Tactile sensing method and system

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

00011. Technical Field

0002The present invention relates to an automatic adjustment type method and system for detecting tactile information in which sensitivity can be automatically adjusted in accordance with outputs of strain gauges constituting sensor elements adhered to measurement locations.

00032. Related Art

0004Human skin has various types of touch receptors that enable it to distinguish touches ranging from light touches to impact forces. There are approximately 1500 Meissner's tactile corpuscles and 750 Merkel's tactile disks per square centimeter in the upper part of the skin of the fingertip, and some 75 Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endorgans per square centimeter. These four types of touch receptors, with their different time and spatial responses, provide a broad measuring range.

0005In an environment in which people and robots coexist, it is considered that the robots would have to be equipped with touch sensors that continuously measure over an appropriate range. For example, high-sensitivity touch sensors may be required if robotic fingertips are used to carry out delicate tasks. On the other hand, to avoid dangers, sensors may be required that can also measure large impact forces.

0006Research into robotic touch sensors started around 1960 with the work of H. Erunst and others. Since that time, numerous touch sensors have been proposed from various perspectives, and have been improved with respect to, for example, sensitivity, resolution, linearity, reduced-wiring configurations, mounting, and so forth.

0007A method that is widely used in the prior art is to arrange touch sensors in an (M×N) matrix and sequentially switch from sensor to sensor to measure tactile information at each sensor measurement point where each touch sensor is arranged. A drawback of these touch sensors is that it requires many wires to read the information at the measurement points. To reduce the number of wires, Shinoda and others, for example, have proposed new types of wireless sensing configurations that use coils for electric power transmission and sensing. Comprising numerous resonance circuits set in a flexible material, these sensors can distinguish which portion is touched.

0008A problem with conventional touch sensors is that sensor resolution is degraded by an input of a strong signal exceeding a prescribed level, which causes saturation, or when a touch force is a very small one. To overcome this, the touch sensors require automatic gain control (hereinbelow, AGC) to automatically adjust a gain to a level appropriate to a sensor input.

0009Also, with respect to using touch sensors over a large area, since the touch force input to sensor elements is not uniform, there may be parts that become saturated, degrading the resolution. To prevent this, it should be made possible to individually adjust the sensor element gain at each measurement point. Also, when wired touch sensors are used, it should be made possible to reduce the number of wires that run between the measurement point sensor elements and a controller used to detect the tactile information at each measurement point, from outputs of the sensor elements.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

0010An object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for detecting tactile information that can automatically adjust a gain of each strain gauge (sensor element) disposed at each measurement point, in accordance with a touch force acting on the strain gauge.

0011Another object is to provide a method and system for detecting tactile information that also makes it possible to reduce the number of wires between the touch sensor and the controller.

0012To attain the above object, the present invention provides a method for detecting tactile information on touch force and the like acting on measurement points, based on outputs from bridge circuits constituted by strain gauges adhered to each measurement point, said method comprising:

0013generating a composite sine wave signal that contains sine wave components having different frequencies;

0014applying the composite sine wave signal to each bridge circuit via a bandpass filter to apply to each bridge circuit a sine wave signal of a predetermined single frequency;

0015adding outputs from each bridge circuit to generate a sum output;

0016from the sum output, utilizing trigonometric function orthogonality to obtain at least touch force of touch force and touch direction acting on each measurement point;

0017comparing voltage amplitude measured at each measurement point to a reference voltage preset for each measurement point and adjusting the voltage amplitude of the sine wave signal of each frequency applied to the bridge circuit of each measurement point to control the gain of the bridge circuit of each measurement point to reduce any difference between measured and reference voltages.

0018The object is also attained by a system for detecting tactile information on touch force and the like acting on measurement points according to the above method, said system comprising:

0019a touch sensor, a controller, a signal output line for supplying the sum output of the touch sensor to the controller, and a gain control line for supplying the composite sine wave signal output of the controller to the touch sensor;

0020the touch sensor including a plurality of sensor units, and an adding circuit for generating the sum output by adding the output from each sensor unit;

0021each touch sensor including the bridge circuit constituted by a plurality of strain gauges disposed at a measurement point, and a bandpass filter for applying to the bridge circuit a sine wave signal of a predetermined single frequency included in the composite sine wave signal;

0022the controller including an A/D converter for A/D conversion of the sum output supplied via the signal output line, an analyzer that, from the sum output converted by the A/D converter, of the touch force and touch direction acting on each measurement point, utilizes trigonometric function orthogonality to obtain at least the touch force acting on each measurement point, an automatic gain control circuit that compares voltage amplitude measured at each measurement point to a reference voltage preset for each measurement point and adjusts the voltage amplitude of each sine wave signal frequency applied to each sensor unit of the touch sensor to reduce any difference between the measured and reference voltages, and a D/A converter that generates and outputs a composite sine wave that includes sine wave signals of each frequency with the voltage amplitude thus adjusted.

