Apparatus and methods for testing using modulation error ratio

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119

The present Application for Patent claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/908,961 entitled “MODULATION ERROR RATIO FOR TEST” filed Mar. 29, 2007, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present disclosure relates generally to methods and apparatus for testing of communications systems, and more particularly to apparatus and methods for testing a multicarrier wireless system using a modulation error ratio.

2. Background

Multicarrier wireless systems include Forward Link Only (FLO), which is a digital wireless technology that has been developed by an industry-led group of wireless providers. The FLO technology was designed, in part, for a mobile multimedia environment and exhibits performance characteristics suited for cellular handset use. FLO technology uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and advances in coding and interleaving to achieve high-quality reception, both for real-time content streaming and other data services. FLO technology can provide robust mobile performance and high capacity without compromising power consumption. The technology also reduces the network cost of delivering multimedia content by dramatically decreasing the number of transmitters that need to be deployed.

FLO wireless systems may be used, in particular, to broadcast real time audio and video signals, apart from non-real time services to mobile users. Broadcast transmission is typically carried out using tall and high power transmitters or to employ repeater/transmitters to ensure wide coverage or extend coverage over a given geographical area. Given the nature of FLO broadcasts, which support multimedia data, it is important that the transmitted signal and, hence, the transmitter or repeater/transmitter, provide good performance over a range of channel conditions. Accordingly, the ability to accurately, yet efficiently, test transmitter or repeater/transmitter performance is desirable.

Known approaches for testing transmitter performance include an effective signal to noise ratio (SNR) approach, which provides a good measure of FLO device performance under a range of channel conditions. For repeater/transmitters, however, using an effective SNR approach is not appropriate, since the performance of the repeater/transmitter in such a method is determined by implementation noise instead of channel noise.

SUMMARY

According to an aspect, a method for qualifying a repeater/transmitter in a multicarrier system is disclosed. The method includes determining an estimated effective modulation error ratio of an output of the repeater/transmitter, and comparing the estimated effective modulation error ratio with a predetermined threshold. The method further includes qualifying the repeater/transmitter when the estimated effective modulation error ratio is greater than the predetermined threshold.

In another aspect, an apparatus for testing a repeater/transmitter in a multicarrier system is disclosed. The apparatus includes a first module configured to determine an estimated effective modulation error ratio of an output of the repeater/transmitter. Additionally, a second module configured to compare the estimated effective modulation error ratio with a predetermined threshold is included. A third module then qualifies the repeater/transmitter when the estimated effective modulation error ratio is greater than the predetermined threshold.

According to still another aspect, at least one processor configured to perform a method for qualifying a repeater/transmitter in a multicarrier system is disclosed. The method performed includes determining an estimated effective modulation error ratio of an output of the repeater/transmitter, comparing the estimated effective modulation error ratio with a predetermined threshold, and qualifying the repeater/transmitter when the estimated effective modulation error ratio is greater than the predetermined threshold.

In yet another aspect, an apparatus for testing a repeater/transmitter in a multicarrier system is disclosed. The apparatus includes means for determining an estimated effective modulation error ratio of an output of the repeater/transmitter, means for comparing the estimated effective modulation error ratio with a predetermined threshold, and means for qualifying the repeater/transmitter when the estimated effective modulation error ratio is greater than the predetermined threshold.

According to still a further aspect, a computer program product including a computer-readable medium is disclosed. The computer-readable medium includes code for causing a computer to determine an estimated effective modulation error ratio of an output of the repeater/transmitter, code for causing a computer to compare the estimated effective modulation error ratio with a predetermined threshold, and code for causing a computer to qualify the repeater/transmitter when the estimated effective modulation error ratio is greater than the predetermined threshold.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates a wireless network system employing an exemplary testing apparatus.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> illustrates an example of a method for testing the output of a repeater/transmitter.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows an exemplary model plot of an effective modulation error ratio with respect to EsNo for a particular SNR range.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> shows an exemplary model plot of an effective MER in dB with respect to EsNo in dB

