Inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase

TITLE OF THE INVENTION

INHIBITORS OF FARNESYL-PROTEIN TRANSFERASE

0003BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The Ras proteins (Ha-Ras, Ki4a-Ras, Ki4b-Ras and N-Ras) are part of a signalling pathway that links cell surface growth factor receptors to nuclear signals initiating cellular proliferation. Biological and biochemical studies of Ras action indicate that Ras functions like a G-regulatory protein. In the inactive state, Ras is bound to GDP. Upon growth factor receptor activation Ras is induced to exchange GDP for GTP and undergoes a conformational change. The GTP-bound form of Ras propagates the growth stimulatory signal until the signal is terminated by the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras, which returns the protein to its inactive GDP bound form (D.R. Lowy and D.M. Willumsen, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62:851-891 (1993)). Mutated ras genes (Ha-ras, Ki4a-rαs, Ki4b-ras and N-ras) are found in many human cancers, including colorectal carcinoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, and myeloid leukemias. The protein products of these genes are defective in their GTPase activity and constitutively transmit a growth stimulatory signal.

0004Ras must be localized to the plasma membrane for both normal and oncogenic functions. At least 3 post-translational modifications are involved with Ras membrane localization, and all 3 modifications occur at the C-terminus of Ras. The Ras C-terminus contains a sequence motif termed a "CAAX" or <img file="WO9727752A1_D0001.tif" /> box (Cys is cysteine, Aaa is an aliphatic amino acid, the Xaa is any amino acid) (Willumsen et al, Nature 570:583-586 (1984)). Depending on the specific sequence, this motif serves as a signal sequence for the enzymes famesyl-protein transferase or geranylgeranyl-protein transferase, which catalyze the alkylation of the cysteine residue of the CAAX motif with a C15 or C20 isoprenoid, respectively. (S. Clarke., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 67:355-386 (1992); W.R. Schafer and J. Rine, Ann. Rev. Genetics 30:209-237 (1992)). The Ras protein is one of several proteins that are known to undergo post-translational famesylation. Other farnesylated proteins include the Ras-related GTP-binding proteins such as Rho, fungal mating factors, the nuclear lamins, and the gamma subunit of transducin. James, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 14182 (1994) have identified a peroxisome associated protein Pxf which is also farnesylated. James, et al., have also suggested that there are farnesylated proteins of unknown structure and function in addition to those listed above.

0005Inhibition of famesyl-protein transferase has been shown to block the growth of Ras-transformed cells in soft agar and to modify other aspects of their transformed phenotype. It has also been demonstrated that certain inhibitors of famesyl-protein transferase selectively block the processing of the Ras oncoprotein intracellularly (N.E. Kohl et al, Science, 260:1934-1937 (1993) and G.L. James et al, Science, 260:1937-1942 (1993). Recently, it has been shown that an inhibitor of famesyl-protein transferase blocks the growth of ras- dependent tumors in nude mice (N.E. Kohl et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A., 97:9141-9145 (1994) and induces regression of mammary and salivary carcinomas in ras transgenic mice (N.E. Kohl et al, Nature Medicine, 1:792-797 (1995). Indirect inhibition of famesyl-protein transferase in vivo has been demonstrated with lovastatin (Merck &amp; Co., Rahway, NJ) and compactin (Hancock et al, ibid; Casey et al, ibid; Schafer et al, Science 245:319 (1989)). These drugs inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme for the production of polyisoprenoids including fa esyl pyrophosphate. Famesyl-protein transferase utilizes famesyl pyrophosphate to covalently modify the Cys thiol group of the Ras CAAX box with a famesyl group (Reiss et al, Cell, 62:81-«8 (1990); Schaber et al, J. Biol. Chem., 265:14701-14704 (1990); Schafer et al, Science, 249:1133-1139 (1990); Manne et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 87:7541-7545 (1990)). Inhibition of famesyl pyrophosphate biosynthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase blocks Ras membrane localization in cultured cells. However, direct inhibition of famesyl- protein transferase would be more specific and attended by fewer side effects than would occur with the required dose of a general inhibitor of isoprene biosynthesis.

0006Inhibitors of famesyl-protein transferase (FPTase) have been described in two general classes. The first are analogs of famesyl diphosphate (FPP), while the second class of inhibitors is related to the protein substrates (e.g., Ras) for the enzyme. The peptide derived inhibitors that have been described are generally cysteine containing molecules that are related to the CAAX motif that is the signal for protein prenylation. (Schaber et al, ibid; Reiss et. al, ibid; Reiss et al, PNAS, 88:732-736 (1991)). Such inhibitors may inhibit protein prenylation while serving as alternate substrates for the famesyl-protein transferase enzyme, or may be purely competitive inhibitors (U.S. Patent 5,141,851, University of Texas; N.E. Kohl et al, Science, 260:1934-1937 (1993); Graham, et al., J. Med. Chem., 37, 725 (1994)). In general, deletion of the thiol from a CAAX derivative has been shown to dramatically reduce the inhibitory potency of the compound. However, the thiol group potentially places limitations on the therapeutic application of FPTase inhibitors with respect to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. Therefore, a functional replacement for the thiol is desirable.

0007It has recently been reported that famesyl-protein transferase inhibitors are inhibitors of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and are therefore useful in the prevention and thereapy of arteriosclerosis and diabetic disturbance of blood vessels (JP H7- 112930).

