Racetrack layout for radio frequency shielding

RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/939,066, filed Jul. 10, 2013, titled “RACETRACK DESIGN IN RADIO FREQUENCY SHIELDING APPLICATIONS,” which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/671,594, filed Jul. 13, 2012, titled “RACETRACK DESIGN IN RADIO FREQUENCY SHIELDING APPLICATIONS”, the disclosures of each which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

0002Technical Field

0003The present disclosure relates to packaged semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to structures configured to provide radio frequency (RF) isolation.

0004Description of the Related Technology

0005Packaged semiconductor modules can include integrated shielding technology. To form a shield, which can be referred to as a “Faraday cage,” a top conductive layer can be electrically connected to a racetrack by other conductive features. A racetrack can be a conductive feature in the substrate along a periphery of the substrate. The racetrack can be configured at a ground potential. The racetrack can be electrically connected to conductive features in a different layer of the substrate by a plurality of vias. One or more layers in the substrate can each include a racetrack.

0006For instance, the racetrack can be electrically connected to a ground plane and form a portion of an electrical connection between the top conductive layer and the ground plane. The racetrack can function as part of the shield itself. However, the racetrack consumes area in the packaged module. At the same time, the racetrack can affect a strength of the ground connection of the shield.

SUMMARY OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE ASPECTS

0007The innovations described in the claims each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention, some prominent features will now be briefly discussed.

0008One aspect of this disclosure is a packaged module that includes a substrate configured to receive at least one component, a radio frequency (RF) component coupled to a major surface of the substrate, and an RF isolation structure. The RF isolation structure includes a racetrack disposed below the major surface of the substrate, a conductive layer disposed above the RF component, and one or more conductive features disposed between the racetrack and the conductive layer. The one or more conductive features are configured to provide at least a portion of an electrical connection from racetrack to the conductive layer. The racetrack is configured at a ground potential and disposed around the RF component in the substrate. The racetrack has a break and/or a narrowed section.

0009The break or the narrowed section can be disposed in a low radiating area of the packaged module. In certain implementations, the low radiating area of the packaged module can be associated with a minimum radiation around the perimeter of the packaged module. According to some implementations, the low radiating area can have a low activity factor relative to other areas of the packaged module.

0010The racetrack can have at least one break and at least one narrowed section in certain implementations. In accordance with some implementations, the racetrack can include a plurality of narrowed sections. The racetrack can have a plurality of breaks according to a number of implementations.

0011The racetrack can be disposed along a periphery of the packaged module, in accordance with a number of implementations. In a various implementations, the one or more conductive features include wirebonds.

0012The RF isolation structure can also include an additional racetrack disposed below the major surface of the substrate and electrically connected to the racetrack by a plurality of the vias, according to certain implementations. The additional racetrack can have a break and/or a narrowed section.

0013According to various implementations, the RF component can include a power amplifier.

0014Another aspect of this disclosure is a packaged module that includes a substrate configured to receive at least one component, a radio frequency (RF) component coupled to a major surface of the substrate, and an RF isolation structure. The RF isolation structure includes a racetrack disposed below the major surface of the substrate and around the perimeter of the RF component. The racetrack is configured at a ground potential. The racetrack has a first width that is narrower in a section corresponding to a low radiating area of the packaged module than a second width in a section of the racetrack corresponding to a hot spot of the packaged module. The RF isolation structure also includes a conductive layer disposed above the RF component and conductive features disposed between the racetrack and the conductive layer. The conductive features are configured to provide at least a portion of an electrical connection from the racetrack to the conductive layer.

0015Another aspect of this disclosure is a wireless device that includes an antenna configured to facilitate transmitting and/or receiving a radio-frequency (RF) signal, a packaged module in communication with the antenna, and an other electronic module in communication with the packaged module. The packaged module includes a substrate configured to receive a plurality of components; a radio frequency (RF) component coupled to a major surface the substrate. The packaged module also includes a racetrack in the substrate disposed around the RF component below the major surface of the substrate. The racetrack is configured at a ground potential. The racetrack has a section with break or a width that is narrower than other portions of the racetrack. The packaged module also includes a conductive layer disposed above the RF component. The conductive layer is electrically connected to the racetrack such that the racetrack and the conductive layer form at least a portion of an RF isolation structure around the RF component.

0016In certain implementations, the section including the break or the narrow width can be disposed in a low radiating area of the packaged module. According to some of these implementations, the RF component can be configured to emit less electromagnetic radiation to the low radiating area of the packaged module than to other areas of the packaged module. Alternatively or additionally, the packaged module can be configured to receive less electromagnetic radiation at the low radiating area of the packaged module from the other electronic module than at other areas of the packaged module.

0017The racetrack can have one or more breaks and one or more narrowed sections.

0018According to some implementations, the packaged module can also include wirebonds configured to provide at least a portion of an electrical connection between the racetrack and the conductive layer, in which the RF isolation structure including the wirebonds.

0019Yet another aspect of this disclosure is a method of determining a racetrack layout. The method includes identifying low radiating areas of a module that includes a radio frequency (RF) component coupled to a major surface of a substrate, and determining a racetrack layout based on identifying the low radiating areas of the module. The racetrack is disposed below the major surface of the substrate and is included in an RF isolation structure around the RF component. The RF isolation structure also includes a conductive layer above the RF component.

0020According to certain implementations, determined racetrack layout can include a section with a reduced width in an identified low radiating area of the module relative to a width in other sections of the determined racetrack layout. Alternatively or additionally, the determined racetrack layout can include a break in an identified low radiating area of the module.

0021In some implementations, the RF isolation structure can also include wirebonds configured to provide at least a portion of an electrical connection between the racetrack and the conductive layer above the RF component.

0022In accordance with a number of implementations, the determined racetrack layout can be included in at least two separate layers in the substrate.

0023According to various implementations, the method can also include obtaining electromagnetic interference data for the module, and identifying the low radiating areas based on the obtained electromagnetic interference data. In some of these implementations, obtaining electromagnetic interference data can include obtaining electromagnetic interference data for at least two different modes of operation of the RF component.

0024For purposes of summarizing the disclosure, certain aspects, advantages and novel features of the inventions have been described herein. It is to be understood that not necessarily all such advantages may be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment of the invention. Thus, the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0025<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> is top plan view of an illustrative packaged module.

0026<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> shows a cross section of the packaged module of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> along the line <b>1</b>B-<b>1</b>B of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref>

0027<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> shows a process that can be implemented to fabricate a packaged module that includes a die having an integrated circuit (IC).

0028FIGS. <b>3</b>A<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>A<b>2</b> show front and back sides of an example laminate panel configured to receive a plurality of dies for formation of packaged modules.

0029FIGS. <b>3</b>B<b>1</b> to <b>3</b>B<b>3</b> show various views of a laminate substrate of the panel configured to yield an individual module.

0030<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref> shows an example of a fabricated semiconductor wafer having a plurality of dies that can be singulated for mounting on the laminate substrate.

0031<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3D</figref> depicts an individual die showing example electrical contact pads for facilitating connectivity when mounted on the laminate substrate.

0032FIGS. <b>3</b>E<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>E<b>2</b> show various views of the laminate substrate being prepared for mounting of example surface-mount technology (SMT) devices.

0033FIGS. <b>3</b>F<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>F<b>2</b> show various views of the example SMT devices mounted on the laminate substrate.

0034FIGS. <b>3</b>G<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>G<b>2</b> show various views of the laminate substrate being prepared for mounting of an example die.

0035FIGS. <b>3</b>H<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>H<b>2</b> show various views of the example die mounted on the laminate substrate.

