagaagatg ccgccaataa etatgetaga 540 ggtcactata caattggtaa agaaatagtt gacttggtat tggacagaat ccgtaaattg 600 gctgatcaat gtactggact tcaaggtttc ttgattttcc actccttcgg tggtggtact 660 ggatctggtt teaettettt gttgatggaa cgtctatctg ttgactatgg taaaaaatca 720 aaactggaat tcgccatcta cccagctcct caagtatcta ctgctgtagt agaaccatac 780 aactccatct tgaccaccca caccactctt gaacactcag actgtgcctt tatggtagat 840 aatgaagcca tctatgacat ctgcagacgt aatctagaca tcgagcgccc aacctacacc 900 aacttgaaca gacttattgg ccaaatcgta tcctcaatca cagcttctct aagattcgat 960 ggtgctctaa atgttgactt gacagaattc caaactaact tggttcctta ccctcgtatt 1020 cacttccctc ttgtcaccta tgccccagta atttccgctg aaaaggctta ccatgaacaa 1080 ctttccgtag ctgaaatcac caatgcctgt ttcgaacctg ccaaccagat ggtaaaatgt 1140 gatcccagac atggtaaata catggcttgc tgtatgttgt acagagggga tgttgtacca 1200 aaggatgtaa atgctgctat tgcaaccatt aagaccaaac gtaccatcca attcgtagac 1260 tggtgtccaa ctggtttcaa agtaggtatc aactaccaac caccaactgt tgtacctgga 1320 ggtgatttgg ctaaagtaca acgtgccgta tgcatgttgt ccaacactac agctattgct 1380 gaagcctggg caagattgga ccacaaattc gatcttatgt atgccaagag agctttcgtc 1440 cactggtatg taggagaggg tatggaagaa ggtgaattct ctgaagctcg tgaagatttg 1500 gctgcttttc ttatcatctc tatttttttt acgatcctta accgcataac accgtatcta 1560 tcattgtgaa attaggtgtg aaaggtgttt aaaaatgagg ttccttattc tacttgccgt 1620 attggctgta gctgtgaatg ctacatcaat ccaccaacaa tgggctacat ttaaggtaaa 1680 ccattccaag aagtacggac atcttaaaga agagcaagtt cgcttccaag ttttctctca 1740 aaatctccgc aaaattgaag aacacaatgc aagataccag aatggtgaag tgtccttcta 1800 cttgggggtt aatcagttcg cagatatgac ttcagaggaa ttcaaggcta tgcttgactc 1860 ccaactcatt cacaagccta agcgaaacat tacatcccgc tttgtagctg atcctcaatt 1920 gactgttcca gaatcaattg actggagaga aaagggggca gttgctccca taagggacca 1980 agggcaatgc ggatcatgtt gggcatttag tgcagctggt gctcttgaag gacaaagatt 2040 tttaaagcag aacgtactag aagtactgag tacccaacag ttagtagatt gttccggtga 2100 ttacgacaat gaaggctgca atggtggttg gccccattgg gcatataact acattaaaga 2160 tcatggcctc tgtctagagt ctgattacaa gtatcaagga ttagacggtg actgcaaaca 2220 gtgtaatccg gttatcaaaa ccatcaatgg ctatgcatct gtagatcaaa ctgaagaagc 2280 acttaaggag gctgtaggta ctgctggccc aatatcagta tgtgtcaacg ctaattggga 2340 ctggcaactg tacagcgggg gtatccttga tagccaaagt tgtccaggcg gcattttaaa 2400 ccatgcagtt ttagctgttg gatatggttc agaaaatggt aaagactttt ggcttatcaa 2460 gaattcatgg gacacttatt ggggagaagc aggttatttg agattagtac gtggtacaaa 2520 ccagtgcggt atcaatgaag tggccgatta tcctctccta taattttaaa aattgtcatg 2580 ccttacagtt tatataatga aacatgaata aaaatattat aactttaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 2640 agggcggccg acttttttta aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaca aaaaaaaata aaaaaaaaaa 2700 agggggggccccc 2713 <210> 170 <211> 1363 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 170 cccacccgtc ccgtggtcga gaaaagtact aatagtgata tctacgtttt tcgtttgttt 60 aaaatgtagt gacatttctg ttaaagtctt caaaaacgga gacgtagtta atttaaatat 120 taactcaatt tctgagttaa agcaaaatgt agtccacaga ggtgaactag acgacattga 180 aattgaggac caaaatgttc cagtagtacc aaacaatttg ctgaatggaa tcactgccac 240 ggaacttcac attattagat cccaagtaag agatgttgaa cctggtgcat tcgatggagc 300 ttctatggtt aacctaatgt tgtatgaaaa ccaaattgca agaataagaa aaggtatatt 360 taacaaaaac tcatttaata tacttgcttt gcagaataac gttatatcta atatagaaga 420 tgaagccttt gacggtacaa ccatcgcgat actggacttt ggttttaaca agatggaaaa 480 