Tracking system for locational tracking of monitored persons

CROSS-REFERENCE

0001This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.: 08/926,746 filed Sep. 10, 1997, entitled “Monitored Person Tracking System”, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,103. The original application is incorporated herein by this reference.This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/806,841, filed Jun. 4, 2007, now allowed U.S. Pat. No. Re. 42,671, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/899,425, filed Jul. 27 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. Re. 39,909, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/317,080, filed Dec. 12, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. Re. 38,838, which application is a reissue of application Ser. No. 09/229,023, filed Jan. 12, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,481, which application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/926,746, filed Sep. 10, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,867,103.

0002Notice: More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,481. The reissue applications are application Ser. No. 10/317,080 (the present application); Ser. No. 10/899,425 (which is a continuation reissue of the '080 application); Ser. No. 11/806,841 (which is a continuation reissue of the '425 application); and Ser. No. 13/168,387 (which is a continuation reissue of the '841 application).

BACKGROUND

00031. Field of the Invention

0004Generally, the invention relates to monitoring of persons. More specifically, the invention relates to such monitoring wherein at least one monitored person has a portable monitoring device attached thereto.

00052. Description of the Prior Art

0006Our society has been compelled to confine individuals as a result of their behavior which has been deemed unacceptable to the best interest of society. Historically, such confinement has occurred at centralized locations where numerous confinements occur simultaneously. It is expensive for society to maintain such centralized locations due primarily to construction cost, upkeep cost, supervisory personnel expense and medical care for the persons being confined. These persons being confined represent both those convicted of committing a crime as well as those accused of committing a crime, but awaiting trial.

0007Our society has begun to seek alternative means of confining those individuals convicted of committing a crime or accused of committing a crime while awaiting trial where those individuals are deemed to be non-violent. Parole, probation and house arrest programs have existed for some time and are being extensively utilized by the justice system for certain type of crimes.

0008Additionally, our society has recently made progress toward restricting the activities of certain habitual offenders of certain type of crimes even following completion of court appointed sentences. These restrictions are coming in the form of civil actions as compared to criminal actions. Some circumstances require continued conventional confinement while others require site confinement or other monitoring of activities. Examples of such crimes include child molestation and other sex crimes.

0009People produce certain bodily signals which may be detected and measured by equipment. Examples of these bodily signals include blood pressure, heart beat rate, respiration rate, body temperature, blood oxygen level and blood alcohol level. Such bodily signals may be measured to determine a specific base line measurement for a respective person. Such base line measurements may then be redefined, if desired, on a periodic basis. Certain bodily functions, and therefore measurements taken thereof, vary depending upon the activity engaged in at the time of measurement. Therefore, such measurements will involuntarily change when the individual is engaging in activities which are generally prohibited to the population or specifically prohibited to the individual. The mere fact that a specific individual is aware that monitoring is occurring will tend to dissuade the individual from engaging in prohibited behavior.

0010Referring now specifically to site confinement, a common type of monitoring system, it is conventionally known to provide for such site confinement of individuals wherein means are provided within the respective system to indicate that a respective individual has violated boundaries of their respective site. Several of these systems include means to detect tampering with various elements of the system.

0011The most common type of such a site confinement system comprises three devices being a central processing unit, at least one transportable device and at least one base unit. The transportable device, which securely attaches to the individual being confined, comprises communication means to communicate with the base unit. The base unit, which is positioned within the boundaries of the confinement site, comprises two types of communication means. The first of the communication means allows the base unit to communicate with the transportable device. The second of the communication means allows the base unit to communicate with the central processing unit. Generally, this communication is over a ground based telephone system. When communication is not present between the transportable device and the base unit, the base unit, utilizing the second communication means, communicates with the central processing unit to notify an oversight authority of a possible violation of the confinement by the individual. As can readily be seen such systems have a general deficiency in that they are bound to a single designated site location. Several systems have been proposed which allow for a wider tracking of individuals.

0012As can be seen various attempts have been made to provide for a method of restricting the activities of certain individuals. These attempts have been less efficient than desired. As such, it may be appreciated that there continues to be a need for a system which may monitor at least one individual without relying upon limitations associated with site boundaries. The present invention substantially fulfills these needs.

SUMMARY

0013In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of monitoring systems, your applicant has devised a system which provides for monitoring of a plurality of monitored persons. A first embodiment of a system has a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, means to acquire a transmission, means to create a bodily signal reference indicative of a physiological sign of the monitored person and means to store within a database a series of the bodily signal references. Each of the portable monitoring devices further has means to provide for attachment to the respective monitored person, means for detecting a bodily signal produced by the monitored person and means for transmitting a signal. A second embodiment of a system has a portable monitoring device for each of the monitored persons, means to acquire a transmission, means to determine a status of a respective portable monitoring device, a conditional database, means to compare a status of the respective portable monitoring device and means to activate an intervention. Each of the portable monitoring devices further has means to provide for secure attachment to the respective monitored person, means to detect tampering with the portable monitoring device, means to receive a distinct signal, means for transmitting a signal and means to intervene mechanically.

0014My invention resides not in any one of these features per se, but rather in the particular combinations of them herein disclosed and it is distinguished from the prior art in these particular combinations of these structures for the functions specified.

0015There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

0016It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide for a portable monitoring of individuals.

0017Other objects include; <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li id="ul0001-0001" num="0000"><ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li id="ul0002-0001" num="0018">a) to provide for a portable monitoring device which may be secured to a monitored person.</li><li id="ul0002-0002" num="0019">b) to provide for detecting tampering with the portable monitoring device.</li><li id="ul0002-0003" num="0020">c) to provide for a transfer of a signal from the portable monitoring device.</li><li id="ul0002-0004" num="0021">d) to provide for a receipt of the signal transferred by the portable monitoring device.</li><li id="ul0002-0005" num="0022">e) to provide for determining a position reference of a positional location of the portable monitoring device based upon at least one signal received by the portable monitoring device wherein the signal is generated by at least one detached sending unit.</li><li id="ul0002-0006" num="0023">f) to provide for monitoring of a bodily signal produced by the monitored person.</li><li id="ul0002-0007" num="0024">g) to provide for a notification to a central location, such as nursing station or other health monitoring agency, of any indication of a possible medical emergency of the monitored person when physiological readings are outside of range from a baseline reading for the respective monitored person.</li><li id="ul0002-0008" num="0025">h) to provide for a medical monitoring of individuals who may require the need of emergency personnel which may be done on an automatic basis once the physiological monitored signs of the monitored person indicates levels outside of a desired range for the individual where the notification may take place automatically by notifying the proper emergency personnel of the individuals condition and location.</li><li id="ul0002-0009" num="0026">i) to provide for notification of on site supervisory personnel when a monitored person is a resident of a facility such as a retirement home, hospital, nursing home, prison amongst others, when physiological readings for the monitored person are outside of an acceptable range for the monitored person where the notification include the physiological readings and/or a physical location of the monitored person.</li><li id="ul0002-0010" num="0027">j) to provide for medical monitoring of Alzheimers, mentally ill, elderly individuals on a round the clock basis.</li><li id="ul0002-0011" num="0028">k) to provide for an active response through a digital readout directly to the monitored person to provide instructions or commands to the monitored person in response to a variation in a bodily signal measurement beyond a predetermined range.</li><li id="ul0002-0012" num="0029">l) to provide for a mechanical intervention to physically dissuade the monitored person from a specific course of action.</li><li id="ul0002-0013" num="0030">m) to provide for generating an associated occurrence reference indicative of a time span related to a position reference and/or a bodily signal reference.</li><li id="ul0002-0014" num="0031">n) to provide for a storage of at least a series of position references and/or bodily signal references along with associated occurrence references within a database.</li><li id="ul0002-0015" num="0032">o) to provide for deterring crime by providing the monitored person with a knowledge of the monitoring of the bodily signal.</li><li id="ul0002-0016" num="0033">p) to provide for deterring crime by providing the monitored person with a knowledge of the possibility of activation of the mechanical intervention in response to an unacceptable specific course of action.</li><li id="ul0002-0017" num="0034">q) to provide for at least a pair of portable monitoring devices which each transfer position references for comparison to determine if any select pair of the portable monitoring devices are within a predetermined distance measurement of each other.</li><li id="ul0002-0018" num="0035">r) to provide for a notification if any select pair of portable monitoring devices are within the predetermined distance measurement of each other.</li><li id="ul0002-0019" num="0036">s) to provide for a secondary transportable device capable of communicating with a respective portable monitoring device, where the portable monitoring device is secured to a respective monitored person, wherein at least some function is performed by the secondary transportable device to reduce an overall weight of the portable monitoring device secured to the monitored person.</li></ul></li></ul>

