Membranous monolithic EL structure with urethane carrier

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/239,507, filed Oct. 11, 2000.

This application is further related to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application TRANSLUCENT LAYER INCLUDING METAL/METAL OXIDE DOPANT SUSPENDED IN GEL RESIN, Ser. No. 09/173,521, filed Oct. 15, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,633, the disclosure of which patent is incorporated herein by reference.

This application is also related to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ELASTOMERIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT LAMP, Ser. No. 09/173,404, filed Oct. 15, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,834, the disclosure of which patent is also incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates, in general, to electroluminescent systems, and more specifically to a membranous monolithic urethane electroluminescent structure whose monolithic phase comprises a series of contiguous electroluminescent layers deployed using a unitary vinyl gel resin carrier that is catalyzed to transform into a unitary urethane carrier during curing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electroluminescent (“EL”) lighting has been known in the art for many years as a source of light weight and relatively low power illumination. Because of these attributes, electroluminescent lamps are in common use today providing light for displays in, for example, automobiles, airplanes, watches, and laptop computers. One such use of electroluminescence is providing the back light necessary to view Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD).

Electroluminescent lamps may typically be characterized as “lossy” parallel plate capacitors of a layered construction. Electroluminescent lamps of the current art generally comprise a dielectric layer and a luminescent layer separating two electrodes, at least one of which is translucent to allow light emitted from the luminescent layer to pass through. The dielectric layer enables the lamp's capacitive properties. The luminescent layer is energized by a suitable power-supply, typically about 115 volts AC oscillating at about 400 Hz, which may advantageously be provided by an inverter powered by a dry cell battery. Electroluminescent lamps are known, however, to operate in voltage ranges of 60 V-500V AC, and in oscillation ranges of 60 Hz-2.5 KHz.

It is standard in the art for the translucent electrode to consist of a polyester film “sputtered” with indium-tin-oxide (ITO). Typically, the use of the polyester film sputtered with ITO provides a serviceable translucent material with suitable conductive properties for use as an electrode.

A disadvantage of the use of this polyester film method is that the final shape and size of the electroluminescent lamp is dictated greatly by the size and shape of manufacturable polyester films sputtered with ITO. Further, a design factor in the use of ITO sputtered films is the need to balance the desired size of electroluminescent area with the electrical resistance (and hence light/power loss) caused by the ITO film required to service that area. Generally, a large electroluminescent layer will require a low resistance ITO film to maintain manageable power consumption. Thus, the ITO sputtered films must be manufactured to meet the requirements of the particular lamps they will be used in. This greatly complicates the lamp production process, adding lead times for customized ITO sputtered films and placing general on the size and shape of the lamps that may be produced. Moreover, the use of ITO sputtered films tends to increase manufacturing costs for electroluminescent lamps of nonstandard shape.

The other layers found in electroluminescent lamps in the art are suspended in a variety of diverse carrier compounds (often also referred to as “vehicles”) that typically differ chemically from one another. As will be described, the superimposition of these carrier compounds upon one another and on to the sputtered ITO polyester film creates special problems in the manufacture and performance of the lamp.

The electroluminescent layer typically comprises an electroluminescent grade phosphor suspended in a cellulose-based resin in liquid form. In many manufacturing processes, this suspension is applied over the sputtered ITO layer on the polyester of the translucent electrode. Individual grains of the electroluminescent grade phosphor are typically of relatively large dimensions so as to provide phosphor particles of sufficient size to luminesce strongly. This particle size, however, tends to cause the suspension to be non-uniform. Additionally, the relatively large particulate size of the phosphor can cause the light emitted from the electroluminescent to appear grainy.

The dielectric layer typically comprises a titanium dioxide and barium-titanate mixture suspended in a cellulose-based resin, also in liquid form. Continuing the exemplary manufacturing process described above, this suspension is typically applied over the electroluminescent layer. It should be noted that for better luminescence, the electroluminescent layer generally separates the translucent electrode and the dielectric layer, although those in the art will understand that this is not a requirement for a functional electroluminescent lamp. It is possible that unusual design criteria may require the dielectric layer to separate the electroluminescent layer and the translucent electrode. It should also be noted that, occasionally, both the phosphor and dielectric layers of the lamps in the art utilize a polyester-based resin for the carrier compound, rather than the more typical cellulose-based resin discussed above.

The second electrode is normally opaque and comprises a conductor, such as silver and/or graphite, typically suspended in an acrylic or polyester carrier.

A disadvantage of the use of these liquid-based carrier compounds standard in the art is that the relative weight of the various suspended elements causes rapid separation of the suspension. This requires the frequent agitation of the liquid solution to maintain the suspension. This agitation requirement adds a manufacturing step and a variable to suspension quality. Furthermore, liquid carrier compounds standard in the art tend to be highly volatile and typically give off noxious or hazardous fumes. As a result, the current manufacturing process must expect evaporative losses in an environment requiring heightened attention to worker safety.

A further disadvantage in combining different carrier compounds, as is common in the art, is that the bonds and transitions between the multiple layers are inherently radical. These radical transitions between layers tend strongly to de-laminate upon flexing of the assembly or upon exposure to extreme temperature variations.

A still further disadvantage in combining different carrier compounds is that different handling and application requirements are created for each layer. It will be appreciated that each layer of the electroluminescent lamp must be formed using different techniques including compound preparation, application, and curing techniques. This diversity in manufacturing techniques complicates the manufacturing process and thus affects manufacturing cost and product performance.

The disclosure of application Ser. No. 09/173,521, incorporated herein by reference, addresses many of the foregoing needs in the electroluminescent art by providing an electroluminescent system having monolithic structure via use of a unitary vinyl resin vehicle in deployed gel form. This vinyl-based monolithic structure is also disclosed in an exemplary embodiment of the membranous electroluminescent devices taught by application Ser. No. 09/173,404, the disclosure of which application is also incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, 09/173,404 teaches exemplary use of the vinyl-based monolithic structure as an electroluminescent laminate deployed between two membranous urethane envelope layers.