0023In accordance with the present invention, a variable-sensitivity system for detecting tactile information is achieved that uses a one-input, one-output interface between the touch sensor and the controller and enables the gain of a plurality of sensor elements (sensor units) to be individually controlled.

0024That is, using a one-input, one-output interface between the touch sensor and the controller enables simultaneous measurement at the measurement points and at the same time enables the gain of the detection signal from each measurement point to be adjusted.

0025Moreover, simple signal processing by the analyzer makes it possible to measure the force acting on each measurement point on a real-time basis.

0026In addition, the strength of the signals from the touch sensors is constantly maintained within a fixed range, preventing touch sensor saturation and degradation of sensor resolution. Thus, appropriate sensing is always carried out.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0027<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a system for detecting tactile information according to the present invention.

0028<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of a sensor unit used in the system of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

0029<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows an example of the system configuration of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> equipped with plural sets of touch sensors.

0030<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a block diagram of a signal feedback loop of the ith sensor unit used in the system of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

0031<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5A</figref> is a block diagram illustrating processing of the analyzer used in the system of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

0032<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5B</figref> illustrates the significance of phase information obtained by the analyzer.

0033<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5C</figref> illustrates the significance of the upward phase obtained by the analyzer.

0034<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a block diagram illustrating processing of the AGC shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

0035<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> shows signal waveform outputs from the D/A converter shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>.

0036<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates a configuration of a touch sensor of a touch sensing system used in a test for confirming the effect of the present invention.

0037<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9A</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal waveform output obtained when no automatic gain control is used.

0038<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9B</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal waveform output obtained when no automatic gain control is used.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9C</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal waveform output obtained when no automatic gain control is used.

0040<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10A</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal waveform output when no automatic gain control is used.

0041<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10B</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal input to the touch sensor in the case of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10A</figref>.

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11A</figref> is a graph of a signal waveform output of the touch sensor when automatic gain control is used.

0043<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11B</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal input.

0044<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11C</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal waveform output when automatic gain control is used.

0045<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11D</figref> is a graph of a touch sensor signal input.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PRESENT INVENTION

0046Details of a system for detecting tactile information with sensitivity that can be automatically adjusted will now be described, with reference to the drawings.

0047<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> shows an overall configuration of the system for detecting tactile information, and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a circuit configuration of a touch sensor used in the system. A tactile information detection system <b>1</b> has a strain gauge type touch sensor <b>2</b> and a controller <b>3</b>. The touch sensor <b>2</b> has a sensor substrate <b>4</b>, a plurality of sensor units <b>5</b><i>i </i>(i=1, 2, 3 . . . ) arranged in a matrix on a surface of the sensor substrate <b>4</b>, and a detection surface <b>6</b><i>a </i>formed of a flexible material <b>6</b> such as a polymer gel or the like that covers the sensor units <b>5</b><i>i. </i>

0048Each sensor unit <b>5</b> includes a bridge circuit <b>53</b> comprised by a pair of strain gauges <b>51</b> and <b>52</b>, disposed orthogonally to points corresponding to measurement points of the detection surface <b>6</b><i>a</i>, a differential amplifier <b>54</b> that generates a differential signal from an output of the bridge circuit <b>53</b>, and a bandpass filter (BPF) <b>55</b> for applying an input signal of a specific wavelength to the bridge circuit <b>53</b>. The touch sensor <b>2</b> also includes an adding circuit <b>56</b> that combines outputs of the sensor units <b>5</b> (differential amplifier <b>54</b> output) and an amplifier <b>57</b> that amplifies a composite signal obtained by means of the adding circuit <b>56</b>, and supplies an output of the amplifier <b>57</b> to the controller <b>3</b>, via a single signal output line <b>58</b>. The controller <b>3</b> includes an A/D converter <b>7</b>, an analyzer <b>8</b>, an automatic gain control circuit (hereinafter AGC) <b>9</b> and a D/A converter <b>10</b>. A gain control signal output by the D/A converter <b>10</b> is supplied, via a single gain control line <b>11</b>, to each of the sensor units <b>5</b> of the touch sensor <b>2</b>.

