Context-sensitive handling of interruptions

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/799,996, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, entitled CONTEXT-SENSITIVE HANDLING OF INTERRUPTIONS, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entity for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

0002The disclosed embodiments relate generally to digital assistants, and more specifically, to digital assistants that intelligently handle notifications based on the current context.

BACKGROUND

0003Just like human personal assistants, digital assistants or virtual assistants can perform requested tasks and provide requested advice, information, or services. An assistant's ability to fulfill a user's request is dependent on the assistant's correct comprehension of the request or instructions. Recent advances in natural language processing have enabled users to interact with digital assistants using natural language, in spoken or textual forms, rather than employing a conventional user interface (e.g., menus or programmed commands). Such digital assistants can interpret the user's input to infer the user's intent, translate the inferred intent into actionable tasks and parameters, execute operations or deploy services to perform the tasks, and produce outputs that are intelligible to the user. Ideally, the outputs produced by a digital assistant should fulfill the user's intent expressed during the natural language interaction between the user and the digital assistant.

0004However, many digital assistants are merely reactive, in that they provide outputs to the user only in response to a user's requests for information. For example, a digital assistant will provide driving directions when a user asks for them, will set an alarm, search the web, or the like. But by only reacting to overt requests for information, the helpfulness of digital assistants is inherently limited. Human personal assistants, on the other hand, are proactive. They can determine what information a person may need and provide it before it is requested. And they can determine whether and how to interrupt a user to provide such information in the most appropriate manner.

0005Accordingly, there is a need for methods of operating a digital assistant that intelligently and intuitively determine information to provide to a user, without first receiving a specific request for it, and intelligently determine what information warrants interrupting a user, and how to present that information in an appropriate manner.

SUMMARY

0006The embodiments described below offer an improved method for providing audio prompts associated with notification items. In particular, in some embodiments, a digital assistant dynamically and intelligently assigns urgency values to the notifications in a notification list, and provides audio prompts only if the urgency values satisfy a predetermined threshold. Thus, whereas traditional notification techniques either provide all notifications to a user, or none (e.g., if the device has been placed in a silent mode), the present methods allow a digital assistant to intelligently determine whether to interrupt a user based on the urgency of the message and the user's context. Moreover, in some implementations, the digital assistant detects changing conditions and monitors new incoming notifications to adjust urgency values of existing notification items. Thus, the digital assistant provides real-time triage of the user's notifications, so that truly important notifications—including notifications that have only recently become important because of changing conditions or newly received information—are not missed simply because the user didn't want to be interrupted with notifications of sports scores updates during a business lunch.

0007The embodiments disclosed herein provide methods, systems, computer readable storage medium and user interfaces for a digital assistant to intelligently and dynamically determine whether to provide a speech output. The method includes providing a list of notification items, the list including a plurality of notification items, wherein each respective one of the plurality of notification items is associated with a respective urgency value. The method further includes detecting an information item, and determining whether the information item is relevant to an urgency value of a first notification item of the plurality of notification items. The method further includes, upon determining that the information item is relevant to the urgency value of the first notification item, adjusting the urgency value of the first notification item. The method further includes determining whether the adjusted urgency value of the first notification item satisfies a predetermined threshold, and upon determining that the adjusted urgency value satisfies the predetermined threshold, providing a first audio prompt to a user.

0008In some embodiments, the method further includes establishing the predetermined threshold in accordance with a location of the device. In some embodiments, the method further includes establishing the predetermined threshold in accordance with a time of day. In some embodiments, the method further includes establishing the predetermined threshold in accordance with a calendar item associated with a current time. In some embodiments, the method further includes establishing the predetermined threshold in accordance with a user setting of the device.

0009In some embodiments, the information item is one of the group consisting of: an email; a voicemail; and a text message. In some embodiments, the information item is an application notification. In some embodiments, the information item is a change in a context of the device.

0010In some embodiments, the method further includes detecting two information items, including at least a communication and a change in a context of the device.

0011In some implementations, the respective urgency values are based on one or more of: a time associated with the respective notification item; a location associated with the respective notification item; and content of the respective notification item.

0012In some embodiments, the method further includes determining a topic of importance to a user of the device, and assigning at least one of the respective urgency values to a respective notification item based on a determination that the respective notification item corresponds to the topic of importance. In some implementations, the topic of importance is determined by the device automatically without human intervention.

0013In some implementations, determining whether the information item is relevant to the urgency value of the first notification item includes determining that the information item corresponds to a change to a location associated with the first notification item. In some implementations, determining whether the information item is relevant to the urgency value of the first notification item includes determining that the information item corresponds to a change in a time associated with the first notification item.

0014In some embodiments, the method further includes, upon determining that the adjusted urgency value does not satisfy the predetermined threshold, delaying providing the audio prompt to the user.

0015In some embodiments, detecting the information item includes receiving an incoming communication, and determining whether the information item is relevant to the urgency value of the first notification item is performed in response to receiving the incoming communication.

0016In some embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the user has acknowledged the first audio prompt; and upon determining that the user has not acknowledged the first audio prompt, providing a second audio prompt to the user, the second audio prompt being different from the first audio prompt. In some embodiments, the second audio prompt is louder than the first audio prompt. In some embodiments, the second audio prompt is longer than the first audio prompt. In some embodiments, the first audio prompt is a first ringtone and the second audio prompt is a second ringtone different from the first.

0017In some embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the user has acknowledged the second audio prompt; and upon determining that the user has not acknowledged the second audio prompt, providing a third audio prompt to the user, the third audio prompt being different from the first audio prompt and the second audio prompt. In some embodiments, the third audio prompt is a speech output. In some embodiments, the first audio prompt is a ringtone, the second audio prompt is a first speech output of a first volume, and the third audio prompt is a second speech output of a second volume louder than the first volume. In some embodiments, the first audio prompt is a ringtone, the second audio prompt is a first speech output of a first length, and the third audio prompt is a second speech output of a second length longer than the first length.

0018In some embodiments, the method further includes incorporating information from the information item into the first notification item.

0019In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes a display, a touch-sensitive surface, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one or more programs include instructions for performing the operations of any of the methods described above. In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronic device with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, cause the device to perform the operations of any of the methods referred described above. In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: a display, a touch-sensitive surface, and optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface; and means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above. In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, optionally one or more sensors to detect intensity of contacts with the touch-sensitive surface, includes means for performing the operations of any of the methods described above.

0020The details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0021<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a block diagram illustrating an environment in which a digital assistant operates in accordance with some embodiments.

0022<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant client system in accordance with some embodiments.

0023<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or a server portion thereof in accordance with some embodiments.

0024<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref> is a block diagram illustrating functions of the digital assistant shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> in accordance with some embodiments.

0025<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref> is a diagram of a portion of an ontology in accordance with some embodiments.

0026<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4C</figref> illustrate exemplary scenarios in which a digital assistant determines whether or not to provide a speech output in accordance with some embodiments.

0027<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5A-5D</figref> are flow diagrams of an exemplary method implemented by a digital assistant for determining whether or not to provide a speech output to a user based on a determination of whether or not the device is currently receiving speech input from the user, as well as the urgency of the speech output, in accordance with some embodiments.

0028<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a flow diagram of an exemplary method implemented by a digital assistant for managing a notification list, in accordance with some embodiments.

0029Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

0030<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a block diagram of an operating environment <b>100</b> of a digital assistant according to some embodiments. The terms “digital assistant,” “virtual assistant,” “intelligent automated assistant,” or “automatic digital assistant,” refer to any information processing system that interprets natural language input in spoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actions based on the inferred user intent. For example, to act on a inferred user intent, the system can perform one or more of the following: identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generating output responses to the user in an audible (e.g. speech) and/or visual form.

0031Specifically, a digital assistant is capable of accepting a user request at least partially in the form of a natural language command, request, statement, narrative, and/or inquiry. Typically, the user request seeks either an informational answer or performance of a task by the digital assistant. A satisfactory response to the user request is either provision of the requested informational answer, performance of the requested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user may ask the digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Based on the user's current location, the digital assistant may answer, “You are in Central Park near the west gate.” The user may also request the performance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to my girlfriend's birthday party next week.” In response, the digital assistant may acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” and then send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each of the user' friends listed in the user's electronic address book. During performance of a requested task, the digital assistant sometimes interacts with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multiple exchanges of information over an extended period of time. There are numerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to request information or performance of various tasks. In addition to providing verbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistant also provides responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text, alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.

0032An example of a digital assistant is described in Applicant's U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982 for “Intelligent Automated Assistant,” filed Jan. 10, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

0033As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, in some embodiments, a digital assistant is implemented according to a client-server model. The digital assistant includes a client-side portion <b>102</b><i>a</i>, <b>102</b><i>b </i>(hereafter “DA client <b>102</b>”) executed on a user device <b>104</b><i>a</i>, <b>104</b><i>b</i>, and a server-side portion <b>106</b> (hereafter “DA server <b>106</b>”) executed on a server system <b>108</b>. The DA client <b>102</b> communicates with the DA server <b>106</b> through one or more networks <b>110</b>. The DA client <b>102</b> provides client-side functionalities such as user-facing input and output processing and communications with the DA-server <b>106</b>. The DA server <b>106</b> provides server-side functionalities for any number of DA-clients <b>102</b> each residing on a respective user device <b>104</b>.

0034In some embodiments, the DA server <b>106</b> includes a client-facing I/O interface <b>112</b>, one or more processing modules <b>114</b>, data and models <b>116</b>, and an I/O interface to external services <b>118</b>. The client-facing I/O interface facilitates the client-facing input and output processing for the digital assistant server <b>106</b>. The one or more processing modules <b>114</b> utilize the data and models <b>116</b> to determine the user's intent based on natural language input and perform task execution based on inferred user intent. In some embodiments, the DA-server <b>106</b> communicates with external services <b>120</b> through the network(s) <b>110</b> for task completion or information acquisition. The I/O interface to external services <b>118</b> facilitates such communications.

0035Examples of the user device <b>104</b> include, but are not limited to, a handheld computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, an enhanced general packet radio service (EGPRS) mobile phone, a media player, a navigation device, a game console, a television, a remote control, or a combination of any two or more of these data processing devices or other data processing devices. More details on the user device <b>104</b> are provided in reference to an exemplary user device <b>104</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>.

