Integrated hydroponic and wetland wastewater treatment systems and associated methods

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/294,456. “Integrated Hydroponic and Fixed-Film Wastewater Treatment Systems and Associated Methods,” filed Nov. 14, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,830,688, which itself claimed priority to provisional application 60/333,203, filed on Nov. 14, 2001, entitled “Integrated Hydroponic and Fixed-Film Wastewater Treatment Systems and Associated Methods”, and 60/389,637, filed on Jun. 18, 2002, entitled “Residential Wastewater Treatment System and Associated Method”. The disclosures of these applications are incorporated hereinto by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

00021. Field of the Invention

0003The present invention relates to wastewater treatment systems and methods, and, more particularly, to such systems and methods for wastewater treatment that are nonchemically based.

00042. Description of Related Art

0005Wastewater treatment via “natural” means, i.e., without the addition of chemicals, has been accomplished with the use of aquatic and emergent macrophytes (plants) that, in concert with the attendant microorganisms and macroorganisms associated with macrophyte roots and stems, substantially mineralize biodegrade organic materials and substantially remove certain excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and, to a lesser extent, phosphorus. These macrophytes have typically been located in artificial marshlands, also known as constructed wetlands, which are designed for gravity flow. A negative aspect of such systems is that they are very land-intensive, requiring roughly on the order of 100 times as much land area as a conventional treatment plant, or, in terms of capacity, as much as 30-40 acres per 10⁶gallons of wastewater treated per day unless other treatment processes are incorporated into the constructed wetlands.

0006Subsurface-flow wetlands, which comprise aquatic plants positioned above a gravel filter, are also known for use in wastewater treatment. These systems have been shown to frequently fail, however. Failure is manifested as the upstream gravel tends to become clogged with biosolids, permitting the influent to bypass the clogged region and pass substantially untreated to a downstream region. Additionally, surface wastewater is a breeding ground for disease vectors and nuisance insects. Ultimately the gravel becomes so clogged that design wastewater treatment is substantially compromised. Plants also appear to have little treatment role in subsurface flow wetlands because the plant root systems are inhibited by conditions in the gravel filter from growing sufficiently long to extend into the gravel, and thus have minimal contact with the influent.

0007Several varieties of aquatic and emergent macrophytes are known to be used in wetland and aquatic wastewater treatment systems, including, but not limited to, cattails, bulrushes, sedges, and water hyacinths. In wetland treatment systems these plants may be packed in unlined or lined trenches or basins filled with a granular porous medium such as gravel or crushed stone. It has also been suggested to use recycled, shredded scrap tires in the place of the gravel. Another suggested wetland system variant is to place a semipermeable barrier between a lower level into which effluent enters and the plant root system for directing the wastewater flow across the entire plant bed.

0008In yet another variant, floating aquatic macrophytes, typically water hyacinths, are placed in shallow lagoons where plant roots, with attendant microorganisms and macroorganisms, extending into the water column are a principal design treatment mechanism. Although this root zone treatment method can provide advanced secondary treatment effluent, its application is limited by climate and available sunlight to approximately 5% of the United States. The large treatment footprint of water hyacinth treatment systems prohibits enclosure in greenhouses for almost all economically viable applications.

0009It is also known to combine plant root zone treatment with conventional activated sludge technology. The principal advantages of combining root zone treatment with activated sludge are improved nutrient removal capability over root zone treatment alone and improved treatment stability in small, activated sludge treatment systems. Among the problems encountered with root zone/activated sludge technology is that the clarifiers employed do not scale well when the size of the system is reduced beyond a certain point. In addition, operator qualifications are high for activated sludge systems, adding to the expense of running the system. Root zone/activated sludge technology has been known to digest in situ a large fraction of the biosolids produced and maintained within the treatment system, thereby reducing system biosolids yield. The mechanism for yield reduction is thought to be the retention of biosolids flocs on plant roots with subsequent consumption and mineralization of flocs by the invertebrate community attendant to the root zone. Reduction of yield is desirable only to a certain point, however. As reactors in series are added, thereby increasing biosolids contact with the root zone, yield may be reduced to the point where an insufficient quantity of biosolids remains to be recycled from the clarifier to the reactors in series. Lack of recycled biosolids substantially degrades the treatment performance of the activated sludge treatment element. This design trap is inherent to root zone/activated sludge treatment systems.

