Mobile relay communication system

p-0002This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/884,808 filed Jan. 12, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

p-0003A relay station (RS) is a device that is used to interconnect a base station (BS) and a mobile station (MS). By use of a RS, a BS may cover areas, such as the interior of a shopping center, building or parking deck, which would otherwise be inaccessible by the BS.

p-0004A mobile relay station (MRS) is an RS, which is capable of and intended to move while operating as a RS. An MRS is often affixed to a mobile platform, such as a train, bus, or airplane. In such an environment, there is a relatively defined relationship between the MRS and the MSs on the mobile platform. However, there may be a changing relationship between the MRS and various BSs as the mobile platform passes through coverage areas for provided by different BSs. In essence, the MRSs may be handed off from one BS or another as the MRSs move from on location to another. Depending on location or communication parameters, MRSs are capable of interacting with multiple BSs at the same or different times to facilitate communications between MSs supported by the MRS and a servicing BS or BSs.

p-0005The following provides an overview of the special issues related to MRSs and highlights key technologies that can support the smooth operation of MRSs. These issues include synchronization, neighborhood scanning, data delivery and path management, interference management, handoff related issues, and reliability (See <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>).

p-0006There are generally two types of MRSs. The first type of MRS does not need to support child RSs where the MRS does not relay signals between a BS and one or more other RSs (See <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>). For example, the MRS may only relay signals between a BS and MSs. The second type of MRS does support child RSs where the MRS may relay signals between a BS and one or more other RSs (See <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>). For example, the MRS may relay signals between a BS and other RSs, including MRSs, as well as MSs. The first type is generally sufficient for a bus whereas the second type is more applicable to trains or ships. The second type may be employed in a moving network.

p-0007Ideally, MRSs would have one or more of the following characteristics. MRSs should be able to monitor external RSs and quickly synchronize and connect or reconnect to them with minimum interruption to child RS and MS communications. Some MRSs need to support other child MRSs in the same mobile platform. These MRSs may need to synchronize using its parent MRS and also obtain help in forwarding data to/from MRs-BS. When an MRS is moving towards a fixed RS or MR-BS, there should be a means to quickly handover all the MSs to that RS. On the other hand, if they experience a good signal only for a short period of time, they should not connect to these fixed RSs, such as when a bus moves pass a bus station. When a mobile platform has multiple RSs, all of RSs may need to be handed over. This process should be done with relatively minimal disturbance and overhead.

p-0008When an MRS moves toward another MRS, if the MRSs carry the same PN code one needs to change its PN code and handoff all the MSs. This should be done with relatively minimal interruption. Handoffs between two MRSs in the same mobile platform should be done with minimum impact to MSs or even transparent to the MSs while minimizing the number of handoffs. When an MRS moves to another MRS region, the MSs connected to each other may try to cross connect. There should be a method to prevent that from happening. In addition, if the MRSs schedule in the same time, the interference among them would be large. Accordingly, such scheduling should be avoided.

p-0009The MRSs in a mobile platform should be able to connect via a better positioned MRS in the same vehicle if necessary. The system should support the case where MRSs connect to the fixed network via another MRS in the same vehicle. This would reduce the complexity and the number of handoffs and improve the connection reliability and coverage performance.

p-0010MRSs which do not need to act as a parent to other RSs are generally not required to transmit an RS preamble. Therefore, they can monitor RS preambles of fixed RSs/BSs for synchronization. When an MRS gets closer to a fixed RS, the MRS can first identify the fixed RS and then inform the fixed RS/MR-BS to facilitate any necessary actions, such as handoffs or coordinated interference avoidance. However, when an MRS moves into another MRS's coverage area, the above described detection process may not be adequate. Special means may be employed only for the MRSs, as described further below.

p-0011Having a separate operation scheme exclusively for MRSs makes the synchronization and neighborhood scheme of the overall system simple because fixed RSs do not require a fast neighborhood-monitoring scheme. For example, fixed RSs can have continuously synchronization using alternate RS hops by sending an RS preamble in alternate frames. The fixed RSs may not need to continuously monitor other RSs or may only need a very slow monitoring process because topology would usually be changed only with a new entry of a relay, a removal of a relay, or network based topology change.