0036Examples of the communication network(s) <b>110</b> include local area networks (“LAN”) and wide area networks (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet. The communication network(s) <b>110</b> may be implemented using any known network protocol, including various wired or wireless protocols, such as e.g., Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol.

0037The server system <b>108</b> is implemented on one or more standalone data processing apparatus or a distributed network of computers. In some embodiments, the server system <b>108</b> also employs various virtual devices and/or services of third party service providers (e.g., third-party cloud service providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/or infrastructure resources of the server system <b>108</b>.

0038Although the digital assistant shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> includes both a client-side portion (e.g., the DA-client <b>102</b>) and a server-side portion (e.g., the DA-server <b>106</b>), in some embodiments, the functions of a digital assistant is implemented as a standalone application installed on a user device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between the client and server portions of the digital assistant can vary in different embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, the DA client is a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and output processing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of the digital assistant to a backend server.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a block diagram of a user-device <b>104</b> in accordance with some embodiments. The user device <b>104</b> includes a memory interface <b>202</b>, one or more processors <b>204</b>, and a peripherals interface <b>206</b>. The various components in the user device <b>104</b> are coupled by one or more communication buses or signal lines. The user device <b>104</b> includes various sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices that are coupled to the peripherals interface <b>206</b>. The sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices gather information and/or facilitate various functionalities of the user device <b>104</b>.

0040For example, a motion sensor <b>210</b>, a light sensor <b>212</b>, and a proximity sensor <b>214</b> are coupled to the peripherals interface <b>206</b> to facilitate orientation, light, and proximity sensing functions. One or more other sensors <b>216</b>, such as a positioning system (e.g., GPS receiver), a temperature sensor, a biometric sensor, a gyro, a compass, an accelerometer, and the like, are also connected to the peripherals interface <b>206</b>, to facilitate related functionalities.

0041In some embodiments, a camera subsystem <b>220</b> and an optical sensor <b>222</b> are utilized to facilitate camera functions, such as taking photographs and recording video clips. Communication functions are facilitated through one or more wired and/or wireless communication subsystems <b>224</b>, which can include various communication pods, radio frequency receivers and transmitters, and/or optical (e.g., infrared) receivers and transmitters. An audio subsystem <b>226</b> is coupled to speakers <b>228</b> and a microphone <b>230</b> to facilitate voice-enabled functions, such as voice recognition, voice replication, digital recording, and telephony functions.

0042In some embodiments, an I/O subsystem <b>240</b> is also coupled to the peripheral interface <b>206</b>. The I/O subsystem <b>240</b> includes a touch screen controller <b>242</b> and/or other input controller(s) <b>244</b>. The touch-screen controller <b>242</b> is coupled to a touch screen <b>246</b>. The touch screen <b>246</b> and the touch screen controller <b>242</b> can, for example, detect contact and movement or break thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensitivity technologies, such as capacitive, resistive, infrared, surface acoustic wave technologies, proximity sensor arrays, and the like. The other input controller(s) <b>244</b> can be coupled to other input/control devices <b>248</b>, such as one or more buttons, rocker switches, thumb-wheel, infrared port, USB port, and/or a pointer device such as a stylus.

0043In some embodiments, the memory interface <b>202</b> is coupled to memory <b>250</b>. The memory <b>250</b> can include high-speed random access memory and/or non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more optical storage devices, and/or flash memory (e.g., NAND, NOR).

0044In some embodiments, the memory <b>250</b> stores an operating system <b>252</b>, a communication module <b>254</b>, a user interface module <b>256</b>, a sensor processing module <b>258</b>, a phone module <b>260</b>, and applications <b>262</b>. The operating system <b>252</b> includes instructions for handling basic system services and for performing hardware dependent tasks. The communication module <b>254</b> facilitates communicating with one or more additional devices, one or more computers and/or one or more servers. The user interface module <b>256</b> facilitates graphic user interface processing and output processing using other output channels (e.g., speakers). The sensor processing module <b>258</b> facilitates sensor-related processing and functions. The phone module <b>260</b> facilitates phone-related processes and functions. The application module <b>262</b> facilitates various functionalities of user applications, such as electronic-messaging, web browsing, media processing, Navigation, imaging and/or other processes and functions.

0045As described in this specification, the memory <b>250</b> also stores client-side digital assistant instructions (e.g., in a digital assistant client module <b>264</b>) and various user data <b>266</b> (e.g., user-specific vocabulary data, preference data, and/or other data such as the user's electronic address book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant.

0046In various embodiments, the digital assistant client module <b>264</b> is capable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touch input, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g., the I/O subsystem <b>244</b>) of the user device <b>104</b>. The digital assistant client module <b>264</b> is also capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output), visual, and/or tactile forms. For example, output can be provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages, menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations of two or more of the above. During operation, the digital assistant client module <b>264</b> communicates with the digital assistant server using the communication subsystems <b>224</b>.

0047In some embodiments, the digital assistant client module <b>264</b> utilizes the various sensors, subsystems and peripheral devices to gather additional information from the surrounding environment of the user device <b>104</b> to establish a context associated with a user, the current user interaction, and/or the current user input. In some embodiments, the digital assistant client module <b>264</b> provides the context information or a subset thereof with the user input to the digital assistant server to help infer the user's intent. In some embodiments, the digital assistant also uses the context information to determine how to prepare and delivery outputs to the user.

0048In some embodiments, the context information that accompanies the user input includes sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, etc. In some embodiments, the context information also includes the physical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signals strength, etc. In some embodiments, information related to the software state of the user device <b>106</b>, e.g., running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, etc., of the user device <b>104</b> are provided to the digital assistant server as context information associated with a user input.

0049In some embodiments, the DA client module <b>264</b> selectively provides information (e.g., user data <b>266</b>) stored on the user device <b>104</b> in response to requests from the digital assistant server. In some embodiments, the digital assistant client module <b>264</b> also elicits additional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or other user interfaces upon request by the digital assistant server <b>106</b>. The digital assistant client module <b>264</b> passes the additional input to the digital assistant server <b>106</b> to help the digital assistant server <b>106</b> in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user's intent expressed in the user request.

0050In various embodiments, the memory <b>250</b> includes additional instructions or fewer instructions. Furthermore, various functions of the user device <b>104</b> may be implemented in hardware and/or in firmware, including in one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits.

0051<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> is a block diagram of an example digital assistant system <b>300</b> in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the digital assistant system <b>300</b> is implemented on a standalone computer system. In some embodiments, the digital assistant system <b>300</b> is distributed across multiple computers. In some embodiments, some of the modules and functions of the digital assistant are divided into a server portion and a client portion, where the client portion resides on a user device (e.g., the user device <b>104</b>) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., the server system <b>108</b>) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>. In some embodiments, the digital assistant system <b>300</b> is an embodiment of the server system <b>108</b> (and/or the digital assistant server <b>106</b>) shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>. It should be noted that the digital assistant system <b>300</b> is only one example of a digital assistant system, and that the digital assistant system <b>300</b> may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> may be implemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by one or more processors, firmware, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combination of thereof.

0052The digital assistant system <b>300</b> includes memory <b>302</b>, one or more processors <b>304</b>, an input/output (I/O) interface <b>306</b>, and a network communications interface <b>308</b>. These components communicate with one another over one or more communication buses or signal lines <b>310</b>.

0053In some embodiments, the memory <b>302</b> includes a non-transitory computer readable medium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).

0054In some embodiments, the I/O interface <b>306</b> couples input/output devices <b>316</b> of the digital assistant system <b>300</b>, such as displays, a keyboards, touch screens, and microphones, to the user interface module <b>322</b>. The I/O interface <b>306</b>, in conjunction with the user interface module <b>322</b>, receive user inputs (e.g., voice input, keyboard inputs, touch inputs, etc.) and process them accordingly. In some embodiments, e.g., when the digital assistant is implemented on a standalone user device, the digital assistant system <b>300</b> includes any of the components and I/O and communication interfaces described with respect to the user device <b>104</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. In some embodiments, the digital assistant system <b>300</b> represents the server portion of a digital assistant implementation, and interacts with the user through a client-side portion residing on a user device (e.g., the user device <b>104</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>).

0055In some embodiments, the network communications interface <b>308</b> includes wired communication port(s) <b>312</b> and/or wireless transmission and reception circuitry <b>314</b>. The wired communication port(s) receive and send communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g., Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc. The wireless circuitry <b>314</b> receives and sends RF signals and/or optical signals from/to communications networks and other communications devices. The wireless communications may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol. The network communications interface <b>308</b> enables communication between the digital assistant system <b>300</b> with networks, such as the Internet, an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.

0056In some embodiments, memory <b>302</b>, or the computer readable storage media of memory <b>302</b>, stores programs, modules, instructions, and data structures including all or a subset of: an operating system <b>318</b>, a communications module <b>320</b>, a user interface module <b>322</b>, one or more applications <b>324</b>, and a digital assistant module <b>326</b>. The one or more processors <b>304</b> execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writes from/to the data structures.

0057The operating system <b>318</b> (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between various hardware, firmware, and software components.

0058The communications module <b>320</b> facilitates communications between the digital assistant system <b>300</b> with other devices over the network communications interface <b>308</b>. For example, the communication module <b>320</b> may communicate with the communication interface <b>254</b> of the device <b>104</b> shown in FIG. <b>2</b>_ The communications module <b>320</b> also includes various components for handling data received by the wireless circuitry <b>314</b> and/or wired communications port <b>312</b>.

0059The user interface module <b>322</b> receives commands and/or inputs from a user via the I/O interface <b>306</b> (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointing device, controller, and/or microphone), and generates user interface objects on a display. The user interface module <b>322</b> also prepares and delivers outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, and light, etc.) to the user via the I/O interface <b>306</b> (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers, and touch-pads, etc.).

0060The applications <b>324</b> include programs and/or modules that are configured to be executed by the one or more processors <b>304</b>. For example, if the digital assistant system is implemented on a standalone user device, the applications <b>324</b> may include user applications, such as games, a calendar application, a navigation application, or an email application. If the digital assistant system <b>300</b> is implemented on a server farm, the applications <b>324</b> may include resource management applications, diagnostic applications, or scheduling applications, for example.