0008It has recently been disclosed that certain tricyclic compounds which optionally incorporate a piperidine moiety are inhibitors of FPTase (WO 95/10514, WO 95/10515 and WO 95/10516). Imidazole-containing inhibitors of famesyl protein transferase have also been disclosed (WO 95/09001 and EP 0 675 112 Al).

0009It is, therefore, an object of this invention to develop peptidomimetic compounds that do not have a thiol moiety, and that will inhibit famesyl-protein transferase and thus, the post-translational famesylation of proteins. It is a further object of this invention to develop chemotherapeutic compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods for producing the compounds of this invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0011The present invention comprises small molecule peptidomimetic urea-containing compounds which inhibit the famesyl- protein transferase. The instant compounds lack a thiol moiety and thus offer unique advantages in terms of improved pharmacokinetic behavior in animals, prevention of thiol-dependent chemical reactions, such as rapid autoxidation and disulfide formation with endogenous thiols, and reduced systemic toxicity. Further contained in this invention are chemotherapeutic compositions containing these famesyl transferase inhibitors and methods for their production.

0012The compounds of this invention are illustrated by the formula I:

0013<img file="WO9727752A1_D0002.tif" />

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0015The compounds of this invention are useful in the inhibition of famesyl-protein transferase and the famesylation of the oncogene protein Ras. In a first embodiment of this invention, the inhibitors of famesyl-protein transferase are illustrated by the formula I: <img file="WO9727752A1_D0003.tif" /><img file="WO9727752A1_D0004.tif" />

0016wherein:

0017R la, Rib and R2 are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2- C6 alkynyl, R»0-, R9S(0)_m-, R^SC(0)NR8-, CN, Nθ2, (R8)2N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)NR8-, c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocyclic, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, R80-, R9S(0)_m-, R8C(0)NR8-, CN, (R8)2N- C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)-NR8-_;

0018R3 and R4 are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, N(R8)2, CF3, N02, (R8)0-, (R9)S(0)m-, (R⁸)C(0)NH-, H2N- C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN, CF3(CH2)nO-, (R9)0C(0)NR8-, C1-C2O alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle;

0019R^a and R5b are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) unsubstituted or substituted aryl, c) unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, d) unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, and e) C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydrogen or a group selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, N(R8)2, CF3, Nθ2, (R⁸)0-, (R9)S(0)m-, (R8)C(0)NH-, H2N-C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN (R9)0C(0)NR8-;

0020R6 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2- C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, Br, R80-, R s(0)_m-, R8C(0)NR8-, CN, N02, R82N-C(NR )-, R8C(0)-,

0021R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R8)2, or R9θC(0)NR8-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, Br, R80-, R9S(0)_m-, R8C(0)NH-, CN, H2N-C(NH)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, N3,

0022-N(R8)2, or R8θC(0)NH-;

0023R7 is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, Br,

0024R80-, R9S(0)_m-, R8C(0)NR8-, CN, Nθ2, (R8)2N-C-(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R⁸)2, or R9θC(0)NR8-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, Br, R80-, R9S(0)_m-, R^SC(0)NR8-, CN, (R8)2N-

0025C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)NR8-_;

0026R8 is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl and aryl;

0027R9 is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and aryl;

0028Al and A^ are independently selected from: a bond, -CH=CH-, -C=C-, -C(0)-, -C(0)NR8-, -NR8C(0)-, O, -N(R8)-, -S(0)2N(R8)-, -N(R8)S(0)2-_S or S(0)_m;

0029V is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) heterocycle, c) aryl, d) C1-C20 alkyl wherein from 0 to 4 carbon atoms are replaced with a a heteroatom selected from O, S, and N, and e) C2-C20 alkenyl, provided that V is not hydrogen if A^ is S(0)m and V is not hydrogen if A 1 is a bond, n is 0 and A^ is S(0)_m;

0030W is a heterocycle;

0031Y is aryl or heteroaryl;

0032m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5, provided that r is 0 when V is hydrogen; and t is 0 or 1;

0033or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

0034A preferred embodiment of the compounds of this invention are illustrated by the formula la: <img file="WO9727752A1_D0005.tif" />

0035wherein:

0036Rla and R2 are independently selected from: hydrogen or Cl-C6 alkyl;

0037Rib is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, R⁸0-, -N(R⁸)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, R8θ-, or -N(R8)2;

0038R3 and R⁴ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, N(R⁸)2, CF3, Nθ2, (R8)0-, (R9)S(0)_m-, (R8)C(0)NH-, H2N-

0039C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN, (R9)OC(0)NR8-, C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle;

0040R a and R5b j-_e independently selected from: a) hydrogen, and b) C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydrogen or a group selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, N(R8)2, CF3, Nθ2, (R⁸)0-, (R9)S(0)m-, (R8)C(0)NH-, H2N-C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)0C(0)-, N3, CN (R9)0C(0)NR8-_;

0041R6 is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, R80-, R8C(0)NR8-, CN, Nθ2, (R8)2N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, -N(R8)2, or R9θC(0)NR8-, and c) C 1 -Cβ alkyl substituted by C 1 -C6 perfluoroalkyl, R 0-,

0042R8C(0)NR8-, (R8)2N-C(NR8)-, R8c(0)-, R8θC(0)-, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)NR8-_;

0043R^a is hydrogen or methyl;

0044R is independendy selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl and aryl;

0045R9 is independendy selected from C1-C6 alkyl and aryl;