0036FIGS. <b>3</b>I<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>I<b>2</b> show various views of the die electrically connected to the laminate substrate by example wirebonds.

0037FIGS. <b>3</b>J<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>J<b>2</b> show various views of wirebonds formed on the laminate substrate and configured to facilitate electromagnetic (EM) isolation between an area defined by the wirebonds and areas outside of the wirebonds.

0038<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3K</figref> shows a side view of molding configuration for introducing molding compound to a region above the laminate substrate.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3L</figref> shows a side view of an overmold formed via the molding configuration of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3K</figref>.

0040<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3M</figref> shows the front side of a panel with the overmold.

0041<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3N</figref> shows a side view of how an upper portion of the overmold can be removed to expose upper portions of the EM isolation wirebonds.

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3O</figref> shows a photograph of a portion of a panel where a portion of the overmold has its upper portion removed to better expose the upper portions of the EM isolation wirebonds.

0043<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3P</figref> shows a side view of a conductive layer formed over the overmold such that the conductive layer is in electrical contact with the exposed upper portions of the EM isolation wirebonds.

0044<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3Q</figref> shows a photograph of a panel where the conductive layer can be a spray-on metallic paint.

0045<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3R</figref> shows individual packaged modules being cut from the panel.

0046FIGS. <b>3</b>S<b>1</b> to <b>3</b>S<b>3</b> show various views of an individual packaged module.

0047<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3T</figref> shows that one or more of modules that are mounted on a wireless phone board can include one or more features as described herein.

0048<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref> shows a process that can be implemented to install a packaged module having one or more features as described herein on a circuit board such as the phone board of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3T</figref>.

0049<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> schematically depicts the circuit board with the packaged module installed thereon.

0050<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref> schematically depicts a wireless device having the circuit board with the packaged module installed thereon.

0051<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4D</figref> schematically depicts an electronic device having a radio frequency (RF) isolation structure.

0052<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5A</figref> is a flow diagram of an illustrative process of determining a racetrack layout according to an embodiment.

0053<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5B</figref> is a flow diagram of an illustrative process of determining a racetrack layout according to another embodiment.

0054<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6A to 6G</figref> show cross sections of racetrack layouts in a substrate along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> in accordance with certain embodiments.

0055Features of the apparatus, systems, and methods will be described with reference to the drawings summarized above. Throughout the drawings, reference numbers are re-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. It will be understood that all drawings are not necessarily to scale. The drawings, associated descriptions, and specific implementations are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

0056An RF isolation structure around an RF component can isolate the RF component from external radiation and/or isolate an external component from radiation emitted by the RF component. The RF isolation structure can include a racetrack, conductive features, and a conductive layer disposed above an RF component. In some implementations, the racetrack can provide part of an electrical connection between a ground plane and the top conductive layer. Conductive features, such as wirebonds, can provide at least a portion of an electrical connection between the racetrack and the conductive layer disposed above the RF component. It can be desirable to have a strong ground connection to the RF isolation structure. The strength of the RF isolation structure can be based on a strength of the ground connection. A thicker racetrack can provide a stronger ground connection. In previous designs, a continuous racetrack having a uniform width was included along a periphery of a packaged module. Such racetracks consumed die area and increased costs of the packaged module.

0057In this disclosure, it is recognized that a racetrack layout can be determined based on electromagnetic interference (EMI) data, such as EMI probing data and/or near field scan data. Particular features related to isolation associated with RF signals are also recognized in this disclosure. One or more features described herein relate to selectively narrowing and/or removing portions of a racetrack such that an RF isolation structure provides desired RF isolation without consuming excess die area. For instance, EMI data from a particular environment can be obtained and a racetrack layout can be determined based on such data.

0058Generally described, aspects of this disclosure relate to determining a layout of a racetrack that that is part of an RF isolation structure. The racetrack layout can have a non-uniform width to match the relative strength of the RF isolation structure in selected areas with RF isolation needs of a module that includes at least one RF component.

0059From simulation and/or EMI data, locations of “hot spots” and/or “low radiating areas” of a packaged module can be determined. A “hot spot” can be an area of the packaged module that emits a relatively high amount of electromagnetic radiation and/or an area of the packaged module that receives a relatively high amount of external electromagnetic radiation. A “low radiating area” can be an area of the packaged module that emits a relatively low amount of electromagnetic radiation and/or an area of the packaged module that receives a relatively low amount of external electromagnetic radiation.

0060Based on the locations of the hot spots and/or low radiating areas, the racetrack can include a break in one or more selected areas of the packaged module without significantly degrading the EMI performance of the RF isolation structure. Alternatively or additionally, based on the locations of the hot spots and/or low radiating areas, a width of the racetrack that is part of the RF isolation structure can be narrowed in one or more selected areas of the packaged module without significantly degrading the EMI performance of the RF isolation structure. More specifically, the racetrack can include a break and/or a narrowed section in a low radiating area of the packaged module.

0061Alternatively or additionally, the sensitivity of locations of the packaged module to external radiation can be determined. Based on the sensitivity data, the racetrack can include a break and/or a section with a narrowed width in one or more selected areas.

0062By including a break in the racetrack and/or narrowing sections of the racetrack, the RF isolation structure can consume less area in one or more layers of a substrate. As a result, the packaged module can be smaller, less expensive, consume less power, or any combination thereof. Tailoring racetrack layout to particular RF isolation needs can reduce the total amount of metal used to manufacture the packaged module without significantly degrading EMI performance. This can reduce the total cost of a packaged module that includes the racetrack. In production, these cost savings can be significant when a large number of packaged modules are manufactured.

0063Described herein are various examples of systems, apparatus, devices structures, materials and/or methods related to fabrication of packaged modules having a radio-frequency (RF) circuit and wirebond-based electromagnetic (EM) isolation structures. Although described in the context of RF circuits, one or more features described herein can also be utilized in packaging applications involving non-RF components. Similarly, one or more features described herein can also be utilized in packaging applications without the EM isolation functionality. It will also be understood that one or more features described herein can be applied to isolation structures that do not include wirebonds.

0064For the purpose of description, it will be understood that RF-isolation can include keeping RF signals or noise from entering or leaving a given shielded area. Thus, for the purpose of description, it will be understood that the terms isolation and shielding can be used interchangeably as appropriate. For example, an RF component being shielded can include a situation where some or substantially all of an RF signal from another source is being blocked from reaching the RF component. As another example, an RF component being isolated can include a situation where some or substantially all of an RF signal (for example, noise or an actively generated signal) is being blocked from reaching from another device. Unless the context indicates otherwise, it will be understood that each of the terms shielding and isolation can include either or both of the foregoing functionalities.

0065<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> is top plan view of an illustrative packaged module <b>1</b>. The packaged module <b>1</b> can include one or more circuit elements. In a number of embodiments, the one or more circuit elements include an RF circuit element. The packaged module <b>1</b> can include an RF isolation structure that includes one or more racetracks. The packaged module <b>1</b> can be a packaged integrated circuit. The illustrated packaged module <b>1</b> includes a radio frequency (RF) isolation structure <b>2</b> and an RF component that includes a high band portion <b>3</b> and a low band portion <b>4</b>. Although not illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> for clarity, the packaged module <b>1</b> can include numerous other structures.

0066The RF isolation structure <b>2</b> can function as a Faraday cage. The RF isolation structure <b>2</b> can include conductive features around at least one RF component. In certain implementations, the conductive features above the substrate can include a plurality of wirebonds <b>51</b> that in combination with a racetrack are configured to provide RF isolation. More details of the plurality of wirebonds <b>51</b> will be provided later, for example, with reference to FIGS. <b>3</b>J<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>J<b>2</b>. In some other implementations, the conductive features can include other structures, such as a solid metal can.