attgacttca aaaatgttcg ctggttcaaa tattacaaat cttaacttac aatcgaacct 540 aataagtaac atagaagatg gtacctttca gaaaatcgat aatttgaata aattagactt 600 aagcggtaac caattggaag ttattggaca cgtctttaga aacctgacaa acctaaatga 660 attgcacttg gatggaaacc gaatcaaaac acttgaacct ggatgctttg gtggttctgg 720 gatctactgg ctttattttg caggtaacca actgactcat attgtaaagg gagtgtttta 780 taaagtacca gtatccttat tggatttcac taataacaaa atttcaaaaa ttgataaagg 840 agccttagct ggtctttcaa cgctaacatt tgttcagtta tctaataaca atataggaga 900 tttgaagctg tccactcttg gcgatctcaa tactgcttta aatggtctat ctttgagtga 960 taacggcatt tcaaatatcg atattggagt gttcaaaaat actaaaatcg atatgttgga 1020 cttaagcaaa aaccatataa aatcaattaa aaaaggactg ttccagaatg ttaaaatgta 1080 cactattaat ttgagtgaaa atgaaattac tgaaatagag gaagatgctt ttggtgatat 1140 cgaggattta agtcacatag atgtgagctt gaacaaactt acagaagtta agaagagaat 1200 gttcagtcta ccattggatg aagttaattg gaagataatg taataactaa aatcgataat 1260 gatgcccctc gtgtccttcc gctgtcacgt cttcagataa aaataatcct attggctgca 1320 agaacaaagc ttaaaataat ggtgtattta ataataatgg aat 1363 <210> 171 <211> 1215 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 171 aaaagagtga ggaaacaggt taattataat gacggaggaa tgacaactga cacacgagaa 60 gatacgacat ggcaagaaaa tctctctgat taccattctg acttttctgc gggatcggat 120 gaggataagg aagacgatga tttcgatgag aagaacgacg ccgatttaag cagaaggagt 180 cgaagaaaga tggaaaggaa agacgagaag gatcgtcctt taccaccgtt actagccaga 240 gttggcggca atattgaagt actcggtttt aatgccaggc agcgtaaagc gttccttaat 300 gctattatgc gctacggaat gccaccacaa gacgctttca attcacagtg gctggtgaga 360 gatcttcgag gaaaatctga gaagatattc aaggcttacg tgtctctctt tatgaggcat 420 ctttgcgaac ctggtgcaga taatgctgat acatttgcgg acggtgtgcc gagggaagga 480 ctgagtaggc aacatgtttt gacaaggatt ggtgtgatgt cacttataag aaagaaggtt 540 caggagttcg aacacatcaa cggcgagtat agcatgccgg aagtaatcaa aaagagcatt 600 atggatcaaa ataaaatcaa tgccgccggc accgccacca caagcgaagc agaaacgcct 660 aaaagtgcta ctaccagtac tagtgctacg ccagctacaa gtgctgctcc cagtcccgct 720 cccacacaag gagaagataa agataaggat aaagattccg ttcagagtga cgaaaataaa 780 gataaagaag tggttaataa aacggaaacc gaagatgaag agaagaaaac gggagaatct 840 tcaacagaaa agccgaaaac tgaaccggaa gaagtgaaag aagcttctcc gaaaaccgaa 900 attcccgaag ctagttccga agctgataaa tctgagatca aatccgaagt cgatacctcg 960 tctgtaacca gcgaggaaaa gaaagaagag aaagaggaag aggccaaaaa ggaagaaccc 1020 gaagagacca aaatggaaat acaggaggag gaacttgtta aagaggagaa aaaagaagaa 1080 gaggatgata agaagaagga ggaaattaag aaagaggtgg aaaagaagga agaggatgac 1140 gttatggtta ttgatgatga taaagataag aaggacaaaa aggaaatcga tctcgaagcc 1200 aagaagcgtt tcatg
1215 <210> 172 <211> 3363 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 172 accacgcatc cgcccacgcg tccgcccacg cgtccgccca cgcgtccgat tgaattactc 60 taatattttt tttttatttt cattttttat ttatttaata atttaaacta ttttaacttt 120 aattataaac caaaatattt taaaactaaa aaaactaatt taaaattcaa ttgaaaatga 180 taataaattt attttcttct ttcgacccta catctaattt taatttacca ataaactgat 240 taagaacagt attaggtcta ttaattattc catctagatt ttgattaatc ccctctcgtt 300 ataattattt atgaataaag attattataa cattacataa agaatttaaa gttttaattg 360 gaaattataa atcccaagga agaacattaa tttttatctc actatttaga ttaattttat 420 ttaataattt tcttggatta ttcccgtata tttttactag aacaagacat ataactttaa 480 cattaagatt agctttacca ttatgattga gatttataat ttatggatga ataaataata 540 ctattcatat attagctcat ttagttcctc aaggaactcc tccgatttta ataccattta 600 