0037These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated the preferred embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0038The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein;

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a an illustration of an embodiment of a monitoring system.

0040<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a perspective view of a portable monitoring device attached to a monitored person.

0041<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is an illustration of another embodiment of the monitoring system.

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is an illustration of another embodiment of the monitoring system.

0043<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a plan view of a block with various position references and associated occurrence references distributed therein.

0044<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a perspective view of another embodiment of the monitoring system.

0045<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a plan view of a block with various bodily signal references and associated occurrence references therein.

0046<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8a</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8b</figref> are perspective views of a portion of an embodiment of a portable monitoring device in alternative operational positions.

0047<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9a</figref> through <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9f</figref> are plan views of various data blocks.

0048<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> is a plan view of a database.

0049<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> is a perspective view of an embodiment of a portable monitoring device.

0050<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> is a perspective view of an embodiment of a portable monitoring device.

0051<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13a</figref> through <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13c</figref> are plan views of a block in various alternative orientations.

0052<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14</figref> is a plan view of a bodily signal conditional database and a comparative bodily signal reference.

0053<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15</figref> is a plan view of a bodily signal conditional database and a comparative bodily signal reference.

0054<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref> is a plan view of a bodily signal conditional database.

0055<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 17</figref> is a plan view of a positional conditional database.

0056<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 18</figref> is a plan view of a positional conditional database.

0057<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19a</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19b</figref> are plan views of a block in various alternative orientations.

0058<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 20</figref> is a plan view of an intersection of two streets and a comparative location reference.

DESCRIPTION

0059Many different systems having features of the present invention are possible. The following description describes the preferred embodiment of select features of those systems and various combinations thereof. These features may be deployed in various combinations to arrive at various desired working configurations of systems.

0060Referring is hereafter made to the drawings where like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views.

0061<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts a portable monitoring device <b>30</b>, a central location <b>32</b>, a transmission tower <b>34</b> and a receiving tower <b>36</b> forming a monitoring system <b>38</b>.

0062Central Location

0063It is a requirement of the present invention that a central location, or locations, be provided which will receive communication from and/or send communication to at least select deployed components of any specific deployed system. This communication will be specific to the overall configuration of the specific deployed system. Generally, the central location will; receive communication from deployed components and/or send communication to deployed components and/or store information and/or perform computational calculations on information and/or allow access to information by supervisory personnel. While the central location may be dedicated to a monitoring of a system of the present invention it is possible that the central location may be non-dedicated, or have a primary purpose other than monitoring the system of the present invention. Examples of such non-dedicated central locations include public and private institutions such as police stations, fire department stations, existing burglar alarm monitoring locations, hospitals, retirement homes, nursing homes or schools.

0064<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts central location <b>32</b> housing various equipment, more fully described elsewhere herein, of monitoring system <b>38</b> having features of the present invention. Supervisory personnel, not shown, would have access to exert control over, or otherwise interface with, monitoring system <b>38</b> at central location <b>32</b>.

0065Detached Sending Units

0066In certain deployments it is a requirement that a method exist to provide for making a determination of a location of at least select members of the portable monitoring devices attached to respective monitored persons. To this end, a signal, or signals, must be produced by at least one detached sending unit. This signal, or signals, is subsequently received by at least one other component of the system wherein an eventuation is made to provide for a determination of the location of a respective portable monitoring device attached to a respective monitored person. The detached sending units may be fixed ground based, moveable ground based, orbital or a combination thereof.

0067<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts transmission tower <b>34</b>, being an example of a detached sending unit, and capable of broadcasting a signal <b>40</b> for subsequent reception by a reception antenna <b>42</b> of portable monitoring device <b>30</b>. Transmission tower <b>34</b> may receive a signal from central location <b>32</b> through a coupling <b>44</b> which is broadcast by transmission tower <b>34</b> as signal <b>40</b>.

0068<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> depicts central location <b>32</b>, transmission tower <b>34</b>, a portable monitoring device <b>46</b>, a secondary transportable device <b>48</b> and receiving tower <b>36</b> forming a monitoring system <b>50</b>. In this embodiment, both secondary transportable device <b>48</b> and transmission tower <b>34</b> are considered to be detached sending units.

0069Relay Equipment

0070It is a requirement that the central location(s) be capable of communicating with respective portable monitoring devices. This communication may be either from the central location to respective portable monitoring devices, from respective portable monitoring devices to the central location or both. Preferably, such communication involves wireless communication utilizing either a ground based system or an orbital system or both. Many such systems are conventionally known in the art and many of these systems may be utilized for the present invention. Additionally, for the sake of economics, it is desirable to have such communication transfers utilize, at least partially, existing ground based communication systems as exampled by phone lines.

0071<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts coupling <b>44</b> transferring a signal from central location <b>32</b> to transmission tower <b>34</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> also depicts a coupling <b>52</b> transferring a signal from receiving tower <b>36</b> to central location <b>32</b>. Couplings <b>44</b> and <b>52</b> represent conventional ground based communication systems, conventional wireless communication systems or a combination of both.

0072Portable Monitoring Device

0073It is a requirement of the present invention that a portable monitoring device be provided for each monitored person. It is a strong desire that the portable monitoring device comprise; means to attach the portable monitoring device to the monitored person and control means. In certain deployments the portable monitoring device will further comprises additional features in various combinations. Three of these features comprise; means to detect tampering with the portable monitoring device, means to receive a signal and means to send a signal.