p-0012As mentioned, when an MRS moves to another MRS area, the MRs cannot detect each other using the techniques described above and one of the following methods may be employed. For MS assisted discovery, the MSs connected to an MRS can detect the new MRS using the frame start preamble and report the MRS in their neighborhood profile. The MR-BS or the RS, which receives these measurements can observe these and organize means to address the resulting issues, such as interference and coordinated scheduling. If both MRSs use the same preamble, the BS can determine the locations of the MRSs using location detection techniques and use that to inform the MRSs. Once MRS determines that another MRS is using the same preamble, one of the MRSs may change its preamble and all the mobiles connected to that MRS need to be handed over to the MRS that maintains the preamble.

p-0013If the above detection scheme is not sufficient, the MRS can use the following technique. If the system uses a random preamble transmission and monitoring scheme for fixed RSs, the MRS can participate in the same process with a higher monitoring frequency than the fixed RS. If the system uses an alternate frame preamble mechanism, an MRS may occasionally transmit a preamble without impacting its own monitoring frequency so that other MRSs coming into contact can be detected.

p-0014The following technique are beneficial where a parent MRS supports one or more child MRSs, as may be the case for trains or ships. RS links within the mobile platform can operate either as in-band or out-of-band relays. The out-band relays would simplify the system design considerably as it would make overall synchronization and monitoring process simple and cause less interference problems. In this case, the MRSs that are allowed to have a connection with fixed RSs or MR-BSs would not transmit any preamble and do monitoring in all the frames. Thus, the MRSs can follow the same procedure as an MRS without a child RS, as described above. Detection of the case of an MRS moving into another MRS area can also use a similar method. The in-band relay should consider the interference it causes to the fixed structure transmissions which might need some extra scheduling coordination with the BSs. This may include, strict adherence to the RS and access/common zones in the frame structure as well as controlling transmit power within the mobile platform and coordinated scheduling with the BS.

p-0015In a vehicle only some RSs, referred to as lead RS (LRS), may be allowed outside access to the fixed RS/BS. The LRSs acquire synchronization from the external fixed RS/BS. This could be done by listening to alternate frame RS symbols or based on the random monitoring scheme (RMS), if the required minimum monitoring time for synchronization can be achieved using RMS. The other MRSs may have to acquire synchronization using an LRS as explained below. Supporting the Synchronization of Child MRSs may be done by (a) using the same synchronization method used by the fixed RSs or (b) having a separate preamble called an MRS preamble for the MRSs.

p-0016If a fixed RS uses the random preamble transmission and monitoring scheme (RPTMS) for both synchronization and neighborhood monitoring, all the MRSs can use the same scheme with additional identification processes to avoid connecting the MRS to fixed RSs. If a fixed RS uses alternate frame preamble transmission scheme (AFPTS), which transmits the preamble in alternate frames for successive hops, the secondary MRSs can also use the same method to synchronize to the LRSs. However, when the RS connected to the fixed RS provides a handoff to another fixed RS with a different preamble transmission cycle, all of the internal hops within the mobile platform has to switch to alternative slots. In addition, if fixed RSs do not use a separate system for neighborhood scanning, LRSs may need to send a separate preamble in different frames (e.g. use RPTMS scheme).

p-0017Thus, each MRS can listen to its parent MRS preamble and synchronize with it. By having a separate preamble only for MRS, which is only a small portion of the whole network system, complexity can be reduced. If the fixed RSs use the AFPTS RS preamble method for synchronization, it is generally better not to transmit an RS preamble Using the MRSs because the MRSs can synchronize and listen for neighborhood scanning using the preamble transmitted by the fixed RSs and BS and use a separate preamble, referred to as an MRS Preamble. This is because MRS network is only a small portion of the whole network system and complexity can be reduced by this modification in the MRS. This would allow the MRS to identify the approach of another MRS as well.

p-0018An MRS can transmit the MRS preamble in two different cycles as per the AFPTS method. In order to avoid collisions between MRSs that have the same preamble and are moving towards each other, a frame number is generated using the PN code of the MRS preamble. This means if two RSs have the same preamble, they would be allocated two different slots for MRS preamble transmissions to provide another dimension where MRS-to-MRS collisions can be prevented or identified. This may be done using a centralized means to allocate the preambles and MRS preamble slots to transportation vehicles. Another way of identifying the case where two leading MRSs with the same preamble getting closer to each other is by sharing information within a group of MRSs when they are connected. If multiple MRSs are in the same vehicle, although one may have the same preamble with an incoming MRS others could identify it and inform to the one having he same preamble. Basically, this is important when two lead RSs of a cluster have the same preamble and moves toward each other. The other cluster members can identify it and inform the lead RS in that case. Using this, an MRS can identify when another MRS is moving toward it, and if the preambles are same, change the preambles.

