Device for the dynamic under balance and dynamic over balance perforating in a borehole

DEVICE FOR THE DYNAMIC UNDER BALANCE AND DYNAMIC OVER

BALANCE PERFORATING IN A BOREHOLE Priority

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/183,805 filed on June 3, 2009, the entire contents of that application being incorporated herein by reference.

Technical Field

The present application relates to perforating and/or fracturing in oilfield applications, and more specifically to focus of underbalance/overbalance through use of a transient underbalance/overbalance pressure plug when perforating a hydrocarbon well.

Background

When a hydrocarbon well is drilled, a metal casing is placed in the well to line the wellbore. Additionally, space between the liner and the formation is often filled with cement. In order to connect the inside of the casing and wellbore with the inside of the formation, to allow for hydrocarbon flow from the formation to the inside of the casing, holes are formed through the casing and into the wellbore. This practice is commonly referred to as perforating of the casing and formation. Open-hole wells are also possible, i.e., where a casing is not used and perforation is directly applied to the formation.

Perforating guns are used to perforate a casing and wellbore. A perforating gun is often a long tubular device housing a number of shaped charges that face generally in a radial direction outward toward the casing and the formation. A loading tube commonly supports the shaped charges and is loading into an outer tubular shaped housing. The loading tube can take many shaped, i.e, a tube with openings for placement of the shaped charges, a flat plate that supports the shaped charges, etc.

The shaped charges generally have a cup shaped body and a conical shaped liner located in the opening of the cup. Explosive material is located between the inside of the cup shaped body and the liner so that upon detonation the liner is projected outward from the shaped charge, thereby penetrating the casing, cement and formation. There are issues connected with this general operation of perforating, e.g., debris becoming located within the perforations in the formation as well as damage to the formation that affects permeability. These ideas are explained in more detail herein. Thus, it is desired to create a situation where debris in the formation perforations is limited and permeability of the perforated formation is improved. One way to address those issues is with underbalanced perforation, i.e., creating a low pressure inside the perforating gun thereby drawing in well fluids during the operation of perforating to suck debris into the gun / wellbore and away from the formation, thereby limiting the amount of debris in the formation perforations.

The embodiments in this application address a number of those issues connected therewith and improve on various aspects of underbalanced perforating.

Summary

According to a preferred embodiment, a dynamic underbalance device has a longitudinally extending tool string including an underbalance part. A first overbalance part is above the underbalance part and a second overbalance part below the underbalance part. Upon application of underbalance from the underbalance part and overbalance from the overbalance part, the overbalance and underbalance interact to isolate the underbalance.

Brief Description of the Figures

The following brief description of the drawings is meant to assist in the understanding of the described embodiments and is not in any way meant to unduly limit any present or future claim scope related to this application.

Figure 1 shows a side view of an embodiment of various features.

Figure 2 shows a close-up side view of an embodiment of various features shown in Figure 1. Detailed Description

The following description concerns a number of embodiments and is meant to provide an understanding of the embodiments. The description is not in any way meant to unduly limit the scope of any present or subsequent related claims.

As used herein, the terms "above" and "below"; "up" and "down"; "upper" and "lower"; "upwardly" and "downwardly"; and other like terms indicating relative positions above or below a given point or element are used in this description to more clearly describe some embodiments. However, when applied to equipment and methods for use in wells that are deviated or horizontal, such terms may refer to a left to right, right to left, or diagonal relationship as appropriate.

As noted above, the present application relates to perforating in connection with underbalance. U.S. Patent No. 6,598,682, filed on March 1, 2001, the entirely of which is incorporated herein by reference, relates to underbalanced perforating and provides helpful background to one skilled in the art.

Aspects of the present application relate to improving reservoir communication within a wellbore. To complete a well, one or more formation zones adjacent a wellbore are perforated to allow fluid from the formation zones to flow into the well for production to the surface or to allow injection fluids to be applied into the formation zones. A perforating gun string may be lowered into the well and the guns fired to create openings in a casing and to extend perforations into the surrounding formation.

The explosive nature of the formation of perforation tunnels may shatter sand grains of the formation. A layer of "shock damaged region" having a permeability lower than that of the virgin formation matrix may be formed around perforation tunnels. The process may also generate a tunnel full of rock debris mixed in with the perforator charge debris. The extent of the damage, and the amount of loose debris in the tunnel, may be dictated by a variety of factors including formation properties, explosive charge properties, pressure conditions, fluid properties, and so forth. The shock damaged region and loose debris in the perforation tunnels may impair the productivity of production wells or the injectivity of injector wells.

One method for obtaining clean perforations involves underbalanced perforating. The perforation is carried out with a lower wellbore pressure than the formation pressure. The pressure equalization can be achieved by fluid flow from the formation and into the wellbore. This can be caused by flow into the perforating gun housing. This fluid flow carries some of the damaging rock particles away from the perforations and improves permeability. It should be noted that the underbalance operation can be carried out after perforation and without charges that perforate the casing or the formation.