While the electroluminescent systems described in Ser. Nos. 09/173,521 and 09/173,404 have been found to be serviceable, it will be appreciated that yet further advantages of monolithic structure could be obtained if the electroluminescent laminate in Ser. No. 09/173,404 had layers suspended in a urethane carrier. In this way, the membranous electroluminescent devices disclosed in 09/173,404 would comprise layers in the electroluminescent laminate that were in monolithic unity with surrounding urethane envelope layers.

It will be understood, however, that in manufacturing and deployment terms, urethane is a less than optimal carrier for electroluminescent systems, lacking many of the advantages taught by the vinyl resin gel vehicle disclosed in application Ser. No. 09/173,521. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an electroluminescent system that can be constructed using a unitary common carrier comprising vinyl resin in gel form which then, when cured, acquires monolithic unity with urethane envelope layers such as disclosed in Ser. No. 09/173,404.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the above-described problems by suspending selected layers of a membranous electroluminescent system, prior to deployment, in a carrier comprising (1) a vinyl resin in gel form and (2) a polymeric hexamethylene diisocyanate catalyst. During curing, the catalyst facilitates transformation of the vinyl resin carrier into a urethane. Once cured, the transformed urethane carrier compound enables electroluminescent layers to bond in a monolithic structure also comprising other contiguous urethane layers, such as envelope layers. As a result, membranous electroluminescent structures made in accordance with the present invention are even stronger, and even less prone to de-lamination than their predecessors. A high degree of crosslinking becomes available between neighboring urethane layers.

As noted, a preferred embodiment of the present invention initially uses a vinyl resin in gel form as the unitary carrier compound during deployment of the inventive inks. This choice of carrier is surprisingly contrary to the expected teachings of the prior art. As noted above, a functional electroluminescent lamp requires a dielectric layer to enable capacitive properties. Vinyl resin is not commonly used as a dielectric material and, thus, its utilization is counter intuitive. This choice of carrier has further, and somewhat serendipitously, proven to be compatible with a wide variety of substrates, including metals, plastics and cloth fabrics. Moreover, unlike traditional carrier compounds, vinyl gel is highly compatible with well-known manufacturing techniques such as screen printing.

These and other advantages of deploying electroluminescent inks in vinyl gel resin are thus retained by the invention. Once deployed, however, the catalyst added to the vinyl resin-based ink converts the vinyl to urethane, enabling a high degree of crosslinking in the cured laminate between converted ink layers and other contiguous urethane layers. This high degree of crosslinking is available between neighboring cured urethane layers regardless of whether the urethane layer was deployed as a urethane or as a catalyzed vinyl.

One application of the presently preferred embodiment is in the apparel industry. It will be readily appreciated that the membranous electroluminescent system as disclosed herein may be applied by conventional screen printing techniques to transfer release paper or silicon-coated polyester sheet to allow a membranous “transfer” to be constructed. A suitable adhesive then allows rugged electroluminescent designs of virtually limitless shape, size and scope to be affixed to a very wide range of garments and attire. This application should be distinguished from apparel techniques previously known in the art where pre-manufactured electroluminescent lamps of predetermined shape and size were combined and affixed to apparel by sewing, adhesive, or other similar means. It will be understood that the present invention distinguishes clearly from such techniques in that, unlike prior systems, the fabric of the apparel is used as the substrate for the electroluminescent system.

It will also be understood that the present invention is expressly not limited to apparel applications. As noted, the present invention is compatible with a very wide range of substrates and thus has countless further applications, including, but not limited to, emergency lighting, instrumentation lighting, LCD back lighting, information displays, cellular telephone keypads, backlit keyboards, etc. In fact, the scope of this invention suggests strongly that in any application where, in the past, information or visual designs have been communicable by passive ink applied to a substrate, such applications may now be adapted to have that same information enhanced or replaced by electroluminescence.

It will be further appreciated that accessories standard in the art maybe combined with the present invention to widen yet further the scope of applications thereof. For example, dyes and/or filters may be applied to obtain virtually any color. Alternatively, timers or sequencers may be applied to the power supply to obtain delays or other temporal effects.

It will be further appreciated that, while a preferred embodiment of the present invention involves application by screen printing techniques, any number of application methods will be suitable. For example, individual layers may alternatively be applied to a substrate by spraying under force from a nozzle not in contact with the substrate. It should be further noted that, according to the present invention, each of the layers comprising the electroluminescent system of the present invention may even be applied in a fashion different from its neighbor.

Accordingly, a technical advantage of the present invention is that the inventive inks have the advantages of vinyl resin inks in gel form during deployment, as well as the advantages of urethane inks after curing. Although deployed in vinyl form, cured neighboring layers of the present invention are catalyzed to transform into urethane form, causing them to bond inherently strongly to each other and to surrounding urethane layers, such as envelope layers. Such strong bonds are made available by having a unitary carrier in final form, and by crosslinking between urethane layers. The resulting monolithic structure of the present invention is highly rugged. The resulting monolithic structure is also membranous, having all the advantages of such membranous structures disclosed in application Ser. No. 09/173,404.

A further technical advantage of the present invention is that by initially using a unitary vinyl resin carrier in gel form for multiple layers, manufacturing tends to be simplified and manufacturing costs will be inevitably reduced. Only one carrier compound need be purchased and handled in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, layer application and materials handling, including equipment cleanup, is simplified, since each layer may be applied by a like process, will require similar conditions to cure, and is cleanable with the same solvents.

