Vehicle Detection System with RFID-Based Location Determination

BACKGROUND

0001Increasingly, camera systems are employed to recognize vehicles, for example for purposes of parking or traffic enforcement, or to identify cars registered to individuals of interest. Various types of camera systems can be employed. For example, in some cases, camera systems can be positioned on a moving vehicle to identify vehicles, for example for purposes of enforcing on-street parking regulations, or for identifying vehicles of interest (e.g., stolen vehicles or other vehicles reported to a public authority). Existing systems located on moving vehicles typically use cameras employing optical character recognition (OCR) or license-plate recognition (LPR) technologies to identify and monitor parked cars on a street or in a garage.

0002Beyond simply recognizing the vehicle whose image is captured by the camera, it is often desirable, particular in the context of parking enforcement, to know the location of the vehicle. For example, it may be illegal to park on a particular side of the street in a particular area (e.g., a city block), or within a particular zone or portion of a block. Existing systems attempt to use geographic positioning systems (GPS) in association with a camera system using OCR or LPR technologies to associate geographic position of a camera with an identity of a vehicle. However, this approach has reliability issues, particularly in metropolitan areas. This is because GPS systems may have inaccurate positional information due to a “canyon effect” in which an RF signal reflects off of buildings, causing GPS readings to become unreliable. For example, a GPS reading could indicate a location one or more blocks away from an actual location of the GPS receiver. In systems where parking or vehicle enforcement rules may vary from block to block, this variability in GPS readings renders the location determination from such systems unreliable. This problem is exacerbated by the increased parking density typically found in such metropolitan areas.

0003For these and other reasons, improvements are desirable.

SUMMARY

0004In accordance with the following disclosure, the above and other issues are addressed by the following:

0005In one aspect, a vehicle detection and location system includes a plurality of RFID tags positioned at known locations along a vehicle array. The vehicle detection and location system also includes an RFID reader associated with and movable in conjunction with a vehicle identification system along the parking array, the RFID reader configured to interrogate one or more of the plurality of RFID tags in a vicinity of the RFID reader. The vehicle detection and location system further includes a processing unit configured to determine a location of a vehicle identified by the vehicle identification system along the vehicle array based on the relative position of the RFID reader and the one or more of the plurality of RFID tags.

0006In another aspect, a method of detecting a location and identity of a vehicle occurs while simultaneously moving a vehicle identification system and associated RFID reader along an array of vehicles. The method includes detecting an identifier of a vehicle positioned within the array of vehicles using the vehicle identification system, and interrogating one or more of a plurality of RFID tags with the RFID reader, the plurality of RFID tags placed at known locations along the array of vehicles. The method further includes determining a location of the vehicle along the array of vehicles based on the relative position of the RFID reader and the one or more of the plurality of RFID tags.

0007In yet another aspect, a parking violation detection system includes a plurality of RFID tags positioned at known locations along a parking lane, the plurality of RFID tags including one or more RFID tags mounted above the parking lane and at a street corner. The parking violation detection system also includes a camera system mounted to a parking enforcement vehicle and configured to detect an identifier of a vehicle positioned along the parking lane. The parking violation detection system further includes an RFID reader mounted to the vehicle in proximity to the camera system, the RFID reader configured to interrogate one or more of the plurality of RFID tags in proximity to the vehicle. The parking violation detection system includes a processing unit configured to determine a location of the vehicle along the parking array based on the relative position of the RFID reader and the one or more of the plurality of RFID tags and associate the location of the vehicle with the identifier of the vehicle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0008<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a schematic view of a vehicle detection and location system, according to a possible embodiment of the present disclosure;

0009<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a schematic view of a vehicle detection and location system according to a further possible embodiment of the present disclosure;

0010<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a schematic block diagram of a portion of a vehicle detection and location system, according to a possible embodiment of the present disclosure;

0011<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a schematic view of a violation detection system capable of incorporating a vehicle detection and location system such as those disclosed in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-2</figref>;

0012<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a schematic view of an alternative violation detection system capable of incorporating a vehicle detection and location system such as those disclosed in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-2</figref>; and

0013<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a flowchart of methods and systems for detecting a location and identity of a vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0014Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts and assemblies throughout the several views. Reference to various embodiments does not limit the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, any examples set forth in this specification are not intended to be limiting and merely set forth some of the many possible embodiments for the present disclosure.