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> shows a plot of the relationship between the degradation due to effective MER and EsNo.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates an exemplary plot of the degradation due to effective MER in dB with respect to the EsNo in dB for a system with a MER_effectiveof 30 dB.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a plot of the actual EsNo after degradation verses the EsNo in a repeater/transmitter.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates another example of a method for testing the output of a repeater/transmitter.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates an apparatus for testing a repeater/transmitter in a wireless communication system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure describes methods and apparatus for testing a repeater/transmitter in a multicarrier system by using a determined effective modulation error ratio to qualify the performance of the repeater/transmitter. As discussed above, although using an effective signal to noise ratio (SNR) provides a good measure of FLO device performance under a range of channel conditions, is not appropriate for repeater/transmitter testing, since the performance of the repeater/transmitter is determined by implementation noise instead of channel noise. Hence, the present application discloses apparatus and methods using an effective modulation error ratio (MER) to measure repeater/transmitter performance.

MER is the ratio of the average symbol power to the average implementation error power and is normally expressed in decibels (i.e., MER (in dB)=10 log₁₀(average symbol power/average implementation error power)). MER is a direct measure of repeater/transmitter implementation that provides great insight about the type of impairments of performance that may exist due to imperfect implementation. Since the output signal from a repeater/transmitter can have non-flat MER over all FLO sub-carriers, it is useful to employ a metric to qualify the performance of the repeaters or transmitters having a low Modulation Error Ratio (MER) on some sub-carriers. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates an exemplary testing apparatus included in a wireless network system <b>100</b>, such as a forward link only (FLO) network, for example. The system <b>100</b> includes at least one transmitter <b>102</b> that communicates with one or more receivers <b>104</b> over a wireless network <b>106</b>. Receivers <b>104</b> may include any number of types of communicating devices such as cell phones, computers, personal data assistants, hand held or laptop devices, and so forth. Network <b>106</b> may include one or more repeater/transmitters <b>108</b>, which receive a signal <b>110</b> from transmitter <b>102</b> and, in turn, repeat transmit the signal (shown as signal <b>112</b>) to either the one or more receivers <b>104</b> or, alternatively, to yet one or more further repeater/transmitters (not shown).

The system <b>100</b> may further include a testing module <b>114</b>, which may be used to qualify; i.e., test the quality or health of the signal being transmitted from the repeater/transmitter <b>108</b> and establish performance is above a predetermined acceptable level. As shown in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, the testing module <b>114</b> may be separate from the repeater/transmitter <b>108</b> and selectively coupled to the repeater/transmitter <b>108</b> fop testing/qualification. Alternatively, the testing module <b>114</b> may be incorporated as part of repeater/transmitter apparatus as indicated with box <b>116</b>. Furthermore, although module <b>114</b> is shown as a unitary module, the module <b>114</b> may be configured also as two or more distinct logic modules configured to effect distinct processes for testing and/or qualifying a repeater/transmitter.

It is noted here that the module <b>114</b> may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. The module <b>114</b> may at least in part include a processor (not shown), such as an ASIC, that is configured to execute code stored on a computer readable medium, illustrated generally by memory device <b>118</b>. Additionally, the module <b>114</b> may be configured to measure characteristics of the repeater/transmitter <b>108</b>, such as SNR and the modulation error ratio, using any suitable methods and/or apparatus.

Issues inherent to repeater/transmitters include the situation where the signal received by the repeater/transmitter (e.g., signal <b>110</b> from transmitter <b>102</b>) may have some degree of fading. Thus, when the signal is repeat transmitted by repeater/transmitter <b>108</b>, further noise may be introduced. As such, the output signal (e.g., signal <b>112</b>) from a repeater/transmitter may have a non-flat modulation error ratio (MER) over all of the OFDM subcarriers. Accordingly, it is useful to consider a metric using the effective MER for those transmitters (e.g., repeater/transmitters) having low MER on some of the subcarriers.