tagtttgtat tgaaacaatt agaaatgtaa ttcgacctgg aacattagca gtacgtttaa 660 ctgctaatat aatcgcagga cacttattaa taactctttt aggaaatact ggaccaataa 720 tatcaatcta tatattaaat attttaatta ttgtccaact tttactatta attttagaaa 780 cagcagtatc tataattcaa tcttatgtat ttgctgtttt aagaacacta tattctagag 840 aagtaaatta atgtcaaatc ataaaaatca tccttatcat ttagtagata ttagaccatg 900 acctttatta ggagctttta gagcaatatt aacaatatta ggaataatta aatgatttca 960 tttatataat aataatttac taataattgg attattaatt acaagattaa ttatatatca 1020 atgatgacga gatattgtac gagaaggaac ttatcaaggc cttcatacct ttagtagtta 1080 ctaaaggttt acgttgagga ataattttat ttattacttc agaagtatta ttttttatat 1140 catttttttg aggatttttt catagatcat tagcaccaac tattgaatta ggaatacttt 1200 gacctcctaa aggaattcaa gcctttaacc cattagaaat ccctttatta aatactttaa 1260 ttcttttaac ttcgggatta actgtaactt gagcccatca tagcctaata gaaaaataat 1320 ttttctcaag gacttcaagg attaattttt acagtaacat taggaattta ttttactatt 1380 ttacaaggat atgaatatat tgaatcacct tttgcaattt ctgattcaat ttatggatct 1440 tcatttttta tagcaacagg ttttcatgga ttacatgtaa ttattggaac aaccttctta 1500 ttaatttgtt taattcgcca ttatttaaat catttttcat cgacacatca ctttggtttt 1560 gaagcagcag cttgatactg acattttgta gatgtagtat gattattctt atatatttca 1620 atttactgat gaggtagatt gagtaaatac gtctaccgtt ctcctttaaa tgacgctatt 1680 tgtgctcctg aaagagagca aaagtgccca tggaatccga aggctgacag atctacctca 1740 attcatacaa cggtcaattg gcaagctcca cgtccaaaaa tactgccaaa tgccttgcac 1800 gcaattggta atactccatt gatcaagctt aacagaatac ctcagcaaga aggtttggaa 1860 tgtgatatat atgtaaaatg tgagttcttt aatcctggtg gatcagtaaa agatcgcatg 1920 gcaaacagaa tactgacaga tgccgagaat gaaggtatct taaaaccagg atgtaccatt 1980 atagagccgt cttcaggaaa tactggcatt ggtttggcta tggcagctgc tattaaagga 2040 tataggtgta taatcgtaat gtcagaaaaa atatccaaag agaaagaata cgtaatgaga 2100 gctttgggag ctgaagttat tagatgtcct gtcacagcta attcgttttc tccatatgga 2160 atgtttggta ctgtccatcg tttatcaaaa gaaattccca acagtattat ttttgatcag 2220 ttctctaatc ccggaaatcc actgactcac tacgatacta cagcagaaga aatttatgat 2280 caatgcgaca aaaaagtaga tatgataata atgggagctg gaacaggtgg taccgttacg 2340 ggtataggaa gaaaatttaa agagatttct cccaatacgg aaatcgtttg tgcagatcca 2400 attggatcat cttttgcttt accagaaatt ataaataaaa ctgacgttac tttctgggag 2460 atagaaggta tgggctacga tttcattccc tcaaccttag accgcaaagt cattgacact 2520 tggattaaag taggtgatga gaatgccctg ccaatggcaa gaaggttgat taaggatgaa 2580 ggccttttga ttggggctag cagtggagct atgatgtggg cggctattca agcagcgaaa 2640 gctaaaaatt atggccctgg taaaagggtt gtagttatgt taccagatag tattaggaac 2700 tacttaacaa agttcgtatg tgaccaatgg atggaagagc gaaatcttca gccttgtgta 2760 aatacaaaca accacccgtg gtggaattta aatgtctccc aattaaatct tcctgtacca 2820 caaactgtac cgataaattc ttccattgaa cagactttga atctaatgaa gaaacttgga 2880 cttaaccaga tacctgcatt ggatgatcaa gggggtgttg ttggagtact ttcaatgcag 2940 ctaattatta acaaacttac atctggtaat gctacactca atgacccaat agcagatgct 3000 atagaccgac tttatcccag agttgagaaa tctgctaata ttggactcgt ctcaagagta 3060 ttggaacgtg agccttattt ggtaattttg gatacacaag gtaaaggacc ttccaagata 3120 aataagcctg caggcgttgt aactccttta gattttctac agtttatcca gaagcagcat 3180 taaatataga ggagactaat atttccacca tttaacaaaa gtaatcacca taaagtgata 3240 aaataaataa tacctaatat aatagaaata ttagaaataa tagaaattat agattataat 3300 aaataaataa gtattataat caaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaggg gcggcgcccc tttttttttt 3360 ttt 3363 <210> 173 <211> 