Shared Spectrum Access for Broadcast and Bi-Directional, Packet-Switched Communications

PRIORITY CLAIM

0001This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/041,534, filed on Aug. 25, 2014, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

0002The present application relates to dynamic spectrum sharing for wireless communications.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

0003Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. Further, wireless communication technology has evolved from voice-only communications to also include the transmission of data, such as Internet and multimedia content. The proliferation of wireless communications may lead to a scarcity of frequency spectrum. Further, utilization of different portions of the spectrum may vary. For example, during some intervals cellular phone usage in a particular frequency band may be high. At the same time, broadcast television (TV) providers may not be utilizing all of their allotted frequency resources.

0004Thus, in some embodiments, techniques for dynamic spectrum sharing between different radio technologies may be desired.

SUMMARY

0005Techniques are disclosed relating to dynamic spectrum sharing. In some embodiments, a broadcast base station is configured to wirelessly broadcast audio and video data to multiple broadcast receiver devices using a particular frequency band. In these embodiments, the broadcast base station is configured to discontinue broadcasting in the particular frequency band during a scheduled time interval, to enable one or more cellular base stations to perform bi-directional packet-switched wireless data communications using the particular frequency band.

0006In some embodiments, a base station (e.g., a Long Term Evolution (LTE) base station) is configured to perform bi-directional packet-switched communication with one or more mobile devices using a first frequency band. In these embodiments, the base station is also configured to perform bi-directional packet-switched communication with one or more mobile devices using a second frequency band during a scheduled time interval, wherein the second frequency band is used for wirelessly broadcasting audio and video data to multiple devices during one or more time intervals other than the scheduled time interval.

0007In some embodiments, the disclosed techniques may allow for dynamic spectrum sharing between cellular and broadband communications. In some embodiments, a single base station is configured as both a broadcast base station and a cellular base station.

0008In some embodiments, mobile devices are configured to switch between frequency bands in order to take advantage of shared spectrum. In various embodiments, mobile devices may be configured to power down during blanking intervals for a corresponding radio technology (during which communications in the same spectrum by another radio technology may occur). In various embodiments, control signaling transmitted by cellular base stations and/or broadcast base stations may enable wireless receiver devices to maintain connectivity during dynamic spectrum sharing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0009<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a diagram illustrating a user equipment device (UE), according to some embodiments.

0010<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless communication environment that includes a broadcast base station and a cellular base station, according to some embodiments.

0011<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary base station, according to some embodiments.

0012<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary UE, according to some embodiments.

0013<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a diagram illustrating an exemplary broadcast frame, according to some embodiments.

0014<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a diagram illustrating an exemplary LTE radio frame, according to some embodiments.

0015<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a diagram illustrating exemplary control signaling for spectrum sharing between LTE and broadband transmissions, according to some embodiments.

0016<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is a diagram illustrating exemplary blanking periods of LTE and broadcast transmissions for spectrum sharing, according to some embodiments.

0017<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> is a flow diagram illustrating a method for operating a broadcast base station, according to some embodiments.

0018<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> is a flow diagram illustrating a method for operating a cellular base station, according to some embodiments.

0019<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> is a flow diagram illustrating a method for operating a UE, according to some embodiments.

0020Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.

0021Various units, circuits, or other components may be described or claimed as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is used to connote structure by indicating that the units/circuits/components include structure (e.g., circuitry) that performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the unit/circuit/component can be said to be configured to perform the task even when the specified unit/circuit/component is not currently operational (e.g., is not on). The units/circuits/components used with the “configured to” language include hardware—for example, circuits, memory storing program instructions executable to implement the operation, etc. Reciting that a unit/circuit/component is “configured to” perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112(f) for that unit/circuit/component.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Acronyms

0022The following acronyms are used in the present disclosure.

00233GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project

0024ATSC: Advanced Television Systems Committee

0025CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

0026GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

0027LTE: Long Term Evolution

0028NGBP: Next Generation Broadcast Platform

0029RAT: Radio Access Technology

0030RX: Receive

0031SIM: Subscriber Identity Module

0032TX: Transmit

0033UE: User Equipment

0034UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

TERMS

0035The following is a glossary of terms used in the present application:

0036Memory Medium—Any of various types of memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computer system memory or random access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer system in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer system which connects to the first computer system over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that are connected over a network. The memory medium may store program instructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executed by one or more processors.

0037Carrier Medium—a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and/or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals.

0038Computer System—any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC), mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), personal communication device, smart phone, television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.

0039User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device”)—any of various types of computer systems devices which are mobile or portable and which performs wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhone™, Android™-based phones), portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DS™, PlayStation Portable™, Gameboy Advance™, iPhone™), laptops, PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, other handheld devices, as well as wearable devices such as wrist-watches, headphones, pendants, earpieces, etc. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and/or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is easily transported by a user and capable of wireless communication.