0061The memory <b>302</b> also stores the digital assistant module (or the server portion of a digital assistant) <b>326</b>. In some embodiments, the digital assistant module <b>326</b> includes the following sub-modules, or a subset or superset thereof: an input/output processing module <b>328</b>, a speech-to-text (STT) processing module <b>330</b>, a natural language processing module <b>332</b>, a dialogue flow processing module <b>334</b>, a task flow processing module <b>336</b>, a service processing module <b>338</b>, and an interruption handling module <b>340</b>. Each of these modules has access to one or more of the following data and models of the digital assistant <b>326</b>, or a subset or superset thereof: ontology <b>360</b>, vocabulary index <b>344</b>, user data <b>348</b>, task flow models <b>354</b>, service models <b>356</b>, and priority parameters database <b>358</b>.

0062In some embodiments, using the processing modules, data, and models implemented in the digital assistant module <b>326</b>, the digital assistant performs at least some of the following: identifying a user's intent expressed in a natural language input received from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining information needed to fully infer the user's intent (e.g., by disambiguating words, names, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling the inferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferred intent. In this specifications, more details regarding the interruption handling module and its use of the priority parameters are provided later.

0063In some embodiments, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref>, the I/O processing module <b>328</b> interacts with the user through the I/O devices <b>316</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> or with a user device (e.g., a user device <b>104</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) through the network communications interface <b>308</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> to obtain user input (e.g., a speech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to the user input. The I/O processing module <b>328</b> optionally obtains context information associated with the user input from the user device, along with or shortly after the receipt of the user input. The context information includes user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferences relevant to the user input. In some embodiments, the context information also includes software and hardware states of the device (e.g., the user device <b>104</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) at the time the user request is received, and/or information related to the surrounding environment of the user at the time that the user request was received. In some embodiments, the I/O processing module <b>328</b> also sends follow-up questions to, and receives answers from, the user regarding the user request. When a user request is received by the I/O processing module <b>328</b> and the user request contains a speech input, the I/O processing module <b>328</b> forwards the speech input to the speech-to-text (STT) processing module <b>330</b> for speech-to-text conversions.

0064The speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b> receives speech input (e.g., a user utterance captured in a voice recording) through the I/O processing module <b>328</b>. In some embodiments, the speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b> uses various acoustic and language models to recognize the speech input as a sequence of phonemes, and ultimately, a sequence of words or tokens written in one or more languages. The speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b> can be implemented using any suitable speech recognition techniques, acoustic models, and language models, such as Hidden Markov Models, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)-based speech recognition, and other statistical and/or analytical techniques. In some embodiments, the speech-to-text processing can be performed at least partially by a third party service or on the user's device. Once the speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b> obtains the result of the speech-to-text processing, e.g., a sequence of words or tokens, it passes the result to the natural language processing module <b>332</b> for intent deduction.

0065The natural language processing module <b>332</b> (“natural language processor”) of the digital assistant takes the sequence of words or tokens (“token sequence”) generated by the speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b>, and attempts to associate the token sequence with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by the digital assistant. An “actionable intent” represents a task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and has an associated task flow implemented in the task flow models <b>354</b>. The associated task flow is a series of programmed actions and steps that the digital assistant takes in order to perform the task. The scope of a digital assistant's capabilities is dependent on the number and variety of task flows that have been implemented and stored in the task flow models <b>354</b>, or in other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” that the digital assistant recognizes. The effectiveness of the digital assistant, however, is also dependent on the assistant's ability to infer the correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed in natural language.

0066In some embodiments, in addition to the sequence of words or tokens obtained from the speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b>, the natural language processor <b>332</b> also receives context information associated with the user request, e.g., from the I/O processing module <b>328</b>. The natural language processor <b>332</b> optionally uses the context information to clarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained in the token sequence received from the speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b>. The context information includes, for example, user preferences, hardware and/or software states of the user device, sensor information collected before, during, or shortly after the user request, prior interactions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and the user, and the like. As described in this specification, context information is dynamic, and can change with time, location, content of the dialogue, and other factors.

0067In some embodiments, the natural language processing is based on e.g., ontology <b>360</b>. The ontology <b>360</b> is a hierarchical structure containing many nodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a “property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other “properties”. As noted above, an “actionable intent” represents a task that the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is “actionable” or can be acted on. A “property” represents a parameter associated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of another property. A linkage between an actionable intent node and a property node in the ontology <b>360</b> defines how a parameter represented by the property node pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node.

0068In some embodiments, the ontology <b>360</b> is made up of actionable intent nodes and property nodes. Within the ontology <b>360</b>, each actionable intent node is linked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes. Similarly, each property node is linked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes. For example, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref>, the ontology <b>360</b> may include a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., an actionable intent node). Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (for the reservation), and “party size” are each directly linked to the actionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node). In addition, property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location” are sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and are each linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionable intent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.” For another example, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref>, the ontology <b>360</b> may also include a “set reminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node). Property nodes “date/time” (for the setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder) are each linked to the “set reminder” node. Since the property “date/time” is relevant to both the task of making a restaurant reservation and the task of setting a reminder, the property node “date/time” is linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the “set reminder” node in the ontology <b>360</b>.

0069An actionable intent node, along with its linked concept nodes, may be described as a “domain.” In the present discussion, each domain is associated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the group of nodes (and the relationships therebetween) associated with the particular actionable intent. For example, the ontology <b>360</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref> includes an example of a restaurant reservation domain <b>362</b> and an example of a reminder domain <b>364</b> within the ontology <b>360</b>. The restaurant reservation domain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,” property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” and sub-property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location.” The reminder domain <b>364</b> includes the actionable intent node “set reminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.” In some embodiments, the ontology <b>360</b> is made up of many domains. Each domain may share one or more property nodes with one or more other domains. For example, the “date/time” property node may be associated with many different domains (e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticket domain, etc.), in addition to the restaurant reservation domain <b>362</b> and the reminder domain <b>364</b>.

0070While <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3C</figref> illustrates two example domains within the ontology <b>360</b>, other domains (or actionable intents) include, for example, “initiate a phone call,” “find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “provide an answer to a question,” “read a list”, “providing navigation instructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on. A “send a message” domain is associated with a “send a message” actionable intent node, and may further include property nodes such as “recipient(s)”, “message type”, and “message body.” The property node “recipient” may be further defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as “recipient name” and “message address.”

0071In some embodiments, the ontology <b>360</b> includes all the domains (and hence actionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable of understanding and acting upon. In some embodiments, the ontology <b>360</b> may be modified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or by modifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology <b>360</b>.

0072In some embodiments, nodes associated with multiple related actionable intents may be clustered under a “super domain” in the ontology <b>360</b>. For example, a “travel” super-domain may include a cluster of property nodes and actionable intent nodes related to travels. The actionable intent nodes related to travels may include “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,” and so on. The actionable intent nodes under the same super domain (e.g., the “travels” super domain) may have many property nodes in common. For example, the actionable intent nodes for “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest” may share one or more of the property nodes “start location,” “destination,” “departure date/time,” “arrival date/time,” and “party size.”

0073In some embodiments, each node in the ontology <b>360</b> is associated with a set of words and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionable intent represented by the node. The respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node is the so-called “vocabulary” associated with the node. The respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node can be stored in the vocabulary index <b>344</b> in association with the property or actionable intent represented by the node. For example, returning to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref>, the vocabulary associated with the node for the property of “restaurant” may include words such as “food,” “drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” and so on. For another example, the vocabulary associated with the node for the actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” may include words and phrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,” “make a call to,” and so on. The vocabulary index <b>344</b> optionally includes words and phrases in different languages.

0074The natural language processor <b>332</b> receives the token sequence (e.g., a text string) from the speech-to-text processing module <b>330</b>, and determines what nodes are implicated by the words in the token sequence. In some embodiments, if a word or phrase in the token sequence is found to be associated with one or more nodes in the ontology <b>360</b> (via the vocabulary index <b>344</b>), the word or phrase will “trigger” or “activate” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relative importance of the activated nodes, the natural language processor <b>332</b> will select one of the actionable intents as the task that the user intended the digital assistant to perform. In some embodiments, the domain that has the most “triggered” nodes is selected. In some embodiments, the domain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relative importance of its various triggered nodes) is selected. In some embodiments, the domain is selected based on a combination of the number and the importance of the triggered nodes. In some embodiments, additional factors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whether the digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similar request from a user.

0075In some embodiments, the digital assistant also stores names of specific entities in the vocabulary index <b>344</b>, so that when one of these names is detected in the user request, the natural language processor <b>332</b> will be able to recognize that the name refers to a specific instance of a property or sub-property in the ontology. In some embodiments, the names of specific entities are names of businesses, restaurants, people, movies, and the like. In some embodiments, the digital assistant searches and identifies specific entity names from other data sources, such as the user's address book, a movies database, a musicians database, and/or a restaurant database. In some embodiments, when the natural language processor <b>332</b> identifies that a word in the token sequence is a name of a specific entity (such as a name in the user's address book), that word is given additional significance in selecting the actionable intent within the ontology for the user request.

0076For example, when the words “Mr. Santo” are recognized from the user request, and the last name “Santo” is found in the vocabulary index <b>344</b> as one of the contacts in the user's contact list, then it is likely that the user request corresponds to a “send a message” or “initiate a phone call” domain. For another example, when the words “ABC Café” are found in the user request, and the term “ABC Café” is found in the vocabulary index <b>344</b> as the name of a particular restaurant in the user's city, then it is likely that the user request corresponds to a “restaurant reservation” domain.

0077User data <b>348</b> includes user-specific information, such as user-specific vocabulary, user preferences, user address, user's default and secondary languages, user's contact list, and other short-term or long-term information for each user. In some embodiments, the natural language processor <b>332</b> uses the user-specific information to supplement the information contained in the user input to further define the user intent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to my birthday party,” the natural language processor <b>332</b> is able to access user data <b>348</b> to determine who the “friends” are and when and where the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the user to provide such information explicitly in his/her request.