0010Preliminary studies have been performed on various aspects of the present invention by the inventors and other colleagues, and these have been reported in “Final Report on the South Burlington, Vt. Advanced Ecologically Engineered System (AEES) for Wastewater Treatment,” D. Austin et al., 2000; and “Parallel Performance Comparison between Aquatic Root Zone and Textile Medium Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFFAS) Wastewater Treatment Systems,” D. Austin, Water Environment Federation, 2001; both of these documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0011The present invention provides a wastewater treatment system and method that are less land intensive than previous systems, as well as combining the advantages of a plurality of remediation techniques. The present invention has a smaller footprint than previously disclosed wetlands, reduces undesirable characteristics of an influent, and has a low yield, i.e., low proportion of matter needing disposal.

0012An additional feature of the invention provides a unified environment that includes a remediation system, as well as a method of doing business incorporating the water treatment systems of the present invention.

0013The wastewater treatment systems and methods of the present invention are amenable to the treatment of, for example, but not intended to be limited to, domestic wastewater, industrial waste or process water, urban runoff, agricultural wastewater or runoff, and even biological sludges. The systems are capable of handling a flow range of approximately 2000-2,000,000 gal/day. The types of contaminants that can be treated in the system include suspended particles, nutrients, metals, simple organics (oxygen-demanding substances), and synthetic or complex organics. The undesirable characteristics typically desired to be remediated include, but are not intended to be limited to, average biological oxygen demand (BOD), average total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen, and concentration of oil and grease. The systems of the present invention can reduce BOD to <10 mg/L, TSS to <10 mg/L, and total nitrogen to <10 mg/L.

0014The water treatment system of the present invention comprises a wastewater inlet, a treated water outlet, and a plurality of treatment modules between the inlet and the outlet. Each module is for treating the water with a selected process. Each module is in fluid communication with at least one other module for permitting sequential treatment of the wastewater by a plurality of processes.

0015Influent wastewater is first directed to a covered anaerobic reactor, which serves to perform an initial organic and solids removal. In this vessel the solids from the influent settle, and anaerobic bacteria feed on the solids and wastes in the liquid. A filter is provided for removing odors from gases that are produced herein.

0016A first embodiment of the present invention includes a system for advanced treatment of wastewater. This system comprises an attached growth pretreatment filter that is at least intermittently exposed to atmospheric oxygen. The filter has an inlet for receiving water to be treated.

0017Following the filter are a first and a second hydroponic reactor, each having an inlet and an outlet. Hydroponic reactors are aerated reactors that have a rigid rack set at the water surface to support plants that send down roots into the wastewater column. The rack preferably covers substantially the entire water surface. Plants preferably substantially cover the entire surface of the rack.

0018A vertical-flow wetland comprises a basin having an outlet in a bottom thereof, and comprises a plurality of treatment regions through which the water to be treated passes under gravity flow. The basin is adapted to contain a particulate medium, and a mat positioned above the particulate medium is adapted for permitting plants to root therein. The wetland cell is adapted to maintain a population of aquatic invertebrates therein. Water entering the top of the vertical-flow wetland thus passes through a treatment zone formed by the plant roots. Beneath the root zone lies the particulate medium, such as, for example, an expanded shale aggregate for phosphorus absorption, solids filtration, nitrification, and BOD removal.

0019Water is transferred from the filter outlet to the first reactor inlet, and from the first reactor outlet to the second reactor inlet, and further is distributed from the second reactor outlet across at least a portion of the vertical-flow wetland.

0020If desired or necessary, water emerging from the vertical-flow wetland may be recycled either to the anaerobic reactor or to the filter for additional treatment. The final effluent may be subjected to additional treatment such as ultraviolet disinfection. The water emerging from the system is then suitable for reuse.