A still further technical advantage of the present invention is that the initial carrier, being a gel, maintains continued full suspension of the non-catalytic ingredients long after the initial mixing thereof. It will be understood that such maintained suspension results in savings in manufacturing costs because the ingredients tend not to settle out of the suspension, eliminating the need for re-agitation.

Furthermore, a gel carrier in initial form tends to reduce spoilage, since gels are less volatile than carrier compounds used traditionally in the art. Spoilage is reduced further by the increased suspension life as described above. The requirement in the art for frequent agitation of volatile carrier compounds tends to encourage evaporation of the carrier compounds. By eliminating the need for frequent agitation, less carrier compound will tend to evaporate.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a membranous EL lamp according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an membranous EL lamp of the present invention being peeled off transfer release paper <b>102</b>;

FIG. 4 depicts a preferred method of enabling electric power supply to an membranous EL lamp of the present invention;

FIG. 5 depicts an alternative preferred method of enabling electric power supply to an membranous EL lamp of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 depicts zones of membranous EL lamp <b>300</b>, with a cutaway portion <b>601</b>, supporting disclosure herein of various colorizing techniques of layers to create selected unlit/lit appearances.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of an EL lamp as a membranous structure according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of FIG. <b>1</b>. It will be seen that all layers on FIGS. 1 and 2 are deployed on transfer release paper <b>102</b>. In a preferred embodiment, transfer release paper <b>102</b> is as manufactured by Midland Paper—Aquatron Release Paper. It will also be understood that as an alternative to paper, transfer release film or silicon-coated polyester sheet, for example, may be used consistent with the present invention. Alternatively, the EL lamp may be deployed directly onto a permanent substrate.

All subsequent layers as shown on FIGS. 1 and 2 (and subsequent Figures) are advantageously deployed by screen printing processes known in the art. Once again, however, it will be understood that the present invention is not limited to providing membranous EL lamps whose layers have been applied solely by screen printing, and other methods of applying layers may be used to construct membranous EL lamps consistent with the present invention.

First envelope layer <b>104</b> is printed down onto transfer release paper <b>102</b>. It may be advantageous to print first envelope layer <b>104</b> down in several intermediate layers to achieve a desired overall combined thickness. Printing first envelope layer <b>104</b> down in a series of intermediate layers also facilitates dying or other coloring of particular layers to achieve a desired natural light appearance of the EL lamp. First envelope layer <b>104</b> is advantageously (although not required to be) a polyurethane such as Nazdar DA 170 mixed in a 3:1 ratio with catalyst DA 176. This is a commercially available polyurethane ink intended for screen printing. As noted above, this polyurethane exhibits the desired membranous characteristics for the envelope layer, being chemically stable with other components of the EL lamp, and also extremely malleable and ductile. This polyurethane is further well disposed to be printed down in multiple layers to reach a monolithic final thickness when cured. Finally, this polyurethane is substantially colorless and generally clear, and so layers thereof are further well disposed to receive dying or other coloring treatments (as will be further described below) to provide an EL lamp whose appearance in natural light is designed to complement its active light appearance in subdued light.

Referring back now to FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be seen that first envelope layer <b>104</b> is printed down onto transfer release paper <b>102</b> so as to provide a border <b>105</b> clear of the edge of EL system layers <b>106</b>-<b>112</b>. This is so as to provide a zone on which second envelope layer <b>114</b> can bond to completely seal and crosslink the EL system, the aspects of which will be described in greater detail below.

An EL system is next printed down onto first envelope layer <b>104</b>. On FIGS. 1 and 2 it will be seen that the EL lamp is being constructed “face down.” According to the present invention, one or more, and advantageously all of the layers comprising translucent electrode layer <b>106</b>, luminescent layer <b>108</b>, dielectric layer <b>110</b>, and back electrode layer <b>112</b> are deployed in the form of active ingredients (hereafter also referred to as “dopants”) initially suspended in a unitary vinyl resin carrier in gel form. It will be understood that although the preferred embodiment herein discloses exemplary use of a unitary vinyl gel carrier in which all layers are suspended, alternative embodiments of the present invention may have less than all neighboring layers suspended therein.

It will be understood that the initial deployment of dopants suspended in a vinyl resin in gel form results in reduced manufacturing costs by virtue of economies associated with being able to purchase larger quantities of carrier, as well as storing, mixing, handling, curing and cleaning similar suspensions.

Research has also revealed that the initial use of a carrier in gel form results in further advantages. The viscosity and encapsulating properties of a gel result in better suspension of particulate dopants mixed into the gel. This improved suspension requires less frequent, if any, agitation of the compound to keep the dopants suspended. Experience reveals that less frequent agitation results in less spoilage of the compounds during the manufacturing process.

Furthermore, vinyl resin in gel form is inherently less volatile and less noxious than the liquid-based cellulose, acrylic and polyester-based resins currently used in the art. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vinyl gel utilized as the unitary carrier is an electronic grade vinyl ink such as SS24865, available from Acheson. Such electronic grade vinyl inks in gel form have been found to maintain particulate dopants in substantially full suspension throughout the manufacturing process. Moreover, such electronic grade vinyl inks are ideally suited for layered application using screen printing techniques standard in the art.

According to the invention, once the vinyl gel resin carrier has been doped with a particular active ingredient to form an ink, a catalyst is also mixed into the ink in quantities dependent on the vinyl gel resin content of the ink. This catalyst facilitates transformation of the vinyl carrier into a urethane during curing. Thus, referring again to FIG. <b>1</b> and also to FIG. 2, when the EL layers <b>106</b>, <b>108</b>, <b>110</b> and <b>112</b> are cured, neighboring urethane layers crosslink both with themselves and with surrounding envelope layers <b>104</b> and <b>114</b> to bring enhanced monolithic properties to the finished laminate in urethane form. As taught by U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/173,404, the finished laminate in urethane form also has membranous properties with attendant high flexibility.

