Coated glass substrate with heat treatable ultraviolet blocking characteristics

p-0002Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to a coated glass substrate having an ultraviolet (UV) blocking coating which may be heat resistant and may be subjected to high temperatures such as those used during thermal tempering of glass, and/or a method of making the same. In certain example embodiments of this invention, a UV blocking layer(s) is formed on a glass substrate, and may or may not be provided over a multi-layer low-E (low emissivity) coating. Thus, in certain example instances, the overall coating is capable of blocking significant amounts of infrared (IR) and/or UV radiation.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

p-0003Heat resistant UV blocking coatings are known in the art. For example, see U.S. patent documents U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,722 and 2002/0122962A1.

p-0004Wet chemical routes to produce heat resistant UV blocking coatings based on cerium oxide are known. Cerium oxide also may be combined with silica and/or titania to enhance the quality of the films. For instance, the addition of titania further enhances the UV blocking efficiency of ceria. Unfortunately, however, the resulting films tend to produce a yellowed transmitted color. Also, the refractive index of ceria-titania composite coatings tend to be significantly higher than that of flat glass substrates, which are normally used to support deposited coatings for window applications. As a result, these coatings tend to be highly reflective and also tend to exhibit an interference color pattern, which are generally undesirable for window applications.

p-0005In order to suppress these undesired effects, multi-layer oxide coatings of varying indexes have been tried. Unfortunately, however, the application of multiple oxide layers is not attractive for commercial applications, including wet chemical methods, because of the complexity of manufacturing processes and associated higher yield losses.

p-0006Interference effects of high refractive index ceria-titania coatings also may be reduced by increasing coating thickness. Unfortunately, however, thicker coatings tend to be undesirably yellow.

p-0007The addition of silica to ceria and ceria-titania coatings also could significantly reduce the refractive index of the coatings. Thus, reflection and interference effects of the resultant coatings could be reduced. Because silica is transparent in the UV region, the addition of higher levels of silica to ceria-based coatings increases coating thickness requirements in order to achieve adequate UV blocking. The higher the thickness, however, the greater the tendency for coatings to develop micro-cracks during high temperature heat treatment processes such as, for example, tempering and heat strengthening of glass substrates.

p-0008In view of the foregoing, it will be appreciated that there is a need in the art for UV blocking coatings having enhanced UV blocking efficiency, aesthetic appearances that have reduced amounts of undesirable optical effects (such as yellowish color, interference patterns, etc.), and that are less likely to develop micro-cracks after high temperature heat treatment. It also will be appreciated that there is a need in the art for methods of making the same.

p-0009The term “substantially crack-free” does not imply the absence of all cracks; rather, it means that to the extent that any cracks form in the coating during production, the cracks (if any) do not substantially interfere with the overall structure, function, and operation of the UV coating, either alone or in the layered stack.

p-0010In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a coated article is provided. A glass substrate is provided. A base coat is curtain coated on the glass substrate, with the base coat including zinc, cerium, titanium, and silicon. The base coat is cured. A top coat is roll coated, directly or indirectly, on the base coat, with the top coat being a sacrificial cross-linked organic polymer-based layer. The substrate is heat treated with the base coat and the top coat thereon. The base coat and the top coat vary in thickness by no more than 15% prior to the heat treating.

p-0011In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a coated article is provided. A glass substrate is provided, with the glass substrate having thereon (a) a base coat curtain coated from an oxide precursor material including zinc, cerium, titanium, and silicon, and (b) a sacrificial cross-linked organic polymer-based top coat roll coated on the base coat. The substrate is heat treated with the base coat and the top coat thereon, with the heat treating removing substantially all of the top coat from the base coat and causing substantially no cracks to form in the base coat. The base coat is formed from an oxide precursor comprising 40-80 mol % zinc, 5-50 mol % ceria and titania, and 0-10 mol % silane. The base coat and the top coat vary in thickness by no more than 10% prior to the heat treating.

p-0012In certain example embodiments of this invention, a coated article is provided. The coated article includes a glass substrate. A base coat is on the glass substrate, with the base coat including zinc, cerium, titanium, and silicon and being curtain coated from an oxide precursor material. A sacrificial cross-linked organic polymer-based top coat is roll coated on the base coat. The substrate with the base coat and the top coat thereon are heat treatable such that substantially all of the top coat is removable from the base coat while causing substantially no cracks to form in the base coat. The base coat is formed from an oxide precursor comprising 40-80 mol % zinc, 5-50 mol % ceria and titania, and 0-10 mol % silane. The base coat and the top coat are applied so as to vary in thickness by no more than 5% prior to any heat treatment.

p-0013The features, aspects, advantages, and example embodiments described herein may be combined to realize yet further embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

p-0014<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is a refractive index vs. wavelength graph illustrating the effect of % SiO₂on refractive index in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

p-0015<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a extinction coefficient vs. wavelength graph illustrating the effect of % SiO₂on extinction coefficient in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

p-0016<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a transmission (% T) vs. wavelength graph illustrating the effect of % SiO₂on transmission (% T) in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

p-0017<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a % reflectance vs. wavelength graph illustrating the effect of % SiO₂on reflectance (film side) in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

p-0018<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a % reflectance vs. wavelength graph illustrating the effect of % SiO₂on reflectance (glass side) in accordance exemplary embodiments.