0021A second embodiment of the system is also directed to a system for advanced treatment of wastewater. This system also comprises an attached growth pretreatment filter that is at least intermittently exposed to atmospheric oxygen. The filter has an inlet for receiving water to be treated.

0022The system further comprises a first and a second tidal vertical-flow wetland (TVFW). The TVFW can be constructed in a plurality of configurations, and can include a first lagoon that has an inlet for receiving wastewater to be treated and a first vertical flow wetland cell that has an outlet adjacent a bottom thereof. A first means for transporting water from the first lagoon to the first wetland cell is provided.

0023The TVFW can also include a second lagoon that has an inlet for receiving water from the first wetland cell outlet and a second vertical flow wetland cell that has an outlet adjacent a bottom thereof. A second means for transporting water from the second lagoon to the second wetland cell is provided.

0024Means for recycling at least a portion of the water exiting the second wetland cell outlet to the first lagoon can also be provided.

0025Throughout the subsequent discussion, the definitions of lagoon and wetland cell will be generally taken as follows: The first and the second lagoon are adapted to function essentially aerobically and to contain plants having roots positioned to contact water flowing thereinto. The first and the second wetland cell are adapted to contain plants having roots positioned to contact water flowing thereinto.

0026The integrated TVFW treatment system of the present invention in a particular embodiment includes alternating wetland cells and lagoons. The overall hydraulic regime in this system involves fill and drain cycles wherein wastewater is alternately pumped between cells and lagoons. The vertical flux of water in and out of the wetland cells is designed to cycle over a predetermined period, and is therefore referred to as tidal.

0027It is to be understood that reference to first and second wetland cells or lagoons in no way limits the total number of wetland cells or lagoons in series. In embodiments where several wetland cells and lagoons are employed the flow regime is a logical serial extension of the flow described herein between the fist and second lagoon/wetland cell pair. For example, recycle flow from the second lagoon wetland cell pair is understood to represent recycle from the final lagoon/wetland cell pair.

0028Hydraulic design integrates passive forward flow, tidal flow, and recycle flow into one system. The process design in various embodiments integrates wetland and lagoon treatment technology. The process design of the present invention also includes elements of environmental and ecological engineering design that significantly improve the state of the art of wastewater treatment in general, and wetland wastewater treatment in particular.

0029In the TVFW, wastewater to be treated is subjected to a first substantially aerobic environment containing aquatic invertebrates for a first time period and is transported from the first aerobic environment to a surface of a first substantially anaerobic/anoxic environment containing plants having roots for a second time period. Aquatic invertebrates consume a substantial fraction of biomass produced within the system.

0030Water emerging from beneath the plant roots of the first anaerobic/anoxic environment is next transported to a second substantially aerobic environment containing aquatic invertebrates for a third time period. Water from the second aerobic environment is then transported to a surface of a second substantially anaerobic/anoxic environment containing plants having roots for a fourth time period. Aquatic invertebrates consume a substantial fraction of biomass produced within the system.

0031At least a portion of the water emerging from beneath the plant roots of the second anaerobic/anoxic environment is then recycled to the first aerobic environment.

0032Water is distributed from the filter outlet across at least a portion of a surface of the first wetland and also from a bottom of the first wetland across at least a portion of a surface of the second wetland. Water is also recycled from a bottom of the second wetland to a location downstream of the filter.

0033If desired or necessary, water emerging from the second TVFW may be recycled either to the anaerobic reactor or to the filter for additional treatment. The final effluent may be subjected to additional treatment such as ultraviolet disinfection. The water emerging from the system is then suitable for many reuse applications requiring wastewater treated to advanced standards. The features that characterize the invention, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following description used in conjunction with the accompanying drawing. It is to be expressly understood that the drawing is for the purpose of illustration and description and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. These and other objects attained, and advantages offered, by the present invention will become more fully apparent as the description that now follows is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0034<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a schematic diagram of the first embodiment of the present invention.