Accordingly, an effective MER metric to be implemented by testing module <b>114</b> for qualifying the repeater/transmitter <b>108</b> may be utilized in the system <b>100</b>. In particular, an effective MER metric can be defined by considering the effect of MER on channel capacity. It is known that channel capacity C may be calculated according to the relationship:

<maths id="MATH-US-00001" num="00001"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>SNR</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

where SNR is the signal to noise ratio, N is the total number of subcarriers n, and the addition of white Gaussian noise is assumed. Accordingly, if C represents the total channel capacity and N is the number of subcarriers, the SNR of equation (1) can be substituted with the relationship

<maths id="MATH-US-00002" num="00002"><math overflow="scroll"><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mfrac></math></maths><br /> where α_nis the inverse of MER (in linear domain) of subcarrier n, P_nis the signal power on subcarrier n, and σ_w²is the thermal noise variance. Thus, substituting the above relationship into equation (1) yields:

<maths id="MATH-US-00003" num="00003"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

If it is assumed that the operating SNR will be much higher than 0 dB, the relationship defined in equation (2) can be approximated as follows:

<maths id="MATH-US-00004" num="00004"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>≈</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mrow><msubsup><mi>σ</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∏</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

If an additional assumption is made that the operating SNR is much lower than the MER on each subcarrier, equation (3) can be further approximated as:

<maths id="MATH-US-00005" num="00005"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>≈</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∏</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><msubsup><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mi>N</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>≈</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><munder><mo>∏</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msubsup><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msubsup></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

Next, assuming that the SNRs on all subcarriers n are very close in value, equation (4) can be simplified to the following relationship:

<maths id="MATH-US-00006" num="00006"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>≈</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><munder><mo>∏</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mi>SNR</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><mfrac><mi>SNR</mi><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

Comparing equation (5) with the channel capacity reduction due to a uniform MER of α (i.e., α is the inverse of MER (in linear domain)) it is noted that an effective MER can then be approximated by the following expression:

<maths id="MATH-US-00007" num="00007"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>MER</mi><mi>effective</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mo>·</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>10</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><msub><mi>MER</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

where MER_effectiveis the effective MER in decibels (dB), and MER_nis the MER (in linear domain) of a sub-carrier n. It is further noted that the MER_effectiveexpression (6) above may be correlatively interpreted as an average of the repeater/transmitter noise variance across all sub-carriers. Thus, the averaging calculation in equation (6) could be alternatively expressed as

<maths id="MATH-US-00008" num="00008"><math overflow="scroll"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>Var</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mfrac></mrow></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></maths><br /> where Var_nis the repeater/-noise variance and P_nis the signal power on subcarrier n.

As one skilled in the art will appreciate, expression (6) yields a conservative value due to the approximation. This means that if the MER_effectiveis high or meets a predefined threshold, the performance of the repeater/transmitter under test should be good or qualifiable. It is noted, however, that if the MER_effectiveis not high enough, the performance of the repeater/transmitter under test is not necessarily bad or unqualifiable. Accordingly, in the latter case, further testing is required to determine if the repeater/transmitter is good or qualified.

An exemplary method <b>200</b> for testing the output of a repeater/transmitter using the above approximation expressed in equation (6) is illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. As shown, method <b>200</b> includes determining an estimated or approximate effective modulation error ratio (MER) of the repeater/transmitter output as indicated at block <b>202</b>. The process of block <b>202</b> may be effected, for example, by a testing module (e.g., module <b>114</b> in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>). Moreover, the estimation or approximation of the effective MER may be performed by hardware, software, or firmware as part of the testing module using a determined value of the linear MER and equation (6) above.

After the estimate of the effective MER is determine, the value is compared with a predetermined threshold as illustrated in block <b>204</b>. After comparing the estimated effective MER with the predetermined threshold, the repeater/transmitter is qualified when the estimated effective MER is greater than the predetermined threshold as shown in block <b>206</b>. The predetermined threshold may be determined based on a minimum desired degradation of the repeater/transmitter. More specifically, the relationship between degradation of the transmitter output varies inversely with the effective MER. Thus, for example, in order to ensure a low level of degradation, the threshold value for the effective MER needs to be set high, correspondingly. It is noted that the processes of blocks <b>204</b> and <b>206</b> may also be effected by a testing apparatus or module, such as module <b>114</b> in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

The method <b>200</b> thus operates to provide testing and/or qualification of repeater/transmitter by utilizing an estimated effective modulation error ratio. It is noted that the method <b>200</b> represents just one implementation and the changes, additions, deletions, combinations or other modifications of the method <b>200</b> are possible within the scope of the present disclosure. Although for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the method of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is shown and described as a series or number of acts, it is to be understood that the processes described herein are not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a method in accordance with the present exemplary method disclosed.