0078Other details of searching an ontology based on a token string is described in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/341,743 for “Method and Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology,” filed Dec. 22, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

0079In some embodiments, once the natural language processor <b>332</b> identifies an actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request, the natural language processor <b>332</b> generates a structured query to represent the identified actionable intent. In some embodiments, the structured query includes parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for the actionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populated with the specific information and requirements specified in the user request. For example, the user may say “Make me a dinner reservation at a sushi place at 7.” In this case, the natural language processor <b>332</b> may be able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurant reservation” based on the user input. According to the ontology, a structured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain may include parameters such as {Cuisine), {Time}, {Date}, {Party Size}, and the like. In some embodiments, based on the information contained in the user's utterance, the natural language processor <b>332</b> generates a partial structured query for the restaurant reservation domain, where the partial structured query includes the parameters {Cuisine=“Sushi”} and {Time=“7 pm”}. However, in this example, the user's utterance contains insufficient information to complete the structured query associated with the domain. Therefore, other necessary parameters such as {Party Size} and {Date} are not specified in the structured query based on the information currently available. In some embodiments, the natural language processor <b>332</b> populates some parameters of the structured query with received context information. For example, in some embodiments, if the user requested a sushi restaurant “near me,” the natural language processor <b>332</b> populates a {location} parameter in the structured query with GPS coordinates from the user device <b>104</b>.

0080In some embodiments, the natural language processor <b>332</b> passes the structured query (including any completed parameters) to the task flow processing module <b>336</b> (“task flow processor”). The task flow processor <b>336</b> is configured to receive the structured query from the natural language processor <b>332</b>, complete the structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to “complete” the user's ultimate request. In some embodiments, the various procedures necessary to complete these tasks are provided in task flow models <b>354</b>. In some embodiments, the task flow models include procedures for obtaining additional information from the user, and task flows for performing actions associated with the actionable intent.

0081As described above, in order to complete a structured query, the task flow processor <b>336</b> may need to initiate additional dialogue with the user in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguate potentially ambiguous utterances. When such interactions are necessary, the task flow processor <b>336</b> invokes the dialogue processing module <b>334</b> (“dialogue processor <b>334</b>”) to engage in a dialogue with the user. In some embodiments, the dialogue processor <b>334</b> determines how (and/or when) to ask the user for the additional information, and receives and processes the user responses. The questions are provided to and answers are received from the users through the I/O processing module <b>328</b>. In some embodiments, the dialogue processor <b>334</b> presents dialogue output to the user via audio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spoken or physical (e.g., clicking) responses. Continuing with the example above, when the task flow processor <b>336</b> invokes the dialogue flow processor <b>334</b> to determine the “party size” and “date” information for the structured query associated with the domain “restaurant reservation,” the dialogue flow processor <b>335</b> generates questions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass to the user. Once answers are received from the user, the dialogue flow processor <b>334</b> can then populate the structured query with the missing information, or pass the information to the task flow processor <b>336</b> to complete the missing information from the structured query.

0082In some cases, the task flow processor <b>336</b> may receive a structured query that has one or more ambiguous properties. For example, a structured query for the “send a message” domain may indicate that the intended recipient is “Bob,” and the user may have multiple contacts named “Bob.” The task flow processor <b>336</b> will request that the dialogue processor <b>334</b> disambiguate this property of the structured query. In turn, the dialogue processor <b>334</b> may ask the user “Which Bob?”, and display (or read) a list of contacts named “Bob” from which the user may choose.

0083Once the task flow processor <b>336</b> has completed the structured query for an actionable intent, the task flow processor <b>336</b> proceeds to perform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent. Accordingly, the task flow processor <b>336</b> executes the steps and instructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameters contained in the structured query. For example, the task flow model for the actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” may include steps and instructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting a reservation for a particular party size at a particular time. For example, using a structured query such as: {restaurant reservation, restaurant=ABC Café, date=Mar. 12, 2012, time=7 pm, party size=5}, the task flow processor <b>336</b> may perform the steps of: (1) logging onto a server of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such as OPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in a form on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendar entry for the reservation in the user's calendar.

0084In some embodiments, the task flow processor <b>336</b> employs the assistance of a service processing module <b>338</b> (“service processor”) to complete a task requested in the user input or to provide an informational answer requested in the user input. For example, the service processor <b>338</b> can act on behalf of the task flow processor <b>336</b> to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invoke or interact with other user applications installed on the user device, and invoke or interact with third party services (e.g. a restaurant reservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal, etc.). In some embodiments, the protocols and application programming interfaces (API) required by each service can be specified by a respective service model among the services models <b>356</b>. The service processor <b>338</b> accesses the appropriate service model for a service and generates requests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIs required by the service according to the service model.

0085For example, if a restaurant has enabled an online reservation service, the restaurant can submit a service model specifying the necessary parameters for making a reservation and the APIs for communicating the values of the necessary parameter to the online reservation service. When requested by the task flow processor <b>336</b>, the service processor <b>338</b> can establish a network connection with the online reservation service using the web address stored in the service model, and send the necessary parameters of the reservation (e.g., time, date, party size) to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API of the online reservation service.

0086In some embodiments, the natural language processor <b>332</b>, dialogue processor <b>334</b>, and task flow processor <b>336</b> are used collectively and iteratively to infer and define the user's intent, obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, and finally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or the completion of a task) to fulfill the user's intent.

0087In some embodiments, after all of the tasks needed to fulfill the user's request have been performed, the digital assistant <b>326</b> formulates a confirmation response, and sends the response back to the user through the I/O processing module <b>328</b>. If the user request seeks an informational answer, the confirmation response presents the requested information to the user. In some embodiments, the digital assistant also requests the user to indicate whether the user is satisfied with the response produced by the digital assistant <b>326</b>.

0088More details on the digital assistant can be found in the U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent Automated Assistant”, filed Jan. 18, 2010, U.S. Utility Application No. 61/493,201, entitled “Generating and Processing Data Items That Represent Tasks to Perform”, filed Jun. 3, 2011, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

0089In most scenarios, when the digital assistant receives a user input from a user, the digital assistant attempts to provide an appropriate response to the user input with as little delay as possible. For example, suppose the user requests certain information (e.g., current traffic information) by providing a speech input (e.g., “How does the traffic look right now?”). Right after the digital assistant receives and processes the speech input, the digital assistant optionally provides a speech output (e.g., “Looking up traffic information . . . ”) acknowledging receipt of the user request. After the digital assistant obtains the requested information in response to the user request, the digital assistant proceeds to provide the requested information to the user without further delay. For example, in response to the user's traffic information request, the digital assistant may provide a series of one or more discrete speech outputs separated by brief pauses (e.g., “There are 2 accidents on the road. <Pause> One accident is on 101 north bound near Whipple Avenue. <Pause> And a second accident is on 85 north near 280.”), immediately after the speech outputs are generated.

0090For the purpose of this specification, the initial acknowledgement of the user request and the series of one or more discrete speech outputs provided in response to the user request are all considered sub-responses of a complete response to the user request. In other words, the digital assistant initiates an information provision process for the user request upon receipt of the user request, and during the information provision process, the digital assistant prepares and provides each sub-response of the complete response to the user request without requiring further prompts from the user.

0091Sometimes, additional information or clarification (e.g., route information) is required before the requested information can be obtained. In such scenarios, the digital assistant outputs a question (e.g., “Where are you going?”) to the user asking for the additional information or clarification. In some embodiments, the question provided by the digital assistant is considered a complete response to the user request because the digital assistant will not take further actions or provide any additional response to the user request until a new input is received from the user. In some embodiments, once the user provides the additional information or clarification, the digital assistant initiates a new information provision process for a “new” user request established based on the original user request and the additional user input.

0092In some embodiments, the digital assistant initiates a new information provision process upon receipt of each new user input, and each existing information provision process terminates either (1) when all of the sub-responses of a complete response to the user request have been provided to the user or (2) when the digital assistant provides a request for additional information or clarification to the user regarding a previous user request that started the existing information provision process.

0093In general, after a user request for information or performance of a task is received by the digital assistant, it is desirable that the digital assistant provides a response (e.g., either an output containing the requested information, an acknowledgement of a requested task, or an output to request a clarification) as promptly as possible. Real-time responsiveness of the digital assistant is one of the key factors in evaluating performance of the digital assistant. In such cases, a response is prepared as quickly as possible, and a default delivery time for the response is a time immediately after the response is prepared.

0094Sometimes, however, after an initial sub-response provided immediately after receipt of the user input, the digital assistant provides the remaining one or more sub-responses one at a time over an extended period of time. In some embodiments, the information provision process for a user request is stretched out over an extended period of time that is longer than the sum of the time required to provide each sub-response individually. For example, in some embodiments, short pauses (i.e., brief periods of silence) are inserted between an adjacent pair of sub-responses (e.g., a pair of consecutive speech outputs) when they are delivered to the user through an audio-output channel.

0095In some embodiments, a sub-response is held in abeyance after it is prepared and is delivered only when a predetermined condition has been met. In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is met when a predetermined trigger time has been reached according to a system clock and/or when a predetermined trigger event has occurred. For example, if the user says to the digital assistant “set me a timer for 5 minutes,” the digital assistant initiates an information provision process upon receipt of the user request. During the information provision process, the digital assistant provides a first sub-response (e.g., “OK, timer started.”) right away, and does not provide a second and final sub-response (e.g., “OK, five minutes are up”) until 5 minutes later. In such cases, the default delivery time for the first sub-response is a time immediately after the first sub-response is prepared, and the default delivery time for the second, final sub-response is a time immediately after the occurrence of the trigger event (e.g., the elapse of 5 minutes from the start of the timer). The information provision process is terminated when the digital assistant finishes providing the final sub-response to the user. In various embodiments, the second sub-response is prepared any time (e.g., right after the first sub-response is prepared, or until shortly before the default delivery time for the second sub-response) before the default delivery time for the second sub-response.

0096As will be described in more details later in this specification, a context-sensitive interruption handler (e.g., the interruption handling module <b>340</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref>) is implemented on top of the default rules for providing responses to the user requests and/or for providing the alert items for reminders and notifications. In some embodiments, the interruption handler gathers information regarding the present context in real-time, and determines in real-time whether the default rules for provision of responses, reminders and/or notifications need to be altered (e.g., because the device is currently receiving speech input for a user, or because additional information has been detected that alters the urgency of a reminder, notification, or other speech output). For example, in some contexts, it would be more suitable to delay (e.g., staying, at least temporary) provision of a non-urgent speech output because a user is speaking into the device, or because the user's context suggests that interruptions should be avoided (e.g., because the user is in a meeting or is asleep) while other times it may be more suitable to provide an urgent speech output immediately (e.g., “barge-in,” or interrupt the user). In addition, in some contexts, it is acceptable and in fact, more suitable to forgo providing the speech output altogether.