0046Al and A^ are independently selected from: a bond, -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR8-, O, -N(R8)-, or S(0)_m;

0047V is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, c) aryl, d) C1-C20 alkyl wherein from 0 to 4 carbon atoms are replaced with a a heteroatom selected from O, S, and N, and e) C2-C20 alkenyl, and provided that V is not hydrogen if A 1 is S(0)_m and V is not hydrogen if A is a bond, n is 0 and A^ is S(0)_m;

0048m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; r is 0 to 5, provided that r is 0 when V is hydrogen; and

0049or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

0050A second preferred embodiment of the compounds of this invention are illustrated by the formula lb:

0051<img file="WO9727752A1_D0006.tif" />

0052wherein:

0053Rla and R are independently selected from: hydrogen or Cl-C6 alkyl;

0054Rib is independendy selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, R⁸0-, -N(R⁸)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, c) Cl-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, R8θ-, or -N(R8)2;

0055R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, N(R⁸)2, CF3, N02, (R⁸)0-, (R9)S(0)m-, (R⁸)C(0)NH-, H2N- C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN, (R9)0C(0)NR8-, C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle;

0056R5a and R^b are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, and b) C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydrogen or a group selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, N(R8)2, CF3, N02, (R⁸)0-,

0057(R⁹)S(0)m-, (R⁸)C(0)NH-, H2N-C(NH)-, (R⁸)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN (R9)0C(0)NR8-;

0058R6 is independendy selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C 1 -C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C 1 -C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, R80-, R8C(0)NR8-, CN, Nθ2, (R8)2N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, -N(R8)2, or R9θC(0)NR8-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by Cl-Cό perfluoroalkyl, R⁸0-,

0059R8C(0)NR8-, (R8)₂N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)NR8-_;

0060R⁷ is selected from: hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;

0061R8 is independendy selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl and aryl;

0062R9 is independendy selected from C1-C6 alkyl and aryl;

0063Al and A^ are independently selected from: a bond, -CH=CH-, -Cr≡C-, -C(O)-, -C(0)NR8-, O, -N(R8)-, or S(0)_m;

0064V is selected from: a) hydrogen, b) heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and thienyl, c) aryl, ) C1-C20 alkyl wherein from 0 to 4 carbon atoms are replaced with a a heteroatom selected from O, S, and N, and e) C2-C20 alkenyl, and provided that V is not hydrogen if A 1 is S(0)m and V is not hydrogen if A is a bond, n is 0 and A^ is S(0)m',

0065W is a heterocycle selected from pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, thiazolyl, pyridonyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, or isoquinolinyl;

0066<img file="WO9727752A1_D0007.tif" />

0067or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

0068In a more preferred embodiment of this invention, the inhibitors of famesyl-protein transferase are illustrated by the formula Ic:

0069<img file="WO9727752A1_D0008.tif" /> lc wherein:

0070Rib is independently selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, R⁸0-, -N(R⁸)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, R8θ-, or -N(R8)2;

0071R are independently selected from: hydrogen or Cl-C6 alkyl;

0072R3 and R⁴ are independendy selected from F, Cl, Br, N(R8)2, CF3, N02, (R8)0-, (R9)S(0)m-, (R⁸)C(0)NH-, H2N- C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN, (R9)OC(0)NR8-, Cl -C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle;

0073R^ and R^b are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, and b) C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydrogen or a group selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, N(R8)2, CF3, Nθ2, (R⁸)0-,

0074(R9)S(0)m-, (R8)C(0)NH-, H2N-C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(OK N3, CN (R9)0C(0)NR8-_;

0075R6 is independendy selected from: a) hydrogen, b) C 1 -C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C 1 -C6 perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, R8O-, R8C(0)NR8-, CN, N02, (R8)2N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)NR8-, and c) C1-C6 alkyl substituted by C1-C6 perfluoroalkyl, R80-, R8C(0)NR8-, (R8)₂N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, -N(R8)2, or R90C(0)NR8-_;

0076R is independendy selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl and aryl;

0077R9 is independently selected from C1-C6 alkyl and aryl;

0078m is 0, 1 or 2; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

0079or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

0080In a second more preferred embodiment of this invention, the inhibitors of famesyl-protein transferase are illustrated by the formula Id:

0081<img file="WO9727752A1_D0009.tif" />

0082Id

0083wherein:

0084R b is independendy selected from: a) hydrogen, b) aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, R⁸0-, -N(R⁸)2 or C2-C6 alkenyl, c) C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by aryl, heterocycle, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, R O-, or -N(R8)2; R2 are independently selected from: hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl;

0085R3 and R⁴ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, N(R8)2, CF3, N02, (R8)0-, (R9)S(0)m-, (R8)C(0)NH-, H2N-

0086C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN, (R9)OC(0)NR8-, C1-C20 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle;

0087R5a and R^b are independently selected from: a) hydrogen, and b) C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydrogen or a group selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclic, unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, N(R8)2, CF3, N02, (R⁸)0-, (R9)S(0)πr, (R⁸)C(0)NH-, H2N-C(NH)-, (R8)C(0)-, (R8)OC(0)-, N3, CN (R9)OC(0)NR8-_;

0088R is independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, benzyl and aryl;

0089R9 is independendy selected from C1-C6 alkyl and aryl;

0090m is 0, 1 or 2; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

0091or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

0092Specific examples of the compounds of the invention are:

0093V-(3-chlorophenyl)-N'-[l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazolylmethyl]-N'-(n- pentyl)urea hydrochloride (1)

0094<img file="WO9727752A1_D0010.tif" />

0095N-(3-chlorophenyl)-./V-methyl-Λ -[ 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazolyl- methyl]-N'-(n-pentyl)urea hydrochloride (8)

0096<img file="WO9727752A1_D0011.tif" />

0097or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

0098The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, with all possible isomers, including optical isomers, being included in the present invention. When any variable (e.g. aryl, heterocycle, Rl , R^ etc.) occurs more than one time in any constituent, its definition on each occurence is independent at every other occurence. Also, combinations of substituents/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

0099As used herein, "alkyl" is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms; "alkoxy" represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. "Halogen" or "halo" as used herein means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.