0040Base Station—The term “Base Station” has the full breadth of its ordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication station installed at a fixed location and used to communicate as part of a wireless telephone system or radio system.

0041Processing Element—refers to various elements or combinations of elements. Processing elements include, for example, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, individual processors, programmable hardware devices such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or larger portions of systems that include multiple processors.

0042Automatically—refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc.), without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus the term “automatically” is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually”, where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc.) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system must update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed). The present specification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.

FIG.

1

—User Equipment

0043<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates an example user equipment (UE) <b>106</b> according to some embodiments. The term UE <b>106</b> may be any of various devices as defined above. UE device <b>106</b> may include a housing <b>12</b> which may be constructed from any of various materials. UE <b>106</b> may have a display <b>14</b>, which may be a touch screen that incorporates capacitive touch electrodes. Display <b>14</b> may be based on any of various display technologies. The housing <b>12</b> of the UE <b>106</b> may contain or comprise openings for any of various elements, such as button <b>16</b>, speaker port <b>18</b>, and other elements (not shown), such as microphone, data port, and possibly various types of buttons, e.g., volume buttons, ringer button, etc.

0044The UE <b>106</b> may support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). For example, UE <b>106</b> may be configured to communicate using any of various RATs such as two or more of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) (e.g., CDMA2000 1×RTT or other CDMA radio access technologies), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), and/or other RATs. For example, the UE <b>106</b> may support at least two radio access technologies such as LTE and GSM. Various different or other RATs may be supported as desired.

0045In some embodiments, UE <b>106</b> is also configured to receive broadcast radio transmissions which may convey audio and/or video content. In still other embodiments, a UE <b>106</b> may be configured to receive broadcast radio transmissions and may not be configured to perform bi-directional communications with a base station (e.g., UE <b>106</b> may be a television).

FIG.

2

—Communication System and Spectrum Sharing Overview

0046<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> illustrates an exemplary (and simplified) wireless environment that includes multiple communication systems. In the illustrated embodiment, different UEs and broadcast receivers are configured to communicate via a broadcast network and/or a packet-switched cellular network. It is noted that the system of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is merely one example of possible systems, and embodiments may be implemented in any of various systems, as desired.

0047As shown, the exemplary wireless communication system includes base stations <b>102</b>A and <b>102</b>B which communicate over a transmission medium with one or more user equipment (UE) devices, represented as UEs <b>106</b>A-<b>106</b>C.

0048Cellular base station <b>102</b>B may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site, and may include hardware that enables wireless communication with the UE <b>106</b>B and UE <b>106</b>C. In the illustrated embodiment, base station <b>102</b>B is also configured to communicate with a core network <b>100</b>B. Core network <b>100</b>B may also be coupled to one or more external networks (such as external network <b>108</b>), which may include the Internet, a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), and/or any other network. Thus, the base station <b>102</b>B may facilitate communication between the UE devices <b>106</b>B and <b>106</b>C and/or between the UE devices <b>106</b>B and/or <b>106</b>C and the networks <b>100</b>B, and/or <b>108</b>.

0049Base station <b>102</b>B and other base stations operating according to the same or different RATs or cellular communication standards may be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UE <b>106</b>B and/or UE <b>106</b>C and similar devices over a wide geographic area via one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

0050Broadcast base station <b>102</b>A may be configured to broadcast multimedia content (e.g., video and audio content for TV transmissions) to a plurality of receivers such as UEs <b>106</b>A and <b>106</b>B. In the illustrated embodiment, broadcast base station <b>102</b>A is configured to communicate with external network <b>108</b>. In various embodiments, broadcast base station <b>102</b>A is also configured to communicate with one or more internal networks.

0051The term “broadcast” refers to one-to-many transmissions that are transmitted for receiving devices in a broadcast area rather than being addressed to a particular device. Further, broadcast transmissions are typically one-directional (from transmitter to receiver). In some situations, control signaling (e.g., ratings information) may be passed back to a broadcast transmitter from the receivers, but the content data is transmitted in only one direction. In contrast, cellular communication is typically bi-directional. “Cellular” communications also may involve handoff between cells. For example, when UE <b>106</b>C (and/or UE <b>106</b>B) moves out of the cell served by cellular base station <b>102</b>B, it may be handed over to another cellular base station (and the handover may be handled by the network, including operations performed by base station <b>102</b>B and the other cellular base station). In contrast, when a user moves from the range covered by a first broadcast base station to the range covered by a second broadcast base station, it may switch to receiving content from the second broadcast base station, but the base stations do not need to facilitate handover (e.g., they simply continue broadcasting and do not care which base station a particular UE is using).