Under some extreme conditions, such as in some adjacent channel interference (ACI) tests, the MER of some sub-carriers can be negative (less than 0 dB MER) due to the null of the frequency selective channel. As an example of this case, the plot in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates a case of at least one sub-carrier having an estimated symbol energy/noise power spectral density (Es/No or “EsNo) value (which is correlative to the total SNR or MER) as low as −26 dB, as delineated by point <b>302</b>. Such a condition would render equation (6) above invalid, since the assumptions made to derive this equation no longer hold in this case (i.e., that the SNRs on all subcarriers are very close). Accordingly, the presently disclosed methods and apparatus may employ an additional methodology or algorithm to calculate the MER_effectivefor such cases.

In particular, if it is assumed that the channel with MER_effectivehas the same total channel capacity C, the following equation can be representative.

<maths id="MATH-US-00009" num="00009"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><msub><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><msub><mi>SNR</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>SNR</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>eff</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><mi>SNR</mi></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

Next, if it assumed that SNR_n=SNR, and MER_effective(SNR)=−10 log₁₀(α_eff(SNR)), the closed form of MER_effectiveas a function of SNR can be expressed as:

<maths id="MATH-US-00010" num="00010"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>MER</mi><mi>effective</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>SNR</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mo>·</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>10</mn></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><munder><mo>∏</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>SNR</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>α</mi><mi>n</mi></msub><mo>·</mo><mi>SNR</mi></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac></msup></mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>SNR</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

If the example of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is considered, where a subcarrier has an MER as low as −26 dB, one skilled in the art will appreciate that this condition renders equation (6) above invalid for making qualification of a repeater/transmitter.

Additionally, it is noted that for high SNR (e.g., 30 dB), the equation (8) can be rewritten as:

<maths id="MATH-US-00011" num="00011"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><msub><mi>MER</mi><mi>effective</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>·</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>log</mi><mn>10</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><munder><mo>∏</mo><mi>n</mi></munder><mo>⁢</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>MER</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>N</mi></mfrac></msup></mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>.</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

where MER_nis the linear version of MER for a subcarrier n. Accordingly, equation (9) represents the limit of the effective MER when the SNR is very high.

As an illustration, <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> shows an exemplary model plot of an effective MER in dB with respect to EsNo in dB as calculated with equation (8) above for a particular SNR operation range. A reasonable range of Es/No values may be determined with corresponding abscissa values in the plot providing a corresponding domain of effective MER values, from which a predetermined minimum MER value may be determined. In an example, the minimum MER value may be approximately 30 dB or greater.

Additionally, requirements may be set to ensure degradation is below a set amount due to interference from the effective MER. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> shows a plot of the relationship between the degradation due to effective MER and Es/No, both in dB. It is noted that modeled system whose performance is illustrated is based on an SNR of 30 dB, where the MER_effectivereaches the limit of equation (9) above. In particular, when the SNR is −5 dB, the MER_effectiveis 7 dB lower that the MER_effectiveat 30 dB SNR. Furthermore, it is assumed that the MER_effectivefor an operating SNR having a range of −5 dB to 30 dB is the linear interpolation between the MER_effective(−5 dB) and MER_effective(30 dB); i.e., that the MER_effectiveis linear. Thus, in order to qualify the transmitter or repeater/transmitter as having a good MER_effectiveat a high SNR, it is reasonable to assume that the worst case to be considered constitutes approximately these conditions, as an example. Thus, considering the modeled relationship in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, in an exemplary system a way to specify repeater/transmitter performance (e.g., qualification) is to require that the degradation due to the interference from MER_effectiveshould be less than 0.5 dB, for example. Based on the plot in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, it can be seen that a system having an EsNo or SNR less than approximately 22 dB will ensure that the degradation is less than the desired level of 0.5 dB. It is noted that for higher SNR values, although the degradation is higher, receiver performance remain unaffected, since the degraded SNR is higher than 22 dB.

