Hybrid ternary content addressable memory

TECHNICAL FIELD

p-0002The present disclosure relates generally to a ternary content addressable memory (TCAM). More specifically, the disclosure relates to a hybrid architecture for a TCAM.

BACKGROUND

p-0003TCAMs are typically used in routers and Ethernet switches for Internet protocol (IP) address forwarding. The storage elements are typically designed using a dynamic NOR/NAND type cell.

p-0004Content addressable memory (CAM) supports a read operation, write operation, and compare operation. A compare bus of the same width (e.g., bits per word) as an entry in the CAM is input at a clock edge. The data of the compare bus is simultaneously compared to every entry in the CAM. That is, the comparison occurs parallel so the bus may be compared to every entry in the CAM during one clock cycle. An entry is a match when every bit in an entry matches the corresponding bit in the compare bus. Alternatively, an entry is a mismatch when any bit in an entry does not match the corresponding bit in the compare bus. The bits of the entries in the CAM are either 0 or 1.

p-0005A TCAM is similar to CAM with the addition of a mask value that may be stored in a cell. The mask value may be referred to as a local mask. A mask value is not compared with a compare bit, and therefore, the compare result will always be a match.

p-0006<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates an architecture of a conventional TCAM <b>100</b>. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, a search word, such as “1101,” is input to a register <b>150</b> of the TCAM <b>100</b>. The search word is compared to the value stored in the TCAM cells <b>110</b>. TCAMs typically have sixteen TCAM cells per stage. The search is simultaneously conducted across the TCAM cells <b>110</b>. The content of the TCAM cells <b>110</b> may be a high bit (1), a low bit (0), or a mask value (X). Prior to the search, a match line <b>130</b>-<b>136</b> for each set of TCAM cells <b>120</b>-<b>126</b> is set to high. The match lines <b>130</b>-<b>136</b> are input to a priority encoder <b>140</b>. The TCAM <b>100</b> outputs (MLout) the address of the set of TCAM cells that match the search word line. Because the search is a parallel search, the search may be completed in one clock cycle. It should be noted that a mask value may be a 0 or 1, still, in the present disclosure, the mask value may be referred to as an X.

p-0007As an example, as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, a first set of TCAM cells <b>120</b> is set to “1 X 0 1,” a second set of TCAM cells <b>122</b> is set to “1 0 X 1,” a third set of TCAM cells <b>124</b> is set to “1 1 X X,” and a fourth set of TCAM cells <b>126</b> is set to “1 X 1 X.” When comparing the content of the TCAM cells to the search bit, when the content of the TCAM cell is a mask value X, the comparison will yield a match. Thus, according to the example illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, the first set of TCAM cells <b>120</b> and the third set of TCAM cells <b>124</b> match the search word in the register <b>150</b>. Accordingly, the match lines <b>130</b><b>134</b> of the first set of TCAM cells <b>120</b> and the third set of TCAM cells <b>124</b> will indicate a match and the priority encoder <b>140</b> outputs the address of the first set of TCAM cells <b>120</b> and the third set of TCAM cells <b>124</b>.

p-0008The conventional TCAM architecture is a dynamic circuit and has a high dynamic power dissipation. In some cases, the TCAM may have a dynamic NAND architecture. In other cases, the TCAM may have a dynamic NOR architecture.

p-0009<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> illustrates a conventional dynamic NAND TCAM <b>200</b>. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, the dynamic NAND architecture <b>200</b> includes a match line ML_NANDcharged by a pre-charge line PRE# from a pull-up transistor <b>210</b>. The match line ML_NANDis connected to a series of intermediate match lines ML₀-ML_n-1. Each of the intermediate match lines ML₀-ML_n-1is coupled to a mask cell Mask₀-Mask_n-1and a key cell Key₀-Key_n-1via a transmission gate. The transmission gate includes a key NMOS transistor <b>202</b> coupled to a key cell Key₀-Key_n-1and a mask NMOS transistor <b>204</b> coupled to a mask cell Mask₀-Mask_n-1.

p-0010The content of the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1is illustrated in an expanded mask cell <b>222</b>. As shown in the expanded mask cell <b>222</b>, mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1are SRAM cells including a mask value M, a mask value bar M#, a mask word line WLM, a mask bit line BLM, and a mask bit line bar BLM#. The content of the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1is illustrated in an expanded key cell <b>220</b>. As shown in the expanded key cell <b>220</b>, the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1are SRAM cells with XNOR logic. The key cells Key₀-Key_n-1further include a search line SL, a search line bar SL#, a key bit line BLK, a key bit line bar BLK#, a key value K, a key bar value K#, and a key write line WLK.

p-0011In a dynamic NAND TCAM architecture, the match lines are pre-charged high and evaluate low to indicate a match. That is, a pre-charge signal is used for each match line during every cycle to set the match lines to high. Depending on the status of the mask cell or key cell, the match line may be pulled low or remain high. Each intermediate match line is associated with a mask cell and a key cell. Furthermore, each key cell further includes XNOR logic. The dynamic NAND TCAM uses a serial operation. Thus, an intermediate match line (n-1) may discharge when the previous intermediate match line (n-2) is pulled low to indicate a match. That is, the operation continues from one intermediate match line (n-2) to a subsequent intermediate match line (n-1) when there is a match and stops progressing through the intermediate match lines when there is a mismatch.

p-0012In a dynamic NOR TCAM architecture, match lines are pre-charged high and evaluate low to indicate a mismatch. The majority of comparisons yield a mismatch, and therefore, the dynamic NOR has an increased power consumption as a result of switching from high to low for indicating a mismatch. Furthermore, the dynamic NOR has a complex timing control because the pre-charge signal is used by each match line in each clock cycle.

p-0013<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates a conventional dynamic NOR TCAM <b>300</b>. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, the dynamic NOR TCAM <b>300</b> includes key cells Key₀-Key_n-1and mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1. Typically, a NOR TCAM, such as the NOR TCAM <b>300</b> of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, may have sixteen key and mask cells. Data is input via search lines (SL₀-SL_n-1and SL₀#-SL_n-1#). The data is compared to the values stored in the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1and mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1. The match line ML_NORis pre-charged high via the pre-charge line PRE# from a pull-up transistor <b>303</b>. The match line ML_NORwill evaluate low when there is a mismatch between the data input via one of the search lines (SL₀-SL_n-1and SL₀#-SL_n-1#) and the data stored in one of the cells Key₀-Key_n-1Mask₀-Mask_n-1. The match line remains high when the values of all of the cells Key₀-Key_n-1Mask₀-Mask_n-1match the input data.

p-0014The structure of the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1is illustrated in the expanded key cell <b>330</b> and the structure of the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1is illustrated in the expanded mask cell <b>333</b>. As illustrated in the expanded key cell <b>330</b>, the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1are implemented via an SRAM cell. During a compare operation, the key bar K# is ANDed with the search line SL. The key cells Key₀-Key_n-1include a bit line BLK, a bit line bar BLK#, and a word line WLK.

p-0015As illustrated in the expanded mask cell <b>333</b>, the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1are implemented via a SRAM cell. During a comparison operation, the mask bar M# is ANDed with the search line bar SL#. The mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1include a bit line BLM, a bit line bar BLM#, and a word line WLM.

p-0016As discussed above, in a dynamic NOR TCAM, the match lines are pre-charged high at the beginning of every cycle and the match lines evaluate low to indicate a mismatch. The majority of comparisons of the cells in a TCAM yield a mismatch. Thus, the power consumption of the dynamic NOR TCAM is increased as a result of the switching from high to low when indicating a mismatch. In some cases, match lines may be pre-discharged low to reduce the power consumption. Still, even when then match lines are pre-discharged, a pre-charge operation charges the match line at the beginning of every cycle. Accordingly, the pre-charging of the match line leads to an increase in power consumption and additionally control circuitry.

SUMMARY

p-0017According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a method within a hybrid ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is presented. The method includes comparing a first portion of a search word to a first portion of a stored word in a first TCAM stage. The method also includes comparing a second portion of the search word to a second portion of the stored word in a second TCAM stage when the first portion of the search word matches the first portion of the stored word. The first TCAM stage is different from the second TCAM stage.

p-0018According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a hybrid TCAM is presented. The hybrid TCAM includes a first TCAM stage configured to compare a first portion of a search word to a first portion of a stored word. The TCAM also includes a second TCAM stage configured to compare a second portion of the search word to a second portion of the stored word when the first portion of the search word matches the first portion of the stored word. The first TCAM stage is different from the second TCAM stage.

p-0019According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a hybrid TCAM is presented. The hybrid TCAM includes a first means for comparing a first portion of a search word to a first portion of a stored word. The hybrid TCAM further includes a second means for comparing a second portion of the search word to a second portion of the stored word when the first portion of the search word matches the first portion of the stored word. The first means for comparing is different from the second means for comparing

p-0020This has outlined, rather broadly, the features and technical advantages of the present disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be described below. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that this disclosure may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the teachings of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features, which are believed to be characteristic of the disclosure, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

p-0021The features, nature, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings.

p-0022<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates a TCAM memory system.

p-0023<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> illustrates a prior art dynamic NAND architecture.

p-0024<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates a prior art dynamic NOR architecture.

p-0025<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4 and 5</figref> illustrate pseudo-NOR architectures according to aspects of the present disclosure.

p-0026<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates a static NAND architecture according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

p-0027<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 7A and 7B</figref> illustrate a hybrid TCAM architecture according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

p-0028<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is a flow chart illustrating a method for operating the hybrid TCAM architecture of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 7A and 7B</figref> according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

p-0029<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates an exemplary wireless communication system in which an embodiment of the disclosure may be advantageously employed.

p-0030<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a design workstation used for circuit, layout, and logic design of a semiconductor component according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

p-0031The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.

p-0032It is desired to provide a TCAM that has low power consumption with high performance. Aspects of the present disclosure provide a combination of a static NAND TCAM storage element and pseudo-NOR TCAM storage element that has low power consumption with high performance. A TCAM that uses a combination of a static NAND and pseudo-NOR may be referred to as a hybrid TCAM. In the present disclosure the static NAND TCAM storage element may be referred to as a static NAND TCAM and the pseudo-NOR TCAM storage element may be referred to as a pseudo-NOR TCAM.

p-0033According to the present disclosure, the pseudo-NOR TCAM does not use a complex timing control circuitry for a match line pre-charge because the match line (ML) is not pre-charged before each cycle. In the present aspect, the pseudo-NOR TCAM uses a pseudo NMOS gate that uses a PMOS transistor stack as a pull-up device and an NMOS transistor as a pull-down device. The pseudo NMOS gate may be referred to as the pseudo-NOR gate.

p-0034<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates an architecture of pseudo-NOR TCAM stages <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B according to an aspect of the present disclosure. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>, the pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>A includes a NOR pull down network <b>410</b>A that receives inputs from a set of search lines SL₀. . . SL_n-1and a complementary set of search lines SL₀# . . . S_n-1#. Although <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates just two pseudo-NOR TCAM stages (<b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B), in implementation, a TCAM row (which stores a TCAM entry) may have m pseudo-NOR stages, each of the m pseudo-NOR stages having n cells. Consequently, each TCAM entry (stored in a TCAM row) may comprise n×m values stored by n×m cells. Each cell includes a mask cell and a key cell as described further below. Although the search line and search line bar inputs to pseudo-NOR TCAM stages <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B are both labeled the same way, each of the search line and search line bar inputs is unique.

p-0035Furthermore, the pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>A may also include a match line output Match-out_m-2and an inverter <b>440</b>A coupled to the match line output Match-out_m-2. Moreover, the NOR pull down network <b>410</b>A is further coupled to a PMOS stack <b>414</b>A. The PMOS stack <b>414</b>A includes two PMOS transistors and receives an input from the match line input Match-in_m-2. A pseudo-NOR may comprise the PMOS stack <b>414</b>A and a pull-down transistor <b>435</b>A. It should be noted that the PMOS stack <b>414</b>A is not limited to two PMOS transistors. Aspects of the present disclosure contemplate a stack with only a single weak PMOS transistor, or a stack with more than two weak PMOS transistors.

p-0036It should be noted that the match line input (Match-in) is the match line output (Match-out) of a previous NOR pull down network (e.g., pseudo-NOR). That is, the match line input to a pseudo-NOR (pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>B) is coupled to the match line output of a previous NOR stage (pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>A). For example, as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>, the match line output Match-out_m-2of a pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>A is the match line input Match-in_m-1of a subsequent pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>B. The architecture of the pseudo-NOR TCAM stages <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is similar. Specifically, the pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>B also includes a NOR pull down network <b>410</b>B, pull-down transistor <b>435</b>B, a PMOS stack <b>414</b>B, and an inverter <b>440</b>B. In the present disclosure, each pseudo-NOR (e.g., <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B) may be referred to as a TCAM stage.

p-0037In one configuration, the TCAM stages (e.g., pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>A and pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>B) may be connected serially to form a row of m TCAM stages (0 . . . m-1). Each TCAM stage comprises n (0 . . . n-1) search lines, key cells, and mask cells. The search line inputs for each pseudo-NOR (e.g., <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B) of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> are exemplary inputs for the multiple search lines of a TCAM. It should be noted that in some aspects, the number of search lines, key cells, and mask cells may vary between each TCAM stage. That is, the n value for the (0 . . . n-1) search lines, key cells, and mask cells of one TCAM stage, such as pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>A, may not be the same as the n value for the (0 . . . n-1) search lines, key cells, and mask cells of another TCAM stage, such as pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>400</b>B.

p-0038Power is saved by serially connecting the pseudo-NORs. Specifically, connecting the gates of the pull-up transistors (e.g., PMOS stack) to a match line output of a previous pseudo-NOR saves power because the previous match line output acts as a control signal to turn off the pull-up transistors when a comparison is not specified (e.g., when the previous match line output/match line input indicates that the previous comparison was a mismatch). More specifically, the serial connection to the PMOS stack of the NOR pull down networks is a component of a pseudo-NOR that replaces the pre-charge and/or the pre-discharge of a conventional dynamic NOR.

p-0039The pseudo-NOR provides higher speeds and a lower transistor count in comparison to a conventional NOR architecture of a TCAM. Still, the pseudo-NOR has a static power consumption because of the pull-up transistor (PMOS stack) and has a reduced output voltage swing. Nonetheless, the overall speed improvement of the pseudo-NOR is still desirable in view of the increase of static-power consumption. It should be noted that the pull-up transistor(s) of the pseudo-NOR should be wide enough to conduct leakage of a NMOS-block and narrow enough for the NMOS-block to safely pull down the output.

p-0040<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates an exemplary pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>500</b> according to aspects of the present disclosure. The pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>500</b> is an expanded view of a pseudo-NOR stage, such as pseudo-NOR TCAM stages <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>.

p-0041As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, the pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>500</b> includes an inverter <b>540</b> coupled to a match line output Match-out_m-1, a PMOS stack <b>514</b> coupled to a match line input Match-in_m-1, and a pull-down transistor <b>535</b> coupled to a match line input Match-in_m-1, and a NOR pull down network <b>510</b>. The NOR pull down network <b>510</b> includes key cells Key₀-Key_n-1and mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1. Exemplary structures of the key cells and mask cells are illustrated in more detail in the expanded key cell <b>550</b> and expanded mask cell <b>555</b>.

p-0042In operation, data is presented via search lines (SL₀-SL_n-1and SL₀#-SL_n-1#). The data is compared to the values stored in the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1and mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1. As illustrated in the expanded key cell <b>550</b>, the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1can be implemented with an SRAM cell. During a compare operation, the key bar K# is logically ANDed with the search line SL. The key cells Key₀-Key_n-1include bit lines BL BL# and a key word line WLK. As illustrated in the expanded mask cell <b>555</b>, the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1can be implemented via an SRAM cell. During a comparison operation, the mask bar M# is logically ANDed with the search line bar SL#. The mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1include bit lines BL BL# and a mask word line WLM. That is, the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1and key cells Key₀-Key_n-1may each share respective bit lines but may use their own word lines, i.e., different wordlines.

p-0043The pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>500</b> further includes an input stage <b>560</b> coupled to the match line bar Match-out_m-1#. The input stage <b>560</b> receives an input Match-in_m-1from a match line output Match-out_m-2of a previous pseudo-NOR stage. As previously discussed, the input stage <b>560</b> can include a pull-down transistor <b>535</b> and a PMOS stack <b>514</b>. In some cases, pseudo-NOR functionality specifies the use of the input stage <b>560</b> and the NOR pull down network <b>510</b>. Finally, an inverter <b>540</b> is coupled to the end of the match line bar Match-out_m-1#. The output from the inverter <b>540</b> is the match line output Match-out_m-1.

p-0044TABLE 1 is a truth table for the masking bit and key bit. It should be noted that the state in TABLE 1 refers to the state of a storage element (key cell and mask cell). The state is 0 when the key bit has a value of 0 and the mask bit has a value of 1, the state is 1 when the key bit has a value of 1 and the mask bit has a value of 0, and the state is X when both the mask bit and the key bit are 1. The state of X refers to a mask state in which there is neither a match nor a mismatch, rather, there is no comparison between the value of the search line and the values of the mask cell and key cell. Thus, the match line always indicates a match when the state is X.

p-0045<tables id="TABLE-US-00001" num="00001"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="3"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="84pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="49pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="84pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" rowsep="1">TABLE 1</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>State</entry><entry>Mask Bit (M)</entry><entry>Key Bit (K)</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry></row><row><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>X</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>Not Allowed</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0046TABLE 2 is a truth table for the pseudo-NOR and uses the state values of TABLE 1.

p-0047<tables id="TABLE-US-00002" num="00002"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="5"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="56pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="21pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="49pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="63pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="5" rowsep="1">TABLE 2</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="5" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>Match-in_m−1</entry><entry>State</entry><entry>SL_n−1</entry><entry>SL_n−1#</entry><entry>Match-out_m−1</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="5" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>1</entry><entry>1/0/X</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry></row><row><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry></row><row><entry>0</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>0</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="5" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0048As shown in TABLE 2, the match line output Match-out_m-1will be 0 (low) to indicate a match. A match occurs when the values of the state and search line SL_n-1are equal. Furthermore, when the state is X, the match line output Match-out_m-1will also be low to indicate a match. Finally, the match line output Match-out_m-1will be 1 (high) to indicate a mismatch. A mismatch occurs when the value of the state is not equal to the value of the search line SL_n-1.

p-0049The match line output Match-out_m-1of TABLE 2 is the output of the inverter <b>540</b> of the pseudo-NOR TCAM stage <b>500</b>. As shown in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, a match line bar Match-out_m-1# precedes inverter <b>540</b>. The match line bar Match-out_m-1# will evaluate low when there is a mismatch. That is, in order to disable further comparisons of the serially connected pseudo-NORs (e.g., <b>400</b>A and <b>400</b>B), the input stage <b>560</b> of a subsequent pseudo-NOR is specified to receive a high input that will activate the pull-down transistor <b>535</b> to pull the match line bar Match-out_m-1# of a subsequent pseudo-NOR to low. Thus, the inverter <b>540</b> will change the match line bar Match-out_m-1# from a low signal to a high signal in order to disable a subsequent pseudo-NOR.

p-0050TABLE 2 further shows the results of receiving a match line input Match-in_m-1that is set to high. As shown in TABLE 2, when the match line input Match-in_m-1is high, the state is 1/0/X because there will be no evaluations. Furthermore, the match line output Match-out_m-1will also be high to disable a subsequent pseudo-NOR <b>400</b>.

p-0051Alternatively, when the match line input is low, the PMOS stack <b>514</b> is activated and the match line bar Match-out_m-1# is evaluated high. If all the comparison results match, then the match line bar Match-out_m-1# will remain high and the match line output Match-out_m-1will be low. If the comparison results in a mismatch, the match line bar Match-out_m-1# will evaluate low and the match line output Match-out_m-1will be high to disable a subsequent pseudo-NOR.

p-0052The disabling of a pseudo-NOR reduces the overall power consumption of the TCAM because the subsequent comparisons are disabled when there is a mismatch. That is, unlike the dynamic NOR that pre-charges match lines and search lines for each NOR pull down network regardless of the comparison results of the previous comparison, the pseudo-NOR only proceeds with subsequent comparisons when the previous comparison resulted in a match. Moreover, the pseudo-NOR does not pre-charge match lines and search lines. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure reduce the overall power consumption of the TCAM and further reduce the complexity of the control circuitry and timing.

p-0053<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates an architecture of a static NAND TCAM <b>600</b> according to an aspect of the present disclosure. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, a match line output ML_NANDis connected to a series of intermediate match lines ML₀-ML_n-1. Each of the intermediate match lines ML₀-ML_n-1is coupled to a mask cell Mask₀-Mask_n-1via a first pull-down transistor, such as mask NMOS transistor <b>604</b>, and a key cell Key₀-Key_n-1via a second pull-down transistor, such as key NMOS transistor <b>602</b>. The pull-down transistors are connected in parallel. The content of the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1is illustrated in an expanded mask cell <b>622</b>. As shown in the expanded mask cell <b>622</b>, the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1are SRAM cells including a mask bit M, a mask bit bar M#, a mask word line WLM, a mask bit line BLM, and a mask bit line bar BLM#. The content of the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1is illustrated in an expanded key bit cell <b>620</b>. As shown in the expanded key bit cell <b>620</b>, the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1are SRAM cells with XNOR logic. The key cells Key₀-Key_n-1further include a search line SL, a search line bar SL#, a key bit line BLK, a key bit line bar BLK#, a key bit K, a key bit bar K#, a key write line WLK, and an output line XNOR.

p-0054Furthermore, each of the key cells Key₀-Key_n-1is coupled to a first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and each of the mask cells Mask₀-Mask_n-1is coupled to a second PMOS transistor <b>614</b>. Each first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> is coupled to a respective key cell Key₀-Key_n-1via an XNOR line (XNOR₀-XNOR_n-1), and each second PMOS transistor <b>614</b> is coupled to a respective mask cell Mask₀-Mask_n-1via a mask bit line bar (M₀#-M_n-1#). The first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and second PMOS transistor <b>614</b> are also coupled to the match line output (ML_NAND). The first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and second PMOS transistor <b>614</b> are connected in series and may be referred to as a serial PMOS transistors. Thus, according to an aspect of the present disclosure, each cell pair (e.g., one mask cell and one key cell) is coupled to parallel NMOS transistors (e.g., key NMOS transistor <b>602</b> and mask NMOS transistor <b>604</b>) and serial PMOS transistors (e.g., first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and second PMOS transistor <b>614</b>).

p-0055Because the first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and second PMOS transistor <b>614</b> are coupled to each cell pair, the match line is not pre-charged before each clock cycle. Therefore, the static NAND TCAM <b>600</b> does not use a complex timing control scheme and saves more power in comparison to a dynamic NAND TCAM (<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>). Moreover, the intermediate match lines are not pre-charged to a V_DD-V_tvoltage level, thereby providing a decrease in area and a decrease in power consumption for the search line.

p-0056TABLE 3 shows a truth table for the static NAND according to an aspect of the present disclosure.

p-0057<tables id="TABLE-US-00003" num="00003"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="7"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="21pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="49pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="35pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" rowsep="1">TABLE 3</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry>Search</entry><entry /><entry /><entry /></row><row><entry /><entry>Mask</entry><entry>Key Bit</entry><entry>Line</entry><entry /><entry>ML_i→ ML_i+1</entry></row><row><entry>State</entry><entry>Bit (M)</entry><entry>(K)</entry><entry>(SL)</entry><entry>XNOR</entry><entry>Propagation</entry><entry>ML_NAND</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>ON</entry><entry>0/1</entry></row><row><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>OFF</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>OFF</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>ON</entry><entry>0/1</entry></row><row><entry>X</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>X</entry><entry>ON</entry><entry>0/1</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0058As previously discussed, the static NAND TCAM is a serial operation because a current intermediate match line, such as ML_i, may only be pulled low when all of the intermediate match lines to the left of the current intermediate match line evaluate low to indicate a match. Likewise, the subsequent intermediate match line ML_i+1may only be pulled low if the current intermediate match line ML_ievaluates low. That is, if one intermediate match line indicates a mismatch, the subsequent match lines (the intermediate match lines to the right of the one intermediate match line) are not pulled low. More specifically, a subsequent intermediate match line, such as ML_i+1, may only be pulled low when the all of the previous intermediate match lines evaluate low to indicate a match.

p-0059Furthermore, in the static NAND TCAM, in contrast to the dynamic NAND TCAM, because the match line output ML_NANDis connected to the serial PMOS transistors (e.g., first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and second PMOS transistor <b>614</b>), the ML_NANDvalue is not a float value when there is a mismatch, rather, the serial PMOS transistors pull the match line output ML_NANDhigh to indicate the mismatch. Moreover, the intermediate match lines are serially connected and the state of the match line output ML_NANDis not known until all the match lines are evaluated or until a mismatch is determined Therefore, as shown in TABLE 3, in cases when the output is not yet known, the match line output ML_NANDwill be either 0/1 when a mismatch has not yet been determined.

p-0060Furthermore, as shown in TABLE 3, a propagation from a current intermediate match line ML_ito a subsequent intermediate match line ML_i+1(ML_i→ML_i+1propagation) may activate (ON) when either the XNOR is 1 or the mask bit (M) is 0. That is, when the XNOR is 1, a key NMOS transistor <b>602</b> is activated and pulls the current intermediate match line ML_ilow to indicate a match. Alternatively, when the mask bit (M) is 0, the mask bit bar (M#) of the mask cell will be 1 and a mask NMOS transistor <b>604</b> is activated and pulls the current intermediate match line ML_ilow to indicate a match. As shown in TABLE 3, when the mask bit is 0, the state of the other variables is X because the current intermediate will pull low to indicate a match regardless of the other values, such as the State, the Key Bit, and the Search Line. More specifically, the state of X refers to a mask state in which there is neither a match nor a mismatch, rather, there is no comparison between the value of the search line and the values key cell.

p-0061Additionally, a mismatch is indicated when the XNOR is 0 and the mask bit (M) is 1. Although not shown in TABLE 3, the mask bit bar (M#) is 0 when the mask bit is 1 and vice versa. That is, when XNOR is 0 the XNOR line (XNOR₀-XNOR_n-1) is also 0. Furthermore, when the mask bit bar is 0 (e.g., mask bit is 1), the mask bit bar line (M₀#-M_n-1#) is 0. Thus, when both the XNOR line and the mask bit bar line are 0, the first PMOS transistor <b>612</b> and second PMOS transistor <b>614</b> are enabled and set the match line output (ML_NAND) to high. As previously discussed, a mismatch is indicated when the match line is high.

p-0062Finally, in TABLE 3, the state refers to the state of a storage element (key cell and mask cell). The state is 0 when the key cell has a value of 0; the state is 1 when the key cell has a value of 1; and the state is X when the mask cell is 0. That is, for the state of X, when the mask cell is 0, the mask NMOS transistor <b>604</b> is enabled and pulls the intermediate match line to low regardless of the XNOR value.

p-0063TABLE 4 illustrates a truth table for a static NAND TCAM. It should be noted that the state in TABLE 4 refers to the state of a storage element (the combination of a key bit cell and a mask bit cell). The state is 0 when the key cell has a value of 0, the state is 1 when the key cell and mask cell have a value of 1, and the state is X when the key cell is in state X. The state of X refers to a mask state in which there is neither a match nor a mismatch. Rather, there is no comparison between the value of the search line and the values of the key cell. Thus, the match line always indicate a match.

p-0064<tables id="TABLE-US-00004" num="00004"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="3"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="77pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="49pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="91pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" rowsep="1">TABLE 4</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>State</entry><entry>Mask Bit (M)</entry><entry>Key Value (K)</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>0</entry></row><row><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>1</entry></row><row><entry>X</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>X</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0065A comparison between TABLE 1 (pseudo-NOR TCAM truth table) and TABLE 4 (static NAND TCAM truth table) shows that the state bit for each type of TCAM varies based on the key bits and mask bits. That is, the pseudo-NOR TCAM truth table (TABLE 1) is not the same as the static NAND TCAM truth table (TABLE 4).

p-0066<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7A</figref> and <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7B</figref> illustrate a hybrid TCAM <b>700</b> according to aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7A</figref> and <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7B</figref>, the hybrid TCAM <b>700</b> includes a static NAND TCAM <b>770</b>, an interface unit <b>710</b>, and a pseudo-NOR TCAM <b>780</b>. The static NAND TCAM <b>770</b> is a symbolic representation of a static NAND TCAM, specifically, the static NAND TCAM <b>770</b> of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 7A and 7B</figref> is a logical representation of the static NAND TCAM <b>600</b> of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>. Moreover, the pseudo-NOR TCAM <b>780</b> is a symbolic representation of the pseudo-NOR TCAM, specifically, the pseudo-NOR TCAM <b>780</b> is a logical representation of the pseudo-NOR TCAM stages <b>400</b>A, <b>400</b>B, and <b>500</b> of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4 and 5</figref>.

p-0067In one configuration, the first value (M) of a TCAM is compared via the static NAND TCAM <b>770</b>. Furthermore, the remaining values (N-M) are compared at the pseudo-NOR TCAM <b>780</b>. The interface unit <b>710</b> is specified to interface the static NAND TCAM <b>770</b> with the pseudo-NOR TCAM <b>780</b>. The static NAND TCAM <b>770</b> may be referred to as a static NAND stage, and the pseudo-NOR TCAM <b>780</b> may be referred to as a pseudo-NOR stage.

p-0068In a static NAND TCAM, matches consume more power than mismatches. That is, mismatches consume little to no power. Alternatively, in a pseudo-NOR TCAM, a mismatch shuts off the PMOS stack of a subsequent pseudo-NOR TCAM stage and hence consumes no power. Still, when the PMOS stack of a pseudo-NOR TCAM stage is active, mismatches consume more power than matches.

p-0069A longest prefix match (LPM) algorithm is typically used for packet forwarding in routers. The longest prefix matching has more mask values that result in matches in the most significant bits (MSBs) than in the least significant bits (LSBs). Accordingly, the use of a hybrid TCAM for longest prefix matching results in a reduced power consumption for a TCAM.

p-0070The TCAM power may be divided into two categories. The first category may be the match line power. Most values are screened in the first M values at the static NAND. Thus, when there is a mismatch, the comparison operation is discontinued for the subsequent (N-M) pseudo-NOR stages, and therefore, the match line power may be reduced.

p-0071The second category may be the search line power. The static NAND search lines consume more power than the pseudo-NOR search lines. Because only M values are compared at the static NAND stage, the remaining values (N-M) are compared at the pseudo-NOR stage, and therefore, the overall search line power consumption is reduced.

p-0072As discussed above, the pseudo-NOR TCAM is faster in comparison to the static NAND TCAM. The hybrid TCAM uses (N-M) bits in the pseudo-NOR TCAM. Thus, to improve performance in a hybrid TCAM, the number of M bits is within a threshold so that the number of (N-M) bits is sufficiently greater than the number of M bits.

p-0073Still, in order to use a hybrid TCAM <b>700</b> an interface unit <b>710</b> is specified to interface the static NAND stage <b>770</b> with the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b>. The interface unit <b>710</b> provides the output of the static NAND stage <b>770</b> to an input of the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b>. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7B</figref>, the interface unit <b>710</b> may be a flip-flop gate receiving the match line output <b>702</b> of the static NAND stage <b>770</b>. The interface unit <b>710</b> may also receive a clock input CLK. The interface unit <b>710</b> outputs a match line NAND bit ML_NANDto the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b>. The pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b> receives the match line NAND bit ML_NANDand the N-M values as inputs. The pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b> outputs a match line output <b>704</b> to an interface unit <b>710</b> and the interface unit output the match line NOR ML_NOR.

p-0074Furthermore, in one configuration, the static NAND stage <b>770</b> and the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b> receive mask bits and key bits in parallel. In one configuration, the input bits (DATA_IN) may be based on the truth table (TABLE 4) for the static NAND stage <b>770</b>. Because the truth table (TABLE 1) for the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b> is different from the truth table (TABLE 4) for the static NAND stage <b>770</b>, an encoder/decoder is specified for the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b> so that the mask bits and key bits input via the DATA_INmatch the pseudo-NOR truth table (TABLE 1).

p-0075Furthermore, during a read operation, the decoder <b>724</b> decodes the mask bits and key bits output from the pseudo-NOR stage <b>780</b> so that the mask bits and key bits in the DATA_OUTstream match the truth table (TABLE 4) of the static NAND stage <b>770</b>. The encoder/decoder <b>720</b> includes an encoder <b>722</b> and a decoder <b>724</b>. In another configuration, the encoder/decoder <b>720</b> may be connected to the static NAND stage <b>770</b> to encode/decode the input/output bits based on the pseudo-NOR truth table (TABLE 1).

p-0076According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the key bit may be encoded based on the following equation: <br />KEY(encoded)=<i>K+ <o>M</o></i>  (1)

p-0077where K is the key bit and M is the mask bit.

p-0078Furthermore, the mask bit may be encoded based on the following equation: <br />MASK(encoded)=<i><o>K</o>· <o>M</o></i>  (2)

p-0079Moreover, the key bit may be decoded based on the following equation: <br />KEY(decoded)=<i>K</i>  (3)

p-0080Finally, the mask bit may be decoded based on the following equation <br />MASK(decoded)=<i><o>K</o>·M+K· <o>M</o>=K</i><img id="CUSTOM-CHARACTER-00001" he="3.56mm" wi="2.46mm" file="US08934278-20150113-P00001.TIF" alt="custom character" img-content="character" img-format="tif" orientation="portrait" inline="no" /><i>M</i>  (4)

p-0081According to one configuration, the encoding may be performed during a write operation to the pseudo-NOR or static NAND and the decoding may be performed during a read operation from the pseudo-NOR or static NAND.

p-0082Furthermore, based on aspects of the present disclose, during the encoding and decoding, the key value may be lost if it is originally masked. That is, as an example, for state 0 of a static NAND TCAM, the mask bit (M) is 1 and the key value (K) is 0. After encoding, the mask bit is 1 and the key value is 0. After decoding, the mask bit is 1 and the key value is 0. In this example, the key value was not lost.

p-0083In another example, for a state of X of a static NAND TCAM, the mask bit is 0 and the key value may be 0. In this example, after encoding, the key value is one and the mask bit is 1. Furthermore, in this example, after decoding, the key value is one and the mask bit is 0. Accordingly, in the process of encoding and decoding, the key value was lost. Still, because the key value is not used in a state of X, when the state is X, the key value may be lost during the encoding and decoding process without affecting the hybrid TCAM.

p-0084<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates a block diagram of a method within a hybrid TCAM <b>800</b>. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>, in block <b>802</b>, a first TCAM stage compares a first portion of a search word to a first portion of a stored word. In block <b>804</b>, the output of the first TCAM stage is interfaced to an input of the second TCAM stage. In block <b>806</b>, a second TCAM stage compares a second portion of the search word to a second portion of the stored word in a second TCAM stage when the first portion of the search word matches the first portion of the stored word.

p-0085<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> shows an exemplary wireless communication system <b>900</b> in which an embodiment of the disclosure may be advantageously employed. For purposes of illustration, <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> shows three remote units <b>920</b>, <b>930</b>, and <b>950</b> and two base stations <b>940</b>. It will be recognized that wireless communication systems may have many more remote units and base stations. Remote units <b>920</b>, <b>930</b>, and <b>950</b> include multi-core processors with a hybrid TCAM <b>925</b>A, <b>925</b>B, and <b>925</b>C. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> shows forward link signals <b>980</b> from the base stations <b>940</b> and the remote units <b>920</b>, <b>930</b>, and <b>950</b> and reverse link signals <b>990</b> from the remote units <b>920</b>, <b>930</b>, and <b>950</b> to base stations <b>940</b>.

p-0086In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>, the remote unit <b>920</b> is shown as a mobile telephone, remote unit <b>930</b> is shown as a portable computer, and remote unit <b>950</b> is shown as a fixed location remote unit in a wireless local loop system. For example, the remote units may be cell phones, hand-held personal communication systems (PCS) units, a set top box, a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, a navigation device, portable data units, such as personal data assistants, or fixed location data units such as meter reading equipment. Although <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates remote units, which may employ multi-core processors with a hybrid TCAM <b>925</b>A, <b>925</b>B, and <b>925</b>C according to the teachings of the disclosure, the disclosure is not limited to these exemplary illustrated units. For instance, multi-core processors with a hybrid TCAM according to aspects of the present disclosure may be suitably employed in any device.

p-0087<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a design workstation used for circuit, layout, and logic design of a semiconductor component, such as the multi-core processor with a hybrid TCAM disclosed above. A design workstation <b>1000</b> includes a hard disk <b>1001</b> containing operating system software, support files, and design software such as Cadence or OrCAD. The design workstation <b>1000</b> also includes a display <b>1002</b> to facilitate design of a circuit <b>1010</b> or a semiconductor component <b>1012</b> such as a hybrid TCAM. A storage medium <b>1004</b> is provided for tangibly storing the circuit design <b>1010</b> or the semiconductor component <b>1012</b>. The circuit design <b>1010</b> or the semiconductor component <b>1012</b> may be stored on the storage medium <b>1004</b> in a file format such as GDSII or GERBER. The storage medium <b>1004</b> may be a CD-ROM, DVD, hard disk, flash memory, or other appropriate device. Furthermore, the design workstation <b>1000</b> includes a drive apparatus <b>1003</b> for accepting input from or writing output to the storage medium <b>1004</b>.

p-0088Data recorded on the storage medium <b>1004</b> may specify logic circuit configurations, pattern data for photolithography masks, or mask pattern data for serial write tools such as electron beam lithography. The data may further include logic verification data such as timing diagrams or net circuits associated with logic simulations. Providing data on the storage medium <b>1004</b> facilitates the design of the circuit design <b>1010</b> or the semiconductor component <b>1012</b> by decreasing the number of processes for designing semiconductor wafers.

p-0089In one configuration, the TCAM includes comparing means. The comparing means may be the static NAND TCAM stage <b>770</b> and/or the pseudo NOR TCAM <b>780</b> configured to perform the functions recited by the comparing means. In one configuration, the TCAM also includes an interface means, the interface means may be the interface unit <b>710</b> configured to perform the functions recited by the interface means. In another configuration, the TCAM also includes an encoding means and a decoding means. The encoding means and the decoding means may be the encoder/decoder <b>720</b> configured to perform the functions recited by the encoding means and the decoding means.

p-0090Although specific circuitry has been set forth, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that not all of the disclosed circuitry is required to practice the disclosed embodiments. Moreover, certain well known circuits have not been described, to maintain focus on the disclosure.

p-0091The methodologies described herein may be implemented by various means depending upon the application. For example, these methodologies may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.

p-0092For a firmware and/or software implementation, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. Any machine or computer readable medium tangibly embodying instructions may be used in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software code may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor. When executed by the processor, the executing software code generates the operational environment that implements the various methodologies and functionalities of the different aspects of the teachings presented herein. Memory may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor. As used herein, the term “memory” refers to any type of long term, short term, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which memory is stored.

p-0093The machine or computer readable medium that stores the software code defining the methodologies and functions described herein includes physical computer storage media. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. As used herein, disk and/or disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.

p-0094In addition to storage on computer readable medium, instructions and/or data may be provided as signals on transmission media included in a communication apparatus. For example, a communication apparatus may include a transceiver having signals indicative of instructions and data. The instructions and data are configured to cause one or more processors to implement the functions outlined in the claims.

p-0095Although the present teachings and their advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the technology of the teachings as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular aspects of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding aspects described herein may be utilized according to the present teachings. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.