0052Traditionally, broadcast transmissions are performed using different frequency resources than cellular transmissions. In some embodiments, however, frequency resources are shared between these different types of transmissions. For example, in some embodiments, broadcast base station <b>102</b>A is configured to relinquish one or more frequency bands during scheduled time intervals for use by cellular base station <b>102</b>B for packet-switched communications.

0053Dynamic spectrum sharing gives rise to the potential for explicit coordination between networks to ensure seamless end user connectivity. Dynamic spectrum sharing may provide means for a broadcast operator to derive additional revenue by temporarily relinquishing use of its spectrum holdings, in part or in whole, to a wireless carrier, e.g., under expressed written agreement between the respective network operators. A configurable base station, versed in the complement of underlying signaling protocols, may facilitate uninterrupted connectivity from end user devices seeking either broadcast or broadband service access (or both) at a given point in time.

0054In some embodiments, control signaling transmitted by a broadcast or cellular base station may allow end user devices to maintain full signaling connectivity (which may eliminate network churn), extend battery life (e.g., by determining when to remain in a low power mode when a base station is not transmitting), and/or actively manage coverage detection (e.g., rather than perceiving spectrum sharing periods as spotty coverage or a temporary network outage).

0055Different levels of coordination may be utilized in various embodiments. In some embodiments, a broadcast operator may relinquish its spectrum to a cellular operator for a scheduled time period with no intervening signaling to the broadcast receiver. In these embodiments, the broadcast network is inaccessible for the duration of the deferral period, leaving its receivers unaware of network status until broadcast services resume. This may be referred to as unilateral deferral. In some embodiments, the cellular operator may periodically blank its transmission to enable the broadcast operator to transmit control signaling informing broadcast receivers of its dormant period. This may notify broadcast receivers of blanking periods, but may not allow them to continue receiving broadcast data. This may be referred to as joint deferral. In some embodiments, the broadcast and cellular providers may fully coordinate and allow UEs and broadcast receivers to maintain uninterrupted connectivity to their respective networks. For example, control signaling for broadcast transmissions may include sufficient synchronization information to allow broadcast receivers to receive broadcast content in active intervals (e.g., intervals between broadcast blanking intervals during which cellular data is transmitted). This may involve superimposing cellular synchronization and cell configuration parameters with broadcast frame parameters, in some embodiments.

0056The base stations <b>102</b>A and <b>102</b>B and the UEs <b>106</b>A, <b>106</b>B, and <b>106</b>C may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various RATs (also referred to as wireless communication technologies or telecommunication standards), such as LTE, Next Generation Broadcast Platform (NGBP), W-CDMA, TDS-CDMA, and GSM, among possible others such as UMTS, LTE-A, CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), etc.

0057Broadcast and cellular networks are discussed herein to facilitate illustration, but these technologies are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure and the disclosed spectrum sharing techniques may be used between any of various types of wireless networks, in other embodiments.

FIG.

3

—Base Station

0058<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a base station <b>102</b>. In some embodiments, base station <b>102</b> may be a broadcast base station such as base station <b>102</b>A of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> and/or a cellular base station such as base station <b>102</b>B of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. It is noted that the base station of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is merely one example of a possible base station. As shown, the base station <b>102</b> may include processor(s) <b>304</b> which may execute program instructions for the base station <b>102</b>. The processor(s) <b>304</b> may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) <b>340</b>, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s) <b>304</b> and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory <b>360</b> and read only memory (ROM) <b>350</b>) or to other circuits or devices.

0059The base station <b>102</b> may include at least one network port <b>370</b>. The network port <b>370</b> may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices <b>106</b>, access to the telephone network as described above. In some embodiments, the network port <b>370</b> (or an additional network port) may be coupled to a television network and configured to receive content for broadcasting. The network port <b>370</b> (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and/or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices <b>106</b>. In some cases, the network port <b>370</b> may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and/or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices <b>106</b> serviced by the cellular service provider).

0060The base station <b>102</b> may include at least one antenna <b>334</b>. The at least one antenna <b>334</b> may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices <b>106</b> via radio <b>330</b>. The antenna <b>334</b> communicates with the radio <b>330</b> via communication chain <b>332</b> in the illustrated embodiment. Communication chain <b>332</b> may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio <b>330</b> may be configured to communicate via various RATs.

0061The processor(s) <b>304</b> of the base station <b>102</b> may be configured to implement part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively, the processor <b>304</b> may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or a combination thereof.

0062In some embodiments, base station <b>102</b> is configured to perform both broadcast and bi-directional packet-switched communications. In these embodiments, base station <b>102</b> may include multiple radios <b>330</b>, communication chains <b>332</b>, and/or antennas <b>334</b>, for example. In other embodiments, the disclosed spectrum sharing techniques may be performed by different base stations configured to perform only broadcast transmissions or only packet-switched communications.