0067The illustrated packaged module <b>1</b> is a packaged power amplifier integrated circuit (IC) in which the high band portion <b>3</b> includes a high band power amplifier circuit and the low band portion <b>4</b> includes a low band power amplifier circuit. Power amplifiers can be used to boost the amplitude of a relatively weak RF signal. Thereafter, the boosted RF signal can be used for a variety of purposes, including, for example, driving an antenna, a switch, a mixer, a filter, or the like, or any combination thereof in an RF system. In certain electronic systems, such as multi-band systems, different power amplifier structures can be used to amplify RF signals of different frequencies. In the illustrated configuration, the packaged module <b>1</b> includes the high band power amplifier circuit for amplifying relatively high frequency RF signals and the low band power amplifier circuit for amplifying relatively low frequency RF signals.

0068Although the packaged module <b>1</b> illustrates one example of a packaged IC that can be used herein, the methods and apparatus described herein can be implemented in connection with a variety of other isolation structures in packaged modules.

0069<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> shows a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>1</b>B-<b>1</b>B of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> and a system circuit board <b>9</b> under the packaged module <b>1</b>. The illustrated cross section shows a side view of the RF isolation structure <b>2</b>. As illustrated, the packaged module <b>1</b> includes a printed circuit board <b>8</b>, wirebonds <b>51</b>, overmold structure <b>59</b>, and a conductive layer <b>71</b> formed over the overmold structure <b>59</b>. The system board <b>9</b> can include a substrate system board substrate <b>5</b> and an electrical reference plane <b>30</b>, which can be a ground plane. The printed circuit board <b>8</b> can be a substrate, such as a laminate substrate. The printed circuit board <b>8</b> can include input output (I/O) pads (for example, ground contact pads <b>29</b>), a plurality of vias <b>6</b>, and one or more racetracks <b>7</b>. The plurality of vias <b>6</b> and the one or more racetracks <b>7</b> can electrically connect the ground contact pads <b>29</b> to wirebond pads <b>26</b>, thereby electrically connecting the reference plane <b>30</b> to the wirebonds <b>51</b>. The printed circuit board <b>8</b> can also include a ground plane. The wirebonds <b>51</b> can be disposed above the printed circuit board <b>8</b> in the orientation shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>. Overmold structure <b>59</b> can encapsulate the wirebonds <b>51</b>. More detail about the overmold structure <b>59</b> will be provided later, for example, with reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3L-3M</figref>. The wirebonds <b>51</b> can be electrically connected to the conductive layer <b>71</b>.

0070As illustrated, the RF isolation structure <b>2</b> of the packaged module <b>1</b> includes the ground contact pads <b>29</b>, the racetracks <b>7</b>, the plurality of vias <b>6</b>, the wirebonds <b>51</b>, and the conductive layer <b>71</b>. For instance, the racetracks <b>7</b> can provide RF isolation from RF signals generated by RF circuits within the RF isolation structure <b>2</b> and/or outside of the RF isolation structure <b>2</b>. In the implementation shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> in combination with a plurality of vias <b>6</b> can block most of the power of an RF signal along sidewalls of the substrate of the packaged module <b>1</b>. The layout of the racetrack <b>7</b> can be determined in accordance with one or more features described herein.

0071Although the illustrative cross section of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> shows racetracks <b>7</b> in three layers, it will be understood that one or more features described herein can be applied to RF isolation structures that include a racetrack <b>7</b> in any suitable number of layers of the substrate. For instance, in other implementations, there can a single racetrack <b>7</b>. As another example, in certain implementations there can be a racetrack <b>7</b> in each of four or more layers. In implementations with a racetrack <b>7</b> in two or more layers of metal routing in the substrate, the racetracks <b>7</b> can be have the same layout and/or different layouts in different layers.

0072<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> shows a process <b>10</b> that can be implemented to fabricate a packaged module <b>1</b>, such as a packaged module, having and/or by way of one or more features as described herein. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> shows various parts and/or stages of various operations associated with the process <b>10</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>.

0073In block <b>12</b><i>a </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, a packaging substrate and parts to be mounted on the packaging substrate can be provided. Such parts can include, for example, one or more surface-mount technology (SMT) components and one or more singulated dies having integrated circuits (ICs). FIGS. <b>3</b>A<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>A<b>2</b> show that in some embodiments, the packaging substrate can include a laminate panel <b>16</b>. FIG. <b>3</b>A<b>1</b> shows the front side of the example laminate panel <b>16</b>; and FIG. <b>3</b>A<b>2</b> shows the back side of the example laminate panel <b>16</b>. The laminate panel <b>16</b> can include a plurality of individual module substrates <b>20</b> arranged in groups that are sometimes referred to as arrays <b>18</b>. Although four separate molded sections are shown in FIGS. <b>3</b>A<b>1</b>, <b>3</b>A<b>2</b>, <b>3</b>M, and <b>3</b>Q, any of the features described in the application can be applied to other suitable arrangements such as a single array mold cap without breaks.

0074FIGS. <b>3</b>B<b>1</b>-<b>3</b>B<b>3</b> show front, side and back views, respectively, of an example configuration of the individual module substrate <b>20</b>. For illustrative purposes, a boundary <b>22</b> can define an area occupied by the module substrate <b>20</b> on the panel <b>16</b>. Within the boundary <b>22</b>, the module substrate <b>20</b> can include a front surface <b>21</b> and a back surface <b>27</b>. Shown on the front surface <b>21</b> is an example mounting area <b>23</b> dimensioned to receive a die (not shown). A plurality of example contact pads <b>24</b> are arranged about the die-receiving area <b>23</b> so as to allow formation of connection wirebonds between the die and contact pads <b>28</b> arranged on the back surface <b>27</b>. Although not shown, electrical connections between the wirebond contact pads <b>24</b> and the module's contact pads <b>28</b> can be configured in a number of ways. Also within the boundary <b>22</b> are two sets of example contact pads <b>25</b> configured to allow mounting of, for example passive SMT devices (not shown). The contact pads can be electrically connected to some of the module's contact pads and/or ground contact pads <b>29</b> disposed on the back surface <b>27</b>. Also within the boundary <b>22</b> are a plurality of wirebond pads <b>26</b> configured to allow formation of a plurality of EM-isolating wirebonds (not shown). The wirebond pads <b>26</b> can be electrically connected to an electrical reference plane (such as a ground plane) <b>30</b>. Such connections between the wirebond pads <b>26</b> and the ground plane <b>30</b> (depicted as dotted lines <b>31</b>) can be achieved in a number of ways. For instance, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>, a plurality of vias <b>6</b> and/or one or more racetracks <b>7</b> can form at least part of the electrical connection between the wirebond pads <b>26</b> and the ground plane <b>30</b>. The vias <b>6</b> and/or racetrack(s) <b>7</b> can form a portion of an RF isolation structure <b>2</b> around an RF circuit in the module. In some embodiments, the ground plane <b>30</b> may or may not be connected to the ground contact pads <b>29</b> disposed on the back surface <b>27</b>. In some other embodiments (not shown), a ground plane can alternatively or additionally be included in the substrate of the module.