p-0019<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a cross sectional view of a coated article according to an example embodiment of this invention, illustrating the provision of a UV blocking on a glass substrate over a low-E coating.

p-0020<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a cross sectional view of a coated article according to an example embodiment of this invention, illustrating the provision of a UV blocking on a glass substrate over a low-E coating.

p-0021<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is a graph plotting percent transmission against wavelength for the zinc oxide based UV blocking coating of certain example embodiments, as well as a commercially available comparative example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

p-0022In certain example embodiments of this invention, coated articles are provided that block significant amounts of UV radiation, either alone or in combination with IR radiation. Such coated articles may be used in the context of windows such as architectural windows, heat strengthened windows, tempered windows, IG window units, vehicle windows, and/or the like.

p-0023In certain example embodiments of this invention, a UV blocking coating <b>35</b> and an organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> may optionally be provided on a glass substrate over a heat treatable low-E (low emissivity) coating <b>30</b>.

p-0024Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, the UV blocking coating <b>35</b> is then formed on the glass substrate <b>1</b>, either directly on the glass substrate <b>1</b> or possibly over another layer or coating such as an optional low-E coating <b>30</b>, by spin-coating or in any other suitable manner. In certain example embodiments of this invention, the UV blocking coating <b>35</b> may be from about 0.05 to 1.5 μm thick, more preferably from about 0.75 to 1.2 μm thick, and most preferably from about 0.9 to 1.0 μm thick. The UV blocking coating <b>35</b> may be of or include a mixture of one or more oxides of titanium, cerium, and silicon in certain example embodiments of this invention.

p-0025The organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> is then formed on the glass substrate <b>1</b> over the UV blocking coating <b>35</b>, directly or indirectly. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> comprises a photomonomer and/or photopolymer that has been exposed preferably to UV radiation. The photomonomer and/or photopolymer may be deposited in any suitable manner, for example, by spin-coating. In certain embodiments, roller-coating and spray-coating are preferred manufacturing processes.

p-0026The term “photomonomer” should be understood to mean a radiation curable monomer, which also include further polymerizable oligomers and polymers. Rapid curing of such a monomer may result, for example, from any stimulus that generates free radicals and ions. For example, free radical initiation can be effectively provided by a source of UV light or electron beams. The photomonomer and/or photopolymer may basically comprise a polyester, acrylic, polyurethane or any of a number of general groups generally known to those skilled in the art. For example, the photomonomer and/or photopolymer may comprise UV-curable epoxies and/or UV-curable acrylates, such as, for example, commercially available UV-curable epoxies and/or UV-curable acrylates, including those available from Redspot, Vantec, Tangent, Dymax, Loctite, etc. In certain example embodiments of this invention, the organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> may be from about 5 to 10 μm thick, more preferably from about 6 to 9 μm thick, and most preferably from about 7 to 8 μm thick.

p-0027In certain embodiments of the present invention, the organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> comprises a thermal-cured polymer, such as Bani-M, a polyimide precursor available from Maruzen Petrochemical Co., dissolved in MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) as well as P-84, a polyimide available from HP Polymers Inc., dissolved in NMP(N-methylpyrrolidone) solvent as top coats. In other embodiments, other soluble polymers, such as PMMA, PVB, etc., are also contemplated. In yet further embodiments, other heat cure polymer systems such as epoxy resins cured by amines, imidazoles, etc. are also contemplated as organic top coating <b>40</b>.

p-0028In certain example embodiments of this invention, the UV blocking coating <b>35</b> may be formed as follows. A liquid coating solution (for a UV blocking coating that blocks significant amounts of UV radiation) is prepared by forming a coating sol comprising titania, ceria, and silica. The coating sol is then deposited on a substrate (such as a glass substrate) via any suitable method, such as spin coating. The coating sol is then cured in a single-step or multiple-step process using heat from a hot plate and/or oven.

p-0029In certain example embodiments, titanium alkoxides as metal organic compounds may be used as the source of titania in the coating sol. Titanium alkoxides include, for example, titanium tetramethoxide, titanium tetraethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium n-propoxide, titanium tetra n-butoxide, titanium tetraisobutoxide, titanium methoxypropoxide, and titanium dichloride diethoxide. The titanium alkoxide sol may be at least partially pre-hydrolyzed in certain example instances. In certain example embodiments, the mole percentage of titania in the coating sol may include from about 1-40% titania, more preferably from about 10-35% titania, more preferably from about 13-25% titania, and most preferably from about 20-25% titania. Optionally, titanium oxalate and/or nitrate may be used as a metal organic compound as a starting material for the titania sol.

p-0030In certain embodiments, cerium nitrates, cerium chloride, cerium ethylhexanoate, and/or ceric ammonium nitrate may be used as the source of ceria in the coating sol, although other, known types of cerium-containing compounds and materials may instead be used. In certain example embodiments, the mole percentage of ceria in the coating sol may include from about 1-40% ceria, more preferably from about 10-35% ceria, more preferably from about 13-25% ceria, and most preferably from about 20-25% ceria.

