Contamination control of gaseous emissions by corona-discharge generation of plasma
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10 claims: 3 independent, 7 dependent
- 1In a method of eliminating contaminants from a gaseous emission by generation of a plasma to which the gaseous emission is exposed for promoting chemical reaction of the contaminants, the improvement residing in the steps of:conducting the gaseous emission during discharge thereof through a reactor chamber to which said plasma is confined;supplying electrical energy to the reactor chamber for establishment of an electrical field therein;and controlling said supply of the electrical energy to the reactor chamber for breakdown of the electrical field therein to effect said generation of the plasma by corona discharge within the reactor chamber.
- 2In a method of eliminating contaminants from a gaseous emission by generation of a plasma to which the gaseous emission is exposed for promoting chemical reaction of the contaminants, the improvement residing in the steps of:conducting the gaseous emission during discharge thereof through a reaction chamber under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature substantially elevated above 300° K.;supplying electrical energy to the reactor chamber for establishment of an electrical field therein;and controlling said supply of the electrical energy to the reactor chamber for breakdown of the electrical field therein to effect said generation of the plasma by Corona discharge within the reactor chamber to which the plasma is confined.
- 7Broadest claimClaim Score 82, broad(NHIP)In a method of eliminating contaminants from a gaseous emission discharged from an incinerator by generation of a plasma to which the contaminants in the emission are exposed for promoting chemical reaction thereof, the improvement residing in the steps of:conducting the gaseous emission during said discharge from the incinerator for passage through a reactor chamber to which said plasma is confined;and supplying electrical energy to the reactor chamber for effecting said generation of the plasma therein during said passage of the gaseous emission therethrough.
Independent claims3
22 paragraphs in 4 sections, as filed
The present invention relates generally to the elimination of contaminants from gaseous emissions by exposure to the decomposing action of plasma, and is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 08/669,687, filed Jun. 24, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,328 issued Nov. 8, 1998.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The elimination of contaminants from gaseous emissions by exposure to plasma under controlled conditions, is generally known in the art as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,701 to Mundt and in applicant's prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,356. The plasma according to such prior art disclosures is generated by use of microwave radiation. It is also generally known that such plasma may be generated by a corona discharge process that is relatively costly, involving impact ionization of neutrals by electrons accelerated by a high level electric field within a gaseous medium. It is therefore an important object of the present invention to provide a less costly method of eliminating contaminants from gaseous emissions by exposure to a plasma during its generation by a corona discharge process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Pursuant to the present invention, a corona discharge system is utilized to generate plasma for elimination of contaminants such as air polluting oxides within emission gas discharged from hot chamber incinerators. Use of the corona discharge system is rendered economically suitable because of reduced and less costly power consumption associated with the generation of plasma to which the contaminants are exposed. Such corona discharge system involves the supply of electrical pulse energy, in excess of a critical voltage level, for breakdown of an electric field initially established within a reactor chamber through which the gaseous emission is conducted under atmospheric pressure and a high temperature. Plasma generation in response to such electric field breakdown within the hot reaction chamber is thereby effected more efficiently than in a cold chamber in view of a drastic decrease in the required electrical energy consumption for corona discharge with increase in temperature.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIGURES
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of its attendant advantages will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the system associated with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial side elevation view of the emission chamber component of the system diagrammed in FIG. 1, pursuant to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a transverse section view taken substantially through a plane indicated by section line <b>3</b>—<b>3</b> in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of certain relationships underlying the operational conditions associated with the system diagrammed in FIGS. <b>1</b>-<b>3</b>.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawing in detail, FIG. 1 diagrams a corona discharge control system generally referred to by reference numeral <b>10</b>, having an electrical pulse power supply <b>12</b> operationally connected to an emission chamber component <b>14</b>. Pursuant to the present invention, the gas emission from an incinerator component <b>16</b> embodied in or associated with equipment or devices is decontaminated during passage through the emission chamber component <b>14</b> of the system <b>10</b> to provide a contaminant cleansed discharge <b>18</b> as diagrammed in FIG. <b>1</b>. Such discharge <b>18</b> is in the form of a clean air emission where fuel and air from a supply <b>20</b> undergoes burning in the incinerator component <b>16</b>.