0035<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary hydroponic reactor (lagoon) of the present invention.

0036<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a side cross-sectional view of a vertical-flow wetland module of the embodiment of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

0037<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a schematic diagram of the second embodiment of the present invention.

0038<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a schematic diagram of an exemplary time sequence of water flow between portions of the system of the present invention.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a schematic illustration of a unified environment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

0040A description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be presented with reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-6</figref>.

0041A schematic of a first embodiment of the present invention (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) illustrates the flows through this system <b>10</b>, beginning with wastewater influent <b>90</b> entering via an inlet <b>11</b> into a covered anaerobic reactor <b>12</b>, which serves to perform an initial organic and solids removal. In this vessel <b>12</b> the solids from the influent <b>90</b> settle, and anaerobic bacteria feed on the solids and wastes in the liquid.

0042Following treatment in the anaerobic reactor <b>12</b> for a predetermined period, for example, in a particular embodiment 1.5 days comprises an exemplary retention time, the wastewater <b>90</b> is channeled via a pump <b>13</b> to the inlet <b>14</b> of an attached growth pretreatment filter <b>15</b>. This filter <b>15</b> is at least intermittently exposed to atmospheric oxygen. The filter <b>15</b> achieves removal of organics and solids and denitrification.

0043Fluid is collected from the bottom <b>16</b> of the filter <b>15</b> and is pumped <b>17</b> to an inlet <b>181</b> of a first hydroponic reactor <b>18</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>). Herein the term hydroponic reactor is taken to comprise an aerated reactor vessel <b>23</b> that has a substantially rigid rack <b>19</b> set at the surface of water <b>90</b> in the reactor <b>18</b>. The rack <b>19</b> supports plants <b>21</b> that send down roots <b>22</b> into the wastewater column <b>20</b>. Preferably the rack <b>19</b> covers substantially the entire water surface. Also preferably the plants <b>21</b> cover substantially the entire surface of the rack <b>19</b>.

0044Water from the first hydroponic reactor <b>18</b> is pumped <b>21</b> or flows by gravity from an outlet <b>182</b> to a second hydroponic reactor <b>18</b>′ that is substantially identical to the first <b>18</b>.

0045Water from the second hydroponic reactor <b>18</b>′ is then pumped or flows by gravity to the top of a vertical-flow wetland <b>24</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>), where a distribution manifold <b>25</b> doses the surface of the wetland <b>24</b> for downward, gravity-driven flow through a plurality of zones. The wetland <b>24</b> continues BOD removal, nitrifies and denitrifies, and removes TSS. The manifold <b>25</b> is pressurized sufficiently to ensure adequate distribution across manifold orifices or outlets, and the spacing of orifices or outlets <b>26</b> therein is on a spacing of, for example, 1-ft centers. The use of vertical-flow wetland technology can reduce the footprint of the process by 50-75%.

0046The wetland <b>24</b> comprises a top dressing <b>27</b> that may comprise, in certain embodiments, a layer of soil, for example, 6 in. The soil <b>27</b> comprises in a preferred embodiment a slightly limiting soil, with a percolation of 2 in./min, with no particle size >2 mm, that is, coarse sand. The purpose of the top dressing <b>27</b> is to prevent public exposure to the wastewater in the wetland <b>24</b>, to control odors, and to improve appearance. The top dressing <b>27</b> is placed in covering relation to the distribution manifold <b>25</b>.

0047Beneath the distribution manifold <b>25</b> is positioned a layer of wetland sod <b>28</b>, which in a preferred embodiment comprises a cocoanut fiber matting known as “Coir” that is embeddable with wetland plants <b>29</b>. The wetland plants <b>29</b> provide an extensive root <b>30</b> mat, which preferably cover approximately 70% of the mat <b>28</b> bottom, and comprises an aquatic root zone. The sod <b>28</b> preferably covers substantially the entire surface of the wetland <b>24</b>. The distribution manifold <b>25</b> atop the sod <b>28</b> causes influent flow to pass through the root mat <b>30</b> of the plants, which diversifies the microbial community and removes BOD and TSS. The root mat <b>30</b> and the sod <b>28</b> act as a prefilter to the lower-lying zones. The root mat <b>30</b> at the level of the wetland sod <b>28</b> is preferably not flooded for extended periods in order to maintain aerobic conditions.