FIG.

4

—User Equipment (UE)

0063<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a UE <b>106</b>. As shown, the UE <b>106</b> may include a system on chip (SOC) <b>400</b>, which may include portions for various purposes. The SOC <b>400</b> may be coupled to various other circuits of the UE <b>106</b>. For example, the UE <b>106</b> may include various types of memory (e.g., including NAND flash <b>410</b>), a connector interface <b>420</b> (e.g., for coupling to a computer system, dock, charging station, etc.), the display <b>460</b>, wireless communication circuitry <b>430</b> such as for LTE, GSM, Bluetooth, WLAN, and/or broadcast, etc. The UE <b>106</b> may further comprise one or more smart cards that implement SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) functionality. The wireless communication circuitry <b>430</b> may couple to one or more antennas, such as antenna <b>435</b>.

0064As shown, the SOC <b>400</b> may include processor(s) <b>402</b> which may execute program instructions for the UE <b>106</b> and display circuitry <b>404</b> which may perform graphics processing and provide display signals to the display <b>460</b>. The processor(s) <b>402</b> may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) <b>440</b>, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s) <b>402</b> and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory <b>406</b>, read only memory (ROM) <b>450</b>, NAND flash memory <b>410</b>) and/or to other circuits or devices, such as the display circuitry <b>404</b>, wireless communication circuitry <b>430</b>, connector I/F <b>420</b>, and/or display <b>460</b>. The MMU <b>440</b> may be configured to perform memory protection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments, the MMU <b>440</b> may be included as a portion of the processor(s) <b>402</b>.

0065In some embodiments (not shown), UE <b>106</b> is configured to receive wireless broadcasts, e.g., from broadcast base station <b>102</b>A of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. In these embodiments, <b>106</b> may include a broadcast radio receiver. In some embodiments, UE <b>106</b> is configured to receive broadcast data and perform packet-switched cellular communications (e.g., LTE) at the same time using different frequency bands and/or the same frequency resources during different time slices. This may allow users to view TV broadcasts while performing other tasks such as browsing the internet (e.g., in a split-screen mode), using web applications, or listening to streaming audio. In other embodiments, the disclosed techniques may be used in systems with devices that are configured as broadcast receivers or for cellular communications, but not both.

0066The processor <b>402</b> of the UE device <b>106</b> may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively (or in addition), processor <b>402</b> may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Alternatively (or in addition) the processor <b>402</b> of the UE device <b>106</b>, in conjunction with one or more of the other components <b>400</b>, <b>404</b>, <b>406</b>, <b>410</b>, <b>420</b>, <b>430</b>, <b>435</b>, <b>440</b>, <b>450</b>, <b>460</b> may be configured to implement part or all of the features described herein.

FIG.

5

—Exemplary Broadcast Frame

0067<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates a generalized broadcast super-frame structure <b>502</b>, according to some embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, the super-frame occupies a 1-second duration that is independent of underlying frame configuration. In some embodiments, this fixed duration may facilitate coordination with a cellular network transport layer. The illustrated super-frame <b>502</b> includes a payload region <b>504</b> which carries actual payload data, and zero or more non-payload regions <b>506</b> and <b>508</b> which may carry control or other signaling information. In the example shown, separate non-payload regions <b>506</b> and <b>508</b> are indicated by the shaded areas at the beginning and end of the frame <b>502</b>. The relative lengths in time (horizontal axis) and numbers of symbols for each region may not be shown to scale in this example diagram.

0068In some embodiments, the initial non-payload region <b>506</b> serves as a preamble that provides initial synchronization and frame configuration to receiver devices. In some embodiments, detection of a particular preamble may set the context by which the remaining preamble symbols are to be detected. For example, if base station <b>102</b>A relinquishes a portion of its spectrum to LTE, it may indicate a separate context signaled in the broadcast preamble as “private”. In some embodiments, other fields may indicate various information to receiving devices, e.g. how long the transport will be occupied and the bandwidth of the signal. For example, a broadcast receiver device may use this information to determine when to begin monitoring for broadcast data again. A cellular device may use this information to determine how long it can transmit data in a borrowed frequency band. In some embodiments, broadcast receivers are configured to ignore super-frames that belong to a service context other than that which the broadcast device is equipped to receive.

FIG.

6

—Exemplary Cellular Frame

0069<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates an exemplary cellular radio frame (an LTE frame in the illustrated example). In the illustrated embodiment, a cellular radio frame <b>602</b> comprises multiple subframes <b>604</b>. In the illustrated embodiment, each subframe is 1 ms in length and is composed of two 0.5 ms slots <b>606</b>. The illustrated frame may be used for bi-directional, packet-switched cellular communications, in various embodiments.