p-0019The following addresses accessing base stations and organizing MRS-to-MRS links within a transportation system. In the most generic case, one can set up the system as multiple, disjoint clusters in a single vehicle serving different MSs. A MRS cluster is defined as a group of MRSs (one or more) having a wireless connection to each other either directly or through one of the MRSs in the same cluster (See <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>).

p-0020In the most simple case, there can be one cluster, and only one MRS (lead MRS) of this cluster is allowed the connection to the external fixed wireless system (RS or BS). In another case, each cluster has only one MRS where each MRS has a connection to an external fixed RS and only servers its own MSs. In yet another case, more than one MRS in a cluster is allowed direct access to the external fixed RS/BS. Each MRS in the vehicle separately connects to the outside infrastructure. This means the MRSs can be synchronized with the fixed RSs without having to transmit another preamble. When an MS moves from one place in the vehicle to another, the handover would be time consuming as it involves a fixed-RS or MR-BS in the process. Only a single selected MRS (LRS) within the vehicle may be allowed direct access to the fixed infrastructure.

p-0021Other secondary RSs (SRS) would connect through LRSs. This would reduce the complexity and the number of handoffs, but performance may not be as good as the first example because all the other RSs rely on one RS. Multiple MRSs in a vehicle can act as LRSs. This would reduce the number of handoffs and improve the connection reliability and coverage performance. If at least one MRS can connect to the external fixed RS, the whole vehicle area can be covered. In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, two LRSs are located at the front and rear of a train and various SRSs are located between the LRSs to improve connection reliability and performance. The MRSs in a moving vehicle are allowed to connect to the better positioned MRS in the same vehicle, if necessary, in a dynamic manner.

p-0022The following addresses techniques to reducing handoffs while MSs are moving within the vehicle or when the vehicle moves across different fixed access points (RS or BS). For this purpose, the same preamble transmissions may be used within the clusters. Several different schemes are possible. First, all of the MRSs in the vehicle may send the same frame start preamble (Transparent Relay group). This options makes all the RSs looks alike to the MS and from the MS point of view only a single RS can be seen. This reduces the handoffs among the MRSs within the vehicle. In addition, when an RS is handed off to a different fixed access point, the procedure is less complex. When multiple LRSs are used per cluster, all of the LRSs may be connected to the access points that belong to the same MR-BS.

p-0023Second, MRSs within a cluster may use the same frame-start preamble. In this case, the idea is to keep the topology within a cluster simple by each cluster having one LRS. Third, all of the MRSs in the vehicle use different frame start preambles. An LRS in the group may handover to another fixed RS/BS when moving. Two LRSs belong to the same cluster may or may not be connected to a different MR-BS. If they do not belong to the same MR-BS special provisions are necessary. The following description assumes a single cluster operation within a vehicle. However, the same scheme applies even when multiple clusters are in operation.

p-0024The following relates to managing paths and data delivery within the transparent clusters. There are several architectures under which a cluster can operate. For locally centralized or locally distributed controlling, even when multiple LRSs are in a cluster to facilitate multiple connection points to external fixed RSs/BSs, a central RS node can do all the control functions such as scheduling within the cluster. In the distributed case, interference control may be an issue as MRS nodes may interfere with the external fixed RSs and coordination with the external fixed RS is difficult due to multiple controlling points.

p-0025To control interference within the cluster, transmissions to two or more MSs at the same time may be allowed if they are in different regions without causing interference to each other. For this purpose, neighborhood measurements can be used. When transmitting to two mobiles at the same time, an RS can schedule them in the same time slot under a decentralized scheme or the BS can assign the same time slot assignment for both knowing the interference situation. A similar method can be used for the uplink transmissions.