0048The species of plants <b>29</b> have been empirically verified as being hardy under conditions of wastewater loading of the particular site in which they are being employed. The wetland sod <b>28</b> permits effective installation of healthy plants <b>29</b> to enable the creation of a substantially “instant” wetland litter layer <b>24</b> that is habitat for many invertebrate species associated with wetland ecosystems in nature.

0049The next zone beneath the wetland sod <b>28</b> comprises a layer of manufactured medium <b>31</b> comprising, for example, random-packed plastic medium such as high-density polyethylene or polyethylene, having a depth of approximately 1.0-3.0 feet. The purpose of this medium <b>31</b> is BOD removal, TSS removal, and nitrification over the provided high surface area of the medium. The plastic medium <b>31</b> permits easy penetration of plant roots and a reliably moist and aerobic environment for detritivores to thrive on biofilms growing from wastewater nutrients. In a preferred embodiment, not intended to be limiting, the medium comprises textured cylindrical pieces approximately 4-10 mm in diameter, and having a height smaller than the diameter. The medium's <b>31</b> porosity is approximately 90%. The thin-film chemistry on the medium enhances BOD removal and nitrification, and the bulk liquid chemistry in the flooded state enhances denitrification by the rapid formation of anoxic conditions. The frequent (e.g., several times per day) exposure of biofilms formed on the medium assists in the decomposition of the biofilms into trace organics, carbon dioxide, and water.

0050Effluent trickles through the media/root mixture in thin films and then enters a layer of lightweight aggregate <b>311</b> of particle diameter substantially not less than one millimeter. The aggregate comprises a manufactured aggregate of consistent quality that can be penetrated by plant roots. Remaining suspended solids are filtered out in the aggregate layer. Nitrification also takes place in the aggregate layer <b>311</b>.

0051The next lower-lying zone comprises a rock or gravel aggregate layer <b>32</b>, preferably expanded shale aggregate, most preferably with a particle diameter not substantially less than four millimeters. The purpose of this layer <b>32</b> is phosphorus absorption, TSS filtration, nitrification, and BOD removal. The bulk liquid chemistry in the flooded state enhances denitrification by rapid formation of anoxic conditions. In a preferred embodiment the depth of this layer <b>32</b> is approximately 1.5-2.0 feet. Preferably this layer <b>32</b> is intermittently flooded, during which time the gravel layer <b>32</b> becomes anoxic. A portion of waste nitrified in the layers above are denitrified in the flooded section. As the liquid level of the flooded gravel layer <b>32</b> rises, a drainage device is triggered, draining the entire gravel layer <b>32</b> through a bottom drain system. Draining the gravel layer <b>32</b> pulls air into the gravel interstices, and exposure of biofilms to air prevents buildup of biofilms that could clog the gravel layer <b>32</b>.

0052Beneath the rock/gravel aggregate layer <b>32</b> is positioned an under-drain <b>33</b> having a plurality of holes <b>34</b> for collecting fluid draining through the rock aggregate layer <b>32</b>. The under-drain <b>33</b> effluent flows to an effluent pump vault <b>35</b>, which controls the elevation of the wetland <b>24</b> and contains a pump <b>36</b> that lifts effluent <b>90</b>′ to a series of valves <b>37</b>-<b>39</b>, each with flow meters <b>40</b>-<b>42</b> attached thereto, leading to two recycling paths <b>43</b>,<b>44</b> and to a discharge <b>45</b>. The effluent <b>90</b>′ to be recycled is channeled either to the anaerobic reactor <b>12</b> (path <b>44</b>) or to the fixed-film reactor <b>15</b> (path <b>43</b>) for additional treatment. The final effluent <b>90</b>′ is typically spit between the recycling path <b>45</b> and a discharge <b>45</b> at a predetermined ratio, such as 3:1, although this is not intended as a limitation.

