Impedance spectroscopy system and catheter for ischemic mucosal damage monitoring in hollow viscous organs

id="REI-00001" date="20131224"

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

id="REI-00001"

0001This application claims the benefit of a Provisional Application, Ser. No. 60/219,281 filed Jul. 19, 2000.This application is a reissue application of U.S. Pat. No. 6,882,879, issued on Apr. 19, 2005, and filed on Jul. 18, 2001 as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/907,781, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/219,281, filed Jul. 19, 2000, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0002The present invention relates to systems and internal sensors for monitoring and quantifying ischemic damage in tissues.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0003The gastrointestinal mucosa is at great risk of ischemia in the critically ill, and its disruption has been shown to be the motor of multiple organ failure, a leading cause of death. Knowledge of the level of damage can help guide therapy, reversing moderate damage and/or preventing further complications. For example, as indicated by path A in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, the status of a healthy person's mucosa changes little, if at all, over time. Path C shows how the damage level of an ill person's ischemic mucosa greatly increases over the course of several hours if unchecked. However, as shown by path B, further damage can be arrested if the ischemic damage is detected and an appropriate course of treatment is undertaken. Unfortunately, there exists no clinically suitable method to directly monitor ischemic mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract of the critically ill patient.

0004Impedance spectroscopy has been used to detect ischemia (a condition of inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to a given tissue) in biological tissues using different instrumental methods. Impedance spectroscopy differs from other impedance measurements (which have long been used for a variety of biomedical applications such as cardiac output estimation, body fat measurement, and plethismography) in that it involves multiple measurements over a range of frequencies that as a whole contain significantly more information of the structural and electrical properties of the sample. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,377 to Dzwoczyk et al. teaches the assessment of ischemia in the myocardium, U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,272 to Kun et al. teaches the assessment of ischemia in directly accessible tissues (surface or subjacent tissue), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,055,452 to Pearlman shows the general characterization of the status and properties of tissues. However, none of these references show or describe a clinically acceptable method for impedance spectroscopy measurements of the inner wall of hollow viscous organs such as the gastrointestinal mucosa, in vivo or in situ.

0005On the other hand, several other methods have been devised to detect and/or monitor gastrointestinal ischemia using different measurement technologies. These include tonometry (as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,788,631 and 6,010,453 to Fiddian-Green), direct in situ measurement using an electrochemical sensor (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,083 to Sacristan), and direct in situ measurement using an optochemical sensor (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,320 to Salzman et al.) Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,771,894 to Richards et al. shows external, non-invasive measurement using a magnetometer.

0006Numerous gastrointestinal catheter combinations, using electrodes or other sensors, have been used over the years for various measurements and medical applications. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,657,759 to Essen-Moller discloses a gastrointestinal output catheter, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,848,965 and 5,438,985, both to Essen-Moller, show a gastric pH sensor/catheter combination, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,477,854 to Essen-Moller discloses a helicobater pylori gastric infection sensor. Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,625 to Essen-Moller shows a gastric reflux monitor, U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,453 to Fiddian-Green shows a pressure nasogastric sump and tonometer combination, U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,083 to Sacristan et al. discloses a miniature pCO₂probe and catheter, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,423,320 to Salzman et al. shows an air tonometry sensor and catheter.

0007Several therapies have been proposed to limit or reverse the gastrointestinal mucosal damage and/or the associated complications in critical patients, including, for example, aggressive hemodynamic resuscitation (as shown in Gutierrez et al.), NO synthase modulators (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,402 to Moncada et al.), rBPI protein (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,881 to Ammons et al.), oral glutamine (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,590 to Panigrahi et al.), and DHEA (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,701 to Araneo). All of these can be optimally effective if they are administered within ideal treatment time windows depending on the status of the mucosa.

0008Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an impedance spectroscopy system, not only for detecting ischemia, but also for monitoring and quantifying ischemic mucosal damage, that is of great clinical value as a therapeutic guide for patients with intestinal ischemia and/or shock.

0009Another primary object of the present invention is to provide a catheter, for use with an impedance spectroscopy system, that is optimized for impedance spectroscopy in hollow viscous organs.