0070Primary and secondary synchronization signals, PSS and SSS, are inserted in subframes 0 and 5 in slots 0 and 10, in the illustrated embodiment. PSS may be transmitted identically in both subframes. The SSS contents may be modified in the second instance per frame, which may enable the UE to uniquely determine the start of a 10 ms radio frame. In some embodiments, PSS and SSS are immediately followed by a physical broadcast channel (BCH) <b>610</b> only in the first subframe of a radio frame. The BCH may convey frame configuration to the broadband receiver. Note that the term “broadcast” in the context of BCH refers to control signaling that is distributed equally to receivers within an LTE cell and is thus different than broadcast data content distributed by a broadcast base station.

FIG.

7

—Exemplary Signaling Structures for Coordination of Spectrum Sharing

0071<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates incorporation of universal signaling into an LTE frame structure. In various embodiments, control signaling may be used to indicate time intervals during which frequency bands will be available. This may signal to broadcast and broadband receivers alike the intended use of spectrum resources in any given frame period.

0072In the illustrated embodiment, a preamble <b>702</b> is transmitted in the first LTE subframe <b>704</b> corresponding to the start of the broadcast super-frame duration <b>706</b>. In some embodiments, this may require synchronization of the broadcast super-frames with LTE frames (e.g., the super-frame should begin at the same time as an LTE frame, in some embodiments). Preamble <b>702</b> may be a “hybrid” preamble in the sense that both broadcast and cellular control signaling is transmitted by the respective networks during the preamble interval. This signaling may be transmitted using different time and/or frequency resources to avoid interference, in some embodiments.

0073In some embodiments, the broadcast portion of preamble <b>702</b> contains initial synchronization information plus any additional configuration parameters the broadband provider wishes to advertise in the broadcast cell. In some embodiments, the first broadcast symbol is sent as it would be in a normal broadcast mode, which may ensure robust signal detection. In the illustrated embodiment, the remaining symbols transmitted from the broadband base station are modified (e.g., by blanking at least a portion of the frequency spectrum during these intervals) as needed to accommodate signaling fields destined for the cellular receiver, e.g. PSS, SSS and BCH, enabling continued network connectivity despite the presence of the surrounding broadcast signaling.

0074Thus, in some embodiments, broadcast symbols overlapping the broadband signaling fields <b>708</b> are notched to accommodate PSS, SSS and BCH. In some embodiments, these cellular fields nominally occupy <b>72</b> subcarriers surrounding the center carrier at 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (1.080 MHz). In these embodiments, the broadcast base station <b>102</b>A may zero out the equivalent signal bandwidth to avoid compromising the integrity of the cellular signaling fields.

0075Further, cellular base station <b>102</b>B may suspend scheduling of user data in subframe zero as it overlaps the broadcast preamble <b>702</b>. The data loss in subframes available for user data scheduling ( 1/1000^thin the illustrated embodiment) may be inexpensive relative to the ability to share frequency spectrum with the broadcast base station <b>102</b>A. Normal cellular data scheduling may resume after subframe zero for the remainder of the super-frame duration.

0076In some embodiments, a single base station (e.g., a base station configured for both broadcast and cellular transmissions) may be configured to transmit the entire preamble <b>702</b>. Further, in some embodiments, a cellular base station may be configured to transmit a portion of the broadcast control signaling and/or vice versa, to facilitate scheduling.

Exemplary Spectrum Sharing Between LTE and NGBP

0077In some embodiments, a configurable eNB is configured to transmit both NGBP (broadcast) and EUTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) (LTE, Long Term Evolution) (cellular) signals using similar bandwidths in the same frequency spectrum by time interleaving the two signals. Maintaining correct time alignment between the NGBP and EUTRA signals may be relatively simple if the same base station (eNB, evolved Node B) is transmitting both signals. In these embodiments, an eNB may transmit a single signal, portions of which correspond to the NGBP waveform while other portions of the signal correspond to the EUTRA waveform. In other embodiments, (e.g., embodiments in which different base stations are configured as broadcast-only or cellular-only) coordination between the different networks may be needed for the time alignment.

0078The embodiments discussed below utilize NGBP and LTE for illustrative purposes, but similar techniques may be used for other broadcast and/or cellular protocols (such as NGBP, GSM, etc.) or may be used for protocols that are not broadcast or cellular in nature in other embodiments.