0075<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref> shows an example fabricated wafer <b>35</b> that includes a plurality of functional dies <b>36</b> awaiting to be cut (or sometimes referred to as singulated) into individual dies. Such cutting of the dies <b>36</b> can be achieved in a number of ways. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3D</figref> schematically depicts an individual die <b>36</b> where a plurality of metalized contact pads <b>37</b> can be provided. Such contact pads can be configured to allow formation of connection wirebonds between the die <b>36</b> and the contact pads <b>24</b> of the module substrate (e.g., FIG. <b>3</b>B<b>1</b>).

0076In block <b>12</b><i>b </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, solder paste can be applied on the module substrate to allow mounting of one or more SMT devices. FIGS. <b>3</b>E<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>E<b>2</b> show an example configuration <b>40</b> where solder paste <b>41</b> is provided on each of the contact pads <b>25</b> on the front surface of the module substrate <b>20</b>. In some implementations, the solder paste <b>41</b> can be applied to desired locations on the panel (e.g., <b>16</b> in FIG. <b>3</b>A<b>1</b>) in desired amount by an SMT stencil printer.

0077In block <b>12</b><i>c </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, one or more SMT devices can be positioned on the solder contacts having solder paste. FIGS. <b>3</b>F<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>F<b>2</b> show an example configuration <b>42</b> where example SMT devices <b>43</b> are positioned on the solder paste <b>41</b> provided on each of the contact pads <b>25</b>. In some implementations, the SMT devices <b>43</b> can be positioned on desired locations on the panel by an automated machine that is fed with SMT devices from tape reels.

0078In block <b>12</b><i>d </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, a reflow operation can be performed to melt the solder paste to solder the one or more SMT devices on their respective contact pads. In some implementations, the solder paste <b>41</b> can be selected and the reflow operation can be performed to melt the solder paste <b>41</b> at a first temperature to thereby allow formation of desired solder contacts between the contact pads <b>25</b> and the SMT devices <b>43</b>.

0079In block <b>12</b><i>e </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, solder residue from the reflow operation of block <b>12</b><i>d </i>can be removed.

0080In block <b>12</b><i>f </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, adhesive can be applied on one or more selected areas on the module substrate <b>20</b> to allow mounting of one or more dies. FIGS. <b>3</b>G<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>G<b>2</b> show an example configuration <b>44</b> where adhesive <b>45</b> is applied in the die-mounting area <b>23</b>. In some implementations, the adhesive <b>45</b> can be applied to desired locations on the panel (e.g., <b>16</b> in FIG. <b>3</b>A<b>1</b>) in desired amount by techniques such as screen printing.

0081In block <b>12</b><i>g </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, one or more dies can be positioned on the selected areas with adhesive applied thereon. FIGS. <b>3</b>H<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>H<b>2</b> show an example configuration <b>46</b> where an example die <b>36</b> is positioned on the die-mounting area <b>23</b> by way of the adhesive <b>45</b>. In some implementations, the die <b>36</b> can be positioned on the die-mounting area on the panel by an automated machine that is fed with dies from a tape reel.

0082In block <b>12</b><i>h </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, the adhesive between the die the die-mounting area can be cured. Preferably, such a curing operation can be performed at one or more temperatures that are lower than the above-described reflow operation for mounting of the one or more SMT devices on their respective contact pads. Such a configuration allows the solder connections of the SMT devices to remain intact during the curing operation.

0083In block <b>12</b><i>i </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, adhesive residue from the mounting operation of blocks <b>12</b><i>f</i>-<b>12</b><i>g </i>can be removed.

0084In block <b>12</b><i>j </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, electrical connections such as wirebonds can be formed between the mounted die(s) and corresponding contact pads on the module substrate <b>20</b>. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 311 and 312</figref> show an example configuration <b>48</b> where a number of wirebonds <b>49</b> are formed between the contact pads <b>37</b> of the die <b>36</b> and the contact pads <b>24</b> of the module substrate <b>20</b>. Such wirebonds can provide electrical connections for signals and/or power to and from one or more circuits of the die <b>36</b>. In some implementations, the formation of the foregoing wirebonds can be achieved by an automated wirebonding machine.

0085In block <b>12</b><i>k </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, a plurality of RF-shielding wirebonds can be formed about a selected area on the module substrate <b>20</b>. FIGS. <b>3</b>J<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>J<b>2</b> show an example configuration <b>50</b> where a plurality of RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> are formed on wirebond pads <b>26</b>. The wirebond pads <b>26</b> are schematically depicted as being electrically connected (dotted lines <b>31</b>) with one or more reference planes such as a ground plane <b>30</b>. In some embodiments, such a ground plane can be disposed within the module substrate <b>20</b>. The foregoing electrical connections between the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> and the ground plane <b>30</b> can yield an interconnected RF-shielding structure at sides and underside of the area defined by the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>. The electrical connections between the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> and the ground plane <b>30</b> can include vias <b>6</b> and/or one or more racetracks <b>7</b>, for example, as described with reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>. As described herein, a conductive layer can be formed above such an area and connected to upper portions of the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> to thereby form an RF isolation structure <b>2</b> having an RF-shielded volume.

0086In the example configuration <b>50</b> of FIGS. <b>3</b>J<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>J<b>2</b>, the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> are shown to form a perimeter around the area where the die (<b>36</b>) and the SMT devices (<b>43</b>) are located. Other perimeter configurations are also possible. For example, a perimeter can be formed with RF-wirebonds around the die, around one or more of the SMT devices, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, an RF-wirebond-based perimeter can be formed around any circuit, device, component or area where RF-isolation is desired.

0087In the example configuration <b>50</b> of FIGS. <b>3</b>J<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>J<b>2</b>, the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> are shown to have an asymmetrical side profile configured to facilitate controlled deformation during a molding process as described herein. Additional details concerning such wirebonds can be found in, for example, PCT Publication No. WO 2010/014103 titled “SEMICONDUCTOR PACKAGE WITH INTEGRATED INTERFERENCE SHIELDING AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF.” In some embodiments, other shaped RF-shielding wirebonds can also be utilized. For example, generally symmetric arch-shaped wirebonds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,071,431, titled “OVERMOLDED SEMICONDUCTOR PACKAGE WITH A WIREBOND CAGE FOR EMI SHIELDING,” can be used as RF-shielding wirebonds in place of or in combination with the shown asymmetric wirebonds. In some embodiments, RF-shielding wirebonds do not necessarily need to form a loop shape and have both ends on the surface of the module substrate. For example, wire extensions with one end on the surface of the module substrate and the other end positioned above the surface (for connecting to an upper conductive layer) can also be utilized.

0088In the example configuration <b>50</b> of FIGS. <b>3</b>J<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>J<b>2</b>, the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> are shown to have similar heights that are generally higher than heights of the die-connecting wirebonds (<b>49</b>). Such a configuration allows the die-connecting wirebonds (<b>49</b>) to be encapsulated by molding compound as described herein, and be isolated from an upper conductive layer to be formed after the molding process.

0089In block <b>121</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, an overmold can be formed over the SMT component(s), die(s), and RF-shielding wirebonds. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3K</figref> shows an example configuration <b>52</b> that can facilitate formation of such an overmold. A mold cap <b>53</b> is shown to be positioned above the module substrate <b>20</b> so that the lower surface <b>54</b> of the mold cap <b>53</b> and the upper surface <b>21</b> of the module substrate <b>20</b> define a volume <b>55</b> where molding compound can be introduced.

0090In some implementations, the mold cap <b>53</b> can be positioned so that its lower surface <b>54</b> engages and pushes down on the upper portions of the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>. Such a configuration allows whatever height variations in the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> to be removed so that the upper portions touching the lower surface <b>54</b> of the mold cap <b>53</b> are at substantially the same height. When the mold compound is introduced and an overmold structure is formed, the foregoing technique maintains the upper portions of the encapsulated RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> at or close to the resulting upper surface of the overmold structure.