0074Alternatively, it is possible to provide for a combination of a portable monitoring device as defined above and a secondary transportable device. In such a combination certain functions may be performed by the secondary transportable device thus eliminating the requirement of providing structures on or in the portable monitoring device to perform those functions. This provides for a reduction in the required weight of the portable monitoring device, which must be attached to the monitored person, without loss of the otherwise desired function. One example of such a combination provides for structures to provide for short range communication between the portable monitoring device and the secondary transportable device while providing bulkier structures on the secondary transportable device to provide for transmission of a signal for eventual transfer to the central location.

0075The art is rich with similar devices, and combinations of devices, for usage within various systems, as exampled by those systems designed to provide for site confinement of individuals. Many of these devices conventionally known in the art may be modified to be employed for the present invention.

0076The means to secure may involve surrounding engagement of a portion of the body of the monitored person or may involve implantation. The preferred method of securement is the surrounding engagement method. The most obvious attachment locations for such attachment being around a wrist, around an arm, around an ankle, around a leg, around the chest, around the waist or around the neck. Implantation is possible, though less desirable due to power supply requirements.

0077<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> depict portable monitoring device <b>30</b> which comprises a housing <b>54</b> and a band <b>56</b>. Band <b>56</b> surrounds a leg <b>58</b>, at an ankle <b>60</b>, and locks to housing <b>54</b> to secure portable monitoring device <b>30</b> to a monitored person <b>62</b>, see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. Band <b>56</b> is adjusted to be of a sufficient length that portable monitoring device <b>30</b> will not move past a foot <b>64</b>, see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>.

0078The means to detect tampering, where the securing means involve surrounding engagement of a portion of the body of the monitored person, will require that the surrounding band retain its prior integrity. This will involve means to ensure that the surrounding band is intact and, if connected to a housing, that such connections are intact. Without regard for the specific securing means employed, it is a strong desire that means be provided to detect any tampering with the housing containing the equipment.

0079<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> depicts band <b>56</b> having a severing detection device <b>66</b> contained therein. Severing detection device <b>66</b>, contained within band <b>56</b>, connects, at opposing end thereof, to housing <b>54</b>. As conventionally known in the art, equipment, not shown, contained in portable monitoring device <b>30</b> is capable of determining and reporting if any deviation in power through severing detection device <b>66</b> is detected. This prevents bypassing power transfer along severing detection device <b>66</b> while allowing for the severing of severing detection device <b>66</b>. Similar equipment, conventionally known and not shown, allows for a detection of tampering with housing <b>54</b> or any other component of portable monitoring device <b>30</b>.

0080In certain deployments it is desirable to provide for a stationary device which would cooperate with the portable monitoring device attached to the monitored person. This is particularly desirable where the monitored person is restricted to remain in a stationary location during the period of time of monitoring. Alternatively, in certain deployments it is desirable to provide for a secondary transportable device which would cooperate with the portable monitoring device attached to the monitored person. This is particularly desirable where the monitored person will predominately be in stationary locations for extended periods of time.

0081Monitoring system <b>50</b> has many of the required features as well as many optional features. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> depicts monitoring system <b>50</b> comprising secondary transportable device <b>48</b> and portable monitoring device <b>46</b>. Portable monitoring device <b>46</b> is securable to a monitored person, not shown in this view, and therefore is free moving with the monitored person. Secondary transportable device <b>48</b> is shown as being moveable by the monitored person using a handle <b>68</b>. In this embodiment, or variations thereof, the monitored person would be required to remain within a predetermined communication range from secondary transportable device <b>48</b> wherein portable monitoring device <b>46</b>, attached to the monitored person, and secondary transportable device <b>48</b> could communicate. This would allow the monitored person to have a free range zone about secondary transportable device <b>48</b> within which the monitored person could move. When the monitored person desires to moves beyond that range the monitored person would be required to move secondary transportable device <b>48</b>. This arrangement affords the monitored person complete mobility while requiring that a minimum amount of equipment be secured to the monitored person.

0082Secondary transportable device <b>48</b> has a long range reception antenna <b>70</b>, a long range transmission antenna <b>72</b>, a short range transmission antenna <b>74</b> and a short range reception antenna <b>76</b>. Portable monitoring device <b>46</b> has the previously disclosed securing means and tamper detection means. Additionally, portable monitoring device <b>46</b> further comprises a short range reception antenna <b>78</b> and a short range transmission antenna <b>80</b>. Short range transmission antenna <b>74</b> of secondary transportable device <b>48</b> is capable of broadcasting a signal <b>82</b> which is received by short range reception antenna <b>78</b> of portable monitoring device <b>46</b>. Short range transmission antenna <b>80</b> of portable monitoring device <b>46</b> is capable of broadcasting a signal <b>84</b> which is received by short range reception antenna <b>76</b> of secondary transportable device <b>48</b>. This provides for communication between secondary transportable device <b>48</b> and portable monitoring device <b>46</b> while within the free range zone. Movement beyond this range would result in a lack of communication and result in an indication that the monitored person was in violation of monitoring rules. A warning buzzer <b>86</b> would warn the monitored person that this range was being approached when communication still existed, but was determined to be weak. As more fully disclosed below, means may be provided to determine a distance and an orientation of portable monitoring device <b>46</b> relative to secondary transportable device <b>48</b>.

0083<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> depicts a stationary device <b>88</b> and portable monitoring device <b>46</b>, (as depicted in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>). Stationary device <b>88</b> would have a permanent power supply as exampled by connection of a power plug <b>90</b> to a standard wall outlet, not shown. Stationary device <b>88</b> further comprises a ground based connection to a communication system as exampled by connection of a phone line <b>92</b> to a wall jack, not shown. This arrangement provides for ready communication with central location, not shown in this view, while eliminating the requirement of providing a transportable power supply to that equipment contained within and about stationary device <b>88</b>. Stationary device <b>88</b> further comprises a short range transmission antenna <b>94</b> and a short range reception antenna <b>96</b> to provide for communication with portable monitoring device <b>46</b>. This arrangement is ideal where the other features of the present invention are desired and where the monitored person is otherwise limited in their mobility.

0084Transmission Acquisition Means

0085In certain deployments it is a strong desire that the portable monitoring device further comprise transmission acquisition means to provide for receiving a signal sent by other components of the system. The signal received may be data containing instructions transferred from the central location, or data as exampled by information necessary to permit subsequent calculations to provide for a making of a positional determination.

0086Numerous methods are conventionally known in the art to acquire signals transmitted by other electronic equipment via ground based communication, via wireless communication or via a combination of ground based and wireless communications. Many of these methods may be employed with the present invention. The signal transmitted by the portable monitoring device may be sent via direct contact with a base unit, indirect contact with a base unit or general wireless broadcast, as more fully described elsewhere herein. Following transmission of the signal by the portable monitoring device it is a desire to acquire that signal at a central location. This acquisition may be directly by the central location or, more likely, will involve intermediate reception by other equipment which then transfers the signal on to the central location. (The term central location is not intended to be limited to one physical location for the tracking system, but rather a location, or locations, where data is gathered from distinct portable monitoring devices.) The means to receive a signal may be performed by various types of equipment conventionally known in the art depending upon the type of signal being received. Many of these methods may be employed with the present invention.