0049The number of measurement points can be increased by, for example, connecting plural sets of touch sensors <b>2</b> in parallel with the controller <b>3</b>, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>. The tactile information detection system <b>1</b> is able to measure tactile information (touch force, in this example) while at the same time controlling the gain of each of the sensor units <b>5</b> of the touch sensor <b>2</b>. To control the gain, the sum of sine waves of different frequencies (composite sine wave signal) is output from the D/A converter <b>10</b> of the controller <b>3</b> as gain control signal y(t). Thereby, via the bandpass filter (BPF) <b>55</b>, at each sensor unit <b>5</b> disposed at each measurement point, a gain control signal that includes only sine wave components of predetermined frequency is imposed on the bridge circuit <b>53</b>. As a result, the gain is adjusted, as described below.

0050An amplitude A_iof the signal V_i(t) output from the bridge circuit <b>53</b> of the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>is proportional to a strength of an input to the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i</i>, and each output is multiplexed by the adding circuit <b>56</b>. This makes it possible for detection outputs from a plurality of measurement points to be collectively A/D converted by the A/D converter <b>7</b> of the controller <b>3</b>. By thus using a one-input, one-output configuration, by means of the D/A converter <b>10</b>, the controller <b>3</b> can readily measure touch force and other such tactile information at a plurality of measurement points, and adjust the gain.

0051Processing operations of the analyzer <b>8</b> and AGC <b>9</b> of the controller <b>3</b> will now be described. To enable force information at the measurement points to be calculated on a real-time basis, the analyzer <b>8</b> carries out Fourier transformation and equivalence processing on an i-channel by i-channel basis. At the AGC <b>9</b>, continuous gain control is exercised to adjust a signal from the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>of the touch sensor <b>2</b> to a reference (target) value. The function of the AGC <b>9</b> is to try and maintain a signal within a fixed range, to thereby avoid an unstable state in which measurement is not possible. If, for example, a very large touch force is imposed on a particular measurement point, the AGC <b>9</b> reduces the amplitude A_iof a sine wave that controls the gain of the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>located at that measurement point. In this way, the signal V_i(t) output from the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>is kept within a specified range. When the touch force acting on a measurement point is a small one, the AGC <b>9</b> increases the amplitude A_iof the sine wave concerned, to thereby also keep the signal V_i(t) from the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>within the specified range and increase the gain.

0052Automatic gain control is used on CCD cameras and microphone amplifiers and the like to maintain signal strength within a fixed range, in cases in which an input signal is above or below a prescribed level. In the case of the present invention, from the perspective of measurement, a new tactile information detection system <b>1</b> is realized that incorporates an AGC function.

0053<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a block diagram of a signal feedback loop of the ith sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i</i>. This shows a signal flow between the touch sensor <b>2</b> and the controller <b>3</b>. To enable the gain of the measurement point sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>to be simultaneously controlled from the controller <b>3</b> side, the sum of the different-frequency sine waves is output by the D/A converter <b>10</b>. The composite sine wave y(t) is expressed by equation (1). <maths id="MATH-US-00001" num="00001"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>⋯</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>⋯</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

0054A_iand f_iare the ith voltage amplitude and frequency. As expressed in the above equation, the composite sine wave signal y(t) is imposed on the bridge circuit <b>53</b> at each of the measurement points, but because of the presence of the bandpass filter (BPF) <b>55</b>, only sine wave components of a predetermined single frequency fi are imposed on the bridge circuit <b>53</b>. Thus, only A_isin(2πf_it) is imposed on the ith bridge circuit <b>53</b>; when the strain gauges <b>51</b> and <b>52</b> are subjected to a force, the output voltage V_i(t) from the ith sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>is as shown by equation (2). <maths id="MATH-US-00002" num="00002"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><msub><mi>G</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>A</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>ϕ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

0055Here, G_iis a gain of the differential amplifier <b>54</b>, φ_iis a phase deviation from an applied frequency, ΔR_iis a change in resistance of the strain gauges <b>51</b> and <b>52</b> produced by the touch force, and R is balance resistance of the bridge circuit <b>53</b>. As shown by this equation, since the gain G_iof the differential amplifier <b>54</b> is fixed, the gain of the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>can be changed from the controller <b>3</b> side by changing the voltage amplitude A_iapplied to the bridge circuit <b>53</b>. The signals V_i(t) output from the measurement points are multiplexed by the adding circuit <b>56</b> and at the same time can be measured by the controller <b>3</b>. Equation (3) expresses the signal V_input(t) input to the controller <b>3</b>. <maths id="MATH-US-00003" num="00003"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>input</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></munderover><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mtext></mtext></mstyle><mo>|</mo><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>input</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>|</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>input</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mo></mo><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

0056Here, V_input|maxis a maximum input voltage to the A/D converter <b>7</b> or the like. The force imposed on each of the measurement points is calculated by the analyzer <b>8</b>, but a force that exceeds the maximum input voltage cannot be thus calculated. Therefore, the AGC <b>9</b> is used to appropriately control the gain to keep the V_i(t) signal strength within a fixed range. Forming a gain control feedback makes it possible to prevent signal saturation when a force input to the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>exceeds the prescribed value, and when an input force is small, resolution can be raised by increasing the gain until the input is within the prescribed range. That is, the signal level can be maintained within a fixed range, preventing the system falling into an unstable state in which measurement is not possible. The analyzer <b>8</b> and AGC <b>9</b> will now be described in further detail.