0091In the example molding configuration <b>52</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3K</figref>, molding compound can be introduced from one or more sides of the molding volume <b>55</b> as indicated by arrows <b>56</b>. In some implementations, such an introduction of molding compound can be performed under heated and vacuum condition to facilitate easier flow of the heated molding compound into the volume <b>55</b>.

0092<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3L</figref> shows an example configuration <b>58</b> where molding compound has been introduced into the volume <b>55</b> as described in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3K</figref> and the molding cap removed to yield an overmold structure <b>59</b> that encapsulates the various parts (e.g., die, die-connecting wirebonds, and SMT devices). The RF-shielding wirebonds are also shown to be substantially encapsulated by the overmold structure <b>59</b>. The upper portions of the RF-shielding wirebonds are shown to be at or close to the upper surface <b>60</b> of the overmold structure <b>59</b>.

0093<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3M</figref> shows an example panel <b>62</b> that has overmold structures <b>59</b> formed over the multiple array sections. Each array section's overmold structure can be formed as described herein in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3K and 3L</figref>. The resulting overmold structure <b>59</b> is shown to define a common upper surface <b>60</b> that covers the multiple modules of a given array section.

0094The molding process described herein in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3K-3M</figref> can yield a configuration where upper portions of the encapsulated RF-shielding wirebonds are at or close to the upper surface of the overmold structure. Such a configuration may or may not result in the RF-shielding wirebonds forming a reliable electrical connection with an upper conductor layer to be formed thereon.

0095In block <b>12</b><i>m </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, a top portion of the overmold structure can be removed to better expose upper portions of the RF-shielding wirebonds. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3N</figref> shows an example configuration <b>64</b> where such a removal has been performed. In the example, the upper portion of the overmold structure <b>59</b> is shown to be removed to yield a new upper surface <b>65</b> that is lower than the original upper surface <b>60</b> (from the molding process). Such a removal of material is shown to better expose the upper portions <b>66</b> of the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>.

0096The foregoing removal of material from the upper portion of the overmold structure <b>59</b> can be achieved in a number of ways. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3O</figref> shows an example configuration <b>68</b> where such removal of material is achieved by sand-blasting. In the example, the lighter-shaded portion is where material has been removed to yield the new upper surface <b>65</b> and better exposed upper portions <b>66</b> of the RF-shielding wirebonds. The darker-shaded portion is where material has not been removed, so that the original upper surface <b>60</b> still remains. The region indicated as <b>69</b> is where the material-removal is being performed.

0097In the example shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3O</figref>, a modular structure corresponding to the underlying module substrate <b>20</b> (depicted with a dotted box <b>22</b>) is readily shown. Such modules will be separated after a conductive layer is formed over the newly formed upper surface <b>65</b>.

0098In block <b>12</b><i>n </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, the new exposed upper surface resulting from the removal of material can be cleaned.

0099In block <b>12</b><i>o </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, an electrically conductive layer can be formed on the new exposed upper surface of the overmold structure, so that the conductive layer is in electrical contact with the upper portions of the RF-shielding wirebonds. Such a conductive layer can be formed by a number of different techniques, including methods such as spraying or printing.

0100<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3P</figref> shows an example configuration <b>70</b> where an electrically conductive layer <b>71</b> has been formed over the upper surface <b>65</b> of the overmold structure <b>59</b>. As described herein, the upper surface <b>65</b> better exposes the upper portions <b>66</b> of the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>. Accordingly, the formed conductive layer <b>71</b> forms improved contacts with the upper portions <b>66</b> of the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>.

0101As described in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3J</figref>, the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b> and the ground plane <b>30</b> can yield an interconnected RF isolation structure at sides and underside of the area defined by the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>. With the upper conductive layer <b>71</b> in electrical contact with the RF-shielding wirebonds <b>51</b>, the upper side above the area is now shielded as well, thereby yielding a shielded volume.

0102<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3Q</figref> shows an example panel <b>72</b> that has been sprayed with conductive paint to yield an electrically conductive layer <b>71</b> that covers multiple array sections. As described in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3M</figref>, each array section includes multiple modules that will be separated.

0103In block <b>12</b><i>p </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, the modules in an array section having a common conductive layer (e.g., a conductive paint layer) can be singulated into individual packaged modules. Such singulation of modules can be achieved in a number of ways, including a sawing technique.

0104<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3R</figref> shows an example configuration <b>74</b> where the modular section <b>20</b> described herein has been singulated into a separated module <b>75</b>. The overmold portion is shown to include a side wall <b>77</b>; and the module substrate portion is shown to include a side wall <b>76</b>. Collectively, the side walls <b>77</b> and <b>76</b> are shown to define a side wall <b>78</b> of the separated module <b>75</b>. The upper portion of the separated module <b>75</b> remains covered by the conductive layer <b>71</b>. As described herein in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref>, the lower surface <b>27</b> of the separated module <b>75</b> includes contact pads <b>28</b>, <b>29</b> to facilitate electrical connections between the module <b>75</b> and a circuit board such as a phone board.

0105FIGS. <b>3</b>S<b>1</b>, <b>3</b>S<b>2</b> and <b>3</b>S<b>3</b> show front (also referred to as top herein), back (also referred to as bottom herein) and perspective views of the singulated module <b>75</b>. As described herein, such a module includes RF-shielding structures encapsulated within the overmold structure; and in some implementations, the overall dimensions of the module <b>75</b> is not necessarily any larger than a module without the RF-shielding functionality. Accordingly, modules having integrated RF-shielding functionality can advantageously yield a more compact assembled circuit board since external RF-shield structures are not needed. Further, the packaged modular form allows the modules to be handled easier during manipulation and assembly processes.

0106In block <b>12</b><i>q </i>of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, the singulated modules can be tested for proper functionality. As discussed above, the modular form allows such testing to be performed easier. Further, the module's internal RF-shielding functionality allows such testing to be performed without external RF-shielding devices.

0107<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3T</figref> shows that in some embodiments, one or more of modules included in a circuit board such as a wireless phone board can be configured with one or more packaging features as described herein. Non-limiting examples of modules that can benefit from such packaging features include, but are not limited to, a controller module, an application processor module, an audio module, a display interface module, a memory module, a digital baseband processor module, GPS module, an accelerometer module, a power management module, a transceiver module, a switching module, and a power amplifier (PA) module.

0108<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref> shows a process <b>80</b> that can be implemented to assemble a packaged module having one or more features as described herein on a circuit board. In block <b>82</b><i>a</i>, a packaged module can be provided. In some embodiments, the packaged module can represent a module described in reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3T</figref>. In block <b>82</b><i>b</i>, the packaged module can be mounted on a circuit board (e.g., a phone board). <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> schematically depicts a resulting circuit board <b>90</b> having module <b>1</b> mounted thereon. While one module is illustrated as being mounted on the circuit board <b>90</b>, it will be understood that one or more other modules can be also be mounted thereon. The circuit board <b>90</b> can also include other features such as a plurality of connections <b>92</b> to facilitate operations of various modules mounted thereon.

0109In block <b>82</b><i>c</i>, a circuit board having modules mounted thereon can be installed in a wireless device. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref> schematically depicts a wireless device <b>94</b> (e.g., a cellular phone) having a circuit board <b>90</b> (e.g., a phone board). The circuit board <b>90</b> is shown to include a module <b>91</b> having one or more features as described herein. The wireless device is shown to further include other components, such as an antenna <b>95</b>, a user interface <b>96</b>, and a power supply <b>97</b>.