0015In general, the present disclosure relates to detecting a location and identity of a vehicle, and associating the identity of the vehicle with a location using an RFID-based location determination system. In various embodiments disclosed herein, a movable vehicle detection and location system is disclosed that captures an identifier, such as a license plate number, of a vehicle. By correlating that identifier with a location determined by an RFID reader that interrogates RFID tags placed in the vicinity of the vehicle, the vehicle's identity and location can be accurately determined, for example for determining the existence of a parking violation or other type of violation.

0016Referring now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, a schematic view of a vehicle detection and location system <b>100</b> is shown according to a possible embodiment of the present disclosure. The system <b>100</b> includes a plurality of RFID tags <b>102</b> positioned at known locations along a vehicle array <b>104</b>. In the embodiment shown, two RFID tags <b>102</b><i>a</i>-<i>b </i>are shown; however, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, additional RFID tags could be used as well. The vehicle array <b>104</b> is an arrangement of vehicles <b>106</b> that can be positioned in a line or other order, for example in a street parking arrangement, in a parking ramp, or as a lane of moving traffic. In the embodiment shown, each vehicle <b>106</b> has an associated identifier <b>108</b>. The associated identifier <b>108</b> can be any type of unique identifier associated with the vehicle, with which the vehicle owner and vehicle itself can be identified. In some embodiments, the identifier <b>108</b> is a license plate or other readily-viewable identification mark. In other embodiments, the identifier <b>108</b> is an RFID tag uniquely associated with the vehicle. In the embodiment shown, the identifier <b>108</b> is illustrated as being positioned on one side of each vehicle; however, in many arrangements, more than one identifier can be used, and identifiers can be placed on opposite sides of the vehicle <b>106</b> (e.g., a front and rear of the vehicle).

0017In the embodiment shown, the system <b>100</b> further includes a vehicle identification system, shown as camera <b>110</b>. The system also includes an RFID reader <b>112</b>. In the embodiment shown, the camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b> are placed in close association with each other, and movable along the vehicle array <b>104</b>. In the embodiment shown, the camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b> are mounted to an enforcement vehicle <b>114</b>. The enforcement vehicle <b>114</b> can be, in various embodiments, a parking enforcement vehicle or a police vehicle. Other enforcement vehicles or movement arrangements may be possible as well.

0018The camera <b>110</b> captures images of vehicles and identifies those vehicles based on visible characteristics of the vehicle. In certain embodiments, the camera <b>110</b> captures images of vehicles that include an image of an identifier, such as a license plate, on that vehicle, and can then use optical character recognition (OCR) or license-plate recognition (LPR) technologies to identify the vehicle. Identifying the vehicle can include, for example, cross-referencing a captured license plate number against a database of license plate numbers and associated owners of the vehicle. Using this information, any violations apparent relating to the vehicle (e.g., parking violations, moving violations, expired registrations, etc.) or reported incidents (e.g., a stolen or missing vehicle) can be quickly associated with a particular vehicle and a particular owner. In certain embodiments, the camera <b>110</b> implements the Automated License Plate Recognition systems of PIPS Technology Knoxville, Tenn. Other camera-based vehicle identification systems could be used as well.

0019The RFID reader <b>112</b> generally is configured to interrogate the RFID tags <b>102</b>. Depending upon the particular RFID tags that respond to the interrogation by the RFID reader, and optionally the strength of response signal from the RFID tags <b>102</b>, the RFID reader <b>112</b> can determine a current location relative to the RFID tags. Since the RFID tags <b>102</b> are placed at known locations, the location of the RFID reader <b>112</b> (and consequently the camera <b>110</b>) can be determined. For example, if the RFID reader <b>112</b> transmits an interrogation signal and receives a response from tag <b>102</b><i>a </i>but not from tag <b>102</b><i>b</i>, it can be assumed that the RFID reader <b>112</b> is within range of the RFID tag <b>102</b><i>a </i>but not RFID tag <b>102</b><i>b</i>. Alternatively, the RFID reader <b>112</b> can use any of a number of available triangulation algorithms to determine a more precise location based on a measurement of relative signal strength of responses from tags <b>102</b><i>a</i>-<i>b </i>to place the RFID reader at a computable distance from each of tags <b>102</b><i>a</i>-<i>b</i>. Additionally, in cases where tags are placed at sufficiently close distances, relative response strengths of three or more tags could be compared and calculated. Other methods of locating the RFID reader <b>112</b> (and consequently the vehicles <b>106</b>) are possible as well.