0100As used herein, "aryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl.

0101The term heterocycle or heterocyclic, as used herein, represents a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or stable 8- to 11- membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure. Examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2- oxopiperdinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiamo holinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thienofuryl, thienothienyl, and thienyl.

0102As used herein, "heteroaryl" is intended to mean any stable monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and wherein from one to four carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S. Examples of such heterocyclic elements include, but are not limited to, benzimidazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzofuryl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, chromanyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, dihydrobenzothienyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl, dihydrobenzothiopyranyl sulfone, furyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, isochromanyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, diienofuryl, thienothienyl, and thienyl.

0103Lines drawn into the ring systems from substituents (such as from R3, R⁴ etc.) indicate that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring carbon atoms. Preferably, Rla, Rib and R2 are independendy selected from: hydrogen, -N(R⁸)2, R8C(0)NR8- or C1-C6 alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by -N(R8)2, R^SO- or R8C(0)NR8-.

0104Preferably, R3 and R⁴ are independently selected from: hydrogen, perfluoroalkyl, F, Cl, Br, R θ-, R9S(0)_m-, CN, N02, R82N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-, R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R8)2, or R9θC(0)NR8- and C1-C6 alkyl.

0105Preferably, R^^a and R^b are independently selected from hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl substituted with hydrogen, R9S(0)_m-, CF3- or an unsubstituted or substituted aryl group. Preferably, R6 is selected from: hydrogen, perfluoroalkyl,

0106F, Cl, Br, R80-, R9S(0)_m-, CN, Nθ2, R82N-C(NR8)-, R8C(0)-,

0107R8θC(0)-, N3, -N(R8)2, or R9θC(0)NR8- and C1-C6 alkyl.

0108Preferably, R⁷ is hydrogen or methyl. Most preferably,

0109R⁷ is hydrogen. Preferably, R⁸ is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl and benzyl.

0110Preferably, Al and A^ are independently selected from: a bond, -C(0)NR8-, -NR8C(0)-, O, -N(R8)-, -S(0)2N(R8)- and-

0111N(R8)S(0)2-. Preferably, V is selected from hydrogen, heterocycle and aryl. Most preferably, V is phenyl.

0112Preferably, Y is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, furyl and thienyl. Most preferably, Y is phenyl. Preferably, n, p and r are independendy 0, 1, or 2.

0113Preferably t is 1.

0114The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include die conventional non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention as formed, e.g., from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like: and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxy-benzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, trifluoroacetic and the like.

0115It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable (e.g., Rla, Z, n, etc.) at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. Thus,

0116-N(R8)2 represents -NHH, -NHCH3, -NHC2H5, etc. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of the instant invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well as those methods set forth below, from readily available starting materials.

0117The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention can be synthesized from the compounds of this invention which contain a basic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts are prepared either by ion exchange chromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents. Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in Schemes 1-13, in addition to other standard manipulations such as ester hydrolysis, cleavage of protecting groups, etc., as may be known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures. Substituents R^* and R CH2- , as shown in the Schemes, represent the substituents R , R9 and others, depending on the compound of the instant invention that is being synthesized. The variable p' represents p-1.

0118These reactions may be employed in a linear sequence to provide the compounds of the invention or they may be used to synthesize fragments which are subsequentiy joined by the alkylation reactions described in the Schemes.

0119Synopsis of Schemes 1-13: The requisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or can be prepared according to literature procedures, for the most part. Schemes 1-3 illustrates the synthesis of one of the preferred embodiments of the instant invention, wherein the variable W is present as a imidazolyl moiety that is substituted with a suitably substituted benzyl group. Substituted protected imidazole alkanols II can be prepared by methods known in the art, such as those described by F. Schneider, Z. Physiol. Chem., 3:206-210 (1961) and C.P. Stewart, Biochem. Journal, 17:130-133(1923). Benzylation and deprotection of the imidazole alkanol provides intermediate III which can be oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde IV. Aldehyde IV can then be reductively coupled to a suitably substituted amine to provide intermediate V.

0120Scheme 2 illustrates other methods of preparing amine intermediates. Thus, the alkanol II may be converted to the corresponding amine VI via the azide. Alternatively, if the appropriately substituted protected amine, such as a protected histamine VII, is available, that reagent may be ring alkylated to provide the intermediate amine VIII.

0121Amines such as those illustrated in Schemes 1 and 2 may be reacted with a suitably substituted isocyanate IX to provide the instant compound X. Compound X can be selectively N-alkylated under standard conditions, such as those illustrated, to provide the instant compound XI.

0122Schemes 4-7 illustrate syntheses of suitably substituted alkanols useful in the syntheses of the instant compounds wherein the variable W is present as a pyridyl moiety. Similar synthetic strategies for preparing alkanols that incorporate other heterocyclic moieties for variable W are also well known in the art.