843 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 173 ctcataatat tatgccaaaa atttaaaata gtatttcgag gagaaattct ttataaaaaa 60 aattgtatct ttctttatat ttctggtgat atttatgaaa aacacaccag caatatgttt 120 gctatatcga ggagatcaat agctgcttta acacaaatca gatcaaagac agacaaggcc 180 gttttggacg aaattattcg agtagatcat gctggagaat tgggagcaga tcgtatttat 240 gcaggccaga tgttcattct aggcagcact tcaaaagcac ctttgataag acatatgtgg 300 gaacaagaaa aacatcacaa agctacattc gaagatctaa ttagaaaaaa acgtgttaga 360 cctacagtaa tgactcctat ttggaatgtt gcaggcttcg ccttaggagc aggatcagca 420 ttgcttggag acaaagcagc tatggcgtgt actgtggctg tcgaaacagt aattgtagat 480 cattataatg accaactgag aactctgttg gaagatccag agtgtgataa agagcttgta 540 gaaactatta agaagtttag agacgaggaa caagaacatc atgaccatgg cattgatcag 600 ggagcaaagc agactccttt ttatgaagcg tttactaatg tcattaaagc tggatgcaaa 660 gcagctatag caatatcgaa agtagtttaa cttgtgttta tgtacatatt atgtagttga 720 ttgtgaaata tatgttgtta aatttgtaaa gtattgacag tattatatat ttttggatat 780 aaagttagtc ccactatgtg tacagaaaaa tctaataaaa taaaatcaat ttaaatacag 840 att 843 <210> 174 <211> 704 <212> ADN <213> Diabrotica virgifera <400> 174 aaagaccttg aagatcttct accatggcat gagaagcctg tgaagataca ggtcttagtt 60 ctagacatgt agagggacat aatctgtgtt atattttaga tcacaaaaga gtgcaattaa 120 ggctgttgtg tgatgagtac tagacaggaa gaaagagcag actcccagga tatctcgtgg 180 ttgagtctta tgatcaacaa tatacatatt ttgcatcaga atcttgatag atcaggctat 240 cttctaatta ttcttctatt ttttgttttt ttctcgagtt agctcagttt tttcctattt 300 tttttttggt acttttgcta gatatatttt acacatactc atttttatga gtcttaagtg 360 caatacgttg gtaacggaat actggttatt tgtcattcct tccttgtcgt acctaggttg 420 tttctcttta cttcaatagt tacaatgact atttgatttt tgattgtgtc aagctataca 480 agaaataaga gagtaatcag gagagagaaa gagagaaaag attgagtaat ctgtaagaca 540 tcaaaagatg aaaagaccta gaacatcttc tatcatagtt gtaagaggat gatgaaaggc 600 acaggtatta gttcaatcca gataaaaaat gaagtgttaa aagacataga agaaaaactt 660 ttgtgtacag tcgtacagta gacataggaa tacagcgaag atgc 704
Contents14
73 members in 15 offices
Priority claims6
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 56084204 | United States of America | P | |
| 56563204 | United States of America | P | |
| 57906204 | United States of America | P | |
| 60342104 | United States of America | P | |
| 61726104 | United States of America | P | |
| 66917505 | United States of America | P |
Members73
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2005244258A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| AU2005244258A2 | Australia | A2 | |
| CA2562022A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| CA2693280A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| CA2762011A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| WO2005110068A2 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A2 | |
| US2006021087A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| WO2005110068A8 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A8 | |
| AR048685A1 | Argentina | A1 | |
| MXPA06011694A | Mexico | A | |
| EP1732379A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| WO2005110068A3 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A3 | |
| ECSP066908AThis record | Ecuador | A | |
| CN1997737A | China | A | |
| HK1098014A1 | Hong Kong, China | A1 | |
| EP1818405A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| AU2007214372A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| BRPI0509743A | Brazil | A | |