The preferred catalyst used in the embodiments disclosed herein is 1, 6 Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Based Polyisocyanate, also known as Polymeric Hexamethylene Diisocyanate, from the Aliphantic Polyisocyanate family of polymers. This application will in future refer to this polymer as “PHD” when describing exemplary use of it as a catalyst in preferred embodiments of the invention set forth below. PHD is commercially available from Bayer Corporation under the product name Desmodur N-100, product code D-113. It will be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to PHD as a catalyst, and that any catalyst having the same catalytic properties as PHD transforming vinyl into urethane may be used with equivalent enabling effect.

Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2, translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> is first printed down onto first envelope layer <b>104</b>. Translucent electrode <b>106</b> comprises the unitary carrier doped with a suitable translucent electrical conductor in particulate form. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, this dopant is indium-tin-oxide (ITO) in powder form.

The design of translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> must be made with reference to several variables. It will be appreciated that the performance of translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> will be affected by not only the concentration of ITO used, but also the ratio of indium-oxide to tin in the ITO dopant itself. In determining the precise concentration of ITO to be utilized in translucent electrode layer <b>106</b>, factors such as the size of the electroluminescent lamp and available power should be considered. The more ITO used in the mix, the more conductive translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> becomes. This is, however, at the expense of translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> becoming less translucent. The less translucent the electrode is, the more power that will be required to generate sufficient electroluminescent light. On the other hand, the more conductive translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> is, the less resistance EL system <b>106</b>-<b>112</b> will have as a whole, and so less the power that will be required to generate electroluminescent light. It will be therefore readily appreciated that the ratio of indium-oxide to tin in the ITO, the concentration of ITO in suspension and the overall layer thickness must all be carefully balanced to achieve performance that meets design specifications.

Experimentation has shown that a suspension of 25% to 50%, by weight, of ITO powder containing 90% indium-oxide and 10% tin, with 50% to 75% electronic grade vinyl ink in gel form, when applied by screen printing to a thickness of approximately 9 microns, results in a serviceable translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> for most applications. Advantageously, the ITO powder is mixed with the vinyl gel in a ball mill for approximately 24 hours. The ITO powder is available by name from Arconium, while the vinyl gel is again SS24865 from Acheson. Alternatively, a suitable pre-mixed ITO ink in vinyl gel form is available from Acheson as product EL020. It will be further understood that the dopant in translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> is not limited to ITO, but may also be any other electrically conductive dopant with translucent properties.

According to the present invention, catalyst is then added to the ITO ink after ball milling, or alternatively catalyst is added direct to the ink if obtained pre-mixed. The requisite amount of catalyst by weight is preferably stirred by hand into the ink using a polypropylene paddle or spatula. Stirring should continue until the catalyst appears to the eye to be well dispersed within the ink.

The catalyzed ink may then be deployed as translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> using screen printing or other suitable methods. Unused catalyzed ink should be refrigerated at about 5° C. When refrigerated, such unused ink has been found to be serviceable for several days after initial addition of catalyst.

The amount of catalyst to be added varies according to the ink composition of ITO and vinyl resin carrier. Although experimentation is required to get optimum results when ITO powder is ball-milled into vinyl gel, the optimum weight of PHD catalyst will be in the range of 3%-5% by weight of the weight of electronic grade vinyl ink (such as Acheson SS24865) used in the ball-milled mix. Alternatively, for an exemplary “short cut” using pre-mixed ink, it has been found that serviceable results are achievable by adding PHD to the Acheson pre-mixed ITO ink product EL020 in the ratio of 0.45 grams of PHD to 100 grams of pre-mixed luminescent ink product.

Returning to FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be understood that front bus bar <b>107</b>, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, is deployed on translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> to provide electrical contact between translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> and a power source (not illustrated). In a preferred embodiment, front bus bar <b>107</b> is placed in contact with translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> subsequent to the deployment of translucent electrode <b>106</b> on first envelope layer <b>104</b>. Although not a specific requirement of the present invention, experimentation has shown improved performance when front bus bar <b>107</b> is deployed on top of translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> rather than the reverse (translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> deployed on top of front bus bar <b>107</b>). This is because when translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> is deployed on top of the front bus bar <b>107</b>, the translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> has been found to tend to cure to form a barrier inhibiting conductivity with front bus bar <b>107</b> previously laid. This phenomenon appears not to occur in the reverse, however, and so front bus bar <b>107</b> is preferably deployed onto translucent electrode layer <b>106</b>.

If front bus bar <b>107</b> is a thin metallic bar, it is also preferable, although not required, to apply front bus bar <b>107</b> to translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> prior to curing to allow front bus bar <b>107</b> to become part of the monolithic structure of the present invention, thereby optimizing electrical contact between front bus bar <b>107</b> and translucent electrode layer <b>106</b>. In other embodiments, however, front bus bar <b>107</b> may be an ink deployed by screen printing or other suitable methods. In such cases, the ink may be formulated and deployed as described below with respect to back electrode layer <b>112</b>. Note that as described below with reference to back electrode layer <b>112</b>, however, use of the catalyst in a front bus bar ink has been found in practice not be workable. The electrode content of the ink tends to over-react, causing the ink to become unuseable after only a few minutes.

Luminescent layer <b>108</b> (advantageously a phosphor/barium titanate mixture) is then printed down onto translucent electrode layer <b>106</b> and over front bus bar <b>107</b>. Luminescent layer <b>108</b> comprises of the unitary carrier doped with electroluminescent grade encapsulated phosphor. Experimentation has revealed that a suspension containing 50% phosphor, by weight, to 50% electronic grade vinyl ink in gel form, when applied to a thickness of approximately 25 to 35 microns, results in a serviceable luminescent layer <b>108</b>. The phosphor is advantageously mixed with the vinyl gel for approximately 10-15 minutes. Mixing should preferably be by a method that minimizes damage to the individual phosphor particles. Suitable phosphor is available by name from Osram Sylvania, and the vinyl gel may again be SS24865 from Acheson.