0010Yet another primary object of the present invention is to provide an impedance spectroscopy system and catheter for the continuous monitoring of the level of damage of the gastric mucosa in critically ill patients.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0011An impedance spectroscopy system for monitoring ischemic mucosal damage in hollow viscous organs comprises a sensor catheter and an impedance spectrometer for electrically driving the catheter to obtain a complex impedance spectrum of tissue proximate the catheter. According to the present invention, the complex impedance spectrum is used to determine the extent to which the tissue is damaged, as opposed to determining if the tissue is ischemic. More specifically, as mentioned above, ischemia is a condition of inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to a given tissue, which may or may not result in tissue damage (i.e., ischemic tissue can be undamaged, and vice versa). Thus, detecting tissue ischemia does not result in a measurement of tissue damage, and a different process, as implemented in the present invention, must be utilized to do so.

0012The catheter, which is configured to be inserted into any hollow viscous organ, comprises four Ag/AgCl electrodes positioned on an end tip of the catheter. The electrodes are functionally ring-shaped, and are coaxially spaced apart a short distance from one another. The outer two ring electrodes inject current into the tissue, and the inner two electrodes measure the resulting voltage. Leads, electrically connected to the electrodes, extend along the wall of the catheter tubing or in a lumen portion of the tubing, and terminate at an interface plug suitable for connection to the impedance spectrometer. Once the catheter is in place in one of a patient's hollow viscous organs, the impedance spectrometer causes the electrodes in the tip of the catheter to inject a current into the mucosal tissue at different frequencies, allowing for the measurement of the tissue's complex impedance spectrum. The spectrum contains information of the structural and metabolic status of the tissue, and can be used to quantify the level of damage. More specifically, the spectrum can be appropriately graphically plotted against the spectrum of normal tissue, allowing for a direct visual comparison by trained personnel, and, therefore, an indication or measurement of damage. Alternatively, a standard pattern recognition system or the like may be used to automatically analyze the complex impedance spectrum and quantify the severity of the mucosal injury.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0013These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with respect to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, in which:

0014<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a schematic view of an impedance spectroscopy system for monitoring ischemic mucosal damage in hollow viscous organs;

0015<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref> is a cross-sectional elevation view of a catheter for use with the impedance spectroscopy system;

0016<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref> is a perspective view of an electrode portion of the catheter;

0017<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2C</figref> is a cross-sectional plan view of an alternative upper portion of the catheter;

0018<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a cross-sectional elevation view of a second embodiment of the catheter;

0019<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref> is an exploded view of a third embodiment of the catheter;

0020<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> is an elevation view, partly in cross-section, of a portion of the catheter shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref>, once assembled;

0021<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref> is a detail view of a portion of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref>;

0022<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5A-5C</figref> are perspective views of a fourth embodiment of the catheter;

0023<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a diagrammatic graph showing mucosal structure (e.g., as lining an intestinal wall) and different courses of mucosal ischemic pathogenesis;

0024<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a schematic illustration of the operation of the catheter; and

0025<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8A-11C</figref> are various graphs or plots illustrating how ischemic mucosal damage in hollow viscous organs is detected and/or quantified according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0026Turning now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-11C</figref>, preferred embodiments of an impedance spectroscopy system <b>10</b> and catheters <b>12</b>a-<b>12</b>d for ischemic mucosal damage monitoring in hollow viscous organs, according to the present invention, will now be given. The catheters <b>12</b>a-<b>12</b>d are generally similar, in that each one has two or four electrodes with annular side surfaces positioned at a distal end of the catheter. For example, the catheter <b>12</b>a comprises a flexible tube <b>14</b> and two or four generally cylindrical electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d disposed at one end thereof. The electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d are electrically connected, via leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d extending up through the tube <b>14</b>, to an impedance spectrometer <b>20</b> portion of the system <b>10</b>. The spectrometer <b>20</b> is used in conjunction with a signal processing device <b>22</b>, such as an appropriately-programmed general purpose computer, for processing the complex impedance spectrum to detect tissue damage. To monitor mucosal damage, the catheter is placed in one of a patient's hollow viscous organs <b>24</b>, and current is injected by two of the electrodes <b>16</b>a, <b>16</b>d at a range of frequencies. The other two electrodes <b>16</b>b, <b>16</b>c measure the resulting voltage spectrum, which is subsequently processed and analyzed by the spectrometer <b>20</b> and signal processing device <b>22</b>.