The present application includes embodiments including dynamic underbalance in a defined interval of a well bore using a pressure wave to create a transient plug. These embodiments can improve fluid communication between the formation and the wellbore. The device can also be reconfigured to control dynamic overbalance in a defined area of wellbore with the same intention.

The present application includes embodiments that improve the performance of dynamic under balance and dynamic overbalance devices, such as PURE™ guns and

PURE Chambers, available from Schlumberger . Controlling transient pressure conditions in a wellbore is discussed in U.S. Patent Number 7,284,612, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present application includes embodiments that create a transient pressure plug in the borehole above and below an implosion, dynamic under balance event or a dynamic overbalance event. For example, the transient plug could disrupt the movement and pressure effects of borehole fluids towards the area of dynamic under balance, implosion, or dynamic overbalance depending on the desired effect. Also, the transient plug could contain the effects of the implosion, dynamic under balance or dynamic overbalance effect to a defined region in the wellbore.

Now, looking at the figures, the device shown in Figures 1 and 2 has two vented combustion chambers positioned above and below a low pressure chamber, or strings of low pressure chambers. The low pressure chamber(s) can be ruptured by the detonation of explosive primer cord, rapidly exposing the adjacent borehole to a low pressure shock. The primer cord can activate shaped charges to rupture the low pressure chamber and perforating the casing and formation. Alternatively, the low pressure chamber(s) can be ruptured when shaped charges are fired, thereby rapidly exposing the adjacent borehole to a low pressure shock, while not penetrating the casing or formation. The same primer cord detonation also can initiate the burning of a flammable solid or propellant (such as P4). The high pressure shock developed by this burn enters the borehole via the vents in the combustion chambers. The high pressure and low pressure transient shock waves will cancel each other out at the point where the shock fronts meet, effectively creating a pressure plug in the wellbore above and below the low pressure chambers.

Specifically, Figure 1 shows an underbalance device 1 according to the present application located within a subterranean hydrocarbon well defined by a wellbore 9 that is lined with a casing 6, within a formation 7. The underbalance device 1 is supported by a tension member 8. The tension member 8 can be wireline, slickline, coiled tubing, production tubing, or any other item that is capable of relaying and supporting the underbalance device 1 downhole. The underbalance device 1 can be a perforating gun including a shaped charge 5 portion. A signal is transmitted via the tension member 8, and/or a signal conductor used in connection with the tension member 8. For example, cable including tension and load bearing capability as well as signal transmission can be used. Also, coiled tubing with an additional signal transmission line can be used. Or, a load bearing cable and an additional signal transmission line can be used.

A firing head 2 connects with the tension member 8. The firing head 2 receives a signal, electrical or otherwise, transmitted from uphole of the perforating gun device 1 by a signal generating device. Upon reception of the signal, the firing head 2 activates a detonation cord 3 that extends though the underbalance device 1.

The underbalance device 1 can include a portion that contains shaped charges 5. The shaped charges 5 are connected with the detonation cord and positioned to face radially outward from a longitudinal axis of the perforating gun device 1. An example of this direction is illustrated by the arrow 11. The shaped charges 5 can be perforating shaped charges for penetrating the casing 6 and the formation 7, or charges for merely rapidly opening access from the wellbore 9 into the underbalanced device 1. A transient pressure generating part 4 is located above the shaped charge 5 portion 13 and another pressure generating part 4 is located below the shaped charge 5 portion 13. Upon detonation of the detonation cord 3, propellant within the pressure generating parts 4 is ignited, thereby expelling matter outward from the pressure generating part 4 and creating a high pressure shock in the wellbore 9 proximate to each of the pressure generating parts 4. This high pressure shock serves to isolate the transient underbalance that is created upon firing of the shaped charges 5, thereby improving the overall perforating performance using transient underbalance. Arrows 10 show the direction of the high pressure shock exiting from the pressure generating parts 4.

The section 12 shows the upper high pressure generation region. Section 13 is the transient underbalance perforation region, delineated by the location of the shaped charges 5. Section 14 is the lower high pressure generation region.

Figure 2 shows a more close up view of an embodiment of the high pressure generation part 4. The high pressure generation part 4 is connected with, for example, a lower portion of the perforating charge section. The high pressure generation part 4 has an internal cavity 16 that contains propellant 17. The propellant is connected with the detonation cord 3. Passages 18 are connected between the internal cavity 16 and the outside of the high pressure generation part 4, so that upon combustion of the propellant, high pressure matter is projected out the passages 18, thereby producing a high pressure shock in an area proximate to the high pressure generation part 4.

A similar type of device can be used to control and focus the effects of dynamic over balance. In that case the shaped charge sections would be placed above and below the high pressure generating parts 4, and all devices fired simultaneously with the intent of confining the effects of the dynamic over balance to a chosen region of the well bore.

The control and focus of dynamic underbalance and/or dynamic overbalance in a well bore can be beneficial, and can add specific applications to both dynamic underbalance and dynamic overbalance.

The preceding description herein is meant to provide an understanding of the present embodiments to one skilled in the art and is not meant in any way to unduly limit any present or subsequent related claims.