0087<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts reception antenna <b>42</b> contained within housing <b>54</b> of portable monitoring device <b>30</b>. Reception antenna <b>42</b> is capable of receiving signal <b>40</b>, or signals, as sent by transmission antenna <b>34</b>, in this example a ground based unit. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> depicts a reception antenna <b>98</b> capable of receiving signals <b>100</b>, <b>102</b> and <b>104</b> from satellites <b>106</b>, <b>108</b> and <b>110</b> respectively. Satellites <b>106</b>, <b>108</b> and <b>110</b> are further exampled of detached sending units. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> depicts long range reception antenna <b>70</b> of secondary transportable device <b>48</b> capable of receiving signal <b>40</b> from transmission tower <b>34</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> also depicts short range reception antenna <b>78</b> of portable monitoring device <b>46</b> capable of receiving signal <b>82</b> from short range transmission antenna <b>74</b> of secondary transportable device <b>48</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> depicts phone line <b>92</b> of stationary device <b>88</b> capable of receiving a signal from other components of the system, not shown in this view. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> also depicts short range reception antenna <b>78</b> of portable monitoring device <b>46</b> capable of receiving a signal <b>112</b> from short range transmission antenna <b>94</b> of stationary device <b>88</b>.

0088<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> also depicts a transmission tower <b>113</b> linked to computer <b>168</b> by a coupling <b>114</b>. Ground based transmission tower <b>113</b> is capable of producing a signal <b>115</b> for subsequent reception by reception antenna <b>98</b> of portable monitoring device <b>176</b>. When ground produced signal <b>115</b> is utilized in conjunction with at least select signals <b>100</b>, <b>102</b> or <b>104</b>, position reference <b>244</b> may be a more precise reference than the precision of the reference obtainable only with space generated signals <b>100</b>, <b>102</b> or <b>104</b>.

0089Transmitting Means

0090In certain deployments it is a strong desire that the portable monitoring device further comprise transmitting means to provide for sending a signal to other components of the system. The signal sent may be data containing information about the monitored person or may be data seeking further instruction from other components of the system.

0091The means to transmit a signal may involve sending the signal following a direct contact with a base unit, utilizing an indirect wireless contact with a base unit or may utilize a wireless broadcast. The direct contact with a base unit is exampled by having a lead from the base unit which periodically is plugged into the portable monitoring device or having the portable monitoring device periodically placed in physical contact with the base unit wherein matching contacts make contact. The indirect wireless contact with a base unit is exampled by an infrared link as conventionally known for communication between detached electronic equipment, as exampled by such communication between a desktop computer and a laptop computer. The wireless broadcast is exampled by cellular or radio broadcast.

0092The portable monitoring device may immediately transfer a signal containing data following receipt of the data or immediately following creation of the data. Alternatively, the portable monitoring device may have means to allow for onboard storage of data for batch transfer at a later time. When batch transfer is employed, such transfer may be on a routine schedule via wireless transmission, or may be established on a less rigid schedule over ground based system, as exampled by phone lines.

0093The means to send a signal may be performed by various types of equipment conventionally known in the art depending upon the type of signal being sent. Many of these methods may be employed with the present invention.

0094<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts a transmit antenna <b>116</b> contained within portable monitoring device <b>30</b>. Transmit antenna <b>116</b> is capable of broadcasting a signal <b>117</b> which is received by receiving tower <b>36</b> which, in turn, transfers such signal to central location <b>32</b>.

0095<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> depicts short range transmission antenna <b>80</b> contained within portable monitoring device <b>46</b>. Short range transmission antenna <b>80</b> is capable of broadcasting signal <b>84</b> which is received by short range reception antenna <b>76</b> of secondary transportable device <b>48</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> also depicts long range transmission antenna <b>72</b> contained within secondary transportable device <b>48</b>. Long range transmission antenna <b>72</b> is capable of broadcasting a signal <b>118</b> which is received by receiving tower <b>36</b> which, in turn, transfers such signal to central location <b>32</b>.

0096<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> depicts a short range transmission antenna <b>80</b> contained within portable monitoring device <b>46</b>. Short range transmission antenna <b>80</b> is capable of broadcasting a signal <b>122</b> which is received by short range reception antenna <b>96</b> of stationary device <b>88</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> also depicts phone line <b>92</b> of stationary device <b>88</b> which is capable of transmitting a signal, not shown, which is received by the central location, not shown in this view.

0097Temporal Marking Means

0098In certain situations it is desired to provide for an indication of when certain select references, more fully described below, were generated. This desire is a requirement when the reference is going to be stored for historic reference, also more fully described below. The term temporal, as used herein, carries the common or conventional definition meaning ‘of or pertaining to time’. Therefore, the term temporal marking refers to marking, or providing a distinct reference, of when in time an event occurred, within at least a range of time references. It is possible to provide for a temporal marking, or time measurement marking, of each reference utilizing equipment on the portable monitoring device contemporaneously with receipt of the signal(s) upon which the reference is based. Alternatively, it is possible to provide for creation of the temporal marking at the time of receipt at the central location. Generally, it is preferred to have such temporal marking contemporaneously created with each reference. It is possible, and in certain situations preferred, to assign a range to each reference. This method is particularly expedient when performing batch transfers from the portable monitoring device. In certain uses a single time range will have several references associated therewith. The term occurrence reference as used herein refers to the end result data created indicative, within at least a range, of when an event occurred.

0099<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> depicts, within a block <b>124</b>, a series of five bodily signal references <b>126</b>, <b>128</b>, <b>130</b>, <b>132</b> and <b>134</b>, more fully disclosed elsewhere herein, each having an associated occurrence reference <b>136</b>, <b>138</b>, <b>140</b>, <b>142</b> and <b>144</b> respectively. Each bodily signal reference <b>126</b>, <b>128</b>, <b>130</b>, <b>132</b> and <b>134</b> would have a data string containing information about a respective bodily function, associated therewith. Each associated occurrence reference <b>136</b>, <b>138</b>, <b>140</b>, <b>142</b> and <b>144</b> would have a set of identifying information which are, or may be converted to, date and time references. In this example each adjacent sequential associated occurrence reference <b>136</b>, <b>138</b>, <b>140</b>, <b>142</b> and <b>144</b> are a uniform measurement of time apart. Alternatively, each string of bodily function references may have a beginning occurrence reference and an ending occurrence reference. From these occurrence references and the number of uniformly spaced bodily function references it is possible to determine a occurrence reference for each respective bodily function reference.

0100<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> depicts, within a block <b>146</b>, a series of five position references <b>148</b>, <b>150</b>, <b>152</b>, <b>154</b> and <b>156</b> each having an associated occurrence reference <b>158</b>, <b>160</b>, <b>162</b>, <b>164</b> and <b>166</b> respectively. Each position reference <b>148</b>, <b>150</b>, <b>152</b>, <b>154</b> and <b>156</b> would have a set of coordinates, or other acceptable identifying reference, associated therewith. Each associated occurrence reference <b>158</b>, <b>160</b>, <b>162</b>, <b>164</b> and <b>166</b> would have a set of identifying information which are, or may be converted to, date and time references. In this example each adjacent sequential associated occurrence reference <b>158</b>, <b>160</b>, <b>162</b>, <b>164</b> and <b>166</b> are a uniform measurement of time apart.