It is further noted here that an alternative way to conservatively specify system performance (e.g., for purposes of transmitter or repeater/transmitter qualification) is to specify an effective MER (MER_effective) instead of degradation, as given in the example above. Thus, for example, a requirement may be made that the MER_effectivebe no less than 30 dB over all SNR. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates equation (8) in a plot of the degradation due to effective MER in dB with respect to the EsNo in dB for a system with an MER_effectiveof 30 dB. As may be seen from <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, if a requirement for a minimum MER_effective(e.g., 30 dB) is specified, the degradation will be less than 0.5 dB for an SNR having a value of no more than approximately 20.8 dB.

Moreover, it can also be shown that for an SNR greater than 20.8 dB, the actual SNR after factoring in the degradation due to the 30 dB MER_effectivewill never be less than approximately 20.8 dB. As an illustration, <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a plot of the actual EsNo after degradation verses the EsNo. As may be seen in this plot, the actual SNR is shown to exceed an approximate 20.8 dB.

In light of the foregoing discussion, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the specifying a single effective MER value over an operational SNR range is justifiable.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates another method for testing a repeater/transmitter apparatus. In particular, a procedure <b>800</b> incorporates first and second prescribed processes for determine the effective MER for purposes of qualifying a repeater/transmitter, e.g., the processes of equations (6) and (8) or (9) discussed previously. As illustrated, after initialization, the process <b>800</b> begins with a determination of an estimated effective MER of the repeater/transmitter according to a first prescribed process as indicated in block <b>802</b>. In an example, the first prescribed process is the algorithm expressed by equation (6) given above. As was noted above, the algorithm of equation (6) may alternatively characterized as determining an average noise variance of the repeater/transmitter across a plurality of subcarriers of the multicarrier system Additionally, the estimation may include determination or measurement of the linear MER or retrieving this value from some other apparatus or logic. As an example of an implementation, the testing module <b>114</b> may effect the estimation of the MER_effectivein block <b>802</b>

After determination of the estimated MER_effectivein block <b>802</b>, the estimated effective MER is compared with a predetermined threshold to determine if the effective MER exceeds the threshold as shown in decision block <b>804</b>. In particular, the threshold is a value predetermined to ensure a measure of performance of a repeater/transmitter and may be set to any number of desired values dependent on the desired level of performance. It is noted that the process in block <b>804</b> may be also performed by testing module <b>114</b>, as an example.

If the MER_effectiveis above the threshold as determined at block <b>804</b>, the repeater/transmitter is then qualified as shown in block <b>806</b>. After qualification in block <b>806</b>, the process <b>800</b> is terminated. It is noted that as an example of an implementation, the testing module <b>114</b> may effect the estimation of the MER_effectivein block <b>802</b>

Alternatively at block <b>804</b>, if the estimated MER_effectiveis not greater than the threshold, flow proceeds to decision block <b>808</b>. In block <b>808</b>, a determination is made whether the MER (e.g., MER_nlinear) of at least one subcarrier n is less than 0 dB. If the condition of block <b>808</b> results in “no”, then no further determination is made and the process terminates. It is noted that this does not necessarily mean that the performance of the repeater/transmitter under test is bad.

Alternatively, if the condition of block <b>808</b> yields a “yes”, this renders the estimated effective MER invalid since the assumptions it is based on are not true. Accordingly, an alternative or second prescribed process for calculating the effective MER (rather than the estimation of equation (6)) may be employed as indicated by block <b>810</b>. In particular, either the relationship of equation (8) or equation (9) may comprise the second prescribed process, dependent on whether the SNR is high. It is noted that the testing module <b>114</b> may, for example, be used to implement the processes of blocks <b>808</b> and <b>810</b>.