0097The context-sensitive interruption handler also selects audio prompts from among several possible audio prompts with which to alert the user to some information (e.g., a notification item). In some embodiments, the particular audio prompt or type of audio prompt that is selected is based on the urgency of the notification and/or the user's context. For example, in some embodiments, a notification item with a low urgency is provided as soon as it is received if the user's context suggests that a barge-in would not be inconvenient. On the other hand, in some embodiments, a notification item with a higher urgency can be delayed if the user's context suggests that a barge-in, even for somewhat important information, would be unwelcome.

0098<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4C</figref> illustrate exemplary scenarios in which a digital assistant provides a speech output, or does not provide a speech output, in accordance with some embodiments. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4C</figref>, solid boxes corresponding to speech outputs (e.g., SO<b>1</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref>) indicate speech outputs that are actually provided by the device. Dashed boxes, on the other hand (e.g., SO<b>2</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref>), indicate speech outputs that are not actually provided by the device at the corresponding time and location, but otherwise would be provided by the device if not for . . . the detection of speech input by the user, as explained in greater detail with reference to the individual figures.

0099<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref> illustrates an exemplary scenario in which a speech output is permanently forgone by the device. At the outset, the user is heading East (<b>401</b>) on East Alder Ave. At a first location designated by <b>402</b>-<b>1</b>, the user requests that the device provide turn-by-turn directions to a library by stating, “Take me to the library” as a speech input SI<b>1</b>. The location at which the user finishes the speaking is designated by <b>402</b>-<b>2</b>, which is distinct from <b>402</b>-<b>1</b> by virtue of the fact that the user is speaking while moving. Thus, the bars corresponding to respective speech inputs and outputs (e.g., the bar between <b>402</b>-<b>1</b> and <b>402</b>-<b>2</b> corresponding to SI<b>1</b>) indicate a distance or, equivalently, a length of time that the respective input/output requires to recite (e.g., speak).

0100The device receives the speech input and performs the necessary operations to, for example, determine the location of the nearest library, as described in greater detail with reference to method <b>500</b> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5A-5D</figref>. In this example, the device determines that library <b>404</b> is the nearest library and responds promptly with a speech output SO<b>1</b> (“Ok, Continue Straight”)

0101At a location designated by <b>405</b>-<b>1</b>, a phone feature included on the same device as the digital assistant receives an incoming call, as indicated by ring-tone icon <b>406</b>. The user answers the phone by providing speech input SI<b>2</b>, stating, “Hey John! Haven't heard from you in ages. How is the family?” At the completion of speech input SI<b>2</b>, the user is at a location designated by <b>405</b>-<b>2</b>. However, in the interim between <b>405</b>-<b>1</b> and <b>405</b>-<b>2</b>, the device receives (e.g., from a server or a different module on the same device) a speech output SO<b>2</b> indicating, “Turn right on First Street in 3 miles.” In this example, speech output SO<b>2</b> has a low measure of urgency, because the device is scheduled to warn the user of the upcoming turn one or more additional times before the user reaches First Street (e.g., additional warning such as, “Turn Right in 1 mile,” and/or, “Turn right now onto First Street”). Because the device was receiving speech input SI<b>2</b> when speech output SO<b>2</b> was to be outputted (<b>407</b>-<b>1</b> until <b>407</b>-<b>2</b>), the device stays output of speech output SO<b>2</b>. Furthermore, because of the very low priority associated with speech output SO<b>2</b> (e.g., due to the redundancy associated with the turn-by-turn direction in this example), the stay actually forgoes output of speech output SO<b>2</b> altogether (e.g., never outputs a command to turn left in three miles, relying instead on the 1 mile and immediate warnings).

0102<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> illustrates an exemplary scenario in which a speech output is immediately provided to a user, in accordance with some embodiments. Like reference numerals shared between <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A and 4B</figref> refer to analogous aspects of the respective scenarios. Thus, for brevity, those analogous aspects are not repeated here.

0103<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> differs from <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref> in that the phone receives an incoming call, as indicated by the ring-tone icon <b>406</b>, at a much closer proximity to First Street than in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref>. While the user is answering the phone via speech input SI<b>2</b>, the device receives a speech output SO<b>3</b> corresponding to a turn-by-turn direction command indicating that the user should turn right very soon (e.g., in this example, 100 feet). Because of the urgency of the message, the device “barges-in” (e.g., interrupts the user while the user is speaking) to output, “Turn right in 100 feet.”

0104<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref> illustrates an exemplary scenario in which a speech output is temporarily stayed, and then later provided to a user, in accordance with some embodiments. Like reference numerals shared between <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A and 4C</figref> refer to analogous aspects of the respective scenarios. Thus, for brevity, those analogous aspects are not repeated here.

0105During a speech input SI<b>3</b>, the user requests that the device inform the user of the Knicks' score whenever the game should end, stating, “Tell me the Knicks' score when the game ends.” The device responds promptly acknowledging the request, stating, “Ok, I will tell you the score of the Knicks' game when it ends.” As explained previously, the phone receives an incoming call, which the user answers in speech input SI<b>2</b> by stating, “Hey John! Haven't heard from you in ages. How is the family?” During SI<b>2</b>, the Knicks' game ends the device receives a speech output SO<b>5</b> indicating the score, as requested, to be provided to the user. In this example, speech output SO<b>5</b> is not considered urgent because the Knicks' score will not change in the time that the user is speaking (e.g., during the time that the device is receiving speech input). For this reason, the device stays speech output SO<b>5</b>, as indicated by arrow <b>408</b>, until the user has finished speaking, and then outputs speech output SO<b>5</b>. However, in some embodiments, the device response to the user request in a non-audible fashion, such as by displaying the Knicks' score on a display of the device. In some embodiments, because a displayed response will not interrupt the user's speech, such a response is provided without delay. In some embodiments, such a displayed response is provided in conjunction with, or alternatively, in lieu of, a stayed speech output (e.g., when the displayed response is in lieu of a speech output, the speech output is forgone altogether).

0106Devices on which digital assistants are provided (or through which users interact with digital assistants) are frequently used to provide notifications of various kinds to a user. For example, a device (e.g., user device <b>104</b>) can receive emails, telephone calls, voicemails, text messages, and other electronic communications, and provide notifications to the user that such communications have been received. For example, the device may provide an audible output (e.g., ringtone, beep, etc.) and/or a visual output to alert the user that a communication has been received. In addition, the device can provide notifications from many other sources, such as application notifications (e.g., messages from applications installed on the device, including social networking applications, utilities, games, etc.), task list notifications (e.g., reminders related to items that a user placed on a task or reminder list), calendar notifications (e.g., alerts or reminders related to calendar items and/or appointments), and the like. In some cases, these notifications are provided to the user when they are received and/or when an associated reminder or alert time is reached. If a user does not wish to be bothered, they can simply turn off all notifications, such as by putting the device in a “silent” mode. Or, users can create rules that allow the device to provide some types of notifications but not others. For example, a user could manually set a rule that notifications should only be provided for communications from a certain person or people.

0107In some embodiments, a digital assistant (e.g., the digital assistant system <b>300</b>) manages a list of notification items for a user, and intelligently determines whether and how to interrupt a user to provide notifications. Thus, the digital assistant can prevent a user from being unnecessarily bothered by notifications with low urgency, while also ensuring that high-urgency notifications are provided to the user even if it is at a somewhat inconvenient time. As a specific example, if a user is in an important work meeting, the digital assistant determines that a notification is of low urgency (e.g., a notification from a banking application indicating that a session has timed out), and delays or foregoes providing an audio prompt to the user for that notification item. If the user is simply watching TV, though, the digital assistant provides the audio prompt because the user's context suggests that interruptions or barge-ins will not be a nuisance. However, if an important communication is received (e.g., a text message or voicemail regarding a family emergency), the digital assistant determines that, even though the user is in an important meeting, the urgency of the communication warrants an interruption.

0108Moreover, as discussed below with reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, the digital assistant can escalate its notifications based on the user's context and the urgency of the particular notification. For example, when a notification item is deemed urgent enough to warrant an interruption, the device provides a first audio prompt to alert the user. If the user does not acknowledge the prompt, the device outputs a second audio prompt. If the user does not acknowledge the second audio prompt, the device outputs a third audio prompt. In some embodiments, the audio prompts are of different types, and increase in distinctiveness and/or intensity as they are provided. For example, the first audio prompt may be a single beep or ringtone, the second may be a repetitive beep or ringtone (or a louder beep or ringtone, or simply a different ringtone), and the third may be a speech output (e.g., the assistant speaking “1 am sorry to interrupt you, but this is very important.”). Additional details and embodiments related to a digital assistant managing a list of notifications are provided below with respect to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>.

0109Notification lists are not static, though, because new notifications are constantly arriving, and new information that affects the urgency value of already existing notification items is frequently detected or detectable. A human assistant would take this information into account when determining how and whether to interrupt a user to provide a notification. Thus, in some embodiments, the digital assistant disclosed herein adjusts the urgency values of notifications based on changing conditions related to the user and/or the notification. Accordingly, the digital assistant does more than just react to a static set of rules established by a user (e.g., a rule to only alert for mails marked as “high importance”), and actually adjusts urgency values based on unanticipated and/or spontaneous occurrences. As a specific example, if a user is in a work meeting when the digital assistant detects an email requesting that the user take some action (e.g., “please send me the latest sales figures”), the digital assistant determines that this message is not urgent enough to warrant an interruption during this busy time period. However, if the digital assistant detects a follow up email that changes a deadline or otherwise increases the urgency of the previous message (e.g., “I need those figures within the next 5 minutes or we will lose the sale.”), the digital assistant adjusts the urgency value of the notification associated with the original message (and/or combines the two messages into one notification item with a heightened urgency value). If the new urgency value is high enough to warrant an interruption, the digital assistant will alert the user about the emails. Thus, the user is alerted to important messages that otherwise would not have passed a simple rule based “do-not-disturb” filter (and certainly would not have been provided if the device were in a silent mode). As described in greater detail below, many different circumstances cause the digital assistant to adjust the urgency of a notification item, such as received communications (e.g., follow up emails and telephone calls), changes in traffic conditions, changes in weather conditions, changes in the context of the device, and the like.