0027<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 2A-2C</figref> show a first embodiment <b>12</b>a of the catheter. The catheter <b>12</b>a comprises the flexible plastic tube <b>14</b> that can be inserted in any hollow viscous organ (e.g., 14-16 french). At the distal end or tip of the tube <b>14</b> are located the two or four electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d (i.e., the catheter can be provided with either two electrodes or four electrodes) that function as ionic-current-to-electronic-current transducers, such as Ag/AgCl electrodes. The electrodes are substantially identical. As best shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref>, each has a cylindrical central portion (e.g., <b>24</b>a) having a first diameter and two annular side surfaces (e.g., <b>25</b>a, <b>25</b>b), and two cylindrical extensions (e.g., <b>26</b>a, <b>26</b>b) attached to the ends of the central portion and coaxial therewith. Each extension (e.g., <b>26</b>a, <b>26</b>b) has a second, reduced diameter, and each electrode <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d has an axial through-bore.

0028The electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d are spaced equally apart from one another along the distal tip of the catheter <b>12</b>a, and are separated by spacers (short lengths of tubing) <b>27</b>a-<b>27</b>d. As best seen in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref>, the annular side walls of the central portions <b>24</b> of the electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d are the only portions thereof that are exposed to the outside of the catheter <b>12</b>a. Thus, each electrode <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d is ring-like in functionality, and the distal end of the catheter (with the electrodes) is generally radially symmetric. The catheter, therefore, will provide the same measurements regardless of its radial orientation in an organ.

0029The diameters of the central electrode portions (e.g., <b>24</b>a) are about the same as the outer diameter of the tube <b>14</b>. This ensures that the outer surface of the catheter <b>12</b>a is relatively smooth, e.g., that it has no more than minor surface roughness or undulations. The electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d are respectively electrically connected to the leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d (via soldering, welding, or the like) in the electrodes' axial through-bores. The leads from the distal three electrodes <b>16</b>b-<b>16</b>d extend through the axial through-bores of the other electrodes, as applicable. The electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d, leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d, and short portions of tubing are kept in place and stabilized via an epoxy or plastic fill <b>28</b>.

0030The catheter <b>12</b>a may be a stand alone sensor catheter, or it may be provided as part of a feeding/sump tube or some other type of life support tube or catheter. For example, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref>, the catheter <b>12</b>a doubles as a feeding tube. More specifically, the end of the catheter <b>12</b>a is provided with the electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d, while the remainder of the tube <b>14</b> is left hollow to act as a feeding line <b>29</b>. Additionally, the catheter tube <b>14</b> may include a second lumen for sampling and feeding, like a Levin type gastric catheter, and/or a third lumen for a vented feeding/sump tube, as in a Salem type gastric catheter. For example, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2C</figref>, the electrical leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d extend down through a side wall portion of the tube <b>14</b> having a vent lumen <b>30</b> and a feeding/sump lumen <b>32</b>.

0031To manufacture the catheter <b>12</b>a, the leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d are fed through the tube <b>14</b>, if needed (since the leads may be provided as part of the tube <b>14</b> during the tube's manufacturing process), and through the electrode through-bores, as applicable. The leads are subsequently electrically connected to the respective electrodes. Then, the proximate electrode <b>16</b>a is inserted in the end of the tube <b>14</b>, one of the short lengths of tubing is affixed to the proximate electrode <b>16</b>a, and so on. Adhesive may be used to hold the components together in this manner. Finally, the plastic or epoxy fill <b>28</b> is injected into the space between the tubing portions, electrodes, and partially into the tube <b>14</b>, and is allowed to set. The end of the fill <b>28</b> is rounded, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref>, to ease insertion of the catheter into a patient. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the manufacturing arts, the catheter <b>12</b>a can be manufactured according to a number of different methods and/or steps. For example, the catheter could be extruded from a machine.

0032If the catheter <b>12</b>a is provided with four electrodes, the two outer ring electrodes <b>16</b>a, <b>16</b>d inject a current into the tissue, and the two inner electrodes <b>16</b>b, <b>16</b>c measure the resulting voltage, as shown schematically in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>. In the two electrode configuration (not shown), the electrodes are used for both current source and voltage measurement. As mentioned above, the electrodes <b>16</b>a-<b>16</b>d are respectively connected to the leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d that provide an electrical connection to the other end of the catheter along the wall of the tubing or in the lumen. At the other, proximal end of the catheter, the leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d end in an electrical multi-channel connector <b>34</b> that can be plugged into the impedance spectrometer <b>20</b>.

0033<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows a second, alternative embodiment of the catheter <b>12</b>b. Here, the catheter <b>12</b>b has four tubular or ring-like electrodes <b>36</b>a-<b>36</b>d simply placed over (and adhered to) the exterior surface of the tubing <b>14</b>, with the leads extending from the electrodes down through the tube wall. In this case, the electrodes would have to be as thin as possible to minimize surface roughness.