0000(Analyzer)

0057As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4 and 5A</figref>, the output V_i(t) from the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i</i>, as shown in equations (2) and (3), includes frequency components that are amplitude-modulated in accordance with the force acting on the measurement points. Therefore, the force acting on the measurement points can be obtained by demodulation, as follows. A frequency (carrier wave) applied to the each of the measurement points is know beforehand, so it is only necessary to obtain a relationship between a requisite frequency and amplitude. Equations (4) and (5) show how a correlation between the sine wave and cosine wave is obtained with respect to the output V_sum(t) obtained by the A/D conversion of the output V_input. <br /><i>V</i>_x(<i>t</i>)=<i>V</i>_sum(<i>t</i>)×sin(2<i>πf</i>_i<i>t</i>)  (4)<br /><maths id="MATH-US-00004" num="00004"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>y</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>sum</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>×</mo><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁢</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>π</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

0058If respective low-pass filter (LPF) is applied to the V_x(t) and V_y(t) thus obtained to give X_i(t) and Y_i(t), an amplitude of the frequency concerned, that is, a touch force F_i(t) can be written as follows. <br /><i>F</i>_i(<i>t</i>)=<i>d</i>_i<i>√{square root over (X</i>_<i>i</i><i></i>^<i>2</i><i>(t)+Y</i>_<i>i</i><i></i>^<i>2</i><i>(t))}{square root over (X</i>_<i>i</i><i></i>^<i>2</i><i>(t)+Y</i>_<i>i</i><i></i>^<i>2</i><i>(t))}</i>  (6)<br /><maths id="MATH-US-00005" num="00005"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>Phase</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>arctan</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.6em" height="0.6ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths>

0059Here, d_iis a constant determined by calibration, and phase information Phase_i(t) shows a direction of the touch, such as whether the touch is from above or below the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i</i>, for example. For example, a positive Phase_i(t), as in the case of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5B</figref>, indicates the direction of the touch is downward, while a negative Phase_i(t), as in the case of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5C</figref>, indicates an upward touch direction. The LPF utilizes trigonometric function orthogonality to cut frequencies other than the cutoff frequency F_cutHz out of components other than frequency f_i. The cutoff frequency f_cutis determined according to the scale of the input to the touch sensor <b>2</b>, and must satisfy the following condition. <br />2<i>f</i>_cut<i>&lt;f</i>_i<i>, f</i>_n<i>=πf</i>_i  (8)

0060The value of the frequency f_ican be increased if it is required to detect amplitude and high frequencies.

0000(Automatic Gain Control)

0061The object of the AGC <b>9</b> is to automatically prevent saturation of the A/D converter <b>7</b> and the like, and to adjust the resolution of the tactile information. To explain this with reference to the <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4 and 6</figref>, the AGC <b>9</b> performs the following operation to adjust the voltage amplitude A_i(t) applied to the sensor unit <b>5</b><i>i </i>to an appropriate value. <br /><i>E</i>_i(<i>t</i>)=<i>A</i>_ri(<i>t</i>)−<i>A</i>_io(<i>t</i>)  (9)<br /><maths id="MATH-US-00006" num="00006"><math overflow="scroll"><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.3em" height="0.3ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msub><mi>W</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mrow><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>T</mi></msubsup><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mo>⁢</mo><mstyle><mspace width="0.2em" height="0.2ex" /></mstyle><mo>⁢</mo><mrow><mo>ⅆ</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></math></maths><i>A</i>_i(<i>t</i>)=<i>A</i>_ri(<i>t</i>)−Δ<i>W</i>_i(<i>t</i>)(11)

0062Here, A_ri(t) is voltage amplitude measured at the ith measurement point, A_io(t) is a target value at the ith measurement point, E_i(t) is an error (difference) relative to the ith target voltage, ΔW_i(t) is an applied voltage correction amount, and α is a small constant. With reference to equation (10), integration is used to impart a high-frequency cutoff effect for smooth, continuous adjustment of errors that change frequently.