p-0031In certain embodiments, a silane and/or a silica (such as a colloidal silica) may be used as the source of silica in the coating sol, although other, known types of silicon-containing compounds and materials may instead be used. In certain embodiments, for example, the source of silica may comprise any silane containing at least one hydrolysable alkoxides functionality, such as TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate), MTS (methyl triethoxy silane), gamma-aminopropyl triethoxy silane etc. (available from Aldrich and Gilest). In certain embodiments, glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) and/or colloidal silica (e.g., colloidal silica in methyl ethyl ketone supplied by Nissan Chemicals Inc.) are suitable. In certain example embodiments, the mole percentage of silica in the coating sol may include from about 20-99% silica, more preferably from about 30-80% silica, more preferably from about 35-70% silica, and most preferably from about 50-60% silica. In certain example embodiments (e.g., described below), the mole percentage of silica in the coating sol may include from about 0-25% silica, more preferably from about 0-10% silica, and most preferably from about 0-5% silica.

p-0032In certain embodiments, the coating sol comprising titania, ceria, and silica may be stabilized by at least one additive. An alcohol may be used as a solvent in the wet coating solution in certain example instances. Examples of compounds that may be used as stabilizer additives include glycols, alcohols (including, for example, alcohols having high boiling points, methanol, ethanol, propanols, etc.), polyols, beta-diketones, amines, amino alcohols and acetic acid esters. Examples of additives that may be used as a stabilizer in the wet coating solution include mono and dialkyl ethers of ethylene glycol and/or propylene glycol, acetyl acetone, acetoacetic acid, cyanoethylacetate, ethylacetoacetate, polyethylene glycols, caprolactone polyols, acrylic polyols, triethanol amine, methyl diethanol amine, and EDTA. One suitable additive is Tonepolyol 0210 available from the Dow Chemical Co. Suitable polyols are also available from Solvay.

p-0033In certain embodiments, the coating sol comprising titania, ceria, and silica may further comprise water and an acid. The acid may assist in initiating any reactions. Suitable acids include strong and/or weak acids, such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acids, and other known acids.

p-0034The coating sol may then be applied (e.g., via spin coating) on a glass substrate, optionally over a low-E coating <b>30</b>. The coating is initially cured on a hot plate for a period of time at a temperature of from about 80-200 degrees C. (e.g., about 130 degrees C.) for about 3-10 minutes (e.g., about 5 minutes), and may then be heated in an oven at from about 150-300 degrees C. (e.g., at about 250 degrees C.) for from about 3-10 minutes (e.g., about 5 minutes) for curing the UV blocking coating. The UV blocking coating <b>35</b> was thus made up of a mixture of oxides of silicon, cerium, and titanium (e.g., SiO₂/CeO₂/TiO₂) in this example embodiment.

p-0035The photomonomer and/or photopolymer may then be applied (e.g., via spin coating) on the UV blocking coating <b>35</b>. The organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> may then be formed by exposing the photomonomer and/or photopolymer to radiation, such as UV radiation.

p-0036The coated article may then be thermally tempered in a tempering furnace at a temperature of at least about 400 degrees C., more preferably at least about 625 degrees C. for a period of time sufficient to thermally temper the glass substrate <b>1</b> (e.g., about 5 minutes). Thus, in certain embodiments, the result may be a thermally tempered coated article including the low-E coating <b>30</b> provided on the glass substrate <b>1</b> for blocking significant amounts of IR radiation (if coating <b>30</b> is present), the UV coating <b>35</b> provided on the glass substrate <b>1</b> for blocking significant amounts of UV radiation, and the organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> provided on the glass substrate <b>1</b> for assisting in the improvement of physical characteristics of the article (e.g., see <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 6-7</figref>).

p-0037In other example embodiments, the UV blocking coating <b>35</b> may be made of or include a mixture of oxides of cerium and silicon (e.g., CeO₂/SiO₂), a mixture of oxides of titanium and silicon (e.g., TiO₂/SiO₂), and/or a mixture of oxides of cerium and titanium (e.g., CeO₂/TiO₂). In other exemplary embodiments, a coating sol for a UV blocking coating <b>35</b> that blocks significant amounts of UV radiation may comprise any combination known to have UV blocking characteristics. For example, the UV blocking coating <b>35</b> may comprise at least one metal oxide from the group consisting of ceria, titania, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, tin oxide and antimony oxide, and/or a precursor of at least one of these metal oxides

p-0038The coated article (e.g., comprising the glass substrate, optionally the low-E coating, the UV blocking coating, and the organic polymer top coating) may be used in various applications.

p-0039Also, the coating <b>35</b>, <b>40</b> may have a refractive index ranging from about 1.55 to 1.85, more preferably from about 1.6 to 1.8, and most preferably from about 1.65 to 1.75 in certain example embodiments of this invention. Such refractive index values have been found to be advantageous for antireflection purposes.

p-0040The following examples of different embodiments of this invention are provided for purposes of example and understanding only, and are not intended to be limiting unless expressly claimed.