0020In certain embodiments, the RFID reader <b>112</b> can be any of a number of RFID reader devices, such as the IDentity™ 4100 UHF Reader manufactured by Federal Signal Technologies of Irvine, Calif. Other RFID readers can be used as well. In conjunction with this RFID reader, the RFID tags <b>102</b> can be either active or passive RFID tags. In some examples, the tags are passive IDentity MaX Pro Transponders manufactured by Federal Signal Technologies of Irvine, Calif. Other types of RFID readers and RFID tags could be used as well, consistent with the principles of the present disclosure.

0021In embodiments where the identifier <b>108</b> is an RFID tag, an RFID reader is used to identify the vehicles <b>106</b>. In such embodiments, the camera <b>110</b> can either be used in conjunction with the RFID reader or be eliminated completely from the system <b>100</b>. The RFID reader used to identify vehicles <b>106</b> can be the RFID reader <b>112</b>, or a second RFID reader dedicated to identifying vehicles based on RFID tags.

0022<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a schematic view of a vehicle detection and location system <b>200</b> according to a further possible embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the system <b>200</b> also includes a plurality of RFID tags <b>102</b> positioned at known locations along a vehicle array <b>104</b>, as well as a movable combination of a camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b>. However, in this embodiment, an additional set of RFID tags <b>202</b> are positioned at second known locations along the vehicle array. In the embodiment shown, the RFID tags <b>202</b> (shown as RFID tags <b>202</b><i>a</i>-<i>h</i>) are positioned in the vehicle array <b>106</b>, at known locations in which vehicles are likely to reside (e.g., defined parking spaces). The RFID tags <b>202</b> can be, in some embodiments, embedded within pavement of parking spaces along the vehicle array <b>106</b>.

0023In operation, the vehicle detection and location system <b>200</b> operates generally in an analogous manner to that described above with respect to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>; however, in this arrangement, interrogation by the RFID reader <b>112</b> will return responses from one or more of the RFID tags <b>102</b> as well as one or more RFID tags <b>202</b>. In this arrangement, a generalized location of the RFID reader <b>112</b> can be determined from responses of either or both sets of RFID tags. Additionally, based on the known location of the RFID reader <b>112</b>, if one or more RFID tags <b>202</b> are positioned in a vicinity of the RFID reader <b>112</b> but have not responded to an interrogation, it can be assumed that a radio-frequency path between the RFID tags <b>202</b> and reader <b>112</b> is blocked by a vehicle located over the RFID tag (e.g., parked in the parking space associated with that RFID tag <b>202</b>). In the example illustrated, RFID reader <b>112</b> may interrogate tags <b>102</b>, <b>202</b> in the position shown. Based on an interrogation response from one or both RFID tags <b>102</b><i>a</i>-<i>b </i>and tags <b>202</b><i>c</i>, <b>202</b><i>g</i>, it can be assumed that, if the other tags <b>202</b><i>a</i>-<i>b</i>, <b>202</b><i>d</i>-<i>f</i>, <b>202</b><i>h </i>return no response, that there are vehicles <b>106</b> present in the parking spaces associated with those tags. By repeatedly interrogating tags <b>102</b>, <b>202</b> as the RFID reader <b>112</b> and camera <b>110</b> travel along the vehicle array <b>104</b>, it can be assumed that each of the RFID tags <b>202</b> will be within range of the RFID reader; therefore, if no response is ever returned from a particular RFID tag, that repeated non-response can further validate that a vehicle is present in the parking space.

0024As with the arrangement illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, vehicles can also be identified by use of a unique RFID tag associated with that vehicle as the identifier <b>108</b>. In such embodiments, reading such an RFID tag without reading an associated tag <b>202</b> would indicate that the vehicle identified by the RFID tag identifier is in a particular known location within the vehicle array.

0025Referring now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, a schematic block diagram of a portion of a vehicle detection and location system <b>300</b> is shown, according to a possible embodiment of the present disclosure. The portion of the system <b>300</b> shown generally corresponds to the components of a system at least partially movable along a vehicle array, such as in an enforcement vehicle <b>114</b> as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-2</figref>.