0079In some embodiments, MBSFN (Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network) subframes may be used by the cellular network for blanking to leave spectrum for broadcast transmissions. In these embodiments, a EUTRA downlink signal may be configured with MBSFN subframes. In FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) EUTRA systems, subframes 1, 2, 3 and 6, 7, 8 of each 10 ms EUTRA radio frame may be configured as MBSFN subframes. MBSFN subframes may have the property that an EUTRA signal need only be transmitted in the first 1 or 2 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols of a 1 ms subframe, while the remaining 13 or 12 OFDM symbols respectively may be left blank with no signal being transmitted. In particular, no EUTRA reference symbols need be transmitted in the OFDM symbols belonging to the MBSFN region of an MBSFN subframe. This implies that a blank area with a time length of 0.857 ms (12 OFDM symbols) or 0.929 ms (13 OFDM symbols) may exist in each MBSFN subframe.

0080Assuming an example sampling rate of 12.288 Msps (Mega samples per second) for the NGBP signal, MBSFN subframes with this blank area correspond to approximately 10500 or 11400 samples available for NGBP use in the blank areas of the MBSFN subframes for blank areas of length 12 or 13 OFDM symbols, respectively. (Note that this is an example sampling rate, and higher sampling rates for NGBP have also been proposed and could be selected in a dynamic fashion.) For example, this set of samples is sufficient for either two NGBP OFDM symbols using a 4096 FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) or one NGBP OFDM symbol using an 8192 FFT, plus an appropriately-sized cyclic prefix.

0081An NGBP frame may be configured with multiple partitions, which may be referred to as Physical Partition Data CHannels (PPDCH). Exemplary techniques for forming broadcast frame payloads with multiple PPDCHs are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/805,004 “Multi-Partition Radio Frames,” which was filed Jul. 21, 2015 and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. For time interleaving NGBP and EUTRA signals, one or more PPDCHs may be configured to carry the NGBP data during the blank areas of the EUTRA MBSFN subframes, while one or more blanking PPDCHs may be configured to correspond to the active portions of the EUTRA signals. These latter NGBP PPDCHs may be configured such that no NGBP signal is transmitted during those PPDCHs (including suppressing any NGBP reference symbols), so as not to interfere with the EUTRA signal. In some embodiments, broadcast base station <b>102</b>A is configured to inform NGBP receivers that NGBP reference symbols will not be transmitted during blank partitions, and the NGBP receivers may take this information into account while performing channel estimation.

0082The disclosed techniques may be implemented using LTE time division duplex (TDD) radio frames, LTE frequency division duplex (FDD) radio frames, and/or other types of radio frames in various embodiments or situations. Depending on the configuration of the cellular radio frames used, signaling information may be transmitted during different time and/or frequency portions of the cellular frames.

0083<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is a signal diagram illustrating an exemplary time interleaving between broadcast and cellular transmissions, according to some embodiments. This example uses a sampling rate of 12.288 Msps for NGBP, but various sampling rates may be used as appropriate. Note that while <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> shows a particular frequency band, broadcast transmissions may or may not continue on other frequency bands during relinquishment of the illustrated band.

0084In the illustrated example, PPDCHs 0, 1, and 2 carry NGBP broadcast data. In this example, each of these PPDCHs is configured to use an FFT size of 4096, with a cyclic prefix length of 512 samples. This results in a total of 9216 samples for two consecutive OFDM symbols, which fits within the blank area of an EUTRA MBSFN subframe, in the illustrated embodiment. (Alternatively, one OFDM symbol with an FFT size of 8192 and a cyclic prefix length of 1024 samples may be used for the same total length of 9216 samples.) In this example, PPDCH 0 has a periodicity of 5 ms to cover MBSFN subframes 1 and 6, PPDCH 1 has a periodicity of 5 ms to cover MBSFN subframes 2 and 7, and PPDCH 2 has a periodicity of 5 ms to cover MBSFN subframes 3 and 8.

0085In the illustrated example, PPDCH 3 is a blank partition that corresponds to the initial portion of each MBSFN subframe (which carries an active EUTRA signal). A 1 ms EUTRA subframe corresponds to 12288 NGBP samples during the same time period. Of these samples, 9216 are assigned to PPDCH 0, 1, or 2, depending upon the actual subframe index in question. This leaves 3072 samples for PPDCH 3, which may therefore be configured to use OFDM symbols with an FFT size of 2048 and a cyclic prefix length of 1024 samples, for example. PPDCH 3 may have a periodicity of 1 ms to cover the initial portion of each subframe (as well as a small part of the final portion of the preceding subframe, in this example).

0086In the illustrated example, PPDCH 4 and 5 are blank partitions that correspond to the active EUTRA portions of non-MBSFN subframes 0, 4, 5, and 9. These two partitions may use the same configurations as data-carrying partitions 0, 1, 2 (i.e. two OFDM symbols with an FFT size of 4096 and a cyclic prefix length of 512 samples or one OFDM symbol with an FFT size of 8192 and a cyclic prefix length of 1024 samples, and a periodicity of 5 ms).