0123The isocyanate IX can be reacted with a variety of other amines, such as Xfl, as shown in Scheme 8. The product XIII can be deprotected to give the instant compound XIV. The compound XIV is isolated in the salt form, for example, as a trifluoroacetate, hydrochloride or acetate salt, among others. Compound XTV can further be selectively protected to obtain XV which can subsequentiy be reductively alkylated with a second aldehyde, such as XVI, to obtain XVII. Removal of the protecting group, and conversion to cyclized products such as the dihydroimidazole XIX can be accomplished by literature procedures.

0124As shown in Scheme 9, a bis-protected aldehyde XX may be reacted with a suitable Grignard reagent to provide the secondary alcohol XXI. Subsequent protection and reductive deprotection provides the primary alcohol XXII. This alcohol can then be converted to the corresponding amine by the techniques illustrated in Schemes 1-2 above. Amine XXm may then be reacted with isocyanate DC to provide the carbamate XXTV. Removal of the protecting groups then provides the instant compound XXV In addition, a fully deprotected amino alcohol XXVπ can be reductively alkylated (under conditions described previously) with a variety of aldehydes to obtain secondary amines, such as XXVIII (Scheme 10), or tertiary amines. The Boc protected amino alcohol XXIX can also be utilized to synthesize 2-aziridinylmethylureas such as XXX (Scheme 11). Treating XXIX with lj'-sulfonyldiimidazole and sodium hydride in a solvent such as dimethylformamide can lead to the formation of aziridine XXX. The aziridine can be reacted with a nucleophile, such as a thiol, in the presence of base to yield the ring-opened product XXXI.

0125In addition, the isocyanate DC can be reacted with aldehydes derived from amino acids such as O-alkylated tyrosines, according to standard procedures, to obtain compounds such as XXXVII, as shown in Scheme 12. When R' is an aryl group, XXXVII can first be hydrogenated to unmask the phenol, and the amine group deprotected with acid to produce XXXVIII. Alternatively, the amine protecting group in XXXVII can be removed, and O-alkylated phenolic amines such as IXL produced.

0126Schemes 13 illustrates an alternate preparation of the instant compounds. As shown in Scheme 13, the isocyanate XL is formed first and is then treated with the suitably substituted aniline such as XLI to provide the instant compound X.

SCHEME1

0128<img file="WO9727752A1_D0012.tif" /> 2. N-deprotect

0129<img file="WO9727752A1_D0013.tif" />

0130SCHEME 1 (continued^

0131<img file="WO9727752A1_D0014.tif" />

SCHEME2

0133<img file="WO9727752A1_D0015.tif" />

0134<img file="WO9727752A1_D0016.tif" />

0135deprotection NH,

0136<img file="WO9727752A1_D0017.tif" />

VIII SCHEME

0138<img file="WO9727752A1_D0018.tif" />

IX

0140<img file="WO9727752A1_D0019.tif" />

XI

SCHEME4

0143<img file="WO9727752A1_D0020.tif" />

0144<img file="WO9727752A1_D0021.tif" />

0145NaBH₄ (excess)

0146<img file="WO9727752A1_D0022.tif" />

SCHEME5

0148<img file="WO9727752A1_D0023.tif" />

0149<img file="WO9727752A1_D0024.tif" /> SCHEME6

0150<img file="WO9727752A1_D0025.tif" />

0151<img file="WO9727752A1_D0026.tif" />

0152NaBH₄ (excess)

0153<img file="WO9727752A1_D0027.tif" />

SCHEME 7

0155<img file="WO9727752A1_D0028.tif" /> 2. (CH₃)₃SiCHN₂

0156<img file="WO9727752A1_D0029.tif" />

0157excess NaBH₄

0158<img file="WO9727752A1_D0030.tif" />

0159<img file="WO9727752A1_D0031.tif" />

IX

0161Pro R&lt; deprotect

0162<img file="WO9727752A1_D0032.tif" />

0163<img file="WO9727752A1_D0033.tif" /> SCHEME 8 (continued^

0164<img file="WO9727752A1_D0034.tif" />

0165<img file="WO9727752A1_D0035.tif" /> SCHEME 9

0166<img file="WO9727752A1_D0036.tif" />

0167<img file="WO9727752A1_D0037.tif" />

XXII XXIII

0169SCHEME 9 (continued

0170<img file="WO9727752A1_D0038.tif" />

SCHEME 10

0172<img file="WO9727752A1_D0039.tif" />

0173deprotection

0174<img file="WO9727752A1_D0040.tif" />

0175<img file="WO9727752A1_D0041.tif" />

XXVIII SCHEME11

0177<img file="WO9727752A1_D0042.tif" />

XXIX

0179<img file="WO9727752A1_D0043.tif" />

XXX

0181NHBoc \=|=/ <img file="WO9727752A1_D0044.tif" />

XXXI SCHEME 12

0183<img file="WO9727752A1_D0045.tif" /> XXXII

XXXIII

0185<img file="WO9727752A1_D0046.tif" />

XXXIV

0187<img file="WO9727752A1_D0047.tif" /> xxxv xxxvi

0188SCHEME 12 (continued)