EXAMPLES

p-0041Coating sols were prepared by mixing cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (available from Sigma-Aldrich), titanium tetrabutoxide and glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GLYMO) in mole proportions listed in the Table 1 in n-propanol containing about 20% by weight of acetic acid. About 4 times excess moles of water was added to initiate reactions. About 5-10% by weight of Tonepolyol 0210 (available from the Dow Chemical Co.) was also added to all the coating sols. Base coatings of ceria, titania and silica precursors were formed on soda lime glass substrates by the spin coating method. Coatings on glass substrates were initially cured on a hot plate at about 130° C. for about 5 minutes, followed by heating in an oven at about 250° C. for about 5 minutes. A UV curable monomer composition was applied to all the glass substrates coated with the base coatings. UV curable monomer composition was a mixture of 96 wt % of Cyracure UVR-6107, a cycloaliphatic epoxide resin obtained from Dow and 4 wt % of Cyracure UVI-6976, a cationic photoinitiator obtained from Dow. An organic polymer top coating was formed by exposing the UV curable monomer composition on all the base coatings listed in Table 1. Coated glass substrates having both the base coating and the top coating were fired in a box furnace at about 625° C. for about 5 minutes. Optical performance of the ceria-titania-silica coatings and the data is shown in Tables 1 to 3 and in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-5</figref>.

p-0042<tables id="TABLE-US-00001" num="00001"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="1"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="217pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" rowsep="1">TABLE 1</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>Mole % Composition of Silica, Ceria and Titania (base coat)</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="8"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="21pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="8" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry>Base </entry><entry>Base </entry><entry>Base </entry></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry>Coat</entry><entry>Coat</entry><entry>Coat</entry></row><row><entry>Coat-</entry><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry>RPM/</entry><entry>Thick-</entry><entry>Thick-</entry><entry>Refrac-</entry></row><row><entry>ing</entry><entry>SiO₂</entry><entry>CeO₂</entry><entry>TiO₂</entry><entry>Time </entry><entry>ness</entry><entry>ness</entry><entry>tive</entry></row><row><entry>No.</entry><entry>mole %</entry><entry>mole %</entry><entry>mole %</entry><entry>(s)</entry><entry>(μm)</entry><entry>(μm)</entry><entry>Index</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="8" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="8"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="21pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="8" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>1</entry><entry>72.8%</entry><entry>13.5%</entry><entry>13.5%</entry><entry>1200/20</entry><entry>1.00</entry><entry>8</entry><entry>1.58</entry></row><row><entry>2</entry><entry>66.6%</entry><entry>16.5%</entry><entry>16.5%</entry><entry>1200/20</entry><entry>1.00</entry><entry>7</entry><entry>1.60</entry></row><row><entry>3</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry>20.5%</entry><entry>20.5%</entry><entry> 900/20</entry><entry>1.15</entry><entry>7.5</entry><entry>1.66</entry></row><row><entry>4</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry>20.5%</entry><entry>20.5%</entry><entry>1000/20</entry><entry>1.00</entry><entry>7</entry><entry>1.66</entry></row><row><entry>5</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry>20.5%</entry><entry>20.5%</entry><entry>1200/20</entry><entry>0.91</entry><entry>7</entry><entry>1.66</entry></row><row><entry>6</entry><entry>52.1%</entry><entry>24.0%</entry><entry>24.0%</entry><entry>1000/20</entry><entry>0.89</entry><entry>8</entry><entry>1.76</entry></row><row><entry>7</entry><entry>52.1%</entry><entry>24.0%</entry><entry>24.0%</entry><entry> 900/20</entry><entry>0.96</entry><entry>7.5</entry><entry>1.76</entry></row><row><entry>8</entry><entry>37.2%</entry><entry>31.4%</entry><entry>31.4%</entry><entry> 900/20</entry><entry>0.76</entry><entry>7.5</entry><entry>1.96</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="8" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0043<tables id="TABLE-US-00002" num="00002"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="1"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="217pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" rowsep="1">TABLE 2</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>Optical Performance (Transmission) of Silica, Ceria and Titania</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="8"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="35pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="21pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="8" colwidth="21pt" align="center" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>Coating</entry><entry>SiO₂</entry><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /><entry /></row><row><entry>No.</entry><entry>mole %</entry><entry>% T_uv</entry><entry>% T_vis</entry><entry>L*</entry><entry>a*</entry><entry>b*</entry><entry>T_dw</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="8" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>1</entry><entry>72.8%</entry><entry>14.17</entry><entry>86.59</entry><entry>94.56</entry><entry>−1.50</entry><entry>3.88</entry><entry>63.49</entry></row><row><entry>2</entry><entry>66.6%</entry><entry>10.26</entry><entry>87.82</entry><entry>95.08</entry><entry>−1.71</entry><entry>3.69</entry><entry>62.66</entry></row><row><entry>3</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry> 4.94</entry><entry>88.60</entry><entry>95.41</entry><entry>−2.41</entry><entry>4.45</entry><entry>59.70</entry></row><row><entry>4</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry> 5.58</entry><entry>87.53</entry><entry>94.96</entry><entry>−2.37</entry><entry>4.49</entry><entry>59.39</entry></row><row><entry>5</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry> 7.09</entry><entry>88.86</entry><entry>95.52</entry><entry>−2.10</entry><entry>3.54</entry><entry>61.82</entry></row><row><entry>6</entry><entry>52.1%</entry><entry> 4.00</entry><entry>87.49</entry><entry>94.94</entry><entry>−2.55</entry><entry>4.67</entry><entry>58.14</entry></row><row><entry>7</entry><entry>52.1%</entry><entry> 2.97</entry><entry>85.95</entry><entry>94.29</entry><entry>−3.15</entry><entry>5.51</entry><entry>55.80</entry></row><row><entry>8</entry><entry>37.2%</entry><entry> 1.63</entry><entry>84.24</entry><entry>93.56</entry><entry>−2.74</entry><entry>7.76</entry><entry>51.75</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="8" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0044<tables id="TABLE-US-00003" num="00003"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0" pgwide="1"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="1"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="280pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" rowsep="1">TABLE 3</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="1" nameend="1" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>Optical Performance (Reflectance) of Silica, Ceria and Titania</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="4"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="112pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="112pt" align="center" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>Coating</entry><entry>SiO₂</entry><entry>Glass side</entry><entry>Film side</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="10"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="8" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="9" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="10" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>No.</entry><entry>mole %</entry><entry>% R</entry><entry>L*</entry><entry>a*</entry><entry>b*</entry><entry>% R</entry><entry>L*</entry><entry>a*</entry><entry>b*</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="10" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="10"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="7" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="8" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="9" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="10" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>1</entry><entry>72.8%</entry><entry>8.67</entry><entry>35.35</entry><entry>−0.54</entry><entry>−0.56</entry><entry>8.72</entry><entry>35.44</entry><entry>−0.49</entry><entry>−0.72</entry></row><row><entry>2</entry><entry>66.6%</entry><entry>9.41</entry><entry>36.76</entry><entry>−1.09</entry><entry>0.23</entry><entry>9.45</entry><entry>36.84</entry><entry>−0.86</entry><entry>−0.16</entry></row><row><entry>3</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry>9.44</entry><entry>36.82</entry><entry>−1.41</entry><entry>0.13</entry><entry>9.48</entry><entry>36.9</entry><entry>−0.96</entry><entry>−0.57</entry></row><row><entry>4</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry>9.95</entry><entry>37.74</entry><entry>−0.97</entry><entry>−0.62</entry><entry>10.03</entry><entry>37.89</entry><entry>−0.39</entry><entry>−1.51</entry></row><row><entry>5</entry><entry>59.4%</entry><entry>9.51</entry><entry>36.94</entry><entry>−1.2</entry><entry>1.04</entry><entry>9.54</entry><entry>37</entry><entry>−0.93</entry><entry>0.69</entry></row><row><entry>6</entry><entry>52.1%</entry><entry>10.11</entry><entry>38.04</entry><entry>−2.06</entry><entry>1.95</entry><entry>10.37</entry><entry>38.51</entry><entry>−1.86</entry><entry>0.91</entry></row><row><entry>7</entry><entry>52.1%</entry><entry>10.59</entry><entry>38.88</entry><entry>−0.53</entry><entry>1.38</entry><entry>10.78</entry><entry>39.21</entry><entry>0.41</entry><entry>−0.27</entry></row><row><entry>8</entry><entry>37.2%</entry><entry>12.11</entry><entry>41.39</entry><entry>−5.46</entry><entry>0.1</entry><entry>12.29</entry><entry>41.67</entry><entry>−4.38</entry><entry>−1.96</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="10" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0045Refractive indices at 550 nm of the ceria-titania-silica coatings decreased with increasing silica concentration. In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 1-5</figref>, all the coatings contained silica which was derived from GLYMO except the coating that was labeled as 37.2% SiO₂C which contained 1:1 mole ratio of colloidal silica (Nissan's IPA-ST) and GLYMO.

p-0046The figures demonstrate the effect of increasing silica content on optical properties of ceria-titania coatings of equimolar composition. As shown in Table 1, columns 3 &amp; 4, the ceria and titania concentrations were kept equal to each other in all coatings while the concentration of silica is varied. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> shows that as the concentration of silica increased the refractive index of coating decreased and data at 550 nm is shown in Table 1, last column. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> shows that the molar extinction coefficient of coatings in the UV region decreased with increasing concentration of silica due to the effect of dilution of ceria-titania complex chromophore. This is manifested in the form of higher % T_uvin the region 300-380 nm, which is a measure for UV blocking efficiency, for coatings having comparable thickness as shown in Table 2. Base coat thickness data is shown in Table 1. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> demonstrates the same effect that the wavelength at which UV radiation is blocked (lowering of transmission) moved towards lower wavelengths as the concentration of silica increased. In addition, it also demonstrates that the interference effects in the visible region of spectrum could be minimized by increasing silica concentration in the ceria-titania-silica coatings. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4 and 5</figref> show that the film side and glass side reflection of coated glass substrates decreased with increasing concentration of silica in coating and the data is shown Table 3. As a result of this, the % T_visof the coatings increased with increasing concentration of silica.

p-0047The low-E coating is optional in certain example embodiments of this invention. A low-E coating typically includes at least one infrared (IR) blocking layer of or including a material such as silver or gold for blocking significant amounts of IR radiation, where the IR blocking layer is located between at least first and second dielectric layers. Example materials of the dielectric layers include silicon nitride, tin oxide, zinc oxide and so forth, including other art-recognized materials such as other metal oxides. Any suitable low-E coating <b>30</b> may be used, and the example low-E coatings discussed herein are provided for purposes of example only. The combination of coatings <b>30</b>, <b>35</b>, and <b>40</b> on the glass substrate permits the coated article to block significant amounts of both UV and IR radiation which may have been heretofore difficult to achieve. Low-E coatings, while able to block significant amounts of IR radiation, are typically deficient when it comes to blocking UV radiation. Example optional low-E coatings <b>30</b> which may be used in different embodiments of this invention are described, for purposes of example and without limitation, in the following U.S. patent documents the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,302, U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,347, U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,630, U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,060, U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,923, U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,575, U.S. Pat. No. 3,382,528, U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,349, U.S. Pat. No. 6,926,967, U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,408, U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,491, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,928.

p-0048<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a side cross sectional view of a coated article according to an example non-limiting embodiment of this invention. The coated article includes substrate <b>1</b> (e.g., clear, green, bronze, or blue-green glass substrate from about 1.0 to 10.0 mm thick, more preferably from about 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm thick), and optional low-E coating (or layer system) <b>30</b> provided on the substrate <b>1</b> either directly or indirectly. The low-E coating <b>30</b> includes: bottom dielectric layer <b>2</b> which may be of or include titanium oxide (e.g., TiO₂) or the like, dielectric silicon nitride layer <b>3</b> which may be Si₃N₄, of the Si-rich type for haze reduction, or of any other suitable stoichiometry in different embodiments of this invention, first lower contact layer <b>7</b> (which contacts IR reflecting layer <b>9</b>), first conductive and preferably metallic infrared (IR) reflecting layer <b>9</b>, first upper contact layer <b>11</b> (which contacts layer <b>9</b>), dielectric layer <b>13</b> (which may be deposited in one or multiple steps in different embodiments of this invention), another silicon nitride layer <b>14</b>, tin oxide inclusive interlayer <b>15</b>, second lower contact layer <b>17</b> (which contacts IR reflecting layer <b>19</b>), second conductive and preferably metallic IR reflecting layer <b>19</b>, second upper contact layer <b>21</b> (which contacts layer <b>19</b>), dielectric layer <b>23</b>, and finally protective dielectric layer <b>25</b> at the interface with the overlying UV blocking coating <b>35</b>. The “contact” layers <b>7</b>, <b>11</b>, <b>17</b> and <b>21</b> each contact at least one IR reflecting layer (e.g., layer based on Ag). The aforesaid layers <b>2</b>-<b>25</b> make up low-E (i.e., low emissivity) coating <b>30</b> which is provided on glass or plastic substrate <b>1</b>. The UV blocking coating <b>35</b> is provided on the glass substrate <b>1</b> over at least the low-E coating <b>30</b>. The organic polymer top coating <b>40</b> is provided on the glass substrate <b>1</b> over at least the UV blocking coating <b>35</b>.

p-0049Dielectric layer <b>2</b> is in direct contact with the glass substrate <b>1</b>, and is optional. Dielectric layer <b>2</b> may be of or include TiO_xin certain example embodiments of this invention, where x is from 1.5 to 2.0, more preferably about 2.0. Dielectric layers <b>3</b> and <b>14</b> may be of or include silicon nitride or other suitable material in certain embodiments of this invention. Any and/or all silicon nitride layers discussed herein may optionally include from about 0-15% aluminum, more preferably from about 1 to 10% aluminum, in certain example embodiments of this invention. The silicon nitride may be deposited by sputtering a target of Si or SiAl in certain embodiments of this invention. Infrared (IR) reflecting layers <b>9</b> and <b>19</b> are preferably substantially or entirely metallic and/or conductive, and may comprise or consist essentially of silver (Ag), gold, or any other suitable IR reflecting material. IR reflecting layers <b>9</b> and <b>19</b> help allow the coating to have low-E and/or good solar control characteristics. The IR reflecting layers may, however, be slightly oxidized in certain embodiments of this invention. The upper contact layers <b>11</b> and <b>21</b> may be of or include nickel (Ni) oxide, chromium/chrome (Cr) oxide, or a nickel alloy oxide such as nickel chrome oxide (NiCrO_x), or other suitable material(s), in certain example embodiments of this invention. Dielectric layer <b>13</b> may be of or include tin oxide in certain example embodiments of this invention. However, as with other layers herein, other materials may be used in different instances. Lower contact layers <b>7</b> and/or <b>17</b> in certain embodiments of this invention are of or include zinc oxide (e.g., ZnO). The zinc oxide of layers <b>7</b> and <b>17</b> may contain other materials as well such as Al (e.g., to form ZnAlO_x). For example, in certain example embodiments of this invention, one or more of zinc oxide layers <b>7</b>, <b>17</b> may be doped with from about 1 to 10% Al, more preferably from about 1 to 5% Al, and most preferably about 1 to 4% Al. Interlayer <b>15</b> of or including tin oxide or other suitable material is provided under IR reflecting layer <b>19</b> so as to be located between silicon nitride layer <b>14</b> and zinc oxide layer <b>17</b>. Dielectric layer <b>23</b> may be of or include tin oxide or other suitable material in certain example embodiments of this invention. Dielectric layer <b>25</b>, which may be an overcoat in certain example instances, may be of or include silicon nitride (e.g., Si₃N₄) or any other suitable material in certain example embodiments of this invention. Other layer(s) below or above the illustrated coating may also be provided. Thus, while the layer system or coating is “on” or “supported by” substrate <b>1</b> (directly or indirectly), other layer(s) may be provided therebetween. Thus, for example, the coatings of <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> may be considered “on” or “supported by” the substrate <b>1</b> even if other layer(s) are provided between layer <b>2</b> and substrate <b>1</b>. Moreover, certain layers of the illustrated coating may be removed in certain embodiments, while others may be added between the various layers or the various layer(s) may be split with other layer(s) added between the split sections in other embodiments of this invention without departing from the overall spirit of certain embodiments of this invention. The layers of the low-E coating <b>30</b> may be formed on the glass substrate by sputtering or any other suitable technique.

p-0050Although the above-described ceria-titania inclusive coatings are adequate for some purposes, the inventors of the instant application have discovered that further improvements are still possible. For instance, as indicated above, it would be desirable there to provide UV blocking coatings having enhanced UV blocking efficiency, aesthetic appearances that have reduced amounts of undesirable optical effects (such as yellowish color, interference patterns, etc.), and that are less likely to develop micro-cracks after high temperature heat treatment, along with methods of making the same. In that regard, certain example embodiments of this invention relate to the development of temperable UV blocking coatings having enhanced UV blocking efficiency and aesthetic appearance on stock sheets of glass substrates using large-scale wet coating manufacturing methods. These coatings are useful in applications such as, for example, heat strengthened window, tempered glass windows, etc.

p-0051Uniformity of coating thickness is related to controlling the impact of the undesirable optical defects of the coating. Techniques such as, for example, dip coating and spin coating are conventionally employed to produce substantially uniformly thick wet coatings. Unfortunately, however, spin coating sometimes is problematic when it is moved from the lab to a large-scale production line, and dip coating is not readily suitable for single-side applications and high-speed manufacturing. Thus, there also is a need in the art to develop a coating method suitable for high volume manufacturing to cost effectively produce aesthetically acceptable products for large window applications.

p-0052The assignee of the instant invention has been able to develop a method for producing precursor coatings that are capable of being subjected to high temperature heat treatment processes to produce thicker oxide coatings that do not develop micro-stress cracks during and/or after the high temperature heat treatment, or develop a reduced amount of micro-stress cracks during and/or after the high temperature heat treatment. This technique generally involves the application of a sacrificial cross-linked organic polymer layer as a top coat over a base coat of precursor oxide layer. Although it burns off cleanly during heat treatment and leaves substantially no residue behind, it has been discovered that the top coat may adversely affect the aesthetic quality of the base coat, especially when thicker top coats are applied. Thus, it has been discovered that the top coat should be applied substantially uniformly over the base coat and have a reduced variation in coating thickness. It therefore would be advantageous to employ a method to apply the top coat substantially uniformly over the base coat in a manner that is suitable for high-volume manufacturing.

p-0053Curtain coating and roll coating techniques are known in the silver mirror manufacturing industry. In general, to reduce the amount of corrosion of silver mirror coatings caused by exposure to weather elements, protective paint coatings often are applied by curtain coating processes. To further enhance protection, UV cure top coats often are applied by roll coating processes. These protective coatings typically are very thick. Depending on the example implementation, they sometimes range in thickness from 15-50 microns. Given that these protective coatings are behind a highly reflect and non-transparent silver mirror coating, any imperfections in the top coats are not visible to ordinary observers or users. The thickness tolerance for these protective coatings generally is in the range of 5-15 microns, which generally is not acceptable for optical quality coatings.

p-0054Wet coating techniques used to produce coatings on large stock sheets according to certain example embodiments of this invention are similar to the curtain and the roll coating processes used in the silver mirror industry. However, the coating formulations and coating hardware were modified so as to produce substantially uniformly thick coatings with very tight thickness tolerances. Preferably, the thickness variation is less than 15%, more preferably less than 10%, still more preferably less than 5%, and sometimes less than or between 2-3% of target coating thickness for each coating. A curtain coating process was used to provide base coats of oxide precursor materials, whereas roll coat process was used to provide the sacrificial cross-linked organic polymer top coat.

p-0055The following examples of different embodiments of this invention are provided for purposes of example and understanding only, and are not intended to be limiting unless expressly claimed.

Examples

p-0056A base coat formulation comprising precursor materials of Zn, Ce, Ti, and Si in appropriate mole ratios was prepared. As noted above, silica may be used in other coatings to lower the refractive index of the overall coating. Because it is colorless and applied in a large amount, it sometimes tends to dilute the yellow/orange color. However, to solve the thickness problems and the associated cracking that occurs, zinc oxide may be used in certain example embodiments to replace at least some of the silica. Zinc oxide is known to be a generally colorless UV blocking additive. The cerium and the titanium provide additional UV blocking properties while improving the overall durability of the coating, which would be an issue if coatings are purely based on pure zinc oxide. Certain example embodiments thus are formed from wet chemical solutions of or including the following materials and mol percents:

p-0057<tables id="TABLE-US-00004" num="00004"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="3"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="84pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="56pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="77pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry>Ingredient</entry><entry>Preferred Mol %</entry><entry>More Preferred Mol %</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>ZnO</entry><entry>55-85</entry><entry>65-80</entry></row><row><entry>Ceria and Titania,</entry><entry /><entry /></row><row><entry>(equal mol % s preferred)</entry><entry> 5-50</entry><entry>15-25</entry></row><row><entry>Silane</entry><entry> 0-10</entry><entry>0-5</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="3" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0058Wet coatings were deposited on stock sheets of 3.2 mm thick float glass substrates having dimensions of about 183 cm×213 cm using a curtain coating process at a speed of about 90 m/min. The coated glass was subjected to thermal treatment using a tubular oven at a line speed of 3.4 m/min. The base coatings were cured at a temperature less than 300 degrees C., or about 240-270 degrees C. in this example, and the coated glass was allowed to cool in-line before the top coat was applied.

p-0059A UV curable acrylic resin was used to form the top coat, and it was applied using a roll coat process. A rubber applicator roller with a suitable durometer was used to produce coatings with a reduced roping pattern and surface texture. The coatings were applied at a 3.4 m/min line speed and the solid coatings were cured by exposure to UV radiation. Although a UV curable acrylic resin was used in connection with this example, other materials may be used in place of or in addition to this material in different embodiments of this invention. For example, an organic sacrificial top coat may be a preformed polymer (such as, for example, PVB, PMMA, etc.), thermally cured polyimide, and/or the like.

p-0060The stock sheets of glass coated with the precursor coating stack of the base coat and the top coat was stored and fabricated on-demand to produce UV blocking sheets. In that regard, stock sheets were cut to 61 cm×91 cm and 91 cm×152 cm sizes, and the edges were manually seamed using a dry seaming process. The edge seamed glass was then passed through a mechanical glass washer equipped with rotating drum brushes to remove surface debris before subjecting the sheets to the high temperature heat treatment processes.

p-0061A full convection and oscillating furnace was used to heat the glass substrates to well above 625 degrees C. for about 100 sec, which was followed by a quenching using high pressure air. More particularly, about 25,000 psi of air was applied to rapidly quench and produce tempered glass substrates. The pressure was adjusted to about 500-4,000 psi to produce heat strengthened glass substrates.

p-0062Optical performance characteristics were gathered from the heat strengthened substrates. The ZnO based coating used in this example yielded a net UV blocking efficiency of over 99% in an insulated glass unit (IGU) configuration having a commercially available tempered, low-E substrate. The coating of this example also exhibited excellent color matching compared with commercial non-temperable UV coatings in corresponding IGU configurations.

p-0063The following table provides optical characteristics for a monolithic example embodiment, and an IGU example embodiment.

p-0064<tables id="TABLE-US-00005" num="00005"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="6"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="42pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="35pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="35pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="42pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="35pt" align="center" /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="center" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="6" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row><row><entry /><entry /><entry>%</entry><entry>L*</entry><entry>a*</entry><entry>b*</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="6" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="6"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="42pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="35pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="3" colwidth="35pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="4" colwidth="42pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="5" colwidth="35pt" align="char" char="." /><colspec colname="6" colwidth="28pt" align="char" char="." /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>Monolithic</entry><entry>Tvis</entry><entry>89.50</entry><entry>95.79</entry><entry>−2.19</entry><entry>3.27</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>R_f</entry><entry>8.43</entry><entry>34.87</entry><entry>−0.79</entry><entry>−1.29</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>R_g</entry><entry>8.44 </entry><entry>37.87</entry><entry>−0.84</entry><entry>−1.12</entry></row><row><entry>IGU</entry><entry>Tvis</entry><entry>71.76</entry><entry>87.85</entry><entry>−3.87</entry><entry>4.46</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>R_inward</entry><entry>11.28</entry><entry>40.05</entry><entry>−3.01</entry><entry>2.17</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>R_outward</entry><entry>9.8 </entry><entry>37.48</entry><entry>−0.66</entry><entry>−2.92</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="6" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

p-0065<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is a graph plotting percent transmission against wavelength for the zinc oxide based UV blocking coating of certain example embodiments, as well as a commercially available comparative example. It will be appreciated from this graph that the transmission performance is very comparable to one another. However, as noted above, the color matching is improved in connection with the zinc oxide based UV blocking coating of certain example embodiments.

p-0066Certain example embodiments are advantageous in that they may incorporate silica to help control the refractive index while also sometimes providing a reduced yellowish color. Certain example embodiments also are advantageous in that color matching may be possible between as-deposited and heat treated implementations.

p-0067Certain example embodiments may use curtain coating (e.g., in which a “waterfall” is the curtain in connection with a slot die) for disposing the base coat on the glass and/or roll coating for applying the top coat on the base coat. However, certain other example embodiments may use alternative coating techniques, provided that a sufficient uniformity of materials can be achieved. For instance, the base coat may be applied using spin, spray, meniscus, and/or other coating techniques, and indeed any suitable coating technique may be used to dispose the top coat on the base coat.

p-0068It is noted that the glass substrates with the coatings applied thereto may be heat treated in certain example embodiments so that the glass substrate(s) is/are either heat strengthened (e.g., at a temperature of at least around 200 degrees C.) or thermally tempered high temperatures (e.g., at a temperature higher than that involved in heat strengthening such as, for example, at a temperature of at least about 580 degrees C., more preferably at least about 600 degrees C., and often at least about 620 or 640 degrees C.).

p-0069Although certain example embodiments have been described as relating to windows applications, it will be appreciated that the techniques described herein may be used in connection with other applications such as, for example, picture frames, refrigerator/freezer doors, bottles, etc.

p-0070While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.