0110<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5A-5D</figref> are flow diagrams of an exemplary method <b>500</b> implemented by a digital assistant for determining whether or not to provide a speech output to a user based on a determination or whether or not the device is currently receiving speech input from a user, as well as the urgency of the speech output. In some embodiments, the determination of whether or not to provide the speech output is performed dynamically by an interruption handler (e.g., the interruption handler <b>340</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref>) of the digital assistant in real-time based on the present-context.

0111In some embodiments, prior to receiving the speech output (cf. <b>506</b>), the device receives (<b>502</b>) a request from the user to perform a digital assistant task. For example, the user requests that the digital assistant find a cheap nearby restaurant by stating as a speech input, for example, “Find me something for dinner, not too expensive.” Alternatively, the user requests that the digital assistant make a reservation at a particular restaurant, for example, by stating as a speech input, “Make me a reservation at Boulevard for four,” Alternatively, the user asks for turn-by-turn directions to a local landmark (“Directions to the Golden Gate Bridge”), or ask for a baseball score (“How did the Sox do?”), or a stock price (“How did Apple's stock do today?”).

0112In some embodiments, prior to receiving a speech output (cf. <b>506</b>), the device sends (<b>504</b>) the request to a digital assistant server. The speech output is received from the server in response to the request. In some embodiments, prior to sending the request to the server, the device performs a speech-to-text operation (e.g., with STT Processing Module <b>330</b>). In some embodiments, speech-to-text is performed at the server. In some embodiments, the device performs the natural language processing (e.g., with Natural Language Processing Module <b>322</b>) including performing the ontology, vocabulary analysis and context matching using user data (for example, to disambiguate which “Sox” team the user is interested in, based on preferences such as favorites, browser history and/or digital assistant request history). The server then performs any remaining operations necessary to service the request (e.g., identifies one or more actionable items, one or more missing properties from the actionable properties, searches one or more database and/or the Internet for missing information, etc.) In some embodiments, the server prepares a response (e.g., a text string) and returns the response to the user. In some embodiments, the server prepares a speech response (e.g., audio data) and transmits the speech response to the digital assistant.

0113In any event, the device receives (<b>506</b>) a speech output to be provided to a user of the device. In some embodiments, the speech output is received from the server in response to the request (e.g., the speech output is an appropriate response to the request made by the user, be it a request for a dinner reservation or turn-by-turn directions). In some embodiments, receiving the speech output includes (<b>508</b>) generating the speech output at the device (e.g., for example, the server returns a text string in response to the request and the device generates the speech output from the text string using a text-to-speech engine). It should be understood that, in some embodiments, receiving a speech output means receiving from a server (which optionally includes additional processing operations such as text-to-speech operations). Alternatively, or in addition, receiving a speech output means receiving at a first device component (e.g., a module such as interruption handling module <b>340</b> or a processor <b>304</b> executing instructions held in a module such as interruption handling module <b>340</b>) from a second device component (e.g., a module such as natural language processing module <b>332</b> or a processor <b>304</b> executing instructions held in a module such as natural language processing module <b>332</b>).

0114The device determines (<b>510</b>) if the device is currently receiving speech input from a user. For example, in some embodiments, the device is (<b>512</b>) a telephone, and determining if the device is currently receiving speech input from the user includes determining if the user is participating in a telephone conversation with a remote user. In such embodiments, the device determines that it is currently receiving speech input from the user if the user is currently speaking in the conversation. In some embodiments, when a party on the other end of the telephone conversation is speaking, or if there is silence while the user and the other party go about doing other things, the device determines that it is not currently receiving speech input (e.g., in some embodiments, an active telephone conversation is sufficient for a determination that the device is receiving speech input, while in alternative embodiments, the device determines that speech input is being received when the user is actually the one speaking in the conversation).

0115In some embodiments, determining if the device is currently receiving speech input from the user includes (<b>514</b>) determining if a last speech input was received within a predetermined period of time. For example, because there are natural pauses in the ebb-and-flow of conversation (e.g., pauses to catch one's breath, pauses to consider what to say next), in some embodiments, the devices waits a predetermined amount of time before concluding that the user is not speaking, rather than detecting speech input in an instantaneous or nearly instantaneous fashion. In some embodiments, the predetermined period of time is (<b>516</b>) a function of a measure of a urgency of the output. For example, when the device has an urgent message (“Turn right NOW!”) in an output queue, the device will wait a shorter amount of time before determining that the user is not speaking, thus barging-in the moment the user the user pauses to catch his or her breath or consider what to say next). In some embodiments, determining if the device is currently receiving speech input includes a squelch determination (e.g., based on a particular strength or directionality threshold at a device microphone) to disambiguate, for example, background noise and/or speech made by the user but not intended as speech input (e.g., during a telephone conversation, when the user pauses the conversation to talk to another party in-person).

0116Upon determining that the device is not currently receiving speech input from the user, the device provides (<b>518</b>) the speech output to the user. In some embodiments, the device provides (<b>520</b>) audio data received from the remote user (cf. <b>512</b>, when the user is participating in a telephone) and the speech output to the user contemporaneously without staying provision of the speech output due to the received audio data. For example, in such embodiments, when the remote user (i.e., the other party) is talking during a telephone conversation, the device will nevertheless provide speech output from the digital assistant. In some embodiments, providing audio data (e.g., speech) received from the remote user and the speech output to the user contemporaneously means muting the audio data from the remote user temporarily while the speech output is provided. For example, in such embodiments, when the remote user says, “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” and the speech output in an output queue is, “Turn left,” the audio actually provided to the user will be, “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a . . . ‘Turn Left’ . . . , conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” The user will thus be aware that the remote user is reciting Lincoln's Gettysburg address, and will also understand the instructions to turn left. In some embodiments, the audio data received from the remote user and the speech output are provided using different vocal accents and/or volumes to disambiguate the remote user from the digital assistant.

0117In some circumstances, the user will have configured the device to override provision of the speech output. For example, when the device is in a do-not-disturb mode of operation, provision of the speech output is forgone (<b>522</b>). In some embodiments, the device is in a do-not-disturb mode of operation when the user has configured the device to be in a do-not-disturb mode of operation. In some embodiments, the device is in a do-not-disturb mode of operation when the user has configured a device to operation in a mode distinct from do-not-disturb, but nevertheless includes do-not-disturb as a feature (e.g., the device is in an airplane mode, or a quiet mode, or the user has configured the device to be in a quiet mode during particular hours of the day, etc.).

0118In some embodiments, during provision (<b>524</b>) of the speech output, the device receives (<b>526</b>) speech input from the user. For example, the device is in the midst of providing a speech output when the user interrupts by talking as part of a telephone conversation or speaking another request for a digital assistant operation. As an example of the latter scenario, when a user has previously requested that the device locate a nearby Chinese restaurant, the user may interrupt the response to indicate that he or she also needs to send an SMS message to a coworker. In such embodiments, the device will discontinue (<b>528</b>) speech output. In such embodiments, the device will determine (<b>530</b>) if completion criteria corresponding to the speech output have been met. In some embodiments, the completion criteria are met (<b>532</b>) when a predefined percentage of the speech output has already been provided to the user. For example, in some embodiments, the predefined percentage of speech output is (<b>534</b>) a percentage from the group consisting of: 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%. Upon determining that the completion criteria have not been met, the device stays (<b>536</b>) at least part of the speech output for later time, and upon determining that the completion criteria have been met, the device forgoes output of the remainder of the speech output altogether. In some embodiments, the completion criteria are met when the device determines that the remainder of the message is moot (e.g., after requesting Chinese food, and during a recitation by the device of a list of local Chinese restaurants, the user declares, “Never mind, I want That food.”)

0119Upon determining that the device is receiving speech input from the user, the device determines (<b>538</b>) if provision of the speech output is urgent. In some embodiments, the speech output is urgent (<b>540</b>) when the speech output meets user-configurable criteria for immediate provision. For example, in some embodiments, the user-configurable criteria are met (<b>542</b>) when the device receives an electronic message from a person that the user has previously identified as a very important person (VIP). Alternatively or in addition, in some embodiments, the user-configurable criteria are met (<b>544</b>) when the device receives a stock price update and the user has previously configured the device to provide the stock price update immediately (for example, the user has configured the device to alert him or her when a particular stock price exceeds a particular value, so that the user can consider selling the stock as fast as possible). In some embodiments, a determination is made as to whether or not provision of the speech input is urgent based on context. For example, when the speech output includes directions to turn in the near future (“Turn left NOW!”) the device recognizes that the message is urgent. Upon determining that provision of the speech output is urgent, the device provides (<b>546</b>) the speech output to the user (e.g., the device “barges-in” and provides the speech output despite receiving speech input from the user). In some embodiments, the device provides (<b>548</b>) the speech output to the user without delay (e.g., additional delay added on account of the fact that the user is speaking, on top of any required processing time needed to produce the output).

0120Upon determining that provision of the speech output is not urgent, the device stays (<b>550</b>) provision of the speech output to the user. As explained in greater detail below, in some circumstances staying provision of the speech output means delaying provision of the speech output until a later time, and then providing the speech output, while in other circumstances staying means forgoing provision of the speech output altogether and never providing that particular speech output. In some circumstances, whether staying means temporarily delaying provision of the speech output or permanently forgoing provision of the speech output depends on the particular embodiment, implementation and the context surrounding the speech output (cf. <b>562</b>). In some embodiments, when the device is in a special mode of operation, the device provides (<b>552</b>) the speech output without delay (e.g., even if the device is currently receiving speech input from the user). For example, in some embodiments the device includes an “Interrupt Me” mode of operation whereby the user is to be interrupted by the digital assistant (e.g., the digital assistant is to barge-in) regardless of whether the device is receiving speech input. In some embodiments, the special mode of operation is (<b>553</b>) one or more of the group consisting of a hold mode of operation and a mute mode of operation.

0121Flow paths <b>553</b>-<b>1</b>, <b>553</b>-<b>2</b>, and <b>553</b>-<b>3</b> represent additional operation that are optionally performed upon determining that provision of the speech output is not urgent, in accordance with some embodiments of method <b>500</b>. It should be understood that the various operations described with respect to flow paths <b>553</b> are not necessarily mutually exclusive and, in some circumstances, combined.