0087In the illustrated embodiment, shaded areas represent an active transmission for the corresponding waveform, while unshaded areas represent no active transmission for the corresponding waveform. As can be seen from the diagram, the active portions of the NGBP signal (PPDCHs 0, 1, and 2) fall within the non-active portions of the EUTRA signal (the MBSFN portions of EUTRA subframes 1, 2, 3 and 6, 7, 8) (and vice versa), so that there is no collision between the two waveforms.

0088The following table summarizes the exemplary NGBP PPDCH configurations corresponding to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>.

0000<tables id="TABLE-US-00001" num="00001"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="7"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="49pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry /><entry>PPDCH</entry><entry>PPDCH</entry><entry>PPDCH</entry><entry>PPDCH</entry><entry>PPDCH</entry><entry>PPDCH</entry></row><row><entry>Quantity</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>2</entry><entry>3</entry><entry>4</entry><entry>5</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="7"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="49pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>FFT size</entry><entry>8192</entry><entry>8192</entry><entry>8192</entry><entry>2048</entry><entry>8192</entry><entry>8192</entry></row><row><entry>Cyclic prefix</entry><entry>1024</entry><entry>1024</entry><entry>1024</entry><entry>1024</entry><entry>1024</entry><entry>1024</entry></row><row><entry>length</entry></row><row><entry>Absolute</entry><entry>3</entry><entry>5</entry><entry>7</entry><entry>0</entry><entry>1</entry><entry>9</entry></row><row><entry>index of first</entry></row><row><entry>OFDM symbol</entry></row><row><entry>OFDM symbol</entry><entry>10</entry><entry>10</entry><entry>10</entry><entry>2</entry><entry>10</entry><entry>10</entry></row><row><entry>periodicity</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="7" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0089In some embodiments, the control signaling transmitted in (e.g., in a preamble at the beginning of) an NGBP frame may correspond to multiple LTE subframes. For example, the length of the PFCCH (Physical Format Control CHannel) and PCCCH (Physical Content Control CHannel), both of which are discussed in the '004 Patent Application, together may likely interfere with several of the EUTRA subframes. This may happen only once per NGBP frame, however, e.g., once per second. Further, in some embodiments the PFCCH and PCCCH locations are time-aligned with MBSFN subframes to minimize impact on EUTRA user devices. In some embodiments, the cellular base station <b>102</b>B is configured to avoid scheduling transmissions to EUTRA devices during any overlap period with the NGBP PFCCH and PCCCH in order to reduce potential signal collisions. Finally, in some embodiments, a particular preamble value for the PFCCH may be used to signal the NGBP receivers that the PCCCH format is a special format (e.g. with some time gaps to avoid interfering with non-MBSFN subframes) rather than a normal NGBP signal.

0090In embodiments in which a single base station is configured to transmit both EUTRA and NGBP signals, these signals may occupy the same (or similar) bandwidths with the same carrier frequency, which may avoid RF issues such as needing to retune the radio to a different frequency when switching between the two signals. In other embodiments, the signals may occupy different, overlapping bandwidths and/or use different carrier frequencies.

Exemplary Spectrum Sharing Embodiments for Local/Regional Broadcasts

0091In some embodiments, spectrum sharing techniques may be used to share spectrum between broadcasts of local content and broadcast of regional content (where regional content refers to content intended for a larger area than the local content). In some embodiments, a single base station is configured to transmit both types of content, and is configured to transmit the local content in some partitions of a broadcast frame and the regional content in other partitions of a broadcast frame. In these embodiments, the local/regional content may also be targeted for particular types of devices, e.g., mobile devices, fixed devices, etc.

0092In other embodiments, a regional broadcast base and one or more local broadcast base stations may be configured to share spectrum. For example, the regional broadcast base station may be configured to blank partitions corresponding to transmissions by the one or more local base stations. In these embodiments, the base stations may communicate to coordinate synchronization of broadcast frames and/or to configure which base stations transmit or blank during which intervals.

0093In some embodiments, time slices for use of spectrum in the same frequency band may be allocated to: local broadcast content, regional broadcast content, and bi-directional packet-switched communications.

Exemplary Coordination Schemes for Spectrum Sharing

0094In some embodiments, spectrum may be allocated using an exchange over which broadcast providers can list spectrum that they are willing to relinquish and cellular providers can purchase use of the listed spectrum. Broadcast providers may list particular percentages of the time that they are willing to relinquish spectrum (e.g., based on the size of partitions in broadcast frames that they are willing to blank), particular intervals during which they are willing to relinquish spectrum, etc. In some embodiments, the exchange may also allow providers to coordinate frame synchronization and configuration of which base stations are configured to blank during what time intervals.