0189<img file="WO9727752A1_D0048.tif" />

IX

XXXVI

0192NaH, DMF

0193<img file="WO9727752A1_D0049.tif" /> XXXVIII SCHEME 13

0194<img file="WO9727752A1_D0050.tif" />

0195The instant compounds are useful as pharmaceutical agents for mammals, especially for humans. These compounds may be administered to patients for use in the treatment of cancer. Examples of the type of cancer which may be treated with the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, colorectal carcinoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, myeloid leukemias and neurological tumors. Such tumors may arise by mutations in the ras genes themselves, mutations in the proteins that can regulate Ras formation (i.e., neurofibromen (NF-1), neu, scr, abl, lck, fyn) or by other mechanisms. The compounds of the instant invention inhibit famesyl- protein transferase and the famesylation of the oncogene protein Ras. The instant compounds may also inhibit tumor angiogenisis, thereby affecting the growth of tumors (J. Rak et al. Cancer Research, 55:4575- 4580 (1995)). Such anti-angiogenisis properties of the instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment of certain forms of blindness related to retinal vascularization.

0196The compounds of this invention are also useful for inhibiting other proliferative diseases, both benign and malignant, wherein Ras proteins are aberrantiy activated as a result of oncogenic mutation in other genes (i.e., the Ras gene itself is not activated by mutation to an oncogenic form) with said inhibition being accomplished by the administration of an effective amount of the compounds of the invention to a mammal in need of such treatment. For example, a component of NF-1 is a benign proliferative disorder. The instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment of certain viral infections, in particular in the treatment of hepatitis delta and related viruses (J.S. Glenn et al. Science, 256:1331-1333 (1992).

0197The compounds of the instant invention are also useful in the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by inhibiting neointimal formation (C. Indolfi et al. Nature Medicine, 1:541-545(1995).

0198The instant compounds may also be useful in the treatment and prevention of polycystic kidney disease (D.L. Schaffner et al. American Journal of Pathology, 142:1051-1060 (1993) and B. Cowley, Jr. et l .FASEB Journal, 2:A3160 (1988)).

0199The compounds of this invention may be administered to mammals, preferably humans, either alone or, preferably, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents, optionally with known adjuvants, such as alum, in a pharmaceutical composition, according to standard pharmaceutical practice. The compounds can be administered orally or parenterally, including the intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal and topical routes of administration.

0200For oral use of a chemotherapeutic compound according to this invention, the selected compound may be administered, for example, in the form of tablets or capsules, or as an aqueous solution or suspension. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and com starch, and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are commonly added. For oral administration in capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried com starch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring agents may be added. For intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous use, sterile solutions of the active ingredient are usually prepared, and the pH of the solutions should be suitably adjusted and buffered. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled in order to render the preparation isotonic.

0201The present invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition useful in the treatment of cancer, comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of this invention, with or without pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents. Suitable compositions of this invention include aqueous solutions comprising compounds of this invention and pharmacolo¬ gically acceptable carriers, e.g., saline, at a pH level, e.g., 7.4. The solutions may be introduced into a patient's intramuscular blood-stream by local bolus injection. When a compound according to this invention is administered into a human subject, the daily dosage will normally be determined by the prescribing physician with the dosage generally varying according to the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, as well as the severity of the patient's symptoms.

0202In one exemplary application, a suitable amount of compound is administered to a mammal undergoing treatment for cancer. Administration occurs in an amount between about 0.1 mg kg of body weight to about 60 mg/kg of body weight per day, preferably of between 0.5 mg/kg of body weight to about 40 mg/kg of body weight per day.

0203The compounds of the instant invention are also useful as a component in an assay to rapidly determine the presence and quantity of famesyl-protein transferase (FPTase) in a composition. Thus the composition to be tested may be divided and the two portions contacted with mixtures which comprise a known substrate of FPTase (for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus) and famesyl pyrophosphate and, in one of the mixtures, a compound of the instant invention. .After the assay mixtures are incubated for an sufficient period of time, well known in the art, to allow the FPTase to farnesylate the substrate, the chemical content of the assay mixtures may be determined by well known immunological, radiochemical or chromatographic techniques. Because the compounds of the instant invention are selective inhibitors of FPTase, absence or quantitative reduction of the amount of substrate in the assay mixture without the compound of the instant invention relative to the presence of the unchanged substrate in the assay containing the instant compound is indicative of the presence of FPTase in the composition to be tested. It would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that such an assay as described above would be useful in identifying tissue samples which contain famesyl-protein transferase and quantitating the enzyme. Thus, potent inhibitor compounds of the instant invention may be used in an active site titration assay to determine the quantity of enzyme in the sample. A series of samples composed of aliquots of a tissue extract containing an unknown amount of famesyl-protein transferase, an excess amount of a known substrate of FPTase (for example a tetrapeptide having a cysteine at the amine terminus) and famesyl pyrophosphate are incubated for an appropriate period of time in the presence of varying concentrations of a compound of the instant invention. The concentration of a sufficiendy potent inhibitor (i.e., one that has a Ki substantially smaller than the concentration of enzyme in the assay vessel) required to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the sample by 50% is approximately equal to half of the concentration of the enzyme in that particular sample.

EXAMPLES

0205Examples provided are intended to assist in a further understanding of the invention. Particular materials employed, species and conditions are intended to be further illustrative of the invention and not limitative of the reasonable scope thereof.