0122For example, according to some embodiments, upon determining that the device is no longer receiving speech input from the user, the device provides (<b>554</b>) the speech output to the user. In some embodiments, determining that the device is no longer receiving speech input from the user includes (<b>556</b>) determining that a predefined amount of time has elapsed between a time of a last speech input and a current time. In some embodiments, the predefined amount of time is a function of a measure of the urgency of the speech output. In some embodiments, the predetermined amount of time is (<b>560</b>) a monotonically decreasing function of the measure of the urgency of the speech output, thereby providing speech outputs with a greater measure of urgency in a lesser amount of time. For example, in these embodiments, the device waits a shorter amount of time before providing an urgent speech output after the user has finished speaking than if the speech output was less urgent.

0123In some embodiments, the device determines (<b>562</b>) if the output meets message skipping criteria. In some embodiments, the message skipping criteria are met (<b>564</b>) when the measure of the urgency is lower than a predefined threshold. For example, when the speech output is one of several warnings in a sequence of warnings, in some circumstances it is unnecessary to provide the user with each warning in the sequence of warnings. In some embodiments, the message skipping criteria are met (<b>566</b>) when the speech output is a navigational command in a set of turn-by-turn directions and the device is scheduled to give a corresponding navigational command at a later time. For example, the device is scheduled to provide navigation commands at 2 miles, 1 miles, ½ a mile and moments before a turn. In such circumstances, when the user is providing speech input when the 1 mile command would otherwise be recited, the device forgoes provision of the 1 mile command altogether. The driver will correspondingly still be notified of the turn by the ½ mile command as well as moments before the turn.

0124In some embodiments, when the device includes a display, upon determining that provision of the speech output is not urgent, the device provides (<b>568</b>) a displayed output corresponding to the speech output.

0125<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a flow diagram of an exemplary method <b>600</b> implemented by a digital assistant for managing a list of notification items and providing audio prompts for notification items. In some embodiments, the method is performed at one or more devices having one or more processors and memory (e.g., the device <b>104</b> and/or components of the digital assistant system <b>300</b>, including, for example, server system <b>108</b>). In some embodiments, the determination of whether or not to provide an audio prompt for a notification item is performed dynamically by an interruption handler (e.g., the interruption handler <b>340</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref>) based on the present context of the device and/or the user. While the following steps may be understood as being performed by a device (e.g., one device), the method is not limited to this particular embodiment. For example, in some embodiments, the steps may be performed by different devices, including several devices working together to perform a single step, several devices each individually performing one or more steps, etc.

0126A list of notification items is provided (<b>602</b>). Notification items are items that are configured to cause a notification to be provided to a user. For example, notification items may be associated with and/or triggered by communications (e.g., received emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.), calendar alerts (e.g., reminders associated with appointments or other entries in a calendar application or service), reminder alerts (e.g., reminders or task items associated with a task list or reminder list), application alerts, and the like. Application alerts are alerts that are issued by an application installed on the electronic device, and may contain any information. For example, an application alert may include a notification of an action taken by the application (e.g., notifying the user that an online banking session will be terminated for security purposes), or a notification from a service associated with the application (e.g., notifying the user of activity in a social network to which the application provides access). For example, notification items correspond to items that are displayed in the “Notification Center” in APPLE, INC.'s IOS.

0127The list of notification items includes a plurality of notification items, wherein each respective one of the plurality of notification items is associated with a respective urgency value. Urgency values are assigned to notification items by the digital assistant. In some embodiments, urgency values are not assigned by a user. In some embodiments, urgency values are not determined based on user-defined notification rules. For example, in some embodiments, urgency values are not based on a user's request to allow or deny notifications from certain people, domains, applications, etc. In some embodiments, however, urgency values take user-defined notification rules into account when assigning urgency values, though the rules can be overridden or ignored by the digital assistant as appropriate.

0128Urgency values may be based on various different factors, as discussed below. Urgency values may be any metric, such as a numerical range between 0 and 10, where a higher value corresponds to a more urgent notification. Urgency values may also be “high urgency,” “medium urgency,” and “low urgency.” Any other appropriate value or metric may be used as well.

0129In some embodiments, urgency values are based on one or more of: a time associated with the respective notification item; a location associated with the respective notification item; and content of the respective notification item. In some implementations, the urgency values are based on a combination of these components, such as a weighted average of the urgency impact of each component. In some implementations, the urgency values are based on one or a subset of these components.

0130In some embodiments, the urgency values for notification items associated with a certain time, such as calendar entries and time-based reminders, account for the temporal proximity of the notification. Thus, the time component of the urgency value is higher if the notification relates to an event or reminder that is close in time (e.g., relative to other events or reminders), and lower if the notification relates to an event or reminder that is further away in time (e.g., relative to other events or reminders).

0131In some embodiments, the urgency values for notification items associated with locations, such as calendar entries that specify a location, account for how far away the user currently is from that location. Thus, in some embodiments, the location component of the urgency value is higher if the notification relates to an appointment requiring a longer travel time (e.g., relative to other appointments), and lower if the notification relates to an event or reminder that requires a shorter travel time (e.g., relative to other appointments).

0132In some embodiments, urgency values are automatically determined based on the semantic content of the notification. For example, the digital assistant determines the meaning of each notification (e.g., with the natural language processing module <b>322</b>) and assigns an urgency value based on the determined meaning. For example, the digital assistant can determine whether the content of a notification item (e.g., the body of an email or text message, or the textual content of an application notification) relates to one of a known set of meanings. For example, in some embodiments, the digital assistant can determine whether a notification item likely relates to a medical emergency, a work emergency, a family emergency, a routine application notification, a calendar item, a reminder or task list item, and the like. In some embodiments, known meanings and/or classes of meanings are associated with urgency values and/or ranges of urgency values, and the digital assistant assigns an urgency value to a notification item in accordance with its determined meaning and/or class of meaning.

0133In some embodiments, determining urgency values includes determining a topic of importance to a user of the device, and assigning at least one of the respective urgency values to a respective notification item based on a determination that the respective notification item corresponds to the topic of importance. For example, in some embodiments, the digital assistant determines a topic of importance to the user based on any of the following: historical data associated with the user (e.g., by determining that the user typically responds to communications about a certain topic quickly), an amount of notification items in the list of notification items that relate to that topic (e.g., by determining that the number of notification items relating to that topic satisfies a predetermined threshold, such as 2, 3, 5, or more notification items), a user-specified topic (e.g., the user requests to be alerted to any notifications relating to a particular topic), and the like. In some embodiments, the topic of importance is determined by the device automatically without human intervention, such as by determining a topic of importance based on historical data associated with the user, as described noted above.

0134In some embodiments, urgency values are further based on urgency values that were previously assigned by the digital assistant to similar notifications, embedded flags or importance indicators associated with a notification (e.g., an email sent with “high importance”), keywords in the notification (e.g., “boss,” “urgent,” “emergency,” “hospital,” “died,” “birth,” “now,” “where are you,” etc.), the application or type of application that issued the notification (e.g., applications that are less likely to provide important notifications, such as games, are typically less important than those from applications that allow human-to-human communications), senders and recipients of communications, user history relating to similar notifications (e.g., whether the user has a history of quickly looking at and/or acting on similar notifications, or whether they are frequently ignored and/or dismissed, or how quickly the user tends to respond to communications from a certain person), and the like.

0135Returning to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, an information item is detected (<b>604</b>). In some embodiments, the information item is a communication (e.g., an email, a voicemail, a text message, etc.). In some embodiments, the information item is an application notification. In some embodiments, the information item corresponds to a change in context of the device, such as an indication that the device is in a vehicle. For example, the digital assistant can determine that it is in a vehicle by detecting certain motions, speeds, and/or locations of the device with a GPS receiver or accelerometer, or by detecting that the device has been communicatively coupled to a vehicle, for example, via BLUETOOTH or a docking station. Another example of an information item corresponding to change in context is an indication that the device has changed location (e.g., an indication that the user has arrived at a workplace, or at home, etc.). In some embodiments, two information items are detected, including at least a communication (e.g., an email, voicemail, or text message) and a change in context of the device (e.g., detecting that the device has changed location).

0136The digital assistant determines whether the information item is relevant to an urgency value of a first notification item of the plurality of notification items (<b>606</b>). In some embodiments, where two information items are received, the digital assistant determines whether the combination of the two information items are relevant to a first notification item of the plurality of notification items.

0137For example, in some embodiments, the digital assistant determines whether an incoming communication (e.g., the information item) relates to any of the notification items in the list of notification items. For example, an incoming communication relates to a notification in the list of notification items if they have the same or similar subject matter, are from the same sender, have the same or similar semantic classification (as determined by a natural language processing module, as described above), have one or more common words and/or keywords, etc. As a specific example, a transcribed voicemail from a particular sender may refer to a recent email that is included in the notification list (e.g., “I just forwarded you an email from Josh—please call me as soon as you get it.”). The digital assistant then determines from information associated with the transcribed voicemail that the voicemail relates to a particular email (e.g., based on the fact that they were both sent by the same person, they both refer to a forwarded email from “Josh,” etc.)

0138In some embodiments, the digital assistant determines whether a change in context of the device relates to any of the notification items in the list of notification items. For example, the digital assistant determines whether a change in the location of the device affects the travel time necessary to get to an upcoming appointment. In some embodiments, the digital assistant determines whether an application notification relates to any of the notification items in the list of notification items. For example, the digital assistant can determine that a notification from a reminder or task list application has the same or similar content as an existing notification relating to a calendar entry. Specifically, the digital assistant can determine that a reminder to “pick up a birthday present for Judy” relates to a notification of a calendar entry of “Judy's Birthday.”

0139In some embodiments, once the digital assistant determines that the information item relates to a first notification item of the plurality of notification items, the digital assistant determines whether the information item is relevant to the urgency of that notification item (cf. <b>606</b>). For example, the digital assistant determines whether the information item affects any of the following: a time associated with the notification item (e.g., the information item changes an appointment to an earlier or later time, the information item indicates a flight or other travel delay), a location associated with the notification item (e.g., changes the location of an appointment), a travel time to an appointment (e.g., because the user is now further away from a location of an upcoming appointment, or because traffic conditions have changed), an importance of the notification item (e.g., because multiple communications relating to a particular topic have been detected, or because the semantic content of the information item indicates an escalation of importance of the notification item), and the like.