0095In some embodiments, a centralized system is configured to determine and indicate spectrum sharing configurations, but is not configured to do so via an exchange. In some embodiments, decisions on how to share spectrum may be made in a distributed manner. For example, a broadcast base station may determine its spectrum usage based on current programming and communicate its ability to relinquish spectrum to nearby cellular base stations. The nearby base stations (e.g., stations with overlapping coverage areas) may then coordinate spectrum sharing parameters among themselves in a de-centralized manner. These communications between broadcast and/or cellular base stations may or may not be performed wirelessly. In some embodiments, fields for such communications may be added to cellular and/or broadcast frame structures.

FIGS.

9

-

11

—Exemplary Methods

0096Turning now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>, a flow diagram illustrating one exemplary embodiment of a method for operating a broadcast base station is shown. The method shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> may be used in conjunction with any of the computer circuitry, systems, devices, elements, or components disclosed herein, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.

0097At <b>910</b>, broadcast base station <b>102</b>A wirelessly broadcasts audio and video data to a plurality of broadcast receivers using a particular frequency band. In some embodiments, this may be a portion of the UHF band, which ranges from 470 to 884 MHz. In other embodiments, any of various frequency bands may be utilized.

0098At <b>920</b>, broadcast base station <b>102</b>A discontinues broadcasting on the particular frequency band during a scheduled time interval to enable one or more cellular base stations (e.g., cellular base stations <b>10</b>B) to perform bi-directional packet-switched wireless data communications using the particular frequency band. In some situations, the particular frequency band may be only a portion of the spectrum in which the broadcast base station is configured to transmit while in other situations the broadcast base station may relinquish its entire spectrum. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>, in some embodiments the scheduled time interval may correspond to a portion of a 1 ms LTE sub frame.

0099In some embodiments, the base station is configured to transmit on the particular frequency band during other scheduled time intervals, e.g., during other subframes of a particular LTE frame. In some embodiments, the base station is configured to transmit control signaling to receiving user devices and the control signaling indicates time intervals during which the broadcast base station will blank transmissions.

0100Turning now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref>, a flow diagram illustrating one exemplary embodiment of a method for operating a cellular base station is shown. The method shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> may be used in conjunction with any of the computer circuitry, systems, devices, elements, or components disclosed herein, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.

0101At <b>1010</b>, cellular base station <b>102</b>B performs bi-directional packet-switched communication with one or more mobile devices using a first frequency band. The first frequency band may be a band assigned to a cellular provider associated with base station <b>102</b>B for cellular communications.

0102At <b>1020</b>, cellular base station <b>102</b>B performs communication with one or more mobile devices using a second frequency band during a scheduled time interval. In the illustrated embodiment, the second frequency band is used for wirelessly broadcasting audio and video data to a plurality of devices during one or more time intervals other than the scheduled time interval. For example, the second frequency band may be assigned to a broadcast provider associated with broadcast base station <b>102</b>A. The broadband provider may agree, however, not to use at least a portion of its spectrum during the scheduled time interval. In some embodiments, cellular base station <b>102</b>B may include multiple radios configured to communicate using the different first and second frequency bands. The cellular base station <b>102</b>B may notify UEs to communicate via the second frequency band during the scheduled time interval.

0103Turning now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref>, a flow diagram illustrating one exemplary embodiment of a method for operating a UE is shown. The method shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> may be used in conjunction with any of the computer circuitry, systems, devices, elements, or components disclosed herein, among other devices. In various embodiments, some of the method elements shown may be performed concurrently, in a different order than shown, or may be omitted. Additional method elements may also be performed as desired.

0104At <b>1110</b>, a UE performs bi-directional packet-switched wireless data communications with a base station using a first frequency band. In some embodiments, this may be performed within a cellular frequency band, which may vary from country to country, but are often specified in bands of 10 to 100 MHz between 700 MHz and 3600 MHz.

0105At <b>1120</b>, the UE, in response to receiving control signaling from the base station, performs bi-directional packet-switched wireless data communications using a second frequency band during a scheduled time interval. In the illustrated embodiment, the second frequency band is used for wirelessly broadcasting audio and video data to a plurality of devices during one or more time intervals other than the scheduled time interval. This may allow the UE to communicate using frequency bands normally reserved for broadcast transmissions, which may increase data rates, reduce power consumption, increase battery life, etc., relative to communicating in a congested frequency band.

0106Embodiments described in this disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, some embodiments may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer-readable memory medium, or a computer system. Other embodiments may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Other embodiments may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.

0107In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and/or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.

0108In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE, a broadcast receiver, or a base station) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). The processor may be a central processing unit (CPU) or a digital signal processor (DSP), for example. The device may be realized in any of various forms.

0109Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.