| ZA200607995B | South Africa | B | |
| EP1732379A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| EP1818405A3 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A3 | |
| HK1106790A1 | Hong Kong, China | A1 | |
| US2008214443A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| ZA200707612B | South Africa | B | |
| AR062759A2 | Argentina | A2 | |
| CN101422167A | China | A | |
| US2009307803A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| AU2007214372B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| AU2005244258B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| US7812219B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| AU2010226899A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| EP2308971A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| AU2011253615A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| EP2402441A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| AU2010226899B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| US2012164205A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| CN102524294A | China | A | |
| AU2011253615B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| AR084643A2 | Argentina | A2 | |
| US2013232646A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP1732379B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| PT1732379E | Portugal | E | |
| ES2439696T3 | Spain | T3 | |
| PL1732379T3 | Poland | T3 | |
| US8946510B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP1818405B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| ES2547381T3 | Spain | T3 | |
| PT1818405E | Portugal | E | |
| CN105002208A | China | A | |
| PL1818405T3 | Poland | T3 | |
| US9238822B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| CA2562022C | Canada | C | |
| US9340797B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2016230185A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP2308971B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| US2016237453A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2017183684A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| CA2693280C | Canada | C | |
| US2018073037A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| CN102524294B | China | B | |
| CN1997737B | China | B | |
| US10167484B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| CN109588562A | China | A | |
| CA2762011C | Canada | C | |
| US2020109413A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US10787680B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2021087580A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US11186837B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2022267793A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US11492638B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US11685930B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US12077770B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP1818405B2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B2 |
Numbers
- Application
- 6908
Titles
- English
- COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECT INFESTATIONS IN PLANTS
Classification
- CPC, 7
- C12N15/8286
- C12N15/8279
- C12N15/8285
- A01N63/50
- A01N63/60
- Y02A40/146
- C12N15/8275
- IPC, 3
- A01N63 02
- A23L19 00
- C12N15 82