A gas emission from the incinerator component <b>16</b> maintained at a relatively high temperature (T) passes through the emission chamber component <b>14</b> having a flow passage length (D) as denoted in FIG. <b>2</b>. As shown in FIG. 3, the flow passage through chamber component <b>14</b> is enclosed within an electrically grounded housing <b>22</b> divided into a plurality of reactor chambers <b>24</b> of equal cross-sectional area dimensionally characterized by a chamber radius of (R<sub>c</sub>). Each chamber <b>24</b> has an electrode rod <b>26</b> extending centrally therethrough between opposite axial ends along the entire flow passage length (D). The electrode rods <b>26</b> have equal circular cross-sectional areas of a radius of (Ro). Each rod <b>26</b> is electrically connected to an electrical power source associated with the electrical pulse supply <b>12</b> so as to apply a high voltage (V) to the rod <b>26</b> at time (t)=0. The voltage pulse [V(t)] so applied, generates an electric field which extends about the electrode <b>26</b> within its chamber <b>24</b>. Such electric field has a magnitude [E(t)] sufficiently higher than the field breakdown level (Ed) to generate a high density plasma by corona discharge from each electrode rod <b>26</b>. The plasma so generated and propagated from each rod <b>26</b> to the radially outer conductive walls of housing <b>22</b> within each chamber <b>24</b>, has an electrical conductivity that is so large, because of the correspondingly high plasma density, that a negligible electrical resistance is exhibited.
Because of the high voltage pulse [V(t)] applied to each electrode <b>26</b> as aforementioned, the ionization front of electric field breakdown and the resulting corona discharge occurs at a location of increasing radius (r) about the electrode <b>26</b>. The electric field magnitude at such ionization front is expressed as: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo></mo><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00001" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00001.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00001" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00001.NB" /></attachments></maths>
where (q) represents the line charge density at the ionization front and (r<sub>i</sub>) is the normalized radial coordinate of such ionization front between rod and chamber radii (Ro) and (R<sub>c</sub>). The radial coordinate (r) is normalized by the chamber radius (R<sub>c</sub>). The line charge density (q) is related to the pulse voltage V(t) by the expression: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>q</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>-</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>ln</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00002" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00002.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00002" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00002.NB" /></attachments></maths>
The corona discharge plasma is generated only when ionization dominates the electron-attachment process. Therefore, the electron density plays a pivotal role in plasma generation and behavior together with the electric field breakdown represented by a breakdown parameter (u) defined by: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>p</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00003" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00003.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00003" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00003.NB" /></attachments></maths>
where (p) is the pressure in the reactor chambers <b>24</b>. A critical breakdown parameter (Uc) as a necessary condition for corona discharge is obtained in terms of ionization-front radius (r<sub>i</sub>), expressed as: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>Uc</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>2.57</mn></mrow><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>ln</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00004" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00004.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00004" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00004.NB" /></attachments></maths>
It was found that (Uc) increases from zero to reach a maximum peak value of 0.945 at an ionization-front radius (r<sub>i</sub>) equal to 0.368, and then decreases as (r<sub>i</sub>) increases from zero to unity. Thus, plasma generation occurs only when the breakdown parameter U(t) at the ionization front is larger than its critical value (Uc) as expressed in equation (4) in terms of the ionization-front radius (r<sub>i</sub>), the mean free path of electrons symbolized as (l) also expressed in equation (2), and its neutral number density (n), expressed as: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>U</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><msub><mi>n</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00005" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00005.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00005" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00005.NB" /></attachments></maths>
The neutral density at room temperature and one atmospheric pressure, expressed in equation (5) as (n<sub>r</sub>), was found to be 2.5×10<sup>19 </sup>particles per cm<sup>3</sup>. According to the simple ideal gas law: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>pv</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>nkT</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00006" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00006.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00006" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00006.NB" /></attachments></maths>
where (v) is the volume of the chambers <b>24</b> within system <b>10</b>, (k) is a constant and (T) is the temperature of the emission gas within the chambers <b>24</b>. With the pressure (p) of one atmosphere being maintained constant throughout emission gas burning, equation (6) indicates that the neutral density (n) is inversely proportional to temperature (T), so that by elimination of (n) in favor of temperature (T) a critical voltage (Vc) for corona-discharge breakdown is obtained, expressed as: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>Vc</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>Uc</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mfrac><mi>Tr</mi><mi>T</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00007" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00007.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00007" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00007.NB" /></attachments></maths>
where Tr=300° K. is the room temperature and (Vc) is inversely proportional to temperature (T) of the reactor chambers <b>24</b>. Thus, plasma generation by corona discharge is facilitated in chambers <b>24</b> under a temperature (T) that is higher than the normal or prevailing environmental room temperature (Tr).
It was also found that most of the energy consumption for corona discharge plasma generation is contributed by the electrical energy stored in emission chamber component <b>14</b>. Therefore, the electrical energy (Wc) required for corona discharge breakdown is approximated by the equation: <maths><math><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>Wc</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1.9</mn></mrow><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>3</mn></msup><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mfrac><msup><mi>Tr</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>T</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><msubsup><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mi>ln</mi><mo></mo><mstyle><mtext> </mtext></mstyle><mo></mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math><img id="EMI-M00008" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00008.TIF" img-content="math" img-format="tif" alt="embedded image" /><attachments><attachment idref="MATHEMATICA-00008" attachment-type="nb" file="USH0002102-20040504-M00008.NB" /></attachments></maths>
FIG. 4 illustrates a graphical plot <b>32</b> of the function [−r<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>ln(r<sub>i</sub>)] from equation (8), along an ordinate <b>28</b> versus the ionization-front radius (r<sub>i</sub>) as the abscissa <b>30</b>. The plotted function <b>32</b> has a maximum peak <b>34</b> at a value of ½e=0.184 for a radius (r<sub>i</sub>) of a value e<sup>−1/2</sup>=0.606, where (e) is the base of the natural logarithm equal to 2.718. Based on the foregoing function plot <b>32</b>, it is evident that electrical energy must be continuously pumped into the emission chamber component <b>14</b> of the system <b>10</b> for corona discharge breakdown until the ionization-front radius (r<sub>i</sub>) reaches 0.606. Beyond such radius, corona-discharge breakdown will continue without the same input of energy by an appropriate choice of profile for variation of voltage-pulse [V(t)] closely tailored to the critical voltage (Vc). Thus, corona-discharge breakdown will continue as the stored energy decreases, as long as the radius (r<sub>i</sub>) is comfortably less then unity (1.0), to avoid short circuitry and waste of energy during the later portion of each voltage pulse duration.
In summary, it should be apparent from the foregoing description that the input of critical voltage (Vc) required for corona-discharge breakdown as expressed in equation (7) is inversely proportional to chamber temperature (T) so that it is reduced by increase in temperature (T). The electrical energy (Wc) required for corona-discharge breakdown, as expressed in equation (8) on the other hand, is inversely proportional to the square of chamber temperature (T) so that electrical energy consumption decreases drastically as temperature (T) is increased. For example, the voltage (Vc) required at temperature of T=627° C. is about one-third of that for a room temperature (Tr) in the reactor chambers <b>24</b> evidencing a significant increase in efficiency of plasma generation by corona discharge in a hot chamber as compared to a cold chamber. Also because of the proportional relationships of pulse voltage [V(t)] and energy (Wc) to chamber radius (R<sub>c</sub>) as expressed in equations (7) and (8), the emission chamber component <b>14</b> may be subdivided into a plurality of the reactor chambers <b>24</b> of honeycomb cross-sectional shape according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, with the high voltage electrode rods <b>24</b> centrally located therein to reduce the voltage requirement.
Obviously, other modifications and variations of the present invention may be possible in light of the foregoing teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
Contents4
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| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
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| 66968796 | United States of America | A | |
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| 8699098 | United States of America | A | |
| US19960669687 | – | – | – |
| US19980086990 | – | – | – |
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Numbers
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Titles
- English
- Contamination control of gaseous emissions by corona-discharge generation of plasma
Classification
- CPC, 6
- F23G7/061
- B01D53/32
- B01D53/34
- B01J19/126
- F23G2204/201
- F23G2204/203
- IPC, 11
- A62D3 178
- A62D3 00
- A62D3 19
- A62D101 20
- A62D101 22
- A62D101 28
- A62D101 40
- B01D53 32
- B01D53 34
- B01J19 12
- F23G7 06