0053The rate of recycling preferably recycles an average drop of water from the primary tank <b>12</b> 1-5 times, which permits a high level of treatment in the wetland <b>24</b>.

0054The discharge <b>45</b> may lead to an additional treatment device such as an ultraviolet disinfection module <b>46</b>. The water emerging from the system <b>10</b> is then suitable for reuse, and a second sample port <b>47</b> is provided for additional testing.

0055Discharge <b>45</b> can include discharge by gravity directly to a leach field or soil absorption system, discharge to a subsurface irrigation system, and, where allowed by local regulations, discharge to surface irrigation. Subsurface irrigation may include, for example, a pump and a plurality of small, flexible pipes with emitter openings. The irrigation distribution network preferably lies close to the surface in warm climates in the biologically active root zone area of soil.

0056In a second embodiment of the invention, the system <b>50</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>) comprises a pretreatment module <b>51</b>, into which influent <b>90</b> is channeled and permitted to reside for a predetermined period. The wastewater <b>90</b> is then channeled to via a pump <b>52</b> to the inlet <b>14</b> of an attached growth pretreatment filter <b>15</b> as above. This filter <b>15</b> is at least intermittently exposed to atmospheric oxygen. The filter <b>15</b> achieves removal of organics and solids and denitrification.

0057Water from the filter <b>15</b> is transferred to a pair <b>53</b>,<b>54</b> of tidal vertical-flow wetlands (TVFW), each of which comprises alternating series of lagoons <b>55</b> and VF wetland cells <b>56</b>. Each lagoon <b>55</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>) is comparable to the hydroponic reactor <b>18</b> discussed above. Each lagoon <b>55</b> is adapted to maintain a population of grazing aquatic invertebrates, such as, for example, filter-feeding zooplankton.

0058Each wetland cell <b>56</b> comprises a module <b>24</b> as illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>. The wetland cell <b>56</b> has a depth <b>67</b> that is less than that <b>58</b> of the lagoon <b>55</b>. However, the surface area of the lagoon <b>55</b> is preferably substantially smaller than that of the wetland cell <b>56</b>. The wetland cell <b>56</b> is adapted to maintain a population of aquatic invertebrates, such as, but not intended to be limited to, detritivores.

0059Each TVFW <b>53</b>,<b>54</b> may comprise a plurality of wetland cells <b>56</b><i>a</i>-<b>56</b><i>c </i>and lagoons <b>55</b><i>a</i>-<b>55</b><i>d</i>, alternating as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>. Q represents forward flow; Q_r, recycle flow. The overflow piping between wetland cells <b>56</b><i>a</i>-<b>56</b><i>c </i>and lagoons <b>55</b><i>a</i>-<b>55</b><i>d </i>is not depicted. The dashed horizontal line in the wetland cells <b>56</b><i>a</i>-<b>56</b><i>c </i>represents the media/plant root surface. The overall hydraulic regime in the TVFW <b>53</b>,<b>54</b> involves fill and drain cycles where wastewater is alternately pumped and flows between cells <b>56</b> and lagoons <b>55</b>. The vertical flux of water in and out of the wetland cells <b>56</b><i>a</i>-<b>56</b><i>c </i>is designed to cycle over a predetermined period of, for example, at least once per day, and is therefore referred to as tidal.

0060Means for transporting water between the lagoons <b>55</b><i>a</i>-<b>55</b><i>c </i>and wetland cells <b>56</b><i>a</i>-<b>56</b><i>c </i>alternately are provided, as well as recycling between the fourth lagoon <b>55</b><i>d </i>and the first lagoon <b>55</b><i>a</i>. These may comprise, for example, pump stations <b>73</b><i>a</i>-<b>73</b><i>d </i>associated with each lagoon <b>55</b><i>a</i>-<b>55</b><i>d </i>(<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>). Generally water flows from the wetland cells <b>56</b><i>a</i>-<b>56</b><i>c </i>into their respective lagoons <b>55</b><i>b</i>-<b>55</b><i>d </i>passively, as will be discussed in the following. In some embodiments, a pump station alone may be used without an associated lagoon <b>55</b>.