0063Memory of the D/A converter <b>10</b> is rewritten to update the voltage amplitude A_i(t) in accordance with the applied voltage correction amount ΔW_i(t). The D/A converter <b>10</b> can be associated with memory for high-speed sine wave generation, but memory rewrite time cannot be ignored. For example, when it is desired to output an ideal output waveform (b) shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, the waveform actually output from the D/A converter <b>10</b> is a waveform (a) obtained by multiplying the ideal output waveform (b) by a rectangular wave (c). In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, T_iis the memory rewrite time of the D/A converter <b>10</b> and T is a rewrite update period.

EXAMPLES

0064As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>, a touch sensor <b>2</b> was fabricated by forming 1 mm cuts in a steel plate <b>21</b> to form a plurality of regions, in each of which a sensor unit <b>5</b> is located. Each sensor unit <b>5</b> included a bridge circuit <b>53</b> comprised of two strain gauges <b>51</b> and <b>52</b> adhered to a measurement point. An output of the bridge circuit <b>53</b> was temperature-compensated. A software-generated composite sine wave y(t) from a D/A converter <b>10</b> of a controller <b>3</b> was updated by a 30 kHz analogue output. Via analogue BPF <b>55</b>, a single sine wave was applied to the bridge circuit <b>53</b> at each measurement point, and a secondary bi-cut type BPF <b>55</b> was used that was able to increase a quality factor to apply only a single sine wave to the bridge circuit <b>53</b>. Regarding the BPF <b>55</b>, due to device element variation, it is difficult to accurately align a center frequency with a set value, so a frequency of the sine wave output by the D/A converter <b>10</b> was aligned with the center frequency of the BPF <b>55</b>. Each analogue BPF <b>55</b> was designed so that mutual interference portions were attenuated by at least 100 dB. The output from each measurement point was amplified approximately 1000-fold by an instrumentation amplifier <b>54</b>. To enable signal outputs from the touch sensor <b>2</b> to be handled by just one line, the outputs from the sensor units <b>5</b> are added by an adding circuit <b>56</b> to generate an amplitude-modulated, frequency-multiplexed signal. The signal output by the touch sensor <b>2</b> is sampled at 5 kHz by an A/D converter <b>7</b>. Digital LPF with a cutoff frequency of 50 Hz used by an analyzer <b>8</b> that obtains a correlation between sine wave and cosine wave was designed with third-order Butterworth characteristics. In the test, to make τ/T approximately 1.0, a gain update period T of 250 ms was used; the test was conducted at τ/T=0.80. Actual measurement was carried out in a stable period following memory update.

0065<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> shows the results of the test conducted in respect of two measurement points, without automatic gain control. The D/A converter <b>10</b> applied sine waves of 313 Hz and 604 Hz to the sensor units (strain gauges). For the measurement, first a measurement point to which the 604 Hz sine wave was applied was touched, after which both measurement points were touched at the same time. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9A</figref> shows the waveform of the output from the touch sensor <b>2</b>, and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 9B and 9C</figref> show data obtained after processing by the analyzer <b>8</b>. These figures show data obtained when the sensor unit to which the 604 Hz sine wave was applied were touched with t=0.9 to 1.3 sec, and when both sensor units were touched with t=1.5 to 1.9 sec. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9B</figref> shows a slight output, even though there was no signal input from 0.9 to 1.2 sec. This was probably due to the fact that in the BPF <b>55</b> with the center frequency of 604 Hz, there was insufficient attenuation at frequency of 313 Hz when there was a high applied voltage or input displacement.

0066<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 10A and 10B</figref> show when automatic gain control was not used and the fixed-gain touch sensor <b>2</b> became saturated. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10A</figref> shows a signal output from a single measurement point, and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10B</figref> shows the applied voltage from the D/A converter <b>10</b> supplied to a single measurement point. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10A</figref> shows that the A/D converter <b>7</b> became saturated after t=3900 ms.

0067When automatic gain control was used, <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 11A to 11D</figref> show the results when the gain of the touch sensor <b>2</b> was reduced as the touch force increased gradually. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11D</figref> shows the signal output from a single measurement point, and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 11A and 11B</figref> are partially enlarged views of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 11C and 11D</figref>, respectively. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11A</figref>, T is the gain update period of the AGC <b>9</b>, T_dis an effective measurement period of the sensor, and T_iis the memory rewrite time of the D/A converter <b>10</b>. Taking into consideration function lag introduced by the BPF and LPF, a measurement period T_dwas provided after T_ito allow the system to stabilize. From <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 11C and 11D</figref>, it can be seen that the gain of the sensor unit <b>5</b> decreased in accordance with the touch pressure.