0140Upon determining that the information item is relevant to the urgency value of the first notification item, the digital assistant adjusts the urgency value of the first notification item (<b>608</b>). In some embodiments, urgency values are adjusted to be more urgent or less urgent depending on how the detected information item affects the first notification item. In some implementations, the digital assistant incorporates the information item in the first notification item, such as by changing a due date, appointment time, location, etc., of the first notification item. For example, in some implementations, if a notification item relates to a calendar entry associated with a particular time, and the information item is an email indicating that the calendar entry has been rescheduled, the digital assistant will update the notification item to show that the time has been changed. In some implementations, the digital assistant generates a new notification item including information from both the first notification item and the information item and assigns to it an urgency value based on both of them. For example, in some implementations, the digital assistant will create a notification item that relates to multiple communications, such as an original email (e.g., the first notification item) and a follow up voicemail (e.g., the information item). In some implementations, the new notification item has a different urgency value than its constituent notification items and/or information items.

0141The digital assistant determines whether the adjusted urgency value of the first notification item satisfies a predetermined threshold (<b>610</b>). In some embodiments, the threshold establishes the urgency level that a notification item must possess in order to warrant an interruption of the user at that time. In some embodiments, the threshold may be determined by the user or the digital assistant. For example, in some embodiments, the digital assistant continuously determines and applies a particular urgency threshold, and the user can override and/or adjust the automatically determined threshold at any time.

0142In some embodiments, there are a predetermined number of threshold values. For example, the digital assistant and/or the user can select from a low, medium, or high urgency threshold. In some embodiments, a low urgency threshold indicates that any and all notifications can be provided without restriction; a medium urgency threshold indicates that only notifications with a medium or high urgency value will be provided; and a high urgency threshold indicates that only notifications with a high urgency value will be provided. As noted above, urgency values may be correspond to a numerical range rather than (or in addition to) a low/medium/high classification. Thus, in some embodiments, urgency values within a first sub range of values correspond to a low urgency (e.g., 1-5, where urgency values range from 1-10), urgency values within a second sub range of values correspond to a medium urgency (e.g., 6-8, where urgency values range from 1-10), and urgency values within a third sub range of values correspond to a high urgency (e.g., 9-10, where urgency values range from 1-10). Any other appropriate overall range and sub ranges may also be used. In the present description, thresholds are referred to as low, medium, or high, though it is understood that this does not limit urgency values to specific “low/medium/high” scheme, and that other thresholds and urgency values may be used instead of or in addition to those described. In some embodiments, the user can set a threshold value by manipulating a slider control (e.g., displayed on a touchscreen of the device) to a desired point. For example, a higher value (e.g., to the right) on the slider control may correspond to a higher urgency threshold.

0143As noted above, in some embodiments, the digital assistant establishes the predetermined threshold automatically without user intervention. In some embodiments, the digital assistant establishes the predetermined threshold in accordance with a location of the device. In some embodiments, certain locations may be associated with certain thresholds by default (changeable by the user either temporarily or permanently). For example, a home may be associated with a low threshold, a bedroom associated with a medium threshold, a workplace with a medium threshold, a movie theater with a high threshold, etc. In some embodiments, the threshold to be used in various locations is first established by the user, e.g., as part of an initialization or training of the digital assistant. Thus, one user can specify that a low threshold should be used when he or she is at work, and another user can specify a high threshold while at work. In some cases, however, the digital assistant assigns a default threshold to certain locations for all users. For example, the digital assistant can select a high threshold by default whenever the device is in a theater, park, church, museum, store, etc., even without the user associating the location with the threshold. In some embodiments, the digital assistant notifies the user when it is applying anything other than a low threshold without the user's having previously trained it to do so. Accordingly, the user can easily opt out (or opt in) to the elevated threshold. In some implementations, the user must specifically enable a mode where the device will automatically select any threshold higher than a low threshold. This way, the user can be confident that the device will only raise the urgency threshold under conditions that are specifically requested by the user.

0144In some embodiments, the digital assistant establishes the predetermined threshold in accordance with a context of the device. For example, when the device is in a car (e.g., as detected by motion/location/speed profiles, ambient noise profiles, or by detecting a communication link with the vehicle), the digital assistant establishes a low urgency threshold.

0145In some embodiments, the digital assistant establishes the predetermined threshold in accordance with a time of day. For example, daylight hours may be associated with a low urgency threshold, and night time hours with a high urgency threshold.

0146In some embodiments, the digital assistant establishes the predetermined threshold in accordance with a calendar item associated with a current time. In particular, in some embodiments, the digital assistant can infer where a user is and what the user is doing based on the user's calendar entries. If the user is scheduled to be in a meeting during a certain time, for example, the device can infer that the user is likely to be in that meeting during that time. (In some embodiments, the digital assistant can confirm whether the user is attending a scheduled event by comparing a location of the event with the user's actual location.) Thus, if the calendar entry includes information suggesting that a certain threshold is appropriate, the device will establish the threshold accordingly. The digital assistant determines that a calendar event suggests a certain threshold, for example, based on attendees of the meeting (e.g., the number and/or names of the attendees), the location of the meeting, the topic of the meeting, or any text associated with the calendar entry (e.g., “lunch” may correspond to a low threshold, while “job interview” may correspond to a high threshold).

0147In some embodiments, the digital assistant establishes the predetermined threshold in accordance with a user setting of the device. For example, a high urgency threshold can be used if the user has activated a “do-not-disturb” mode.

0148Returning to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, upon determining that the adjusted urgency value satisfies the predetermined threshold (cf. <b>610</b>), the digital assistant provides a first audio prompt to a user (<b>612</b>).

0149In some embodiments, upon determining that the adjusted urgency value does not satisfy the predetermined threshold, the digital assistant delays providing the audio prompt to the user (<b>614</b>). In some embodiments, the delayed audio prompt is provided once the urgency threshold changes, or once the urgency value of the notification item changes. In some embodiments, upon determining that the adjusted urgency value does not satisfy the predetermined threshold, the digital assistant simply does not provide an audio prompt for that notification item (unless the urgency value changes in response to a later detected information item). In some embodiments, upon determining that the adjusted urgency value does not satisfy the predetermined threshold, the digital assistant provides a visual prompt to the user (e.g., a banner or popup notification on a screen of the device <b>104</b>). In some embodiments, the a textual component of the notification item remains in a notification user interface such that the user can view, acknowledge, and/or act on the notification item at a later time, and the notification item is not lost.

0150In some embodiments, the digital assistant determines whether the user has acknowledged the first audio prompt (<b>616</b>); and upon determining that the user has not acknowledged the first audio prompt (e.g., within a certain predetermined duration), provides a second audio prompt to the user, the second audio prompt being different from the first audio prompt (<b>618</b>). In some embodiments, the second prompt is more distinctive and/or intense than the first audio prompt. For example, in some embodiments, the second audio prompt is louder than the first audio prompt. In some embodiments, the second audio prompt is longer than the first audio prompt. For example, the second audio prompt may be a longer ringtone, or a tone or sound that repeats more times (and/or more quickly) than the first audio prompt. In some embodiments, the first audio prompt is a first sound (e.g., a first ringtone) and the second audio prompt is a second sound (e.g., a second ringtone) different from the first. Thus, the user can differentiate the first audio prompt from the second audio prompt. In some embodiments, the user can select the particular sounds and/or ringtones to be associated with first and second audio prompts. In some implementations, a vibration of the device is considered an audio prompt.

0151In some embodiments, one of the first, second, or third audio prompts corresponds to a telephone call or a voicemail. For example, the digital assistant may actually place a telephone call (or a virtual telephone call), causing the user's smartphone to ring, thus alerting the user to the urgency of the notification. In particular, notifications for incoming telephone calls may be handled differently than the notifications, such that incoming telephone calls bypass the managed notification list. Thus, by placing a telephone call to the user (e.g., such that the normal telephone ringtone and visual notification is provided to the user), the user can be alerted to the urgency of the notification. In some implementations, the digital assistant will actually vocalize the notification (e.g., using a text-to-speech engine) when the telephone call is answered by the user. In some implementations, if the telephone call is not answered by the user, the digital assistant leaves a verbal voicemail for the user.

0152In some embodiments, the digital assistant determines whether the user has acknowledged the second audio prompt (<b>620</b>); and upon determining that the user has not acknowledged the second audio prompt (e.g., within a certain predetermined duration), provides a third audio prompt to the user, the third audio prompt being different from the first audio prompt and the second audio prompt (<b>622</b>). In some embodiments, the third audio prompt is louder and/or longer than both the first and the second audio prompts. In some embodiments, the third audio prompt is a speech output.

0153In some embodiments, the first audio prompt is a ringtone, the second audio prompt is a first speech output of a first volume, and the third audio prompt is a speech output of a second volume louder than the first volume.

0154In some embodiments, the first audio prompt is a ringtone, the second audio prompt is a first speech output of a first length, and the third audio prompt is a second speech output of a second length longer than the first length.

0155In some embodiments, the process of escalating audio prompts (e.g., corresponding to using the first, second, and third audio prompts, above) is combined with the threshold determination to provide a comprehensive and minimally intrusive proactive notification scheme. In particular, in some embodiments, even the most urgent notifications start out with a minimally intrusive audio prompt (e.g., a single tone or beep, or even a non-audio prompt, such as a tactile or visual output such as a vibration or a popup notification). If the audio prompt is not acknowledged (e.g., because the user does not interact with the device by pressing a button, switch, or turning on the screen to view the notification), the second audio prompt will be provided. If the second audio prompt is not acknowledged, the third audio prompt is provided. If the notification is less urgent, however, it may not result in additional audio prompts. Thus, a lower urgency message may result in a first audio prompt being provided to the user, but will not result in subsequent audio prompts. In some embodiments, all notification items cause a first audio prompt to be provided, but only notifications satisfying a predetermined threshold will escalate to the second or the third audio prompt.

0156The operations described above with reference to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5A-6</figref> are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> and/or <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>. For example, receiving operation <b>504</b>, providing operation <b>520</b>, receiving operation <b>526</b> are, optionally, implemented by digital assistant <b>326</b>, I/O processing module <b>328</b>, interruption handling module <b>340</b>, and/or natural language processing module <b>332</b>, which are described in detail above. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> and/or <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>.

0157It should be understood that the particular order in which the operations have been described above is merely exemplary and is not intended to indicate that the described order is the only order in which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to reorder the operations described herein.

0158The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.