After the effective MER has been calculated at block <b>810</b>, flow proceeds to decision block <b>812</b> for a determination whether the calculated effective MER is greater than the predetermined threshold. If no, the procedure <b>800</b> terminates, which again does not necessarily indicate bad performance of the repeater/transmitter. On other hand, if the condition of block <b>812</b> is yes, flow proceeds to block <b>806</b> where the repeater/transmitter is qualified. The process of block <b>812</b> may also be implemented by testing module <b>114</b>, as an example.

The method <b>800</b> thus operates to provide testing and/or qualification of repeater/transmitter by utilizing an estimated effective modulation error ratio, as well as a calculated effective modulation error ratio when conditions are such that the estimated effective MER would be invalid. It is noted that the method <b>800</b> represents just one implementation and the changes, additions, deletions, combinations or other modifications of the method <b>800</b> are possible within the scope of the present disclosure. Although for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the method of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is shown and described as a series or number of acts, it is to be understood that the processes described herein are not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a method in accordance with the present exemplary method disclosed.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates an apparatus <b>900</b> for testing a repeater/transmitter in a wireless communication system. It is noted that apparatus <b>900</b> may be a testing module similar to module <b>114</b> in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, or may be one or more processors implemented within a testing module or a transmitter for testing/qualifying transmitter performance. Apparatus <b>900</b> includes a first module <b>902</b> for determining an estimated effective modulation error ratio of an output of a repeater/transmitter, such as repeater/transmitter <b>108</b> illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>. It is noted that the determination of the estimate by module <b>902</b> may be accomplished using the algorithm of equation (6). Module <b>902</b> communicates the estimated MER_effectiveto a bus <b>904</b> (or any other suitable means for effecting communication), for example, for communicating with other modules within apparatus <b>900</b>.

Apparatus <b>900</b> also includes a second module <b>906</b> for comparing the estimated effective modulation error ratio with a predetermined threshold. Similar to the previous discussion, the threshold is a value predetermined to ensure a measure of performance of a repeater/transmitter and may be set to any number of desired values dependent on the desired level of performance. A third module <b>908</b> is included for qualifying the repeater/transmitter based on the comparison of module <b>906</b>. That is, if the estimated MER_effectiveis greater than the threshold, it is reasonable to qualify the repeater/transmitter as having good performance.

In addition to the modules above, additional fourth and fifth modules <b>910</b> and <b>912</b> may be included in the alternative for determining a calculated MER_effectivefor particular warranted cases, such as when at least one subcarrier has an MER below 0 dB. Accordingly, module <b>910</b> may be provided for determining if at least one subcarrier has a modulation error ratio has a value less than 0 dB. Module <b>912</b> calculating an MER_effectiveusing an SNR of the repeater/transmitter when at least one subcarrier MER has a value less than 0 dB. Module <b>912</b> may employ the algorithms embodied by equations (8) or (9), dependent on the SNR level. Additionally, the calculated MER_effectivemay be communicated with module <b>908</b>, or a similarly configured module, to qualify the repeater/transmitter by comparing to the predetermined threshold (or an alternative predetermined threshold if a different threshold is desired for comparison of the calculated MER_effectivefor purposes of qualifying the transmitter).

In light of the foregoing discussion, apparatus and methods are provided to test/qualify a repeater/transmitter in a multicarrier system, such as a FLO system. It is noted specifically that the presently disclosed apparatus and methods are also applicable to other multicarrier systems, such as DVB-T/H, and T-DMB systems, for testing or qualifying transmitters and repeater/transmitters.

As used in this application, the terms “component,” “network,” “system,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a communications device and the device can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Also, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate over local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a wired or wireless network such as the Internet).

It will be appreciated that the memory device components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memory device <b>118</b> of the presently disclosed apparatus and methods, for example, is intended to comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory.

What have been described above are exemplary aspects. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for effecting the presently disclosed methods and apparatus, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the disclosed examples are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. It is also noted that the word “exemplary” is used exclusively herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any example described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other examples. Accordingly, the novel aspects described herein are to be defined solely by the scope of the following claims.