0026The system <b>300</b> includes the camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b>, as discussed above. The camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b> are each communicatively connected to a processing system <b>302</b>. The processing system <b>302</b> can generally be a portable computing system configured to receive information captured by the camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b>, including the vehicle identifier information (e.g., images or captured alphanumeric information extracted from captured images), and location information, such as information from the RFID reader <b>112</b> regarding detected RFID tags <b>102</b>, <b>202</b>. In some embodiments, the processing system <b>302</b> can be integrated, in part or whole, into one or both of the camera <b>110</b> or the RFID reader <b>112</b>; in such cases, the camera <b>110</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b> are directly communicatively connected to each other, for data transfer therebetween (e.g., exchanging records relating to vehicle identities, location, or other relevant vehicle information).

0027In one possible embodiment, the RFID reader <b>112</b> is used in conjunction with a global positioning unit (GPS) <b>303</b> to determine a general location of the RFID reader <b>112</b>. For example, the GPS <b>303</b> could provide information about the particular block or neighborhood in which the RFID reader <b>112</b> is located, and the RFID reader could then further refine that location information based on responses from the RFID tags <b>102</b>.

0028The processing system <b>302</b> includes a vehicle and location data collection <b>304</b>. The vehicle and location data collection <b>304</b> can include, for example, a database of registered vehicles and owner information; a collection of reported stolen automobiles; a collection of rules relating to legal and illegal parking spaces, and a database of information relating to the known locations of RFID tags <b>102</b>, <b>202</b>. Other information can be included in the vehicle data collection <b>304</b> as well.

0029In use, the processing system <b>302</b> compiles the vehicle identity and location information to generate correlated records indicating the location and identity of a single vehicle. This information can then be used, for example, to track vehicles or to determine the existence of one or more types of moving or parking violations attributable to the vehicle.

0030In certain embodiments, one or more portions of the vehicle and location data collection <b>304</b> are located remotely from the processing system <b>302</b> and enforcement vehicle <b>114</b>. This may be the case, for example, where a wireless or other type of communicative connection exists between the processing system <b>302</b> and a remote system maintaining the vehicle and location data collection <b>304</b>, for example at a main office or other data collection location.

0031Referring to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-3</figref> generally, while in prior art systems location-based technologies have limited reliability, when vehicle identities determined by camera <b>110</b> are combined with location information determined by the RFID reader <b>112</b>, a number of advantageous effects occur. For example, when a vehicle <b>106</b> is identified as committing a violation is observed, its location can be associated with that vehicle, to automatically associate additional information associated with the violation with that vehicle. For example, parking or law enforcement personnel could indicate that a particular vehicle is committing a violation, and can generate a record in a database relating to that violation that includes a location at which the violation occurred (as determined by the RFID reader <b>112</b>). Alternatively, the combined arrangement of the camera <b>110</b> and the RFID reader <b>112</b> can itself automatically determine that a potential violation has occurred. This could be, for example, if a vehicle <b>106</b> is parked at a location where no parking is allowed. Particularly in this arrangement, prior art systems lacking accurate location determinations are deficient.

0032Referring now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4-5</figref>, schematic views of a violation detection system <b>400</b> are shown, according to a possible embodiment of the present disclosure. The violation detection system <b>400</b> can, in certain embodiments, include a vehicle detection and location system, such as the systems described above in conjunction with <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-3</figref>.

0033<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4-5</figref> show schematic views of a violation detection system <b>400</b> capable of incorporating a vehicle detection and location system such as those disclosed in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-2</figref>. In the embodiment shown, the violation detection system <b>400</b> is positioned along a street <b>402</b>, for example a city block or other area where vehicle parking may take place. The violation detection system <b>400</b> includes one or more first RFID tags <b>404</b> and second RFID tags <b>406</b>. In the embodiment shown, the first RFID tags <b>404</b> are located at elevated, known locations along the street <b>402</b> (for example, mounted to a traffic light post <b>408</b> as shown). Although in this particular example only one RFID tag <b>402</b> is shown, it is recognized that typical arrangements will include more than one such RFID tag.

0034In the embodiment shown, the second RFID tags <b>406</b> are placed in parking spaces <b>410</b>, for example mounted within the pavement of the street <b>402</b>. The second RFID tags <b>406</b> are located such that parked vehicles <b>412</b> in the parking spaces <b>410</b> will be located above the corresponding RFID tag associated with that parking space <b>410</b>.