It shall be appreciated that the color of the light emitted will depend on the color of phosphor used in luminescent layer <b>108</b>, and may be further varied by the use of dyes. Advantageously, a dye of desired color is mixed with the vinyl gel prior to the addition of the phosphor. For example, rhodamine may be added to the vinyl gel in luminescent layer <b>108</b> to result in a white light being emitted.

Experimentation has also revealed that suitable admixtures, such as barium-titanate, improve the performance of luminescent layer <b>108</b>. As noted above, admixtures such as barium-titanate have a smaller particle structure than the electroluminescent grade phosphor suspended in luminescent layer <b>108</b>. As a result, the admixture tends to unify the consistency of the suspension, causing luminescent layer <b>108</b> to go down more uniformly, as well as assisting even distribution of the phosphor in suspension. The smaller particles of the admixture also tend to act as an optical diffuser which remediates a grainy appearance of the luminescing phosphor. Finally, experimentation also shows that a barium-titanate admixture actually may enhance the luminescence of the phosphor at the molecular level by stimulating the photon emission rate.

The barium-titanate admixture used in the preferred embodiment is the same as the barium-titanate used in dielectric layer <b>110</b>, as described below. As noted below, this barium-titanate is available by name in powder form from Tam Ceramics. Again, the vinyl gel carrier may be SS24865 from Acheson. In the preferred embodiment, the barium-titanate is pre-mixed into the vinyl gel carrier, advantageously in a ratio of 70%, by weight, of the vinyl gel, to 30% of the barium-titanate. This mixture is blended in a ball mill for at least 48 hours. Alternatively, suitable pre-mixed barium-titanate-loaded luminescent inks in vinyl gel form are available from Acheson as products EL035, EL035A and EL033. If luminescent layer <b>108</b> is to be dyed, such dyes should be added to the vinyl gel carrier prior to ball mill mixing.

According to the present invention, catalyst is added to the luminescent ink (whether barium-titanate-loaded or not) after ball milling, or alternatively catalyst is added direct to the ink if obtained pre-mixed. As with the ITO ink described above, the requisite amount of catalyst by weight is preferably stirred by hand into the ink using a polypropylene paddle or spatula. Stirring should continue until the catalyst appears to the eye to be well dispersed within the ink.

The catalyzed ink may then be deployed as luminescent layer <b>108</b> using screen printing or other suitable methods. As before, unused catalyzed ink may be refrigerated and re-used for several days without appreciable loss of performance.

The amount of catalyst to be added again varies according to the ink composition of phosphor and vinyl resin carrier. Although experimentation is required to get optimum results when phosphor powder (with or without barium titanate) is ball-milled into vinyl gel, the optimum weight of PHD catalyst will again be in the range of 3%-5% by weight of the weight of electronic grade vinyl ink (such as Acheson SS24865) used in the ball-milled mix. Alternatively, for an exemplary “short cut” using pre-mixed barium-titanate-loaded luminescent inks, it has been found that serviceable results are achievable by adding PHD to the Acheson pre-mixed luminescent ink products EL035, EL035A and EL033 the ratio of 0.22 grams of PHD to 100 grams of EL020.

Returning again now to FIGS. 1 and 2, dielectric layer <b>110</b> (advantageously barium titanate) is printed down onto luminescent layer <b>108</b>. Dielectric layer <b>110</b> comprises the unitary carrier doped with a dielectric in particulate form. In a preferred embodiment, this dopant is barium-titanate powder. Experimentation has shown that a suspension containing a ratio of 50% to 75%, by weight, of barium-titanate powder to 50% to 25% electronic grade vinyl ink in gel form, when applied by screen printing to a thickness of approximately 15 to 35 microns, results in a serviceable dielectric layer <b>110</b>. The barium-titanate is advantageously mixed with the vinyl gel for approximately 48 hours in a ball mill. Suitable barium-titanate powder is available by name from Tam Ceramics, and the vinyl gel may be SS24865 from Acheson, as noted before. Alternatively, a suitable pre-mixed barium-titanate ink in vinyl gel form is available from Acheson as product EL040. It will be further appreciated that the doping agent in dielectric layer <b>110</b> may also be selected from other dielectric materials, either individually or in a mixture thereof. Such other materials may include titanium-dioxide, or derivatives of mylar, teflon, or polystyrene.

According to the present invention, catalyst is then added to the dielectric ink after ball milling, or alternatively catalyst is added direct to the ink if obtained pre-mixed. As with previous inks described above, the requisite amount of catalyst by weight is preferably stirred by hand into the ink using a polypropylene paddle or spatula. Stirring should continue until the catalyst appears to the eye to be well dispersed within the ink.

The catalyzed ink may then be deployed as dielectric layer <b>110</b> using screen printing or other suitable methods. As before, unused catalyzed ink may be refrigerated and re-used for several days without appreciable loss of performance.

The amount of catalyst to be added again varies according to the ink composition of dielectric dopant and vinyl resin carrier. Although experimentation is required to get optimum results when a dielectric dopant (such as barium titanate) is ball-milled into vinyl gel, the optimum weight of PHD catalyst will again be in the range of 3%-5% by weight of the weight of electronic grade vinyl ink (such as Acheson SS24865) used in the ball-milled mix. Alternatively, for an exemplary “short cut” using pre-mixed dielectric inks, it has been found that serviceable results are achievable by adding PHD to the Acheson pre-mixed dielectric ink product EL040 in the ratio of 0.345 grams of PHD to 100 grams of EL040.