0034<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4C</figref> show a third embodiment of the catheter <b>12</b>c. The catheter <b>12</b>c is generally similar to the catheter <b>12</b>a, but has spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a, <b>42</b>b, <b>42</b>c), provided with annular internal sockets or spacer lips (e.g., <b>52</b>a, <b>52</b>b), into which flanged electrodes (e.g., <b>44</b>a, <b>44</b>b) lock into place. In this sample interlocking means, each flanged electrode (e.g., <b>44</b>a, <b>44</b>b) has a cylindrical central portion (e.g., <b>46</b>a, <b>46</b>b) having a first diameter and two annular side surfaces, two extensions (e.g., <b>48</b>a, <b>48</b>b) attached to the ends of the central portion and coaxial therewith, and an axial through-bore. The extensions (e.g., <b>48</b>a, <b>48</b>b) each have a second, reduced diameter, but instead of being purely cylindrical, the extensions (e.g., <b>48</b>a, <b>48</b>b) have annular electrode lips (e.g., <b>50</b>a, <b>51</b>a) that face towards the central portion <b>46</b>. Additionally, the spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a-<b>42</b>c) are made of flexible plastic tubing (i.e., a relative non-conductor of electricity) or the like. Each spacer has two annular, inwardly-facing shoulders, in this embodiment, which form the sockets (e.g., <b>52</b>a, <b>52</b>b). The shoulders are spaced back a bit from the open ends of the spacers. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref>, the electrode extensions (e.g., <b>48</b>a, <b>48</b>b) are dimensioned to fit within the spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a, <b>42</b>b) such that the electrode lips (e.g., <b>50</b>a, <b>50</b>b) abut the shoulders, locking the flanged electrodes (e.g., <b>44</b>a, <b>44</b>b) to the spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a-<b>42</b>c).

0035The catheter <b>12</b>c is assembled similarly to the catheter <b>12</b>a, as described above. More specifically, the leads are electrically connected to the electrodes (e.g., <b>44</b>a, <b>44</b>b) and are threaded through the spacers and electrodes, and the electrodes (e.g., <b>44</b>a, <b>44</b>b) are locked into successive spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a, <b>42</b>b) to form an assembly of two or four electrodes. As should be appreciated, since the electrodes (e.g., <b>44</b>a, <b>44</b>b) simply snap into the spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a, <b>42</b>b), assembly is much quicker. Finally, the assembly is filled with the epoxy or plastic fill <b>28</b> to further hold the assembly together and to provide a rounded tip, e.g., as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref>. Also, the ends of the leads are connected to the multichannel connector <b>34</b>.

0036To give the catheter <b>12</b>c a smooth, low-friction outer surface, the diameter of the central portions (e.g., <b>46</b>c) of the electrodes (e.g., <b>44</b>a) may be initially slightly greater than the outer diameter of the spacers (e.g., <b>42</b>a, <b>42</b>b) as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref>. Then, once the catheter <b>12</b>c is assembled, the outer surface of the catheter is sanded, remove the portions (e.g., <b>54</b>) of the electrodes that extend past the spacers.

0037<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5A-5C</figref> show a fourth embodiment of the catheter <b>12</b>d. The catheter <b>12</b>d comprises: an injection-molded, plastic tip <b>60</b>; two or four electrodes <b>62</b>a-<b>62</b>d; one or three spacers <b>64</b>a-<b>64</b>c (i.e., in the case of two electrodes, one spacer is needed, while three spacers are needed for a four electrode catheter); dual-lumen tubing <b>66</b> or the like; and the cables or leads <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d. As best shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5B</figref>, the plastic tip <b>60</b> comprises a rounded fore portion <b>68</b> and a rounded, trough-like projection <b>70</b> that extends back from the fore portion <b>68</b>. As indicated, the tip <b>60</b> can be injection molded, or it can be made via another suitable manufacturing process. The electrodes <b>62</b>a-<b>62</b>d and spacers <b>64</b>a-<b>64</b>c are generally similar in shape. Each has a small, cylindrical passageway (e.g., <b>72</b>a, <b>72</b>b, <b>72</b>c, <b>72</b>d) for the cables <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d, as well as a rounded through-bore (e.g., <b>74</b>a, <b>74</b>b, <b>74</b>c, <b>74</b>d) through which the trough-like projection <b>70</b> of the tip <b>60</b> is dimensioned to fit (i.e., the rounded through-bores, e.g., <b>74</b>a, <b>74</b>b, <b>74</b>c, <b>74</b>d, and projection <b>70</b> are complementary in shape). Additionally, the outer diameters of the electrodes and spacers are the same as the outer diameter of the tip <b>60</b>, which has the same outer diameter as the tubing <b>66</b>. To assemble the catheter <b>12</b>d, the cables <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d are respectively electrically connected to the electrodes <b>62</b>a-<b>62</b>d, and alternating electrodes <b>62</b>a-<b>62</b>d and spacers <b>64</b>a-<b>64</b>c are slid over the projection <b>70</b>. Simultaneously, the cables <b>18</b>a-<b>18</b>d are inserted through the passageways (e.g., <b>72</b>a, <b>72</b>b, <b>72</b>c, <b>72</b>d), as applicable. Then, the portion of the projection <b>70</b> not covered by electrodes and spacers is slid into the tubing <b>66</b>, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5A</figref>. Appropriate fastening means, such as a solvent or an adhesive, are used to hold the components of the catheter <b>12</b>d together.

0038As should be appreciated, the rounded through-bores <b>74</b> and projection <b>70</b> can be provided in any of a number of complementary shapes. For example, the projection and through-bores can be V-shaped, square, or circular. However, having a V- or trough-shaped projection, or a projection with another shape where the electrodes and spacers have to be oriented in a particular manner to be positioned over the projection, facilitates assembly and enhances structural stability.

0039Referring back to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, the system <b>10</b> generally consists of three elements: any of the catheters <b>12</b>a-<b>12</b>d; the impedance spectrometer <b>20</b>; and the signal processing device <b>22</b>. The impedance spectrometer <b>20</b> is an electronic instrument that includes electrical patient isolation and can measure the impedance spectrum of the mucosa in the range of 10 Hz (or thereabouts) to 10 MHz (or thereabouts). The spectrum may be obtained by a frequency sweep from a synthesizer or by a pulse, and processed by such methods as synchronous demodulation or Fast Fourier Transform, or any other similar method. The output of the spectrometer <b>20</b> is the complex impedance spectrum measured in digital form. Spectrometers and processing methods suitable for adaptation for use in the present invention are well known to those of skill in the art, for example, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,272 to Kun et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,801 to Bottman, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,377 to Dzwonczyk et al. The entireties of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.

0040Once the complex impedance spectrum is obtained, the results are processed by the signal processing device <b>22</b>. The signal processing device <b>22</b> may be an appropriately-programmed general purpose computer, or a dedicated analog and/or digital device, both of which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For processing the complex impedance spectrum obtained by the spectrometer <b>20</b>, the signal processing device <b>22</b> may graph or plot the spectrum for visual analysis, as discussed in further detail below. Alternatively, the signal processing device <b>22</b> may utilize a pattern recognition algorithm or system (e.g., running as software) or the like for analyzing the complex impedance spectrum itself. The pattern recognition system uses a previously trained or calibrated algorithm to classify the impedance spectrum measured and provided by the spectrometer <b>20</b>. The output of this system is a numerical score (or other reference point) in an ischemic damage index scale <b>80</b> validated experimentally via MRI's, chemical analysis, biopsy samples, or the like. In other words, the signal processing device <b>22</b>, implementing the pattern recognition system, analyzes the impedance spectrum to determine to what extent the impedance spectrum of the analyzed tissue deviates from that of normal tissue. The degree and character of deviation provides an actual measure of tissue damage, which translates into the ischemic damage index scale <b>80</b>, as validated experimentally (e.g., heavily damaged tissue, as determined experimentally, will have a certain pattern, and slightly damaged tissue, as also determined experimentally, will have a different pattern).

0041More specifically, as discussed above, the impedance spectrum of the analyzed tissue is obtained by making multiple complex impedance measurements at different frequencies over the range of interest. At each frequency, an amplitude, Z, and a phase, of the tissue response are obtained. These values are then plotted as a function of frequency, or combined and plotted in the complex plane (resistance vs. reactance) in a Nyquist or a Cole-Cole plot (this latter term applies specifically to tissue impedance spectra plots), where resistance (R) and reactance (X) are defined as: <br />R=Z cos  Eq. 1.<br />X=Z sin  Eq. 2.<br /> Analysis of these plots shows that normal tissue spectra have a characteristic shape or pattern. According to the Cole-Cole electric model of biological tissues, this shape is the arc of a circle when plotted in the complex plane. However, if tissue is damaged after an extended period of ischemia, the spectra of the damaged tissue loses this characteristic shape. In fact, when plotted in the complex plane, the spectra of the damaged tissue become sigmoid- or S-shaped, deviating significantly from the normal tissue spectra.

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8A-11C</figref> show averaged experimental data obtained in the small intestine of a group of test subjects subjected to a period of intestinal ischemia followed by a period of reperfusion (restored blood flow), in comparison to a group of test subjects in which normal perfusion and oxygenation was maintained. The data is presented in both the frequency plots and in the complex plane. For the Nyquist plots (complex plane), the data has been normalized so that the shapes of the curves can be more easily compared, e.g., the point at the highest measurement frequency (300 KHz) has an adimensional impedance of 1 and a phase angle of 0.

0043<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8A-8C</figref> show the impedance spectra of intestine with less than ten minutes of reduced blood flow, wherein the intestine is already ischemic, with associated rising acidity. In particular, <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8A and 8B</figref> show the average amplitude and phase impedance spectra, respectively, of both normal intestine and the intestine subjected to reduced blood flow, while <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8C</figref> shows the normalized Nyquist plot of the normal and ischemic intestinal tissue. As can be seen, although the intestine with reduced blood flow is ischemic, the tissue is not yet damaged, and the spectra are not easily distinguishable from the spectra of the normally perfused intestines. Note that the spectra contain some noise, but resemble the circular arc predicted by the Cole-Cole model.

0044<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 9A and 9B</figref> show the average amplitude and phase impedance spectra, respectively, of both normal intestine and intestine after 1.5 hours of severe ischemia, while <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9C</figref> shows the normalized Nyquist plot of the normal and ischemic intestinal tissue. Here, the ischemic tissue has suffered moderate damage, and the spectra have become clearly distinguishable B the ischemic tissue spectra have lost their circular shape and have taken on a sigmoidal shape with several inflection points.

0045<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 10A-10C</figref> show similar plots for normal intestines and intestines after two hours of severe ischemia. By now, the damage is even more severe, and the spectra have become even more distorted.

0046<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 11A-11C</figref> show the spectra of normal intestines and intestines after an hour of ischemia followed by 1.5 hours of reperfusion. After an hour of ischemia, the tissue has suffered some damage. However, after being reperfused, most of this damage has been reversed, and the spectra of the damaged tissue have largely regained their characteristic shape, although they are still somewhat abnormal and are still moderately distinguishable from the spectra of the normal tissue.

0047As should be appreciated, a plot or graph of the complex impedance spectrum of potentially damaged tissue versus the spectrum of normal tissue, e.g., as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8A-11C</figref>, can be used by appropriately-trained personnel to determine the level of damage due to ischemia, by way of a visual comparison. Accordingly, the signal processing device <b>22</b> may be configured to graph or plot the spectrum for visual analysis, accordingly the general guidelines given above, on a screen or monitor, or by way of a print-out.

0048Alternatively, the signal processing device <b>22</b> can be configured to automatically determine tissue damage, by way of the pattern recognition system or other standard signal processing techniques, such as filtering, or smoothing and extracting inflection points by analysis of derivatives. Another alternative is the use of principal component decomposition or any other method of extracting a characteristic vector describing the shape of the spectrum. Such a characteristic vector can then be analyzed by a classifying or pattern recognition algorithm to provide a score in a predetermined tissue damage scale. Such an algorithm can use one of many standard techniques for classification and/or pattern recognition, such as Bayesian statistics, neural networks, fuzzy logic, statistical classifiers, expert systems, or any combination of these. Further detail regarding a pattern recognition system suitable for use or adaptation for use in the present invention can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,272 to Kun et al., previously incorporated by reference.

0049Although the catheters of the present invention have been illustrated as having Ag/AgCl electrodes, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other types of electrodes could be used instead without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

0050Although the electrodes and spacers of the fourth embodiment of the catheter have been illustrated as having separate passageways and through-bores, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the passageways and through-bores could be connected, i.e., they do not have to be separate openings, as long as there is a space for the leads.

0051Since certain changes may be made in the above described impedance spectroscopy system and catheter for ischemic mucosal damage monitoring in hollow viscous organs, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all of the subject matter of the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted merely as examples illustrating the inventive concept herein and shall not be construed as limiting the invention.