0035Additionally, in the embodiment shown, an enforcement vehicle <b>414</b> includes a camera <b>416</b> and an RFID reader <b>418</b>, which generally correspond to the camera <b>410</b> and RFID reader <b>112</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-3</figref>, above. Images of parked vehicles <b>412</b>, and associated identifiers <b>413</b>, can be captured by the camera <b>410</b> (or optionally an RFID reader), while RFID tags <b>404</b>, <b>406</b> can be interrogated by RFID reader <b>418</b>. In this embodiment, the enforcement vehicle <b>414</b> can be configured to detect and process violations by the parked vehicles <b>412</b>, and associate location information with those vehicles. Additionally, the enforcement vehicle <b>414</b> can also receive information regarding location and identity of moving vehicles (e.g., vehicle <b>420</b>, having vehicle identifier <b>413</b>), to associate that information with the vehicle for observed violations, or to detect a vehicle associated with potential preexisting violations (e.g., a stolen or unregistered vehicle, or a vehicle associated with an individual of interest to law enforcement).

0036Although in the embodiment shown the camera <b>416</b> and RFID reader <b>418</b> are oriented toward a side of the street <b>402</b> to allow it to focus on parked vehicles <b>412</b> in parking spaces <b>410</b>, it is recognized that the orientation of the camera <b>416</b> and RFID reader <b>418</b> is a matter of choice. Additionally, two or more cameras could be associated with a particular RFID reader, for example to capture images from cameras oriented in different directions; additionally, multiple RFID readers could be used as well.

0037Referring now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, a flowchart of an example method <b>600</b> for detecting a location and identity of a vehicle is shown according to a possible embodiment of the present disclosure. The method <b>600</b> starts by positioning RFID tags <b>102</b>, <b>202</b> (step <b>602</b>) at known locations along a vehicle array, such as in any of the variety of RFID tag arrangements disclosed above in connection with <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-2</figref> and <b>4</b>-<b>5</b>. This can optionally include mounting or embedding the RFID tags <b>202</b> in a paved area of parking spaces on a street or in a ramp, or mounting tags <b>102</b> at elevated locations along a vehicle array (e.g., in a ramp or along a street, such as at a street corner).

0038A vehicle identification system, such as cameras <b>110</b>, <b>416</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-5</figref> above, is associated with an RFID reader, such as RFID readers <b>112</b>, <b>418</b> (step <b>604</b>). In various embodiments, this includes mounting a camera and RFID reader on an enforcement vehicle, such that both the camera and RFID reader are movable relative to an array of vehicles (e.g., parked vehicles), but fixed in position or location relative to each other.

0039To initiate detection of location and identity of vehicles, movement of the vehicle identification system and RFID reader is initiated (step <b>606</b>), such that the vehicle identification system and RFID reader pass along the vehicle array. This can occur in any of a number of manners. For example, in some embodiments, movement of a camera and associated RFID reader occurs when an enforcement vehicle begins traveling along a vehicle array, such as array <b>104</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-2</figref>. In other embodiments, the camera or other vehicle identification system and RFID reader can be mounted to any other type of common, movable structure.

0040After movement of the vehicle identification system and RFID reader is initiated in step <b>606</b>, the vehicle identification system is activated to detect vehicle identifiers (step <b>608</b>). This can be accomplished, for example, by capturing images of each vehicle identifier with a camera system, and detecting vehicle identifiers (e.g., license plates) in images captured by the camera system. Alternatively, this can be accomplished by interrogating RFID tags uniquely associated with vehicles, thereby identifying the vehicle based on the identity of the responding RFID tags. Simultaneously, the RFID reader will transmit interrogation signals and receive responses from RFID tags located along the parking array and in proximity to the RFID reader, as described above.

0041In certain embodiments, steps <b>608</b>-<b>610</b> occur repeatedly, allowing each identified vehicle to have an associated location determined based on interrogations/responses from the RFID reader. In some embodiments, the frequency with which the camera or RFID reader captures images or interrogates vehicle-specific RFID tags differs from the frequency in which the RFID reader interrogates RFID tags placed along the vehicle array and in proximity to the reader and vehicle identification system. In some further embodiments, these actions are synchronized, for example with the RFID reader and camera capturing image and location information in synchronization with each other, such that each camera image captured includes a predetermined number of (e.g., one or more) RFID reader location determinations, or vice versa.