It has also been found that yet further “ruggedization” of electroluminescent structures of the present invention may be achieved by adding urethane to the dielectric ink that will be deployed as dielectric layer <b>110</b>. For example, urethane such as Nazdar product DA170 “Clear T Grade” polyurethane may be added to the Acheson pre-mixed dielectric ink product EL040. The DA170 Clear T Grade polyurethane additive is first mixed with its DA176 catalyst in a ratio of about 3 parts polyurethane to one part catalyst. The catalyzed additive is then mixed with EL040 after the dielectric ink has been mixed with PHD catalyst. The polyurethane additive may be mixed with the dielectric ink in proportions ranging from 25% additive/75% ink to 75% additive/25% ink, as measured by weight before any catalyst (DA176 or PHD) is added.

The addition of the urethane to the dielectric ink greatly improves the mechanical strength of dielectric layer <b>110</b>, when deployed and cured. Crosslinking of dielectric layer <b>110</b> with neighboring urethane layers is also improved. Further, the urethane content tends to reduce any tendency of dielectric layer <b>110</b> towards electrical breakdown. The higher the urethane content, the more rugged the cured dielectric ink becomes.

Note, however, that increasing urethane content in the dielectric ink reduces the operational capacitance of the overall electroluminescent structure, thereby reducing, for example, the potential brightness of a lamp in which it may be deployed. When selecting a level of urethane content as an additive in dielectric layer <b>110</b>, therefore, designers need to balance the need for potential ruggedness and strength with the electroluminescent capability of the structure.

Returning again to FIGS. 1 and 2, back electrode layer <b>112</b> is printed down onto dielectric layer <b>110</b>. Back electrode layer <b>112</b> initially comprises the unitary vinyl carrier doped with an ingredient to make the suspension electrically conductive. In a preferred embodiment, the doping agent in back electrode layer <b>112</b> is silver in particulate form. It shall be understood, however, that the doping agent in back electrode layer <b>112</b> may be any electrically conductive material including, but not limited to, gold, zinc, aluminum, graphite and copper, or combinations thereof. Experimentation has shown that proprietary mixtures containing silver/graphite suspended in electronic grade vinyl ink as available from Grace Chemicals as part numbers M4200 and M3001-1RS respectively, are suitable for use as back electrode layer <b>112</b>. Alternatively, a suitable pre-mixed silver ink in vinyl gel form is available from Acheson as product EL010. Research has further revealed that layer thicknesses of approximately 8 to 12 microns give serviceable results. Layers may be deposited in such thicknesses using standard screen printing techniques.

Although in theory catalyst could be added to a back electrode ink to enable carrier transformation from vinyl to urethane, it has been found that use of such a catalyst in practice is not workable. It has been found that the catalyst tends to over-react with the back electrode dopant in the ink. Rapid cross-linking ensues rendering the ink unuseable within minutes of the catalyst being added.

Turning again to FIGS. 1 and 2, second envelope layer <b>114</b> is then printed down onto back electrode layer <b>112</b>. It will be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2 that EL system layers <b>106</b>-<b>112</b> are advantageously printed down leaving border <b>105</b> clear. This allows second envelope layer <b>114</b> to be printed down to bond to first envelope layer <b>104</b> around border <b>105</b>, thereby (1) sealing the EL system in an envelope so as to isolate the EL system electrically, (2) allowing second envelope layer <b>114</b> to crosslink with the ends of cured urethane layers in EL system <b>106</b>-<b>112</b>, and (3) making the entire laminate substantially moisture proof. Second envelope layer <b>114</b> is advantageously also made from the same material as first envelope layer <b>104</b>. Further, also as noted above, second envelope layer <b>114</b> may also be printed down in a series of intermediate layers to achieve a desired thickness.

As noted above, a laminate comprising first envelope layer <b>104</b>, urethane layers in EL system <b>106</b>-<b>112</b>, and second envelope layer <b>114</b>, now provides a monolithic urethane structure. The catalyst added to the EL system layers <b>106</b>-<b>110</b> when initially deployed in vinyl resin gel form is disposed to transform, upon curing, the EL system layers <b>106</b>-<b>110</b> into urethane form. These transformed urethane EL system layers bond and crosslink with first and second envelope layers <b>104</b> and <b>114</b>, which were deployed in native urethane form. The resulting urethane laminate has increased rugged qualities, as well as membranous properties, as described in application Ser. No. 09/173,404.

The final (top) layer illustrated on FIGS. 1 and 2 is an optional adhesive layer <b>116</b>. As already described, one application of the elastomeric EL lamp of the present invention is as a transfer affixed to a substrate. In this case, the transfer may be affixed using a heat adhesive, although other affixing means may be used, such as contact adhesive. Heat adhesive has the advantage that it may be printed down using the same manufacturing processes as other layers of the assembly, and then the transfer may be stored or stocked, ready to be affixed subsequently to a substrate using a simple heat press technique. In this case, as illustrated on FIGS. 1 and 2, adhesive layer <b>116</b> is printed down onto second envelope layer <b>114</b>.

Of course, in other applications of the present invention where the elastomeric EL lamp is a self-contained component of another product, the optional adhesive layer <b>116</b> will likely not be necessary.

A further feature illustrated on FIGS. 1 and 2 is the pair of rear contact windows <b>118</b>A and B. Clearly, in order for electric power to be brought in to energize EL system <b>106</b>-<b>112</b>, rear contact window <b>118</b>A is required through adhesive layer <b>116</b> and second envelope layer <b>114</b> to reach back electrode layer <b>112</b>. Similarly, a further window is required to reach front bus bar <b>107</b> through adhesive layer <b>116</b>, second envelope layer <b>114</b>, back electrode layer <b>112</b>, dielectric layer <b>110</b> and luminescent layer <b>108</b>. This further window is not illustrated on FIG. 1, being omitted for clarity, but may be seen on FIG. 2 as item <b>118</b>B penetrating all layers through to front bus bar <b>107</b> and thereby facilitate the supply of electric power thereto.