0110<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4D</figref> schematically depicts a wireless device <b>94</b> having a packaged module <b>1</b>, such as a chip or a module. The wireless device <b>94</b> can be a mobile device, such as a smart phone. The wireless device <b>94</b> illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4D</figref> can include one or more features shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref>, some of which have been omitted from <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4D</figref> for illustrative purposes. In some embodiments, the packaged module <b>1</b> can include any of the modules described herein. As illustrated, the packaged module <b>1</b> includes an RF component <b>116</b> and an RF isolation structure <b>2</b> formed about the RF component <b>116</b> so as to provide RF isolation properties. The RF isolation structure <b>2</b> can be disposed about the perimeter of the packaged module <b>1</b> or disposed around the RF component <b>116</b> on other suitable areas of the packaged module <b>1</b>. The RF isolation structure <b>2</b> can provide one or more RF isolation functionalities such as isolating the RF component <b>116</b> from an RF influence (arrow <b>112</b>) from another device <b>118</b> on the electronic device <b>110</b>, isolating the RF component <b>116</b> from an external RF source (arrow <b>114</b>) outside of the electronic device <b>110</b>, and/or preventing electromagnetic radiation (arrows <b>119</b><i>a </i>and <b>119</b><i>b</i>) from RF signals and/or noise from the RF component <b>116</b> from reaching the other device <b>118</b> on the electronic device <b>110</b> and/or to an external RF source (not shown) outside of the electronic device <b>110</b>. The RF component <b>116</b> can include one or more circuit elements configured to transmit and/or receive an RF signal. Non-limiting examples of the RF component <b>116</b> include a power amplifier, a voltage-controlled oscillator, a filter, a switch, and the like. For instance, in the embodiment illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref>, the RF component can include the high band portion <b>3</b> and/or the low band portion <b>4</b>.

0111Although one RF component <b>116</b> is shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4D</figref>, it will be understood that two or more RF components can be included within an RF isolation volume resulting from the RF isolation structure <b>2</b>. According to some embodiments, the packaged module <b>1</b> can include two or more RF components each having a dedicated RF isolation structure.

0112<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5A</figref> is a flow diagram of an illustrative process <b>120</b> of determining a racetrack layout. Any combination of the features of the process <b>120</b> or any of the other processes described herein can be embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium and stored in memory. When executed by one or more processors, the non-transitory computer readable medium can cause some or all of the process <b>120</b> and/or other processes to be performed. It will be understood that any of the methods discussed herein may include greater or fewer operations. It will also be understood that any of the methods discussed herein may include operations performed in any order, as appropriate.

0113The process <b>120</b> can determine a layout of a racetrack along the periphery of a packaged module. The racetrack can be part of an RF isolation structure that forms an RF isolation volume about one or more RF components of the packaged module. The racetrack can be configured at a ground potential. The racetrack can be formed in one layer or more layers of a substrate. In some embodiments, the racetrack can be part of a printed circuit board under an RF component, for example, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>.

0114The width of the racetrack can be non-uniform. Having a narrower and/or wider racetrack in a selected defined area about the perimeter of a packaged module can tailor the RF isolation structure to the particular needs of the packaged module. A narrower section of a racetrack and/or a break in the racetrack can be included in one or more low radiating areas of the packaged module. Alternatively or additionally, a wider section of racetrack can be included in a hot spot of the packaged module. The process <b>120</b> can determine one or more selected areas of a packaged module where a section of the racetrack can be widened, narrowed, include a break, or any combination thereof. Customizing the racetrack layout with the process <b>120</b> can reduce the overall area of the packaged module without significantly effecting electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance of the packaged module.

0115The process <b>120</b> can include obtaining EMI data for a module at block <b>122</b>, identifying areas of the module associated with relatively high EMI and/or relatively low EMI at block <b>124</b>, and determining a racetrack layout at block <b>126</b>. This process can be iterated any suitable number of times to achieve a desired EMI performance.

0116EMI data can be obtained for a module at block <b>122</b>. In some embodiments, an electromagnetic scan/probe can be performed to obtain the EMI data. For instance, a near field scan can be performed. The EMI data can be associated with RF applications. According to certain embodiments, the EMI data can correspond to two or more modes of operation of an RF component of the module. For example, the EMI data can correspond to a high band mode of operation and a low band mode of operation, in which the RF component operates within a lower frequency band in the low band mode than in the high band mode of operation. Different RF isolation considerations may apply to different frequency bands of operation. For example, at higher frequencies, RF signals can have smaller wavelengths. It can be desirable to have a wider racetrack section and/or a racetrack section without a break near high band portions of the module. As another example of different modes of operation, the EMI data can correspond to a low power mode of operation and a high power mode of operation.

0117The EMI data can correspond to any suitable module configuration. For instance, the EMI data can correspond to an unshielded module without an RF isolation structure. As another example, the EMI data can correspond to a module with one or more racetracks having a uniform width. In certain implementations, the EMI data can correspond to a module having a racetrack with a maximum racetrack width that can be included in the module. According to some other implementations, the EMI data can correspond to a module having a racetrack with a minimum width of a particular metal layer of the substrate in which the racetrack is included. In another example, the EMI data can correspond to a module having a non-uniform racetrack with one or more breaks, one or more selected portions narrower, one or more selected portions widened, or any combination thereof.

0118Areas associated with relatively high and/or relatively low EMI can be identified at block <b>124</b>. For instance, an area of a module associated with a lowest EMI value can be identified. The area with the lowest EMI value can be classified as a low radiating area. As another example, one or more areas of the module associated with an EMI value below a predefined lower threshold can be identified. An area of the module with an EMI value below the predefined lower threshold can be classified as a low radiating area. Alternatively or additionally, one or more areas of a module associated with an EMI value above a predefined upper threshold can be identified. An area of the module with an EMI value above the predefined upper threshold can be classified as a hot spot. In yet another example, an area of the module having the highest EMI value can be identified. Such an area can be classified as a hot spot.

0119Areas of the module associated with relatively high EMI can benefit by stronger RF isolation compared to other areas of the module. In some implementations, an area of the module associated with relatively high EMI can be a hot spot and/or an area for which the RF isolation structure provides less RF isolation than other areas of the module. Such areas can provide less RF isolation than defined in product specifications and/or than desired in a particular area. According to some embodiments, hot spots can occur at or near areas of a module that generate signals with a high power level, such as an output of a power amplifier (PA) or at an input of a low noise amplifier (LNA). Alternatively or additionally, hot spots can occur at or near areas of a packaged module with a high activity factor, such as an oscillator (for example, a voltage-controlled oscillator) and/or an LNA.

0120Areas of the module associated with relatively low EMI can provide a sufficient level of RF isolation at or near a break in the racetrack and/or with a relatively thin section of the racetrack. In some implementations, an area of the module associated with relatively low EMI can be a low radiating area and/or an area for which the RF isolation structure provides more RF isolation than other areas of the packaged module. Such areas can provide more RF isolation than defined in product specifications and/or than desired in a particular application. In a low radiating area, no signals or only signals with a low power level may be generated. According to some embodiments, a low radiating area can occur at or near areas of a module through which no signals propagate or through which signals having only a low power level propagate. Alternatively or additionally, low radiating areas can occur at or near areas of a packaged module with a low activity factor.