0042Once each vehicle identifier and related location information are captured, the vehicle identifier and location are interrelated (step <b>612</b>). This can occur in any of a number of manners. In some embodiments, vehicle identifier information is passed from the camera to a processing system, and location information is passed from the RFID reader to the processing system. The processing system can then, using a database of known RFID tag locations, calculate a current location of the RFID reader based on the presence (or absence) of responses from one or more tags, and can determine a particular location of a vehicle relative to that RFID reader (e.g., based on a known orientation of the camera relative to the location of the RFID reader, or based on the presence or absence of responses from RFID tags associated with particular parking spaces, such as RFID tags <b>202</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. In some embodiments, to correlate location and vehicle identifier information, time stamps can be captured alongside the image and location information from the camera and RFID reader, respectively, to associate a camera with a corresponding RFID reader location. In still other embodiments, vehicle-specific RFID tag interrogation responses are combined with interrogation responses from RFID tags placed at known positions along a vehicle array, thereby allowing vehicle identities and locations to be combined and interrelated. Other methodologies for interrelating data can be used as well.

0043Once a vehicle's identity and location are determined, that information can be used to determine the existence of or assign one or more violations to that vehicle. In some embodiments, the processing system can determine whether a violation is occurring (step <b>614</b>). This can be, for example, based on the fact that a vehicle is parked in a particular location at a particular time (e.g., an area that is a no-parking zone during particular times of day, or other areas where parking is restricted). Other methods for assessing violations can be incorporated into such a system as well.

0044Additionally, one or more violations can be associated with the particular vehicle identified and located (step <b>616</b>). This can be performed automatically (e.g., upon confirmation of the existence of a violation determined during step <b>614</b>) or manually by violation enforcement personnel.

0045Although steps <b>614</b>-<b>616</b> are illustrated herein as occurring in a particular order, it is recognized that, in certain embodiments, determination of the existence of violations occurring based on vehicle identifiers and locations could occur in a different order from that illustrated. Furthermore, steps <b>614</b>-<b>616</b> are entirely optional, and need not be present within various embodiments. For example, systems can be implemented which simply record a history of vehicle locations and identities, for example to track usage of parking spaces, streets, or other traffic or parking patterns. Additional operations may also be incorporated into the method <b>600</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, consistent with the present disclosure.

0046Referring now to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-6</figref> generally, using the vehicle detection and location systems of the present disclosure including RFID readers and RFID tags allows for increased detail and lower error rates in locating and identifying vehicles in a vehicle array, for example as compared to GPS-based location systems. Other advantages of the systems of the present disclosure exist as well. Furthermore, although in the various embodiments disclosed herein the vehicle location and identification systems are described as used in the context of a street parking and traffic arrangement, it is recognized that other applications may exist as well, and are contemplated by the various embodiments disclosed herein. For example, the present disclosure is applicable to location and identification of vehicles within a parking ramp or parking lot, as well as at a toll plaza or other location where vehicle tracking and identification may be desirable.

0047Generally, consistent with embodiments of the disclosure, the cameras <b>110</b>, <b>416</b>, RFID readers <b>112</b>, <b>418</b>, and processing systems <b>302</b> of the present disclosure can include one or more programmable circuits capable of executing program modules. Program modules may include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that may perform particular tasks or that may implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Embodiments of the disclosure may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

0048Furthermore, embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in various types of electrical circuits comprising discrete electronic elements, packaged or integrated electronic chips containing logic gates, a circuit utilizing a microprocessor, or on a single chip containing electronic elements or microprocessors. Embodiments of the disclosure may also be practiced using other technologies capable of performing logical operations such as, for example, AND, OR, and NOT, including but not limited to mechanical, optical, fluidic, and quantum technologies. In addition, aspects of the methods described herein can be practiced within a general purpose computer or in any other circuits or systems.

0049Embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented as a computer process (method), a computing system, or as an article of manufacture, such as a computer program product or computer readable media. The computer program product may be a computer storage media readable by a computer system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.). In other words, embodiments of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. A computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

0050Embodiments of the present disclosure, for example, are described above with reference to block diagrams and/or operational illustrations of methods, systems, and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. The functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order as shown in any flowchart. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved.

0051While certain embodiments of the disclosure have been described, other embodiments may exist. Furthermore, although embodiments of the present disclosure have been described as being associated with data stored in memory and other storage mediums, data can also be stored on or read from other types of computer-readable media. Further, the disclosed methods' stages may be modified in any manner, including by reordering stages and/or inserting or deleting stages, without departing from the overall concept of the present disclosure.

0052The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of example embodiments of the present disclosure. Many embodiments of the disclosure can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.