0101Reference Storage Means

0102It is often a requirement that bodily signal references be stored along with associated occurrence references indicative of what time span the respective references were associated with in a bodily signal database. It is often a requirement that position references be stored along with associated occurrence references indicative of what time span the respective references were associated with in a locational tracking database. This provides for historic use of the data stored for various useful purposes. These references may be stored in separate databases or they may be stored in a common database, if both types of references are being created within the deployed system.

0103Numerous methods are known in the art for electronic storage of data which permit subsequent retrieval based upon select models. Many of these methods may be employed with the present invention. It being understood that such storage of bodily signal references, position references and associated occurrence references are not required for all embodiments of the invention.

0104When required, each reference will be stored along with the associated occurrence reference. As mentioned, it is possible to assign a single range to a series of associated occurrence references. Alternatively, it is possible to provide for storage of select references taken from the totality of references available. One example uses a computer program which examines the series of references and identifies sequential strings of references within the series which do not vary beyond a predetermined tolerance range from all other references within the string. The computer program would then purge from the system all data between the first reference and the last reference within the string. This is particularly expedient where the monitored person is stationary for a long period of time, as example by sleeping for a number of hours in a generally stationary location.

0105<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> depicts a computer <b>168</b> having a storage device <b>170</b>. Computer <b>168</b> is linked via coupling <b>52</b> to receiving tower <b>36</b> which receives a signal <b>172</b> which contains data transmitted by a transmit antenna <b>174</b> of a portable monitoring device <b>176</b>. The information contained in signal <b>172</b>, following any conversion, if required, is stored within storage device <b>170</b> as a database <b>178</b>. Database <b>178</b> may contain a sequence of data references <b>180</b>. Data references <b>180</b> may be either position references and/or bodily signal references. Database <b>178</b> may also contain a sequence of associated occurrence references <b>182</b> containing information about the time, or period of time, associated with each respective data reference <b>180</b>.

0106Monitoring Means

0107A monitoring of a person under the present invention may include a determination of measurements of select bodily functions of the person. Examples of such bodily functions include blood pressure, (systolic and diastolic), heart beat rate, respiration rate, bodily temperature, blood oxygen level and blood alcohol level, amongst others. Devices are conventionally known in the art which may measure such functions in a non invasive manner (without requiring mechanical penetration of the body of the monitored person). These devices are exampled by passive contact of a portion of the device with the skin of the person or by manipulation of a portion of the device by the person, as exampled by a tubular member into which the person breathes. When passive contact is utilized the contact may be with a sensor positioned on the portable monitoring device or may be with a patch attached to the skin of the monitored person. Such patches are known in the art capable of monitoring bodily functions or which measure for the presence of select drugs in the system of the monitored person. When bodily functions are being monitored, it is possible to provide for an elimination of the normal strong desire that the portable monitoring device comprise tamper detection means. Many different medical test equipment exists in the art to perform various test to determine a respective specific status of a patient. Numerous of these medical test equipment may be utilized within a system under the present invention. These include select members of those medical test equipment which rely upon manipulation of a composition (such as a chemical or a drug) during the test process.

0108Measurements of bodily functions of a person may be evaluated to determine what type of activity the person is likely to be engaged in, or recently engaged in, at the time the measurements were taken. Most persons are unable to consciously regulate such bodily functions to a sufficient extent to allow for the measurements to indicate a general type of activity radically different from the actual general type of activity being performed.

0109While it is preferred to utilize sensors which may make their readings based on no more than passive contact with the monitored person, it is possible to provide for implantation of a sensor under the skin of the monitored person. Such an implanted sensor would transfer, preferably by wireless transfer, a signal to a receiving unit in possession of the monitored person and preferably contained within a portable monitoring device attached to the monitored person.

0110<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8a</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8b</figref> depict a portable monitoring device <b>184</b> having a skin contact surface <b>186</b> which would be held in contact with the skin of the monitored person, not shown, during deployment. This deployment may be on any portion of the body of the monitored person required to provide for adequate testing of the bodily function(s) being monitored. Skin contact surface <b>186</b> has a series of contacts <b>188</b> which, when held in contact with human skin, may provide input to provide for a measurement of various body functions of the person. These contacts <b>188</b> may read, and/or produce various signals including electrical impulses and/or pressure changes and/or light reflective properties. This provides for other connected equipment within portable monitoring device <b>184</b> to make determinations, based on input from contacts <b>188</b>, of select bodily functions including blood pressure, heart beat rate, respiration rate, bodily temperature and blood oxygen level. A breath tube <b>190</b> is depicted in a stored position <b>192</b>, see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8a</figref>, and in a deployed position <b>194</b>, see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8b</figref>. Breath tube <b>190</b> may be deployed when required and the monitored person may be required to blow therein to allow for measurement of blood alcohol level.

0111Bodily Signal Reference Creation Means

0112It is conventionally known in the art to convert measurements of each applicable bodily function to a data reference. These data references, or bodily signals, generally match conventional measurement methods or at least allow ready conversion to conventional measurement methods. One example of such a conventional measurement method is conversion of the respective bodily function cycle to a number of repetitions in a defined period of time such as one (1) minute. Other examples include measurement of a pressure or a lower and upper pressure range. Any conventional method may be utilized to reduce the measurement taken to a data reference.

0113<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9a</figref> depicts a data block <b>196</b> comprised of a series of three (3) bodily signal references <b>198</b>, <b>200</b> and <b>202</b> containing data indicative of blood pressure readings for a monitored person, not shown.

0114<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9b</figref> depicts a data block <b>204</b> comprised of a series of three (3) bodily signal references <b>206</b>, <b>208</b> and <b>210</b> containing data indicative of heart beat rate readings for a monitored person, not shown.

0115<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9c</figref> depicts a data block <b>212</b> comprised of a series of three (3) bodily signal references <b>214</b>, <b>216</b> and <b>218</b> containing data indicative of respiration rate readings for a monitored person, not shown.

0116<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9d</figref> depicts a data block <b>220</b> comprised of a series of three (3) bodily signal references <b>222</b>, <b>224</b> and <b>226</b> containing data indicative of bodily temperature readings for a monitored person, not shown.

0117<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9e</figref> depicts a data block <b>228</b> comprised of a series of three (3) bodily signal references <b>230</b>, <b>232</b> and <b>234</b> containing data indicative of blood oxygen readings for a monitored person, not shown.

0118<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9f</figref> depicts a data block <b>236</b> comprised of a series of three (3) bodily signal references <b>238</b>, <b>240</b> and <b>242</b> containing data indicative of blood alcohol readings for a monitored person, not shown.

0119Any of the conversion methods conventionally known in the art may be utilized to convert applicable sensor data into respective data block <b>196</b>, <b>204</b>, <b>212</b>, <b>220</b>, <b>228</b> or <b>236</b>.