EXAMPLE 1

0207N-(3-cMorophenyl)-JV'-[l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-i:midazolylme entvDurea hvdrochloride (1)

0208Step 1: Preparation of l-triphenylmethyl-4-£hydroxymethyl)z imidazole (2)

0209To a solution of 4-(hydroxymethyl)imidazole hvdrochloride (35 g) in 250 mL of dry DMF at room temperature was added triethylamine (90.6 mL). A white solid precipitated from the solution. Chlorotriphenylmethane (76.1 g) in 500 mL of DMF was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours, poured over ice, filtered, and washed with ice water. The resulting product was slurried with cold dioxane, filtered, and dried in vacuo to provide 2 as a white solid which was sufficiendy pure for use in the next step.

0210Step 2: Preparation of l-triphenylmethyl-4-(acetoxymethyl)- imidazol (3)

0211.Alcohol 2 (prepared above) was suspended in 500 mL of pyridine. Acetic anhydride (74 mL) was added dropwise, and the reaction was stirred for 48 hours during which it became homogeneous. The solution was poured into 2 L of EtOAc, washed with water (3 x 1 L), 5% aq. HCl soln. (2 x 1 L), sat. aq. NaHC0₃, and brine, then dried (Na₂S0₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude product. The acetate 3 was isolated as a white powder (85.8 g) which was sufficiendy pure for use in the next step.

0212Step 3: Preparation of l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-

0213(acetoxymethyl)imidazole hvdrobromide (4)

0214A solution of 3 (85.8 g) and α-bromo-p-tolunitrile (50.1 g) in 500 mL of EtOAc was stirred at 60 °C for 20 hours, during which a pale yellow precipitate formed. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and filtered to provide the solid imidazolium bromide salt. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a volume 200 mL, reheated at 60 °C for two hours, cooled to room temperature, and filtered again. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to a volume 100 mL, reheated at 60 °C for another two hours, cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo to provide a pale yellow solid. All of the solid material was combined, dissolved in 500 mL of methanol, and warmed to 60 °C. After two hours, the solution was reconcentrated in vacuo to provide a white solid which was triturated with hexane to remove soluble materials. Removal of residual solvents in vacuo provided the tided product hydrobromide as a white solid (50.4 g, 89% purity by HPLC) which was used in the next step without further purification.

0215Step 4: Preparation of l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)- imidazole (5) To a solution of the acetate 4 (50.4 g) in 1.5 L of 3:1 THF/water at 0 °C was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (18.9 g). After one hour, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo, diluted with EtOAc (3 L), and washed with water, sat. aq. NaHCU₃ and brine. The solution was then dried (Na₂S0 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude product (26.2 g) as a pale yellow fluffy solid which was sufficiendy pure for use in the next step without further purification.

0216Step 5: Preparation of l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazole- carboxaldehvde (6)

0217To a solution of the alcohol 5 (21.5 g) in 500 mL of DMSO at room temperature was added triethylamine (56 mL), then SO₃- pyridine complex (40.5 g). After 45 minutes, the reaction was poured into 2.5 L of EtOAc, washed with water (4 x 1 L) and brine, dried

0218(Na₂S0 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the aldehyde 6 (18.7 g) as a white powder which was sufficiently pure for use in the next step without further purification.

0219Step 6: Preparation of l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-(n-pentylamino- methvDimidazole (7)

0220To a solution of the aldehyde 6 (132 mg) in 3 mL of 1,2- dichloroethane at 0 °C was added 4A powdered molecular sieves (300 mg), w-pentylamine (0.217 mL), and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (260 mg). After five days, the reaction was poured into EtOAc and washed with water, sat. aq. NaHCθ₃ and brine, dried (Na₂S0 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the amine 7 as a brown oil which was used in the next step without further purification.

0221Step 7: Preparation of N-(3-chlorophenyl)-N'-[l-(4-cyanobenzyl)-

02225-imidazolylmethyll-N'-(n-pentyl)urea hvdrochloride (1) To a solution of the amine 7 (prepared above) in 2 mL of dry DMF at 0 °C was added NaH (37 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil). The solution was warmed to room temperature for 10 minutes, then recooled to 0 °C. 3-Chlorophenylisocyanate (0.084 mL) was added dropwise, and the cooling bath was removed. After three hours, the reaction was poured into EtOAc/hexane (2:1) and water, washed with sat. aq. NaHCθ₃ and brine, dried (Na S0₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide the crude urea 1 as a yellow foam. Half of this material was purified by silica gel chromatography (3-5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂), taken up in CH₂C1₂ and treated with 1 M HCl/ether solution, and concentrated in vacuo. The product hydrochloride 1 (75 mg) was isolated as a yellow solid.

0223F.AB mass spectrum m/e 436 (M+l).

0224Analysis calculated for C₂ H₂₆C1N₅0 • 1.00 HCl • 1.10 H₂0:

0225C, 58.56; H, 5.98; N, 14.23; Found: C, 58.58; H, 6.14; N, 13.26.

EXAMPLE 2

0227ΛH3-cMorophenyl)-./V-methyl-Λ '-[ 1 -(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-imidazolyl- methvn-./V'-(«-pentvl)urea hvdrochloride (8)

0228To a solution of urea 1 (remaining half of crude product prepared above) in 1 mL of dry DMF at 0 °C was added NaH (14 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil). After 15 minutes, iodomethane (0.029 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for four hours, then poured into EtOAc/hexane (2:1) and water, washed with sat. aq. NaHCθ₃ and brine, dried (Na₂S0₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide a purple oil. This material was purified by silica gel chromatography (2-5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂), taken up in CH₂CI2 and treated with 1 M HCl ether solution, and concentrated in vacuo. The product hydrochloride 8 (22 mg) was isolated as a yellow solid.