0061In the embodiment shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, for example, the pump <b>73</b><i>a </i>in the lagoon <b>55</b> has an intake positioned lower in the lagoon basin than the lagoon inlet. A level sensor may be employed in certain embodiments for activating the pump when a level of water in the lagoon <b>55</b> reaches a predetermined depth, for example, to prevent flooding.

0062In a particular embodiment (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>), the recycling pump <b>74</b><i>d </i>is adapted to recycle a water portion in a range of 50-500% of the wastewater volume entering the first lagoon <b>55</b><i>a </i>per unit time. Recycle ratios will be discussed further in the following.

0063Piping is also provided for connecting a pump discharge with its downstream wetland cell. In a particular embodiment a check valve can be positioned in the pipe for permitting flow toward the wetland cell <b>56</b>, and for preventing return flow. The piping is in fluid communication with the distribution pipe <b>25</b>, which has a plurality of holes for permitting spreading of the water exiting the upstream lagoon <b>55</b> over the surface of the wetland cell <b>56</b>.

0064A unified environmental space <b>80</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>) includes the systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b> of the present invention and their associated elements. For example, the systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b> may be positionable within a solarium-type room <b>81</b> that has windows <b>82</b> that are automatically openable in response to inside and outside temperatures to optimize comfort of the inhabitants and operation of the systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b>.

0065This unified environmental space <b>80</b> may also form a part of a business method, wherein an offer is made to a customer to sell or lease a living space including one of the systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b> described above.

0066The systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b> of the present invention provide advanced, onsite treatment of wastewater, which has typically been achieved with septic tanks and leach fields. Better onsite treatment is desirable to protect groundwater resources.

0067The systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b> may be included within or attached to a single home, a group of residences, or a unit such as a hotel or resort, with the wetland components requiring sunlight that is accessible either out of doors or within a sunroom-type enclosure.

0068The systems <b>10</b>,<b>50</b> provide the minimum design treatment standards listed in Table 1.

0069<tables id="TABLE-US-00001" num="00001"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="1"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="217pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" rowsep="1">TABLE 1</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>Minimum Design Treatment Standards</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="3"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="56pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="56pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="105pt" align="left" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>Parameter</entry><entry>Effluent Standard</entry><entry>Note</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>BOD₅</entry><entry>&lt;15 mg/L</entry><entry>&lt;5 mg/L achievable in some</entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>embodiments</entry></row><row><entry>Total nitrogen</entry><entry>&lt;15 mg/L</entry><entry>&lt;5 mg/L achievable in some</entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>embodiments</entry></row><row><entry>Ammonia</entry><entry> &lt;3 mg/L</entry><entry>&lt;0.2 mg/L achievable in some</entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>embodiments</entry></row><row><entry>Phosphorus</entry><entry>30% removal</entry><entry>100% of phosphorus is absorbed</entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>in most soils if subsurface</entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>effluent dispersal is used</entry></row><row><entry>TSS</entry><entry>&lt;15 mg/L</entry><entry>&lt;5 mg/L achievable in some</entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>embodiments</entry></row><row><entry>Fecal coliforms</entry><entry>&lt;100 cfu/100 ml</entry><entry>If ultraviolet disinfection used</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0070In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clarity, and understanding, but no unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirements of the prior art, because such words are used for description purposes herein and are intended to be broadly construed. Moreover, the embodiments of the apparatus illustrated and described herein are by way of example, and the scope of the invention is not limited to the exact details of construction.

0071Having now described the invention, the construction, the operation and use of preferred embodiments thereof, and the advantageous new and useful results obtained thereby, the new and useful constructions, and reasonable mechanical equivalents thereof obvious to those skilled in the art, are set forth in the appended claims.