0121An RF isolation structure that includes one or more racetracks can be grounded by a connection to a ground plane, for example, by an electrical connection to a lower conductive layer below an RF component that is configured as a ground plane. The ground plane can be included in the module. While the ground plane ideally has a parasitic inductance of zero, in reality, the ground plane has a non-zero parasitic inductance. Widening a section of the racetrack can reduce an inductance associated with the ground plane. For instance, experimental data indicate that a racetrack with a uniform width of 140 microns improved EMI performance by about 2 dBm in certain areas of a module compared to a racetrack with a uniform width of 60 micron in the module. Conversely, narrowing and/or removing a section of the racetrack can increase the inductance of the ground plane. In one or more selected areas of the packaged module, such as low radiating areas, the racetrack can have a break and/or be thinned relative to other portions of the racetrack without causing significant effects in the performance of the RF isolation structure.

0122Higher inductance associated with the ground plane can lead to a less stable RF isolation structure that can affect signals generated by an RF component being isolated by the RF isolation structure. For example, the RF isolation structure can function like an antenna when having a relatively weak connection to the ground plane. This can cause the RF isolation structure to amplify radiation, rather than provide RF isolation. Such an affect can occur at locations of a module corresponding to relatively high EMI. When the racetrack is too thin in a section and/or includes too large of a break, the RF isolation structure can float due to a weak ground connection. The weak ground connection can cause portions of the module to be associated with relatively high EMI. Thus, it can be desirable to widen the racetrack in the portions of the racetrack associated with relatively high EMI relative to other portions of the racetrack.

0123At an upper threshold width, widening the racetrack may not significantly improve RF isolation. Above the upper threshold width, advantages of widening the racetrack may not provide a significant decrease in radiated power and consequently RF isolation of the RF isolation structure. As a result, it can be desirable for the racetrack width to be below the upper threshold width for particular areas and above the point at which the RF isolation structure starts to float due to a weak ground connection. In such a racetrack layout, the racetrack can also include one or more breaks and/or one or more sections that are narrowed in selected areas without noticeably impacting RF isolation performance of the RF isolation structure. These concepts can be used to identify a racetrack layout tailored to the particular RF isolation needs of a module. In certain embodiments, a racetrack can have approximately a minimum width for satisfying electromagnetic interference requirements of the packaged component, in which the width of the racetrack is non-uniform.

0124With continued reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5A</figref>, a racetrack layout can be determined at block <b>126</b>. In the racetrack layout, the width of the racetrack in areas associated with high EMI can be greater than the width of the racetrack in areas associated with low EMI. For instance, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6B, 6C, and 6F</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can have one or more breaks <b>145</b> in areas associated with low EMI. As another example, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6D, 6E, and 6F</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can have one or more narrowed sections <b>150</b> in areas associated with low EMI. In the determined racetrack layout, the racetrack width can be sufficiently wide such that the RF isolation structure does not behave like a weak ground plane and below an upper threshold above which increased racetrack width should not significantly improve RF isolation. Additionally, the determined racetrack layout can include at least one break and/or narrowed section, for example, as illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6B to 6G</figref>.

0125By executing the process <b>120</b>, racetrack layout can be determined such that EMI associated with a packaged module meets a specification without using excess area and conductive material for the racetrack. Accordingly, the process <b>120</b> can result in a packaged module with a racetrack configured to provide RF isolation with efficient utilization of die area.

0126<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5B</figref> is a flow diagram of an illustrative process <b>130</b> of determining a racetrack layout. The process <b>130</b> can be substantially the same as the process <b>120</b>, except that block <b>124</b> of the process <b>120</b> is replaced with block <b>134</b> in the process <b>130</b> and at block <b>126</b> racetrack layout can be determined based on block <b>134</b>. Thus, the process <b>130</b> can include any combination of features described earlier with reference to obtaining EMI data at block <b>122</b> and/or determining a racetrack layout at block <b>126</b>. The process <b>130</b> can include obtaining EMI data at block <b>122</b>, determining sensitivity of areas of a module to external radiation at block <b>134</b>, and determining a racetrack layout at block <b>126</b>. The process <b>130</b> can be iterated any suitable number of times. It will be understood that, according to certain embodiments, the process <b>120</b> and the process <b>130</b> can be performed together, in serial, in parallel, or any combination thereof. Thus, determined racetrack layouts can be based on a relative level of EMI associated with area(s) of a module and/or a sensitivity of the area(s) of the module to external radiation.

0127The principles and advantages described in connection with areas of a packaged module associated with relatively low and/or relatively high EMI can be applied to areas of the packaged module that area relatively sensitive and/or relatively insensitive to external radiation at block <b>134</b>. For instance, sensitivity data can be obtained and areas that are relatively more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation and/or areas that are relatively less sensitive to electromagnetic radiation can be identified. In some embodiments, the sensitivity data can include EMI data and/or data derived from such EMI data. Areas of the packaged module that are sensitive to external radiation can be treated similarly to areas of the packaged module associated with relatively high EMI. For instance, at block <b>126</b>, the racetrack can be widened in areas that are identified as being sensitive to external radiation at block <b>134</b>. Alternatively or additionally, areas of the packaged module that are not sensitive to external radiation can be treated similarly to areas of the packaged module associated with relatively low EMI. For instance, at block <b>126</b>, a break can be added to the racetrack and/or the racetrack can be narrowed in areas that are identified as being insensitive to external radiation at block <b>134</b>. Areas that are sensitive to external radiation can include, for example, outputs of the module. For instance, an output matching network (OMN) area of a power amplifier module and/or an output of a VCO can be relatively sensitive to external radiation. By contrast, areas that are not sensitive to external radiation can include, for example, input areas and/or DC paths.

0128For illustrative purposes, more detail will be provided with reference to including breaks in the racetrack in selected areas and/or narrowing the racetrack in selected sections along the periphery of a substrate. Although narrowing and/or including a break in the racetrack is described for illustrative purposes, one or more features described herein can be applied to widening the racetrack in one or more selected areas.

0129<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6A to 6G</figref> show cross sections of racetrack layouts in a substrate along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> in accordance with certain embodiments. One or more features of the illustrated racetrack layouts can be applied to one or more racetracks in different layers of a substrate. The illustrated racetrack layouts can be determined in accordance with the process <b>120</b> and/or the process <b>130</b> in some embodiments.

0130As illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6A to 6G</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> is a conductive feature formed in the substrate that is configured at a ground potential. As illustrated, the racetrack <b>7</b> is disposed along the perimeter of the packed module <b>1</b> in the substrate. The racetrack <b>7</b> can be part of the RF isolation structure that provides an RF isolation volume about the RF component of the packaged module <b>1</b>. The racetrack <b>7</b> can be low loss conductive material with a high conductivity, for example, copper, gold, or silver. For instance, in certain implementations, the racetrack <b>7</b> is copper.

0131<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6A</figref> shows a top plan view of a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6A</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can have a uniform width. In accordance with the principles and advantages described herein, the racetrack <b>7</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6A</figref> can have approximately a minimum width required to meet a specification and/or provide a desired level of RF isolation.

0132<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6B</figref> shows a top plan view of a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> according to an embodiment. The racetrack <b>7</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6B</figref> has a break <b>145</b>. According to certain implementations, the break <b>145</b> can be included in a low radiating area of the packaged module <b>1</b>. For instance, the break <b>145</b> can be in an area of the packaged module <b>1</b> with a low activity factor. The break <b>145</b> can be included at an area of the packaged module <b>1</b> associated with a lowest EMI value in the EMI data for the packaged module <b>1</b>. In some implementations, the break <b>145</b> can be included at an area of the packaged module <b>1</b> that is relatively insensitive to external radiation.