0229FAB mass spectrum m/e 450 (M+l). Analysis calculated for C₂₅H₂₈CIN₅O • 1.20 HCl • 1.60 H₂0: C, 57.46; H, 6.25; N, 13.40; Found: C, 57.52; H, 6.27; N, 12.55.

EXAMPLE 3

0231In vitro inhibition of ras farnesyl transferase

0232Assays of famesyl-protein transferase. Partially purified bovine FPTase and Ras peptides (Ras-CVLS, Ras-CVIM and Ras-CAIL) were prepared as described by Schaber et al.. J. Biol. Chem. 265:14701- 14704 (1990), Pompliano, et aL, Biochemistry 31:3800 (1992) and Gibbs £t aL, PNAS U.S.A. 86:6630-6634 (1989), respectively. Bovine FPTase was assayed in a volume of 100 μl containing 100 mM N-(2- hydroxy ethyl) piperazine-ΛT-(2-ethane sulfonic acid) (HEPES), pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl2, 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 100 mM [3H]-famesyl diphosphate ([3HJ-FPP; 740 CBq/mmol, New England Nuclear), 650 nM Ras-CVLS and 10 μg/ml FPTase at 31°C for 60 min. Reactions were initiated with FPTase and stopped with 1 ml of 1.0 M HCL in ethanol. Precipitates were collected onto filter-mats using a TomTec Mach II cell harvestor, washed with 100% ethanol, dried and counted in an LKB β- plate counter. The assay was linear with respect to both substrates, FPTase levels and time; less than 10% of the [^HJ-FPP was utilized during the reaction period. Purified compounds were dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were diluted 20-fold into the assay. Percentage inhibition is measured by the amount of incorporation of radioactivity in the presence of the test compound when compared to the amount of incorporation in the absence of the test compound.

0233Human FPTase was prepared as described by Omer et aL, Biochemistry 32:5167-5176 (1993). Human FPTase activity was assayed as described above with the exception that 0.1% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 20,000, 10 μM ZnCl₂ and 100 nM Ras-CVIM were added to the reaction mixture. Reactions were performed for 30 min., stopped with 100 μl of 30% (v/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in ethanol and processed as described above for the bovine enzyme. The compounds of the instant invention described in Examples 1 and 2 were tested for inhibitory activity against human FPTase by the assay described above and were found to have IC50 of &lt; 10 μM.

EXAMPLE 4

0235In vivo ras famesylation assay

0236The cell line used in this assay is a v-ras line derived from either Ratl or NIH3T3 cells, which expressed viral Ha-ras p21. The assay is performed essentially as described in DeClue, J.E. et aL, Cancer Research 51:712-717, (1991). Cells in 10 cm dishes at 50-75% confluency are treated with the test compound (final concentration of solvent, methanol or dimethyl sulf oxide, is 0.1%). .After 4 hours at 37°C, the cells are labelled in 3 ml methionine-free DMEM supple- meted with 10% regular DMEM, 2% fetal bovine serum and 400 mCi[35S]methionine (1000 Ci/mmol). After an additional 20 hours, the cells are lysed in 1 ml lysis buffer (1% NP40/20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5/5 mM MgCl2/lmM DTT/10 mg/ml aprotinen/2 mg/ml leupeptin/2 mg/ml antipain/0.5 mM PMSF) and the ly sates cleared by centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 45 min. Aliquots of ly sates containing equal numbers of acid-precipitable counts are bought to 1 ml with IP buffer (lysis buffer lacking DTT) and immunoprecipitated with the ras-specific monoclonal antibody Y13-259 (Furth, M.E. et aL, J- Virol. 43:294-304, (1982)). Following a 2 hour antibody incubation at 4°C, 200 ml of a 25% suspension of protein A-Sepharose coated with rabbit anti rat IgG is added for 45 min. The immunoprecipitates are washed four times with IP buffer (20 nM HEPES, pH 7.5/1 mM EDTA 1% Triton X- 100.0.5% deoxycholate/0.1%/SDS/0.1 M NaCl) boiled in SDS-PAGE sample buffer and loaded on 13% acrylamide gels. When the dye front reached the bottom, the gel is fixed, soaked in EnUghtening, dried and autoradiographed. The intensities of the bands corresponding to farnesylated and nonfarnesylated ras proteins are compared to determine the percent inhibition of famesyl transfer to protein. EXAMPLE 5

0237In vivo growth inhibition assay To determine the biological consequences of FPTase inhibition, the effect of the compounds of the instant invention on the anchorage-independent growth of Ratl cells transformed with either a <img file="WO9727752A1_D0051.tif" /> oncogene is tested. Cells transformed by v-Raf and v-Mos maybe included in the analysis to evaluate the specificity of instant compounds for Ras-induced cell transformation.

0238Rat 1 cells transformed with either v-ras, v-raf, or v-mos are seeded at a density of 1 x 10⁴ cells per plate (35 mm in diameter) in a 0.3% top agarose layer in medium A (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) over a bottom agarose layer (0.6%). Both layers contain 0.1% methanol or an appropriate concentration of the instant compound (dissolved in methanol at 1000 times the final concentration used in the assay). The cells are fed twice weekly with 0.5 ml of medium A containing 0.1% methanol or the concentration of the instant compound. Photomicrographs are taken 16 days after the cultures are seeded and comparisons are made.