FIG. 3 illustrates the entire assembly as described substantially above after completion and upon readiness to be removed from transfer release paper <b>102</b>. Membranous EL lamp <b>300</b> (comprising layers and components <b>104</b>-<b>116</b> as shown on FIGS. 1 and 2) is being peeled back from transfer release paper <b>102</b> in preparation for affixation to a substrate. Back and front contact windows <b>118</b>A and <b>118</b>B are also shown.

It will also be appreciated (although not illustrated) that the present invention provides further manufacturing economies over traditional EL lamp manufacturing processes when large number of the same design lamp are required. Screen printing techniques allow multiple EL lamps <b>300</b> to be constructed simultaneously on one large sheet of transfer release paper <b>102</b>. The location of these lamps <b>300</b> may be registered on the single sheet of release paper <b>102</b>, and then simultaneously punched out with a suitable large punch. The individual lamps <b>300</b> may then be stored for subsequent use.

As noted above, in accordance with the present invention, the front appearance of elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> in natural light may also be designed and prepared using dying or other techniques on selected intermediate layers of first envelope layer <b>104</b>. In accordance with such techniques, FIG. 3 also depicts a first portion of logo <b>301</b> being revealed as elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> is being peeled back. Features and aspects of a preferred preparation of logo <b>301</b> will be discussed in greater detail below.

First, however, there follows further discussion of two alternative preferred means for providing electric power to the elastomeric EL lamp of the present invention. With reference to FIG. 4, elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> will be seen right side up and rolled back to reveal back and front contact windows <b>118</b>A and <b>118</b>B. Electric power is being brought in from a remote source via flexible bus <b>401</b>, which may, for example, be a printed circuit of silver printed on polyester, such as is known in the art. Alternatively, flexible bus <b>401</b> may comprise a conductor (such as silver) printed onto a thin strip of polyurethane. Flexible bus <b>401</b> terminates at connector <b>402</b>, whose size, shape and configuration is predetermined to mate with back and front contact windows <b>118</b>A and <b>118</b>B. Connector <b>402</b> comprises two contact points <b>403</b>, one each to be received into back and front contact windows <b>118</b>A and <b>118</b>B respectively, and by mechanical pressure, contact points <b>403</b> provide the necessary power supply to the EL system within elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b>.

In a preferred embodiment, contact points <b>403</b> comprise electrically-conductive silicon rubber contact pads to connect the terminating ends of flexible bus <b>401</b> to the electrical contact points within back and front contact windows <b>118</b>A and <b>118</b>B. This arrangement is particularly advantageous when elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> is being affixed to a substrate by heat adhesive. The heat press used to affix the transfer to the substrate creates mechanical pressure to enhance electrical contact between the silicon rubber contact pads and electrical contact surfaces on contact points <b>403</b> and within contact windows <b>118</b>A and <b>118</b>B. Electrical contact may be enhanced yet further by applying silicon adhesive between contact surfaces. Enabling silicon rubber contact pads are manufactured by Chromerics, and are referred to by the manufacturer as “conductive silicon rubbers.” An enabling silicon adhesive is Chromerics <b>1030</b>.

A particular advantage of using silicon rubber contact pads is that they tend to absorb relative shear displacement of elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> and connector <b>402</b>. Compare, for example, an epoxy glued mechanical joint. The adhesion between transfer <b>300</b> and connector <b>402</b> would be inherently very strong, but so rigid and inflexible that relative shear displacement between transfer <b>300</b> and connector <b>402</b> would be transferred directly into either or both of the two components. Eventually, one or other of the epoxy-glued interfaces (epoxy/transfer <b>300</b> or epoxy/connector <b>402</b>) would likely shear off.

In contrast, however, the resilience of the silicon rubber contact pads disposes the silicon rubber interface provided thereby to absorb such relative shear displacement without degeneration of either the pads or the electromechanical joint. The chance is thus minimized for elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> to lose power prematurely because an electrical contact point has suffered catastrophic shear stresses.

An alternative preferred means for providing electric power to the EL lamp transfer of present invention is illustrated on FIG. <b>5</b>. In this case, when front bus bar <b>107</b> and back electrode layer <b>112</b> are printed down (as described above with reference to FIG. 1) extensions thereto are also printed down beyond the boundaries of elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> and onto trailing printed bus <b>501</b>. A suitable substrate for trailing printed bus <b>501</b> may be, for example, a “tail” of polyurethane that extends from either first or second envelope layers <b>104</b> or <b>114</b>. Additionally, it will be seen that, if desired, the conductors of trailing printed bus <b>501</b> may be sealed within trailing extensions of both first and second envelope layers <b>104</b> and <b>114</b>. Electric power may then be connected remotely from transfer <b>300</b> using trailing printed bus <b>501</b>.

It should be noted that the power supplies in a preferred embodiment use battery/invertor printed circuits with extremely low profiles. For example, a silicon chip-based invertor provides an extremely low profile and size. These power supply components can thus be hidden easily, safely and unobtrusively in products on which elastomeric EL lamps of the present invention are being used. For example, in garments, these power supply components may be hidden effectively in special pockets. The pockets can be sealed for safety (e.g. false linings). Power sources such as lithium 6-volt batteries, standard in the art, will also offer malleability and ductility to enable the battery to fold and bend with the garment. It will be further seen that flexible bus <b>401</b> such as is illustrated on FIG. 4, or trailing printed bus <b>501</b> such as illustrated on FIG. 5, may easily be sealed to provide complete electrical isolation and then conveniently hidden within the structure of a product.