0133<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6C</figref> shows top plan view of a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> according to another embodiment. The racetrack <b>7</b> can have a plurality of breaks in certain embodiments. For instance, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6C</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> has three breaks <b>145</b>. The racetrack <b>7</b> can include two or more breaks <b>145</b> of substantially the same length. Alternatively or additionally, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include two or more breaks <b>145</b> of different lengths. The breaks <b>145</b> can be disposed at low radiating areas of the packaged module <b>1</b> and/or at areas of the packaged module that are relatively insensitive to external radiation.

0134<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6D and 6E</figref> show other top plan views of a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> according to certain embodiments. Narrowed sections <b>150</b> can be disposed at low radiating areas of the packaged module <b>1</b> and/or at areas of the packaged module that are relatively insensitive to external radiation. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6D</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include a narrowed section <b>150</b>. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6E</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include a plurality of narrowed sections <b>150</b>. For instance, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include two or more narrowed sections <b>150</b> of substantially the same length. Alternatively or additionally, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include two or more narrowed sections <b>150</b> of different lengths. The narrowed sections <b>150</b> can be thinned on an inner edge facing the RF component. This can provide additional area for other features to be included in the substrate in the same layer as the racetrack <b>7</b>. In certain embodiments, the racetrack <b>7</b> can have a width of approximately a minimum width of metal layers in a particular layer of the substrate in a narrowed section <b>150</b>. The minimum width of a metal layer in a particular layer of the substrate can be for example, about 30 um to about 60 um.

0135<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6F</figref> shows another top plan view of a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> according to another embodiment. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6F</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include a break <b>145</b> and a narrowed section <b>150</b>. The racetrack <b>7</b> can include two or more breaks <b>145</b> and one or more narrowed sections <b>150</b>. The racetrack <b>7</b> can include one or more breaks <b>145</b> and two or more narrowed sections <b>150</b>.

0136<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6G</figref> shows a top plan view of a cross section of the packaged module <b>1</b> along the line <b>140</b>-<b>140</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> according to yet another embodiment. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6G</figref>, the racetrack <b>7</b> can include a conductive line <b>160</b> that divides areas of the packaged module <b>1</b> into separate RF isolation areas. For instance, the conductive line <b>160</b> can divide the packaged module <b>1</b> into a first RF isolation area <b>170</b><i>a </i>and a second RF isolation area <b>170</b><i>b</i>. Different circuitry can be disposed in the separate isolation areas. In one example, a power amplifier can be in the first RF isolation area <b>170</b><i>a </i>and one or more filters can be in the second RF isolation area <b>170</b><i>b</i>. As another example, the high band portion <b>3</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> can be in the first RF isolation area <b>170</b><i>a </i>and the low band portion <b>4</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> can be in the second RF isolation area <b>170</b><i>b</i>. While <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6G</figref> shows the conductive line <b>160</b> dividing the packaged module <b>1</b> into two separate RF isolation areas, it will be understood that the packaged module <b>1</b> can be divided into more than two separate RF isolation areas in accordance with the principles and advantages described herein. As illustrated, the conductive line <b>160</b> divides the packaged module <b>1</b> into separate RF isolation areas of approximately the same size. In other implementations, the separate isolation areas can have different sizes from each other. Conductive features, such as wirebonds, can provide at least a portion of an electrical connection between the conductive line <b>160</b> and a conductive layer disposed over the first RF portion and/or the second RF portion. The conductive line <b>160</b> can increase the stability of the racetrack <b>7</b> being at a ground potential. The conductive line <b>160</b> can have approximately the same width as the outer portion of the racetrack <b>7</b>. The conductive line <b>160</b> can be implemented in accordance with any of principles and advantages of the racetracks <b>7</b> described herein.

0137Packaged modules in accordance with one or more features described herein can include particular racetrack layouts. For instance, the racetrack can be wider in a first area of the packaged module associated with a higher EMI than in a second area of the packaged module associated with a lower EMI. For instance, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6B to 6E</figref>, a break <b>145</b> or a narrowed section <b>150</b> can be included in the second area and the first area can have a greater racetrack width. As another example, the racetrack can be widened in the first area compared to the second area.

0138The first area can correspond to a hot spot of the packaged module and the second area can correspond to a low radiating area of the packaged module. For example, the hotspot can be adjacent to a power amplifier output or an output of a different RF component that generates a high power signal. As another example, the hotspot can be adjacent to a voltage-controlled oscillator output or an output of a different RF component that has a high activity factor. By contrast, the second area can be adjacent to an area of the packaged module with a low activity factor, an area of the packaged module that does not generate signals, an area of the packaged module in which low power signal propagate, the like, or any combination thereof. The racetrack can include one or more breaks <b>145</b> and/or one or more narrowed sections <b>150</b> in low radiating areas of a packaged module.

0139A hotspot in the first area and/or a low radiating area in the second area can result from the RF component of the packaged module. For instance, one or more RF components being isolated by the RF isolation structure can emit more radiation to the first area than to the second area.

0140Alternatively or additionally, the first area can be exposed to more external radiation than the second area. For instance, a hot spot of an adjacent component could be adjacent to the first area. The racetrack can include one or more breaks <b>145</b> and/or one or more narrowed sections <b>150</b> in areas of a packaged module that are relatively insensitive to external radiation.

0141The racetrack layouts described herein can be included in an RF isolation structure of a packaged module that includes one or more conductive features forming at least a portion of an electrical connection between the racetrack and a conductive layer above the RF component. As one example, the one or more conductive features can include wirebonds, for example, the wirebonds <b>51</b> illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref>. Alternatively, the one or more conductive features can include a metal can surrounding the RF component.

0142In certain embodiments, the RF component within the RF isolation volume formed by the RF isolation structure includes a power amplifier. For instance, the racetrack layouts illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6A to 6G</figref> can correspond to the packaged module illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1A and 1B</figref>.

0143Some of the embodiments described above have provided examples in connection with packaged modules and/or electronic devices that include RF components, such as power amplifiers. However, the principles and advantages of the embodiments can be used for any other systems or apparatus that have needs for a shielding and/or isolation.

0144Systems implementing one or more aspects of this disclosure can be implemented in various electronic devices. Examples of electronic devices can include, but are not limited to, consumer electronic products, parts of the consumer electronic products, electronic test equipment, etc. More specifically, electronic devices configured implement one or more aspects of the present disclosure can include, but are not limited to, an RF transmitting device, an RF receiving device, an RF transceiver, any portable device having an RF component (for example, a power amplifier), a mobile phone (for example, a smart phone), a telephone, a base station, a femtocell, a radar, a device configured to communicate according to the WiFi and/or Bluetooth standards, a television, a computer monitor, a computer, a hand-held computer, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a microwave, a refrigerator, an automobile, a stereo system, a DVD player, a CD player, a VCR, an MP3 player, a radio, a camcorder, a camera, a digital camera, a portable memory chip, a washer, a dryer, a washer/dryer, a copier, a facsimile machine, a scanner, a multi functional peripheral device, a wrist watch, a clock, the like, etc. Part of the consumer electronic products can include a multi-chip module including an RF isolation structure, a power amplifier module, an integrated circuit including an RF isolation structure, a substrate including vias that can be used to form part of an RF isolation structure, the like, or any combination thereof. Moreover, other examples of the electronic devices can also include, but are not limited to, memory chips, memory modules, circuits of optical networks or other communication networks, and disk driver circuits. Further, the electronic devices can include unfinished products.

0145Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” The words “coupled” or connected”, as generally used herein, refer to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

0146Moreover, conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” “for example,” “such as” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

0147The above detailed description of certain embodiments is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those ordinary skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.

0148The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the systems described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.

0149While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure.