Jet deflection device

RELATED APPLICATIONS

p-0002The present application is a National Phase entry of PCT Application No. PCT/PT2009/000055, filed Oct. 20, 2009, which claims priority from Great Britain Application Number 0819508.3, filed Oct. 23, 2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

p-0003The present invention relates to devices for fluid handling and methods of using the same for a variety of fluid manipulation operations.

BACKGROUND

p-0004Fluid handling is an aspect of analytical procedures involving fluids and in particular to those where minute quantities of chemical or biological substances present in the fluid are to be manipulated or determined. Partially driven by the miniaturization trend observed in the semiconductor industry, a wealth of novel miniaturized microsystems have been developed for analytical purposes giving rise to what is now commonly referred to micro total analysis systems (μTAS) or Lab-on-a-Chip technology. This trend has prompted hydrodynamics with novel challenges for automated fluid handling procedures with sub-milliliter volumes, boosting the rapid growing field of microfluidics based point-of-care/point-of-use technologies.

p-0005Microfluidic devices typically refer to networks of flow passages of variable geometry having at least one characteristic dimension on the sub-millimeter length scale. Fluid propulsion may be achieved in a variety of ways including pressure pumping, acoustics, electrokinetics and centrifugation. These networks are able to perform various laboratory unit operations with liquids such as valving, metering, sample splitting, decanting, mixing and reacting. An important aspect of microfluidic technology is fluid gating, which in many embodiments exploits the increasing dominance of surface forces at small length scales of the flow networks to produce passive valves. Typically this is achieved through abrupt changes in the cross section of the liquid passages or by intentionally introducing localised surface modifications for abrupt changes of the liquid-solid wetting behaviour (or both). A common alternative to passive valving is the use of externally actuated valves which are used to temporarily block fluid passages. These latter, however, require the use of additional materials (e.g. flexible membranes) and control circuits for operating the valves, thus increasing the complexity of the device.

p-0006It would be desirable for microfluidic devices to possess an inherent ability to perform all liquid handling functions in an automated and flexible way, whilst reducing the complexity of the fluid propulsion and control mechanisms.

SUMMARY

p-0007The present invention is set out in the independent claims. Optional features of embodiments are set out in the dependent claims.

p-0008Various embodiments of the present invention take advantage of the gas-liquid coupling which develops during flow. This provides opportunities to manipulate the fluid dynamic behavior without the need for moving parts or independent systems to control liquid flow.

p-0009In some embodiments a fluid control system is provided which has means for injecting a liquid into a fluid flow control chamber to form a liquid membrane in the chamber dividing it into compartments on each side of the liquid membrane and means for generating a pressure differential between the compartments to control a deflection of the injected liquid jet. The means for injecting may include means for creating a centrifugal force acting on the liquid. The means for generating the pressure differential may include the means for injecting the liquid. The injected liquid may be injected from a reservoir connected to the chamber by a vent. The pressure differential may be generated by the increasing volume of liquid in the control chamber and/or a decreasing volume of liquid in the reservoir as liquid is injected.

p-0010In some embodiments, flow may be stopped by deflecting the injected liquid into the vent to form a liquid plug so that flow stops as venting between the control chamber and (liquid feeding) reservoir is prevented. Flow can then be restarted by changing a force acting on the liquid plug to create an imbalance in the pressures which maintain the liquid plug, so that flow is resumed.

p-0011The reservoir can be shaped such as to trap a heavier component or components of the liquid in it and to inject a lighter one or ones into the control chamber. Thus, a liquid can be separated into fractions as flow is stopped as described above and once flow is resumed the separated lighter fractions can be recovered in the control chamber. The control chamber may itself be shaped to trap heavier fraction or fractions of the liquid so that an initial liquid flow until the plug forms does not contaminate the separated fraction later on. For the avoidance of doubt the relative terms “heavier” and “lighter” are understood to be relative to each other. The cut-off or threshold between heavier and lighter components or fractions is determined by the specific design and operative parameters of each embodiment.

p-0012Some embodiments may provide means for aliquoting the liquid as it is injected into the control chamber or may provide means for injecting the liquid to form a plurality of membranes in the control chamber.

p-0013A device for use with the system of the embodiments described above includes in some embodiments a volume and a port through which liquid can be injected into the volume to partition the volume on either side of the liquid and is configured to convert flow of the liquid into the volume (that is an increasing amount of liquid inside the volume) into a pressure differential between the compartments to deflect the injected liquid.

p-0014The device may be rotatable about an axis of rotation to centrifugally drive the injection, for example the device may be provided in the form of a “lab on a disc” substrate, resembling an optical disc which can be inserted into a “reader” similarly to known CD players. The device may again be arranged to allow for the centrifugal separation of components by having appropriately shaped volumes connected to each other such that flow between the volumes can be switched on or off.

p-0015In some embodiments, the device may be configured to centrifugally separate fractions of a sample, such as separating plasma from a blood sample. The sample volume can, for example, range from 1 to 20 microliters.

p-0016The device may comprise other volumes defining fluidic elements such as a metering device. Volumes of the device may additionally be arranged to provide mixing chambers or aliquoting structures.

p-0017Further, some embodiments provide methods for controlling fluid flow by deflecting a liquid jet using pressure differentials. In some embodiments, the pressure differential is created by injecting the liquid itself into the chamber and methods of starting and stopping liquid flow by using deflection of liquid to block a vent and subsequently unblock it are further provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

p-0018Embodiments of the invention are now described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, with like reference numerals referring to like parts, in which:

p-0019<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1</figref><i>a</i>, <b>1</b><i>b</i>, <b>1</b><i>c </i>and <b>2</b> illustrate a jet deflection mechanism in a jet deflection device in an embodiment of the invention;

p-0020<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3 and 4</figref> illustrate an arrangement enabling the use of the jet deflection mechanism to introduce a liquid plug into a fluidic connection for providing transitions in the liquid-gas coupling and hence the flow properties in an embodiment of the invention;

p-0021<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5</figref><i>a </i>to <b>5</b><i>e </i>illustrate an example of the jet deflection mechanism of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3 and 4</figref> being used for the separation of fluid constituents according to their density in an embodiment of the invention;

p-0022<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5</figref><i>f </i>to <b>5</b><i>h </i>illustrate a centrifugal embodiment of the invention on a rotatable disc;

p-0023<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrate a configuration for liquid mixing in an embodiment of the invention;

p-0024<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 7</figref><i>a </i>and <i>b</i>, illustrate configurations for liquid routing and aliquoting in an embodiment of the invention;

p-0025<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8</figref><i>a </i>to <b>8</b><i>c</i>, illustrate configurations using two simultaneous liquid jets in an embodiment of the invention; and

p-0026<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a configuration using three simultaneous liquid jets in an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

p-0027In overview devices and methods for manipulating fluids inside fluidic networks, exploring the dynamic coupling between the liquid and gas phases observed in these systems, are now described. An underlying mechanism is the confinement of gas in compartments sharing a liquid interface which is established during flow. Subsequent pressure changes inside the said compartments lead to the deformation or displacement of the liquid interface in a predictable manner. The described fluidic networks are designed to use this effect for a variety of manipulations of practical relevance to fluid handling.

p-0028Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1</figref><i>a</i>, <b>1</b><i>b</i>, and <b>1</b><i>c</i>, a principle of operation of a jet deflection device is illustrated in an embodiment of the invention. In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref><i>a</i>, a liquid jet <b>105</b> is issued from the outlet <b>100</b> of a passage or channel <b>101</b> into the chamber <b>102</b>. The jet <b>105</b> occupies the entire cross section of the chamber <b>102</b> as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref><i>b</i>, depicting a cross section along line <b>2</b> in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref><i>a</i>, such that two fluidically separated compartments <b>102</b><i>a </i>and <b>102</b><i>b </i>are formed, in effect separated by a membrane of liquid. Each compartment <b>102</b><i>a </i>and <b>102</b><i>b </i>has a separate fluidic port <b>103</b> and <b>104</b>, respectively, associated with it. The corresponding cross-section through the passage <b>101</b> (along line <b>3</b>) is illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref><i>c. </i>

p-0029The formation of such continuous liquid columns is favoured by the distance between the corresponding respective surfaces <b>4</b>, <b>6</b> confining the liquid in the passage <b>101</b> and the chamber <b>102</b> in the vicinity of the outlet <b>100</b> being of the same order of magnitude. For example, the distances can differ by a factor of up to 5 in some embodiments while they may be substantially the same in others. In some embodiments, these distances are of capillary dimensions, i.e., smaller than 1 mm and, in some embodiments, smaller than 500 micron, as the increasing dominance of surface forces at smaller dimensions provide for enhanced liquid jet integrity. The establishment of the jet requires a continuous flow of liquid and within time, this flow leads to the accumulation of a liquid volume <b>106</b> in the chamber <b>102</b>.

p-0030We now consider the case of continuous filling of the chamber <b>102</b> by a continuous jet <b>105</b> occupying the cross section as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1</figref><i>b </i>and <b>1</b><i>c</i>. For now, we assume that the ports <b>103</b> and <b>104</b> of the two compartments <b>102</b><i>a, b </i>are closed. The fluidically disconnected chambers <b>102</b><i>a </i>and <b>102</b><i>b </i>have volumes V_iwith the index i representing the two compartments a and b, respectively. For the sake of simplicity, we assume a rectangular chamber geometry defined by the height h, the width w_i(with i={a, b} and the depth d (distance between the two surfaces <b>6</b>). The volumes of the two compartments V_i=w_i*h*d are defined by their respective widths w_i. In presence of a density dependent volume force represented by the arrow <b>150</b> such as gravity or a centrifugal force, a compact liquid volume will accumulate at the bottom of reservoir <b>102</b> with a level initially located at z_iand later at z_i′.

p-0031As the liquid jet <b>105</b> is injected into the chamber <b>102</b>, the gas volume in both compartments will be compressed due to the increasing space occupied by the liquid volumes.

p-0032So the gas pressure at a given point in time is given by:

p-0033<maths id="MATH-US-00001" num="00001"><math overflow="scroll"><mrow><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>′</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><msubsup><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>′</mi></msubsup></mfrac></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>′</mi></msubsup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>-</mo><msubsup><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>′</mi></msubsup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></math></maths>

p-0034The pressures observed in both compartments will continuously rise as z_i′>z_i. Note that p_i′ is independent of the width of the compartment w_i. If we now assume that the two compartments have the same initial pressures, i.e. p_102a=p_102b=p_oand the same liquid level at all times, i.e. z_a′=z_b′=z′ and, for the sake of simplicity assuming z_a=z_b=z, we obtain

p-0035<maths id="MATH-US-00002" num="00002"><math overflow="scroll"><mrow><msubsup><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>′</mi></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>z</mi><mi>′</mi></msup></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></math></maths><br /> which is evidently independent of the particular compartment i. This means that in the described situation, no pressure difference Δp=p_102a−p_102b=0 will apply across the liquid jet.

p-0036Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, we assume that the port <b>103</b> of chamber <b>102</b><i>a </i>is still closed or connected to a constant pressure p_102awhile outlet <b>104</b> is connected to a pressure p_102b. Now a finite pressure difference Δp=p_102a−p_102b≠0 will apply across the jet which is consequently deflected from its pressure balanced straight path <b>120</b> towards the lower pressure outlet (<b>104</b> in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>) along a curved path <b>121</b>. The deflection can be measured by the deviation x′ of the jet hitting the liquid surface at the bottom of the reservoir <b>106</b> with respect to the position of the straight path at x=0.

p-0037The pressure difference resulting from liquid flow responsible for the initial deflection of the liquid jet can be controlled by adjustments to the fluid propulsion mechanism and/or incorporating internal elements specifically arranged in the fluidic network to interact with the flowing liquid. In some embodiments, liquid flow induced jet deflection is used in order to close or open gas passages present in the receiving chamber <b>102</b> to enable the adjustment of the pressure in the different compartments of the fluidic system or provide for abrupt transitions in gas-liquid fluid dynamics by temporarily or permanently introducing liquid plugs into gas passages. In some embodiments, an additional liquid present in the fluidic network is used in order to close or open additional gas outlets of the fluidic network that enable the adjustment of the pressure in the different compartments which are formed once the liquid jets develops. This internal control may be used in order to obtain a constant or a variable (for example oscillating) pressure difference between at least two compartments <b>102</b><i>a, b </i>of the receiving chamber <b>102</b>.

p-0038In some embodiments, a centrifugal force is used both as a fluid propulsion and control mechanism, for example in systems based on a rotating device, such as a disc or a rotor. In these embodiments control of the centrifugal frequency of the substrate containing the fluidic network is sufficient to act as fluid propulsion and control mechanism, reducing the overall system complexity and potentially eliminating the need for external active or passive elements such as pumps, tubes and valves.

p-0039The centrifugal force is given by: <br /><i>{right arrow over (f)}</i>_ω=−ρ{right arrow over (ω)}×({right arrow over (ω)}×<i>{right arrow over (r)}</i>)<br /> depending on the density ρ, the radial position from the center of rotation r, and the centrifugal frequency ω.

p-0040In this case also the Coriolis force <br /><i>{right arrow over (f)}</i>_C=−2<i>ρ{right arrow over (ω)}×{right arrow over (v)}</i><br /> for the flow velocity v needs to be considered for the deflection of the liquid jet <b>105</b>. Previous work has shown that the Coriolis force becomes increasingly important at high centrifugal frequencies, and that it can be used to route liquids to specific paths by controlling the rotation frequency. For example it is possible to selectively direct liquids into either branch of a bifurcation by reversing the sense of rotation. However, experiments in typical configurations of the described embodiments have shown that the Coriolis force is not the dominating force governing the deflection of the liquid jet as the direction of deflection does not reverse when the sense of rotation is reversed. Accordingly, the Coriolis force can be neglected by way of approximation.

p-0041Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, a specific embodiment of internal control of the pressure difference developing during flow is illustrated in an embodiment of the invention. The port <b>104</b> of the compartment <b>102</b><i>b </i>is fluidically connected via a channel <b>108</b> to an upstream reservoir <b>109</b> at the pressure P_cwhile the port <b>103</b> remains closed to atmospheric air. The reservoir <b>109</b> contains a liquid volume <b>110</b> supplying liquid to channel <b>101</b>. Assuming that the liquid jet is established and that a port <b>119</b> to the reservoir <b>109</b> is closed to atmospheric air, there are now three compartments, <b>102</b><i>a</i>, <b>102</b><i>b </i>and <b>109</b>, whereby compartments <b>109</b> and <b>102</b><i>b </i>are fluidically connected by the channel <b>108</b> thus p₁₀₉=p_102b. With time, the increasing liquid level of the volume <b>106</b> and the corresponding decrease in the liquid level of the volume <b>110</b> lead to, respectively, an increase of p_102aand a decrease of p_102bso that p_102a>p_102b. This pressure imbalance tends to displace fluid from the compartment <b>102</b><i>b </i>through <b>104</b> and <b>108</b> into <b>109</b>, leading to a deflection of the liquid jet <b>105</b> in the positive x direction, as described above. If one of the volumes <b>109</b> and <b>102</b><i>b </i>is connected to atmospheric air or other structures of significantly larger volume, the corresponding pressure will stay substantially constant or change only by a small amount but the volume change of the other, isolated volume would still act to create the pressure imbalance and deflect the jet.

p-0042Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>, a case where the liquid jet itself is deflected into the port <b>104</b> is illustrated in an embodiment of the invention. Given appropriate conditions, the liquid column of the jet <b>105</b> breaks, leaving a liquid plug <b>117</b> blocking the passage of gas from the pressurized compartment <b>102</b><i>b </i>to the reservoir <b>109</b>. As a result, compartment <b>102</b><i>a </i>and <i>b </i>are merged and the pressure difference between <b>102</b><i>a </i>and <b>102</b><i>b </i>will be equilibrated so that p_102a=p_102b=p₁₀₂and p₁₀₂>p₁₀₉. Under certain conditions, a metastable equilibrium can be reached soon after plug <b>117</b> is formed and the plug remains essentially stationary inside the channel <b>108</b> and no liquid is displaced from the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>102</b>. The plug behaviour is determined by the balance between the pressure difference responsible for its introduction in the port <b>104</b>, the pressure on the liquid plug resulting from the applied fluid propulsion mechanism and the capillary pressure due to the contact of the liquid with the walls of the passage <b>108</b>.

p-0043It is possible to move from this metastable equilibrium condition, by creating an imbalance between these pressures. For example, it is possible to act on the port <b>119</b> in order to create a pressure imbalance. For systems using a centrifugal force as fluid propulsion mechanism, this imbalance can easily be achieved by changes of the centrifugal frequency. In both cases the plug will either move through the channel <b>108</b> into the reservoir <b>109</b> or back into the chamber <b>102</b>. Once the plug is removed, liquid will again be displaced from the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>102</b>. Depending on externally imposed conditions, the geometry and dimensions of the flow network, the system may reach the metastable condition at least once more or displace all the liquid from the reservoir <b>109</b> into the chamber <b>102</b>.

p-0044In some embodiments, the configuration described above with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3 and 4</figref> is implemented as an ON/OFF flow switch device. In this case, liquid will flow (ON state) to the receiving chamber <b>102</b> until the jet is deflected into outlet <b>104</b> forming the liquid plug <b>117</b>. Once the plug has been formed and while it remains stationary inside the passage <b>108</b> no liquid is issued from the outlet of channel <b>101</b> (OFF state). Because the fluid propulsion mechanism is still being applied, the device can be performing other functions with liquids present in adjacent structures. Flow is resumed either only once or several times by acting upon the fluid propulsion mechanism as described above. This provides opportunities to synchronize simultaneous events occurring in multiple structures of a single fluidic device.

p-0045Depending on the specific application, the reservoir <b>109</b> is designed to determine whether all of the volume initially present in the reservoir <b>109</b> is transferred to chamber <b>102</b> or if a certain fraction is retained in the reservoir <b>109</b>. In embodiments for separating different components present in a liquid based on their different densities, one or more of the separated fractions are retained partially or totally in the reservoir <b>109</b> due to the shape of the reservoir. Furthermore, in some embodiments the chamber <b>102</b> is designed to retain one or more of the different density fractions in order to ensure that only the desired fraction or fractions proceed to other fluidic structures.

p-0046Some embodiments provide a two-phase liquid separation device such as, for example, for the separation of the cellular components present in whole blood from plasma. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>a </i>is a schematic illustration of a possible device configuration. Initially the two-phase liquid is in the reservoir <b>109</b>. Passages <b>103</b> and <b>119</b> are either closed to atmospheric air or lead to other structures present in the device which are closed to atmospheric air, such that gas is not able to escape from the fluidic structure. Upon application of a fluid propulsion mechanism, such as a density dependent volume force, for example a centrifugal force, a continuous jet is formed, dividing the chamber <b>102</b> into two fluidically separated compartments.

p-0047Due to the pressure difference created by the decreasing liquid level in reservoir <b>109</b> and/or the increasing liquid level in the chamber <b>102</b>, the liquid jet <b>105</b> is deflected in the chamber <b>102</b> towards the outlet <b>104</b> as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>b</i>. At a certain moment the jet is forced into outlet <b>104</b> and forms the liquid plug <b>117</b> in the passage connecting the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>102</b> (<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>c</i>) leading to the metastable equilibrium condition described earlier.

p-0048At this point liquid flow stops but the liquid propulsion mechanism is still being applied. As a result, the denser phases present in the liquid sediment according to the direction of the force field, and two different phases or fractions <b>130</b> and <b>131</b> are obtained both in the reservoir <b>109</b> and the chamber <b>102</b>, as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>d</i>. Upon removal of the liquid plug obstructing the passage between the reservoir <b>109</b> and the chamber <b>102</b>, the flow resumes again and the separated fluid <b>130</b> is moved from the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>102</b> (<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>e</i>). The location, geometry and dimensions of the port <b>103</b> determines the fraction of liquid in the chamber <b>102</b> which proceeds to adjacent fluidic structures. One skilled in the art readily realizes that the passage may be formed in several shapes, and in some embodiments the passage is designed such that only the separated fraction or fractions of liquid <b>130</b> proceeds to subsequent structures.

p-0049Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5</figref><i>f </i>to <b>5</b><i>h</i>, a centrifugal embodiment for the separation of mixtures of liquids having different densities or the separation of solid material from suspension, in particular separating blood cells from blood plasma, is now described.

p-0050A disc <b>134</b> similar to known optical discs such as CDs and known in the art as a “lab on a disc” is manufactured from thermoplastic polymers including various grades of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PC (polycarbonate), PS (polystyrene), COP and COC (cycloc olefin polymers and co-polymers), to give a transparent substrate which is suitable for optical detection methods for detecting the materials separated with the device. The disc <b>134</b> is manufactured using injection molding or injection/compression molding although other forming methods such as hot-embossing can equally be employed. These devices need to be assembled in order to provide a fluidic network. This can be achieved using lamination of thin foils or employing adhesive materials such as terminally activated glues, photopolymers, reactive systems or solid adhesives. Further manufacturing alternatives include lithography using commercial photo resist to generate fluidic networks in the disc <b>134</b>, laser ablation or micromilling.

p-0051The disc <b>134</b> defines a central aperture <b>136</b> which is arranged to engage with a corresponding detent of a rotatable table of a control and reading device, as is well known in the art of centrifugal microfluidics. One or more microfluidic elements as described above are formed in the disc, one of which is schematically indicated by the dashed circle <b>138</b>.

p-0052With reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>g</i>, the microfluidic element <b>138</b> comprises a chamber <b>102</b> and a fluid reservoir <b>109</b> connected to each other by a passage <b>101</b> for carrying liquid from the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>102</b> as the disc <b>134</b> is spun, and a venting passage <b>108</b> connecting the chamber <b>102</b> to the reservoir <b>109</b> for pressure equilibration. The chamber is defined between opposed surfaces for constraining a liquid jet injected from the passage <b>101</b>, as described above. The axis of rotation within the aperture <b>136</b> is not shown in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>g </i>but is located off the figure as indicated by arrow <b>176</b>.

p-0053The reservoir <b>109</b> is defined by a first reservoir wall <b>140</b> radially intermediate an axis of rotation defined by the aperture <b>136</b> and a second reservoir wall <b>142</b>, as well as respective side walls <b>144</b> and <b>146</b> at either end of the first and second walls <b>140</b> and <b>142</b>. A sample inlet <b>148</b>, for example a blood inlet, is defined in the side wall <b>144</b>, connected to further sample delivery structures or arranged to introduce a sample into the reservoir <b>109</b> by capillary action. Sealing devices (not shown) are provided to close access from outside the disc to the sample inlet <b>148</b> once a sample has been loaded into the microfluidic element <b>138</b>. This prevents contamination and seals the sample inlet <b>148</b> from atmospheric air. In some embodiments, an adhesive flap is used to seal the sample inlet <b>148</b>.

p-0054At or adjacent to a side wall <b>146</b> opposed to the side wall <b>144</b>, a port <b>152</b> establishing fluidic communication between the reservoir <b>109</b> and the passage <b>101</b> is provided in the second reservoir. The second reservoir wall <b>142</b> is arranged in relation to the port <b>152</b> such that it extends radially beyond the port <b>152</b> to define a holding volume for holding a first fraction <b>131</b>, for example cellular material from a blood sample, and preventing its passage through the port <b>152</b>. Similarly, a port <b>150</b> is defined generally in the first reservoir wall <b>140</b>, in some embodiments specifically between the side wall <b>146</b> and the reservoir wall <b>140</b> to provide fluidic communication with the vent passage <b>108</b>.

p-0055Turning now to the chamber <b>102</b>, the chamber <b>102</b> is defined by a first chamber wall <b>154</b> radially between a second chamber wall <b>156</b> and the reservoir <b>109</b>, as well as side walls <b>160</b> and <b>158</b> at opposed ends of the chamber <b>102</b>. The first chamber wall <b>154</b> defines a port <b>162</b> providing fluidic communication with the passage <b>101</b> and a port <b>164</b> is provided to one side of the port <b>162</b> in the side wall <b>158</b>. The port <b>164</b> is provided in a projection <b>166</b> extending from the side wall <b>158</b> so that it is disposed adjacent a liquid jet issuing from port <b>162</b>, to facilitate plug formation as described above. The projection <b>166</b> ensures that the port <b>164</b> is closer to the location of an undeflected jet from port <b>162</b> (the straight line continuation of passage <b>101</b>), than it would be if being defined flush with wall <b>158</b>. The projection, and final portion of passage <b>108</b> contained therein are angled obliquely in relation to a radial direction, to facilitate dislodging of any plug formed in the passage <b>108</b> by centrifugal forces.

p-0056The passage <b>103</b> from the chamber <b>102</b> to adjacent structures is defined between a termination of the wall <b>160</b> and the first wall <b>154</b> to define a fraction retaining portion of the chamber <b>102</b> extending radially beyond port <b>103</b> such that heavier fractions received in the chamber <b>102</b> from the reservoir <b>109</b>, for example blood cells, are retained, while lighter fractions, for example blood plasma, can flow through the port <b>103</b> to adjacent structures, for example a metering structure. Such metering structures are well known in the art and, in one embodiment, comprises a metering volume <b>168</b> connected by a valve <b>170</b> to subsequent structures and an overflow volume <b>172</b> for accepting any overflow from the metering volume <b>168</b>. The valve <b>170</b> is a capillary valve, surface coating valve or a siphon in various embodiments.

p-0057The adjacent structure further comprises an air vent <b>174</b>, which connects the metering and overflow volumes <b>168</b>, <b>172</b> and, thus, in use, the compartment <b>102</b><i>b</i>, to a circuit open to atmospheric air for pressure equilibration.

p-0058In the embodiments described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3 to 5</figref>, there are two contributions to the pressure differential across the liquid jet issuing from passage <b>101</b>. On the one hand, pressure increases in the compartment not connected to the passage <b>108</b>, assuming that the port <b>103</b> is closed to atmospheric air or connected to other structures which are closed to atmospheric pressure and are not significantly bigger than the volume of the chamber <b>102</b>. On the other hand, the flow of liquid from the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>102</b> creates a negative pressure in the chamber <b>109</b>, assuming that it is not connected to atmospheric air. This negative pressure is applied via passage <b>108</b> to the portion of the chamber on the other side of the jet issuing from the passage <b>101</b>. Therefore, if both the reservoir <b>109</b> and the chamber <b>102</b> are not connected to atmospheric pressure, the pressure differential resulting in the deflection of the liquid jet into the passage <b>108</b> is due both to a negative pressure on one side of the jet and a positive pressure on the other side of the jet. However, either one of these pressures alone can be employed to achieve the deflection of the liquid jet, if one of either the reservoir <b>109</b> or the chamber <b>102</b> are connected to atmospheric pressure.

p-0059Operation of the centrifugal embodiment described above is now described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>h</i>. At step <b>178</b>, the reservoir <b>109</b> is filled with a sample and at step <b>180</b> the disc <b>134</b> is spun at a speed s<b>1</b> to create a liquid jet issuing into chamber <b>102</b> from the passage <b>101</b> and to form a plug in the passage <b>108</b>, as described above. This, in effect, switches the liquid jet off so that most of the sample remains in the reservoir <b>109</b>. A small amount of the sample is transferred to the chamber <b>102</b> before a plug is formed but the dimensions of the chamber <b>102</b>, the relative locations of the ports <b>162</b> and <b>164</b> and the speed s<b>1</b> are selected so as to ensure that the volume of liquid injected into the chamber <b>102</b> does not exceed the fraction retaining volume of the chamber <b>102</b> so that no liquid is entering the port <b>103</b> before the removal of the plug described below.

p-0060At step <b>182</b> the disc is continued to be spun at speed s<b>1</b> to centrifuge the sample in order to separate the fractions (for example separating blood cells from plasma) until satisfactory separation is achieved. Then, at step <b>184</b>, the disc is spun at an increased speed s<b>2</b> to eject the plug <b>108</b> into the chamber <b>102</b>, thus reopening, in effect, the passage <b>101</b> so that the separated lighter fraction (e.g. plasma) is now transferred to the chamber <b>102</b> through the passage <b>101</b> and then to subsequent chambers through the port <b>103</b> as the disc is continued to be spun at speed s<b>2</b> at step <b>186</b>. It will be understood that other sequences of spinning speeds are equally possible to achieve the same end, for example including more intermediate speeds. In some embodiments, the speed s<b>2</b> may be lower than the speed s<b>1</b> to create an imbalance of pressures which acts to dispel the plug <b>108</b> into the reservoir <b>109</b> rather than to the chamber <b>102</b>, depending on the specific application of the device, as well as the positioning of the structure in relation to the centre of rotation.

p-0061The embodiment described above in relation to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5</figref><i>f </i>to <i>h </i>is particularly suited to the separation of blood plasma, since the corpuscular components of blood are denser than plasma serum and hence sediment under centrifugation against the walls <b>142</b> and <b>156</b> forming a cell compact, thus allowing for the extraction of plasma. The microfluidic structure described above with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>g </i>can readily be manufactured with the length scale indicated in the figure, for the separation of plasma from blood samples ranging from 1 to 20 microliters, depending on the depths used for the different features. This range can be easily extended to smaller or larger volumes by design changes to the dimension and geometry of the structure. Typical time scales for the separation process from plug formation to extracting the plasma are within tens of seconds and hence the processes is highly suited to rapid testing schemes such as those required in point of care or point of use devices.

p-0062In some embodiments, the liquid jet deflection mechanism is explored for liquid mixing operations. This is particular relevant to microfluidic devices given the laminar flow regimen commonly observed in these systems, which hinders homogeneous mixing. In some embodiments, the reservoir <b>109</b> contains a first liquid, and the receiving chamber <b>102</b> contains a second liquid. The presence of an additional liquid in chamber <b>102</b> does not affect the essence of the above analysis of the jet deflection mechanism. The deflection of the liquid jet <b>105</b> increases the contact surface with the liquid present in chamber <b>102</b> leading to a faster and more uniform mixing compared to the case where the liquid jet is not deflected. In some embodiments allowing for faster mixing, the switch mechanism previously described is used to intersperse several ON/OFF states to discretely inject the small portions of a first liquid present in the reservoir <b>109</b> onto the second liquid present in the chamber <b>102</b>.

p-0063Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, embodiments which use the ON/OFF switch mechanism for liquid mixing, a further chamber <b>116</b> is included between the chamber <b>102</b> and the reservoir <b>109</b>, are schematically illustrated. In this case a first liquid present in the reservoir <b>109</b> flows into the further chamber <b>116</b> and a second liquid flows from the further chamber <b>116</b> into the chamber <b>102</b>. A continuous liquid jet <b>105</b> is formed in the receiving chamber <b>102</b> and deflects into the port <b>104</b> that is used to equilibrate the gas pressure between the reservoir <b>109</b> and the chamber <b>102</b>. The OFF state of the fluidic switch is then activated by introducing a liquid plug into the channel <b>108</b>, as described above, and the flow to the receiving chamber <b>102</b> comes to a halt. The pressure conditions in the reservoir <b>116</b> are controlled by acting on the port <b>118</b> and determine whether flow from the reservoir <b>109</b> to the chamber <b>116</b> continues or also comes to a halt. In this second case it suffices that the port <b>118</b> is either closed or leads to fluidic structures closed to atmospheric air, and the resulting delay enables further mixing of the fluids in reservoir <b>116</b> by diffusion. In some embodiments, the ON state of the fluidic switch is activated by moving the liquid plug from the outlet <b>104</b> directly into the reservoir <b>109</b>. This will further enhance the mixing, as a fraction of the second liquid will mix in the first reservoir <b>109</b> initially containing only the first liquid. The device can be operated in such manner that the process described is repeated several times until all liquid has been dispensed to the chamber <b>102</b>.

p-0064Some embodiments provide devices for liquid routing and liquid splitting into fractions (also referred to as aliquoting). Liquid routing enables selectively directing liquid or fractions thereof into outlets placed in specific locations of the chamber <b>102</b>. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref><i>a </i>is a schematic illustration of a liquid routing structure using the liquid jet deflection mechanism discussed above. Although not shown in the figures, in some embodiments, the liquid for jet formation is issued from a reservoir like the reservoir <b>109</b> described above, with similar or equivalent connections to the chamber <b>102</b>. The liquid jet <b>105</b> is deflected from its initial position, and is thereby directed to specific outlets <b>112</b> and <b>113</b> that route the liquid, for example a determined volume of liquid, into downstream fluidic elements of the network. The chamber <b>102</b> may contain a multitude of elements similar to the outlets <b>112</b> and <b>113</b> of fixed or variable geometry and dimensions. The volume of liquid which is directed to each outlet can be controlled via the fluidic network design and/or adjustments to the fluid propulsion operating parameters. This provides for the opportunity for routing variable liquid volumes to different locations via changes to the propulsion mechanism for the same fluidic network design. By contrast, in known devices the design of the network is used to determine a fixed amount of liquid which is routed or aliquoted.

p-0065Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref><i>b</i>, an aliquoting structure is depicted in an embodiment of the invention. The liquid jet <b>105</b> is deflected from its initial position, and during deflection fills partially or totally the receiving reservoirs <b>114</b> and <b>115</b> in fluidic communication with the outlets <b>134</b> and <b>135</b>. These outlets connect to downstream fluidic structures and may consist of fluidic elements such as capillary valves, surface modification valves, pressure actuated membrane valves, piezoelectric valves, phase-change valves or siphons. The design and actuation of these are familiar to those skilled in the art. The receiving chamber <b>102</b> may contain a multitude of elements similar to receiving reservoirs <b>114</b> and <b>115</b> of designed volumes for liquid metering. For applications requiring the complete volume of the receiving reservoirs, an additional reservoir used as an overflow for retaining the liquid excess, whilst ensuring adequate filling of all aliquoting reservoirs is added in some embodiments. The aliquoted liquid fractions are passively defined by the geometry and dimensions of the aliquoting elements or by actively controlling the deflection in order to obtain defined volumes in specific locations <b>114</b> and <b>115</b> without completely filling these reservoir parts.

p-0066The device described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 7</figref><i>a </i>and <i>b </i>can be operated in a number of ways, depending on whether the ports <b>103</b> and <b>104</b> are opened or closed. If both ports are closed, the liquid will deflect and leave from the nearest outlet unless the liquid is held by another mechanism, such as the valves described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref><i>b</i>, or by entrapping liquid into a downstream gas passage or in case of a centrifugal system incorporating a siphon. In this case, the liquid completely fills that exit and the liquid level inside the chamber <b>102</b> will rise again as a result, the liquid membrane deflects to the adjacent outlet, and the process continues. Closing port <b>103</b> and leaving port <b>104</b> open provides the opportunity to continuously deflect the liquid jet over the top of the outlets, allowing for controlled volumes to be introduced into these. This can be done by externally imposing a negative pressure in outlet <b>104</b> or, for example, connecting it to a reservoir like reservoir <b>109</b> described above (using the decrease in liquid level in this reservoir and an associated negative pressure to continuously deflect the liquid jet). Leaving port <b>103</b> open could enable, for example, extracting liquid from this port at a later stage, using an overflow principle as described above with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>.

p-0067Some embodiments employ two or more liquid jets. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref><i>a </i>is a schematic illustration of the liquid jet deflection mechanism described above, using two liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b> flowing into a chamber <b>102</b>, with a pressure increase in the volume defined in between the two liquid jets, resulting in two divergent deflections of the liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b>. The jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b> originate from the same or different upstream chambers containing the same liquid or different liquids. The pressure difference giving rise to the deflection of liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b> may result only from the pressure increase in the gas confined in the volume <b>102</b><i>c</i>, defined in between the two liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b>. If, for example, the outlets <b>104</b> and <b>103</b> are set at constant atmospheric pressure, and chamber <b>102</b> is initially empty, the pressure difference responsible for the liquid jet deflection is governed by the relation:

p-0068<maths id="MATH-US-00003" num="00003"><math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mn>102</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mn>102</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mn>106</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></math></maths><br /> where V_102cis the volume of the compartment defined in between the two liquid jets and V_106cis the volume of liquid accumulated in compartment <b>102</b><i>c. </i>

p-0069In some embodiments, two converging liquid jets are provided. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref><i>b </i>is a schematic illustration of the liquid jet deflection mechanism, using two liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b> flowing into a chamber <b>102</b>. A pressure increase in the volumes defined outside the two liquid jets <b>102</b><i>a </i>and <b>102</b><i>b </i>results in two convergent deflections of the liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b>. As the jets are forced towards each other these embodiments can, for example, improve liquid mixing. In this case, an additional inlet/outlet <b>122</b> (<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>) may be placed in between the two liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b> in order to maintain a constant pressure in the volume <b>102</b><i>c. </i>

p-0070Some embodiment employing two liquid jets being deflected in the same direction are now described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref><i>c</i>. In this case the device is designed and operated to induce a pressure increase in one of the volumes defined outside the two liquid jets, resulting in deflections of the liquid jets in the same direction. This embodiment increases the contact surface (or contact time) at the junction of the two liquid jets, which may further enhance liquid mixing.

p-0071Some embodiments have three or more jets operating simultaneously. An example of the liquid jet deflection mechanism described above using three liquid jets <b>105</b>, <b>111</b> and <b>123</b> flowing into a reservoir <b>102</b> is now described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>. The path of the central liquid jet <b>123</b> is shaped by controlling the flow rates of the other liquid jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b>, or adjusting the geometry and dimensions of the chamber <b>102</b> to have a direct impact on the pressure developed in the compartments <b>102</b><i>a</i>, <b>102</b><i>b</i>, <b>102</b><i>c </i>and <b>102</b><i>d </i>between the jets, or a combination of both effects. Flow rates of each individual jet can be adjusted using fluid propulsion mechanisms which are able to independently address each jet, or via design changes to the opening from which the jet is issued, or a combination of both. The system can also be used for adjusting the flow of the central liquid jet <b>123</b> with a constant deflection (or no deflection) by tuning the gas pressure in the vicinity of the central liquid jet <b>102</b><i>c </i>and <b>102</b><i>d. </i>

p-0072Some embodiments of the three liquid jet system provide an ON/OFF valve for one of the liquid jets. In this particular case and above a certain gas pressure threshold, the flow of one liquid jet is stopped (OFF state) by acting on system parameters with influence the pressure developed in each compartment (e.g. jets flow rates and/or structure design). Once the gas pressure drops below the threshold the flow will resume (ON state). A simple embodiment of this ON/OFF valve consists of having the two lateral jets <b>105</b> and <b>111</b> with flow rates much higher than the central jet <b>123</b> and inducing a pressure increase in the space confined between them, which hinders the development of the central jet. In this case the central jet develops only after one or both lateral jets disappear as the upstream feeding chamber or chambers empty or their flow rate changes and the pressure in the space confined by them, drops below a threshold value. These embodiments find application in the sequential control of liquid flows.

p-0073While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above by way of example, many variations, modifications, alterations and combinations of the embodiments described above will be apparent to the skilled person.

p-0074In particular, although a specific design for centrifugal applications has only been described for the separation embodiment described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, the remaining embodiments depicted schematically in what can be seen as a developed view can readily be adapted for centrifugal applications by the skilled person.

p-0075While <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref><i>g </i>provides a particular example of the configuration and dimensions of the described embodiment by reference to the scale bar shown in the figure, it will be understood that the dimensions and configurations can readily be varied by the skilled person using simple principles to vary the parameters of the design. For example, the distance between the jet constraining surfaces can readily be varied as required and the formation of the two compartments on either side of the jet readily verified for each candidate design. Similarly, the distance and relative positioning of ports <b>164</b> and <b>162</b> can be varied as a function of whether plug formation is required or not, and on which time-scale and at which rotational speeds, the result being easily verified experimentally. It can thus be seen that the described embodiments can easily be varied in accordance with the specific applications, desired characteristics being readily verifiable by simple experiments, trying out the altered designs.

p-0076For example, in some applications the deflection mechanism described above is combined with additional control using external elements, in a passive or active mode. Pressure control may be obtained, for example, by using an external flow control mechanism acting directly on the liquid arriving in chamber <b>102</b>, or by using an additional gas pressure control over chamber <b>102</b> or some of the compartments defined by the liquid jets and/or the reservoir <b>109</b>. External control mechanisms can be activated for example when the liquid jet <b>105</b> or accumulating liquid volume <b>106</b> arrive at a specific location in the chamber <b>102</b>, or when the liquid jet <b>105</b> presents a specific shape. This implementation may use additional external elements, such as flow detectors, contact detectors or light detectors. The control may be adjusted in order to obtain predefined liquid jet deflections that are considered suitable for particular applications.

p-0077It will be understood that in embodiments where one or more of the ports described is permanently maintained closed, the ports may be omitted from the design as redundant.

p-0078The present invention may be used in a wide range of applications involving liquid flow, in particular but not limited to chemical and biological detection systems. Other implementations exploiting the liquid jet deflection mechanism described above are equally envisaged in macroscopic or microscopic fluidic systems, using external or internal additional pressure control elements.

p-0079The present invention is thus not intended to be limited to the particular described embodiments and examples but is defined by the appendent claims.