0120Positional Determining Means

0121Various systems, and devices based upon those systems, exist to provide for a determination of a positional location. Several of these system are capable of making such a determination within a fairly narrow range of measurement. One group of such systems rely upon transmissions from satellites in orbit around our planet. Another group relies upon transmissions from ground based transmitters. Another group relies upon transmissions from a combination of satellites and ground based transmitters. Several of these systems, as exampled by differential global positioning systems, include the ability to identify an elevational height, or altitude, as well as a locational position. Such determination may be extremely desirable where the positional location is within a building having multiple floors such as skyscrapers.

0122Without regard for the transmission system employed to generate a signal, or signals, each portable monitoring device may routinely receive at least one signal. This signal, or signals, is then capable of, through a mathematical computation, being reduced to a position reference indicative of a specific location, within a predetermined range of measurement. It is possible that the mathematical computation will be performed by a device located within the portable monitoring device with the actual position reference being sent within the signal of the transmitting means of the portable monitoring device. Alternatively, raw data may be sent within the signal of the transmitting means of the portable monitoring device with the mathematical computation occurring subsequent to receipt of the signal by the transmission acquisition means, as exampled by at the central location.

0123It is possible, and preferred in certain deployments, to have a reliance upon a primary transmission system and at least one backup transmission system. The signal(s) from the primary transmission system may be indefinite or totally absent, in which case the mathematical computation based on the signal(s) received by the portable monitoring device from the primary transmission system would be incapable of determining a position reference. In that case the portable monitoring device would switch through any backup transmission systems until the received signal(s) was present and of a quality from which a position reference might be computated.

0124The example which follows makes use of Global Positioning Satellites (G.P.S.), as conventionally known in the art, for determining a locational position of the respective portable monitoring device. Selection of this method of determining locational position is due to the wide coverage area and the accuracy afford by such usage. Numerous other methods, all conventionally known in the art, are adaptable for usage with the present invention.

0125<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> depicts satellite <b>106</b>, satellite <b>108</b> and satellite <b>110</b> which each routinely generate signals <b>100</b>, <b>102</b> and <b>104</b> respectively. Reception antenna <b>98</b> of portable monitoring device <b>176</b> receives such signals <b>100</b>, <b>102</b> and <b>104</b>. Portable monitoring device <b>176</b> may then transfer such signals, using transmit antenna <b>174</b>, within signal <b>172</b>, along with any distinct signal(s) created within portable monitoring device <b>176</b> which may be required to computate a position reference <b>244</b>, to receiving tower <b>36</b>. Alternatively, portable monitoring device <b>176</b> may perform the required mathematical computations and transfer signal <b>172</b> containing position reference <b>244</b>.

0126<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> depicts secondary transportable device <b>48</b> and portable monitoring device <b>46</b>. Secondary transportable device <b>48</b> contains structures, as disclosed above, which enable a determination of a position reference <b>246</b> indicative of its positional location. Secondary transportable device <b>48</b> further contains a first locational device <b>248</b> while portable monitoring device <b>46</b> contains a second locational device <b>250</b>. First locational device <b>248</b> and second locational device <b>250</b> provide for a determination of a general directional indication and a general spacing indication wherein a positional location <b>252</b> of portable monitoring device <b>46</b> may be made relative to position reference <b>246</b> of secondary transportable device <b>48</b>. In such a manner it is possible to make a determination, utilizing methods conventionally known in the art, of a position reference <b>254</b> (within a reasonable variation) of portable monitoring device <b>46</b> without requiring more complicated equipment located on portable monitoring device <b>46</b>.

0127Position Reference Creation Means

0128Numerous reference methods, as conventionally known in the art, may be employed to define each position reference, as exampled by a set of coordinates. One example of these coordinate references is those based upon a set of latitude, in degrees to a desired degree of precision, and longitude, in degrees to a desired degree of precision, references. Another example of these coordinate references include those based upon a set of distance, in any conventional measurement distance, and angular orientation, as exampled by degrees, references from a fixed position reference.

0129<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> depicts a database <b>256</b> having a series of coordinates <b>258</b>, <b>260</b>, <b>262</b> and <b>264</b>. Coordinate <b>258</b> comprises a longitudinal reference <b>266</b> and a latitude reference <b>268</b> which identifies a unique locational position. Coordinate <b>260</b> comprises a longitudinal reference <b>270</b> and a latitude reference <b>272</b> which identifies a unique locational position. Coordinate <b>262</b> comprises a longitudinal reference <b>274</b> and a latitude reference <b>276</b> which identifies a unique locational position. Coordinate <b>264</b> comprises a longitudinal reference <b>278</b> and a latitude reference <b>280</b> which identifies a unique locational position. Various methods may be utilized to create the various coordinates <b>258</b>, <b>260</b>, <b>262</b> and <b>264</b>.

0130Intervention Means

0131It is possible to provide for a mechanical intervention to dissuade a monitored person from a definable course of action. Many such mechanical interventions are conventionally known in the art and many of these may be adapted for use within the present invention. Such applicable mechanical interventions may involve administration of a medicine or introduction of a physical action which act as a deterrent to discourage continuation of the definable course of action. Examples of such medications include those which act to partially sedate or to completely incapacitate the monitored person. One example of such physical action involves introduction of an electrical shock to the monitored person.

0132When intervention means are provided it is a requirement that structures be positioned upon the monitored person. This will involve placement upon the portable monitoring device or upon a secondary device similarly attached to the monitored person. Typically this will require surrounding engagement of the monitored person. This may involve placement at a wrist, arm, leg, ankle, neck, chest, waist or other suitable portion of the body. Alternatively, implantation may be employed for at least a portion of the device under the skin of the person. When intervention means are included it is a requirement that structures be present to provide for activation of the intervention means. This activation may be provided without additional communication beyond that within the device attached to the monitored person. Alternatively, this activation may be provided based upon reception of a signal by the device attached to the monitored person from an outside location such as from the central location.

0133<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> depicts a portable monitoring device <b>282</b> having a medication container <b>284</b> having a medication, not shown, contained therein. The medication may have a composition which provides for entry into the monitored person by absorption through the skin or which requires injection through the skin. A control device <b>286</b> provides for activation of a delivery system <b>288</b> when it is required that the medication be introduced into the monitored person. Delivery system <b>288</b> provides for micro needles <b>290</b>, as conventionally known in the art, to be deployed for injection of the medication into the monitored person. Alternatively, a conventional injection needle may be so deployed to provide for entry of the medication. Alternatively, delivery system <b>288</b> may release, as exampled by spraying, the medication of a absorbent type onto the skin of the monitored person where the medication may be absorbed for entry into the monitored person.

0134<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> depicts a portable monitoring device <b>292</b> having a control device <b>294</b> and a delivery system <b>296</b>. Control device <b>294</b> may cause activation of delivery system <b>296</b> wherein a high voltage electrical shock, as conventionally known in the art, from a power supply <b>298</b> may be delivered to the monitored person via a first electrode <b>300</b> and a second electrode <b>302</b>.

0135Various specific tamper detection methods may be employed to prevent tampering with applicable portable monitoring devices where such tampering is intended to prevent introduction of the medication or the electrical shock to the monitored person.

0136While applicable to several embodiments of the present invention, an active intervention by a device located on the restrictee portable monitoring device is particularly applicable to the dual tracking system. One example involves when the restrictee person enters a predefined perimeter around the restrictor person, and when there is a prior conclusion reached by proper authorities that the restrictee person poses a physical threat to the restrictor person, the portable monitoring device may be activated to disable the restrictee person using any of the method conventionally known in the art. One example of a method of disabling the restrictee person would be through injection of a tranquilizer. Another example would be to stun the restrictee person with a high voltage charge.

0137<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13a</figref> through <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13c</figref> depict a restrictee person <b>304</b> and a restrictor person <b>306</b> within a block <b>308</b>. Restrictee person <b>304</b> has attached thereon a restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b>. Restrictor person <b>306</b> carries with them a restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. A first perimeter <b>314</b> radially surrounds restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. A second perimeter <b>316</b>, being smaller than first perimeter <b>314</b>, radially surrounds restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. Perimeters <b>314</b> and <b>316</b> are variable and move with restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b> as restrictor person <b>306</b> carries it about block <b>308</b>.

0138In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13a</figref> restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b> are outside of both first perimeter <b>314</b> and second perimeter <b>316</b>. In this instance no activation of the intervention means is performed. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13b</figref> restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b> are inside of the first perimeter <b>314</b> while outside of second perimeter <b>316</b>. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13c</figref> restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b> are inside of both first perimeter <b>314</b> and second perimeter <b>316</b> and an intervention is activated to disable restrictee person <b>304</b>.

0139Bodily Signal Conditional Database

0140It is a desire to store various bodily signal conditional references created for each applicable respective monitored person being monitored. These conditional references would include a set of references, either inclusive or exclusive, which would provide for a comparison to determine if the respective monitored person was outside of an acceptable range for the particular bodily signal, or signals, being monitored. Such a database could be used to identify unacceptable conduct or to identify potentially dangerous medical conditions.

0141<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14</figref> depicts a bodily signal conditional database <b>318</b> having a baseline measurement <b>320</b> for a specific bodily function. A comparative bodily signal reference <b>322</b>, disclosed elsewhere herein, may be compared to baseline measurement <b>320</b> utilizing a mathematical computation which would establish an acceptable range to determine if the comparative bodily signal reference <b>322</b>s within the range, or acceptable, or outside of the range, or unacceptable.

0142Alternatively, as exampled by a bodily signal conditional database <b>324</b> as depicted in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15</figref> may have multiple comparative references specific to the bodily function being monitored. In this example, a dangerous lower range <b>326</b>, a warning lower range <b>328</b>, a warning upper range <b>330</b> and a dangerous upper range <b>332</b> may be defined within bodily signal conditional database <b>324</b>. If comparative bodily signal reference <b>322</b> reaches, or passes, either warning lower range <b>328</b> or warning upper range <b>330</b> a first signal would be produced for subsequent action by the overall system. If comparative bodily signal reference <b>322</b> subsequently reaches, or passes, either dangerous lower range <b>326</b> or dangerous upper range <b>332</b> a second signal would be produced for subsequent action by the overall system.

0143The bodily signal conditional database could be identical for all monitored persons, could be specific to the monitored person or could be based on specific characteristics of the monitored person as exampled by age, weight, sex, other factors or any desired combination thereof.

0144Positional Conditional Database

0145It is a desire to store various positional conditional references created for each applicable respective monitored person being monitored. These conditional references would include a set of references, either inclusive or exclusive, which would provide for a comparison to determine if the respective monitored person was either inside of an allowable roaming area or outside of an excluded roaming area, or areas, for the respective monitored person.

0146<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 17</figref> depicts a positional conditional database <b>334</b> having a reference <b>336</b>. A specific position reference, disclosed elsewhere herein, may be compared to reference <b>336</b> utilizing a mathematical computation which would establish if the comparative position reference was acceptable or unacceptable in comparison to reference <b>336</b>. The mathematical computation may define complex perimeters relative to reference <b>336</b> or may define a radial perimeter thereabout.

0147<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 18</figref> depicts a positional conditional database <b>338</b> having a first series of references <b>340</b> and a second series of references <b>342</b>. Each series of references <b>340</b> or <b>342</b> define included locations where presence is allowed, excluded locations where presence is not allowed or a combination thereof. Positional conditional database <b>338</b> may have any desired number of such series as required to adequately define included locations, excluded locations or a combination thereof. A specific position reference, disclosed elsewhere herein, may be compared to series of references <b>340</b> or <b>342</b> utilizing a mathematical computation which would establish if the comparative position reference was acceptable or unacceptable in comparison to the series of references.

0148<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19a</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19b</figref> depict a position reference <b>344</b> and a position reference <b>346</b> respectively. Position reference <b>344</b> is received by central location <b>32</b> subsequent to transmission by portable monitoring device <b>30</b>, more fully described elsewhere herein. (Position reference <b>344</b>, a numeric value defines a location reference <b>348</b> is substantially identical to placement of portable monitoring device <b>30</b>.) An excluded site <b>350</b> is defined by four (4) references <b>352</b>, <b>354</b>, <b>356</b> and <b>358</b> of first series of references <b>340</b>, see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 18</figref>, which are positioned at each corner thereof. It being understood that a computer program, as programable using methods conventionally known in the art, may be created which is capable of defining a boundary <b>360</b> based on references <b>352</b>, <b>354</b>, <b>356</b> and <b>358</b>. Similarly, such a program could define any conceivable outline of a specific boundary. Boundary <b>360</b> extends around excluded site <b>350</b>. The program could also be programed to determine if any specific position reference is inside of boundary <b>360</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19a</figref> depicts position reference <b>344</b> outside of excluded site <b>350</b>. In this instance the program would not indicate, or otherwise report, a violation of excluded site <b>350</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19b</figref> depicts position reference <b>346</b> positioned within excluded site <b>350</b>. In this instance the program would indicate, and report, a violation of excluded site <b>350</b> by portable monitoring device <b>30</b>.

0149Comparison Means

0150There exist two modes of operation for comparison of references, either bodily signal and positional, of each monitored person. The first mode is real time comparison and the second is historic comparison. The real time comparison involves comparison of the reference to the applicable bodily signal conditional database or positional conditional database or, in the case of positional determination, proximity to other variable position references. (The term real time comparison is not meant to convey simultaneous comparison, but rather may have the actual comparison occurring at a slightly later time.) The historic comparison involves comparison of the applicable reference, either bodily function or positional, to a later defined set of comparative data. It is possible to provide for such comparison of data to the respective references to be employed as evidence during a legal proceeding, either a criminal proceeding or a civil proceeding. The comparison may be made directly within the portable monitoring device by having the respective conditional database contained therein. Alternatively, the comparison may be made at the central location by having the respective conditional database stored thereat.

0151a. Immediate Comparison

0152Comparison of the bodily signal references against the bodily signal conditional database for a respective portable monitoring device may occur immediately subsequent to creation thereof, either within the portable monitoring device or when received by the central location. Comparison of the position references against the positional conditional database for a respective portable monitoring device may occur immediately subsequent to creation thereof, either within the portable monitoring device or when received by the central location. (In certain situations it is not a requirement that all deployed portable monitoring device have securing means or tamper detection means, as more fully described herein.)

0153<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19a</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19b</figref> depict position reference <b>344</b> and position reference <b>346</b> respectively. Position reference <b>344</b> is received by central location <b>32</b> subsequent to transmission by portable monitoring device <b>30</b>, more fully described elsewhere herein. (Position reference <b>344</b> a numeric value defines location reference <b>348</b> is substantially identical to placement of portable monitoring device <b>30</b>.) Excluded site <b>350</b> is defined by four (4) references <b>352</b>, <b>354</b>, <b>356</b> and <b>358</b> which are positioned at each corner thereof. It being understood that a computer program, as programable using methods conventionally known in the art, may be created which is capable of defining boundary <b>360</b> based on references <b>352</b>, <b>354</b>, <b>356</b> and <b>358</b>. Similarly, such a program could define any conceivable outline of a specific boundary. Boundary <b>360</b> extends around excluded site <b>350</b>. The program could also be programed to determine if any specific position reference is inside of boundary <b>360</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19a</figref> depicts position reference <b>344</b> outside of excluded site <b>350</b>. In this instance the program would not indicate, or otherwise report, a violation of excluded site <b>350</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 19b</figref> depicts position reference <b>346</b> positioned within excluded site <b>350</b>. In this instance the program would indicate, and report, a violation of excluded site <b>350</b> by portable monitoring device <b>30</b>.

0154<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14</figref> depicts comparative bodily signal reference <b>322</b> which is compared to baseline measurement <b>320</b> of bodily signal conditional database <b>318</b> in real time. Variation of comparative bodily signal reference <b>322</b> beyond a predetermined range from baseline measurement <b>320</b> results in a predetermined activation of a response by the system.

0155b. Historic Comparison

0156It is possible to historically utilize recorded bodily signal references to determine what type of activity a specific monitored person was engaging in at a specific time. This type of comparison may be used for several reasons, including as a tool for law enforcement agencies.

0157When position references are stored they may be utilized to determine if any of the monitored persons were within a defined area, as exampled by within the boundaries of a crime scene, during a defined period of time, as example by a window of opportunity in which time span the crime could have been committed. Such comparison may be useful to eliminate a suspect for a given crime.

0158<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 20</figref> depicts a street <b>362</b> and a street <b>364</b> intersecting one another. A vacant lot <b>366</b> is situated on one corner of street <b>362</b> and street <b>364</b>. A comparative location reference <b>368</b> has been identified and is surrounded by a boundary <b>370</b>. A comparative temporal reference, not shown, which has a range of temporal references, has been entered. In this example boundary <b>370</b> falls completely within vacant lot <b>366</b>.

0159A computer program, not shown, has examined all records within database <b>256</b>, see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref>, and has identified coordinate <b>258</b>, coordinate <b>260</b>, coordinate <b>262</b> and coordinate <b>264</b> which have associated occurrence references, not shown, which fall within the comparative temporal reference. Each coordinate <b>258</b>, <b>260</b>, <b>262</b> and <b>264</b> were created as a result of a single portable monitoring device, not shown. Therefore, it is possible to determine which monitored person, if any, were within the later created comparative location reference <b>368</b> during a period of time represented by the comparative temporal reference.

0160<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref> depicts a bodily signal reference database <b>372</b> having stored therein a series of bodily signal references <b>374</b>, <b>376</b>, <b>378</b> and <b>380</b>. These references may be historically examined to determine the status of the monitored person.

0161Dual Tracking System

0162It is possible to provide for monitoring of a pair of persons to monitor the behavior of a first person, a restrictee person, relative to a second person, a restrictor person. There exist several possible combinations within the general concept of dual tracking. It is possible to have a clear pairing where there exists one restrictee person and one restrictor person. It is possible to have a single restrictee person monitored relative to a plurality of restrictor persons. It is possible to have multiple restrictee persons monitored relative to a single restrictor person.

0163The dual tracking system is applicable to several situations, but is particularly expedient in the enforcement of court issued restraining orders. The immediate comparison, the historic comparison or a combination of both types of comparison may be used. The historic comparison may be useful as evidence during a subsequent legal proceeding, as example as proof of violation of the court issued restraining order.

0164A computer program may be designed which defines a perimeter around the restrictor person of the pair of monitored persons which is updated depending upon the movement of the restrictor person. When the restrictee person enters within the perimeter a notification is given of such violation. This notification can be to an oversight authority, to the applicable restrictor person, or to both. When notification is given to the restrictor person communication therewith may be by any of the methods conventionally known in the art. Preferably, such notification would be received by the restrictor portable monitoring device which would then inform the restrictor person. It is also possible that human personnel at the central location would establish cellular communication with the restrictor person and advise the restrictor person of the position of the restrictee person relative to the restrictor person.

0165It is possible to provide for several unique perimeters around the restrictor person. Each unique perimeter would have a predefined distance measurement from the restrictor person. It is also possible to define various distinct notifications of violation of the different unique perimeters.

0166The computer program could be designed such that the position references of the restrictor person are not stored. This protects the privacy of the restrictor person which has not surrendered any of their rights. Alternatively, it is possible to store the applicable position references of the restrictor person only when the restrictee person is with a predetermined distance measurement of the restrictee person, as exampled by the perimeter previously described. This allows for the retention of such records for use during a subsequent legal proceeding. Such a program could be designed which retains the position references for a specific period of time, adding new position references and purging the oldest position references. Then, when a violation occurs all existing location references within the system could be stored. Storage would continue until a predetermined time following cessation of the violation. This arrangement allows for the preservation of the restrictor person's position references for a predetermined period of time prior to the violation, the entire period of time during the violation and for a predetermined period of time following the violation. The restrictee person's position references can similarly be stored, or all such data may be stored within the locational tracking database.

0167<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13a</figref> through <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13c</figref> depict restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictor person <b>306</b> within block <b>308</b>. Restrictee person <b>304</b> has attached thereon restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b>. Restrictor person <b>306</b> carries with them restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. First perimeter <b>314</b> radially surrounds restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. Second perimeter <b>316</b>, being smaller than first perimeter <b>314</b>, radially surrounds restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. Perimeters <b>314</b> and <b>316</b> are variable and move with restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b> as restrictor person <b>306</b> carries it about block <b>308</b>. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13a</figref> restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b> are outside of both first perimeter <b>314</b> and second perimeter <b>316</b>. In this instance no notification is given. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13b</figref> restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b> are inside of first perimeter <b>314</b>, yet outside of second perimeter <b>316</b>, and a first notification <b>382</b> is given. First notification <b>382</b> is exampled by a first beeping sound coming from restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13c</figref> restrictee person <b>304</b> and restrictee portable monitoring device <b>310</b> are inside of both first perimeter <b>314</b> and second perimeter <b>316</b> and a second notification <b>384</b> is given. Second notification <b>384</b> is exampled by a second beeping sound coming from restrictor portable monitoring device <b>312</b>. The second beeping sound would be distinct from the first beeping sound.

0168With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, material, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.

0169Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.