Turning now to printing techniques, the present invention also discloses improvements in EL lamp printing techniques to develop EL lamps (including elastomeric EL lamps) whose passive natural light appearance is designed to complement the active electroluminescent appearance. Such complementing includes designing the passive natural light appearance of the EL lamp to appear substantially the same as the electroluminescent appearance so that, at least in terms of image and color hue, the EL lamp looks the same whether unlit or lit. Alternatively, the lamp may be designed to display a constant image, but portions thereof may change hue when lit as opposed to unlit. Alternatively again, the outer appearance of the EL lamp may be designed to change when lit.

Printing techniques that may be combined to enable these effects include (1) varying the type of phosphor (among colors of light emitted) used in electroluminescent layer <b>108</b>, (2) selecting dyes with which to color layers printed down above electroluminescent layer <b>108</b>, and (3) using dot sizing printing techniques to achieve gradual changes in apparent color hue of both lit and unlit EL lamps.

FIG. 6 illustrates these techniques. A cutaway portion <b>601</b> of elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> reveals electroluminescent layer <b>108</b>. In cutaway portion <b>601</b>, three separate electroluminescent zones <b>602</b>B, <b>602</b>W and <b>602</b>G have been printed down, each zone printed using an electroluminescent material containing phosphor emitting a different color of light (blue, white and green respectively). It will be understood that screen printing techniques known in the art may enable the print down of the three separate zones <b>602</b>B, <b>602</b>W and <b>602</b>G. In this way, various zones emitting various light colors may be printed down and, if necessary, combined with zones emitting no light (i.e. no electroluminescent material printed down) to portray any design, logo or information to be displayed when electroluminescent layer <b>108</b> is energized.

The outward appearance of electroluminescent layer <b>108</b> when energized may then be modified further by selectively colorizing (advantageously, by dying) subsequent layers interposed between electroluminescent layer <b>108</b> and the front of the EL lamp. Such selective colorization may be further controlled by printing down colorized layers only in selected zones above electroluminescent layer <b>108</b>.

Referring again to FIG. 6, elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> has first envelope layer <b>104</b> disposed over electroluminescent layer <b>108</b>, and as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, first envelope layer <b>104</b> may be printed down to a desired thickness by overlaying a plurality of intermediate layers. One or more of these layers may include envelope layer material dyed to a predetermined color and printed down so that said colorization complements the expected active light appearance from beneath. The result is a desired overall combined effect when the EL lamp is alternatively lit and unlit.

For example, on FIG. 6, suppose that zone <b>603</b>B is tinted blue, zone <b>603</b>X is untinted, zones <b>603</b>R are tinted red and zones <b>603</b>P are tinted purple. The natural light appearance of elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> would be, substantially, to have a red and purple striped design <b>605</b> with a blue border <b>606</b>. Red zones <b>603</b>R and purple zones <b>603</b>P would modify the white hue of zone <b>602</b>W beneath, untinted zone <b>603</b>X would leave unmodified the beige hue of zone <b>602</b>B beneath, and blue zone <b>603</b>B would modify the light green/beige hue of zone <b>602</b>G beneath to give an appearance of a slightly darker blue. It will be appreciated that the blue tint in zone <b>603</b>B may be further selected so that, when combined with the green of zone <b>602</b>G beneath, the natural light appearance is substantially the same blue.

When elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> was energized, however, zones <b>603</b>R, <b>603</b>P and <b>603</b>X would remain red, purple and blue respectively, while zone <b>603</b>B would turn turquoise as the strong green phosphor light from beneath was modified by the blue tint of zone <b>603</b>B. Thus, an exemplary effect is created wherein part of the image is designed to be visually the same whether elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> is lit or unlit, while another part of the image changes appearance upon energizing.

It will thus be appreciated that limitless design possibilities arise for interrelating the lit and unlit appearances of the lamp by printing down various colorized phosphor zones in combination with various tinted zones above. It will be understood that such lit/unlit appearance design flexibility and scope is not available in traditional EL manufacturing technology, wherein it is difficult to print variously colored “zones” with precision, or as intermediate layers within a monolithic thickness.

It will be further emphasized that in the tinting technique described above, fluorescent-colored dyes are advantageously blended into the material to be tinted, in contrast to use of, for example, a paint or other colorizing layer. Such dying facilitates achieving visually equivalent color hue in reflected natural light and active EL light. Color blending may be enabled either by “trial and error” or by computerized color blending as is known in the art more traditionally, for example, with respect to blending paint colors.

With further reference to FIG. 6, there is further illustrated a transition zone <b>620</b> between zones <b>603</b>B and <b>603</b>X. It is intended that transition zone <b>620</b> represents a zone in which the darker blue hue of zone <b>603</b>B (when elastomeric EL lamp <b>300</b> is energized) transforms gradually into the lighter blue hue of zone <b>603</b>X.

It is standard in the print trade to “dot print.” Further, this “dot printing” technique will be understood to be easily enabled by screen printing. It is known that “dot printing” enables the borders of two printed neighboring zones to be “fused” together to form a zone in apparent transition. This is accomplished by extending dots from each neighboring zone into the transition zone, decreasing the size and increasing the spacing of the dots as they are extended into the transition zone. Thus, when the dot patterns in the transition zones are overlapped or superimposed, the effect is a gradual change through the transition zone from one neighboring zone into the next.

It will be understood that this effect may easily be enabled on the present invention. With reference again to FIG. 6, a dyed layer providing a particular hue in zone <b>603</b>B may be printed down with dots extending into transition zone <b>620</b> where said dots reduce size and increase spacing as they extend into transition zone <b>620</b>. A dyed layer providing a particular hue in zone <b>603</b>X may then be printed down on top with dots extending into transition zone <b>620</b> in a reciprocal fashion. The net effect, in both natural and active light, is for transition zone <b>620</b> to exhibit a gradual transformation from one hue to the next.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.