p-0026For locally centralized or locally distributed forwarding, when the access points change dynamically, in the locally centralized scheme, all the data to and from the external fixed RS are received first by a particular MRS node and then forwarded to the destination(s). In the distributed scheme, all of the RS nodes are updated. All of the MSs connected to each MRS are connected to the external nodes. These paths are used to forward data from node to node. In most of the cases, the MRSs within the vehicle can be pre-arranged and be known so that each other could act in a more organized manner. In that case, the RSs inside the vehicle act like a cluster, which has locally planned paths to each other. MRSs may possess the path information about each other and the locally distributed scheme.

p-0027Either in the locally centralized or distributed case, there can be one or more RSs which send data simultaneously, if the MS received good signals from multiple RSs. Therefore, more than one RS in the cluster can keep a given MS in its data base as a forwarding node. That means some nodes may forward the same data to other RSs for forwarding while they are also transmitting to the MS. This accomplishes two types of diversity. One is where there are multiple LRSs that can send two packets to the MS via two RSs or combine them at one node and send them by one node. The other is where multiple RS-MS links are provided for diversity. Duplication can be avoided using sequence numbers. In the uplink, multiple RSs may receive packets from the MS and send them to the MR-BS after combining at a local point or separately send them to the BS for combination at the BS. Those RSs are identified as a supporting RS to the MSs for data forwarding.

p-0028The following relates to managing paths and data delivery within the transparent clusters. For an MS handoff from RS to RS, although this is transparent from the point of view of the MS, the MRSs update their tables after identifying the handoff. Notably, a handoff in this case means the update of the association of that MS to the RS. When an LRS disconnects from the external fixed RS, the information is fed to all the nodes quickly informing them of the disconnection. Information about a new connection to the external fixed RSs provided in a similar way. Therefore, at any time, all the MRSs know the best path(s) to the external network. This could be done dynamically without the knowledge of the MR-BS.

p-0029In a fully centralized scheme, the MR-BS may keep track of which MS belongs to which LRS. When an MS moves from one LRS area to another (including its SRSs), the change is noted by the MR-BS, but no handover is initiated. When transmitting data to the MSs, a different LRS may send data to its mobiles simultaneously if they do not interfere with each other. This can be accomplished by using a broadcast ID so that two MRSs send different data to two different MSs.

p-0030The following addresses issues related to another MRS Cluster moving close to an MRS Cluster. Since an MRS cluster may have a fixed topology within the cluster, each MRS knows to what MRS will receive a transmitted preamble. Therefore, by informing ahead of time, an MRS can change the RS preamble transmission frame according to an agreed upon. This may be done in random intervals without impacting minimum synchronization time and giving sufficient synchronization time for the newly entered RSs to synchronize to the MRS preamble. This way, the MRSs can monitor differently timed MRS preambles and identify the other MRSs that are getting closer to a given MRS or MRS cluster. Note that in this case, the lead MRS has to send one preamble, if the alternate frame preamble transmission scheme is used.

p-0031When an MRS observes the same preamble in a different cycle, the MRS can identify that it has meet another moving MRS with the same preamble. As such, the MRS can identify an approaching MRS that is using the same preamble. The same scheme can be applied to the fixed RS systems if the idle and sleep mode is not used in the fixed RS systems, in which case special messaging may be required.

p-0032In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 5 and 6</figref>, a train is covered by two LRSs located at the front and last compartments. From time to time, depending on the link from the LRS to an outside fixed RSs/BS, SRSs may use one of those LRSs to communicate with the fixed RSs/BSs. A snap shot when both LRSs have good connections to external fixed RSs is shown where the solid lines are now active links. Dotted links may become active if LRS<b>1</b> or LRS<b>2</b> fails to connect to an external fixed access point. All LRSs and SRSs do not transmit RS preamble but transmit the frame start preamble. All RSs belong to same MRS cluster. All have the same PN code and the same preamble (transparent RS). So when an MS moves from one RS coverage area to other it is transparent to the MS. All the MRSs update the information so that data can be forwarded to the new RS. This may also be transparent to the MR-BS in a decentralized scheme.

p-0033All MRSs send an MRS preamble that is in a different frame from the RS preamble frame used for fixed RSs. MRSs listen to each other's preamble and establish synchronization using an alternate frame preamble structure similar to the one used by fixed RSs. For example, SRS<b>1</b> and SRS<b>3</b> can use odd frames and SRS<b>2</b> can use even frames. An MRS preamble has a different pattern and preferably a relatively low power, which is just sufficient to reach the neighbor MRS such that it would not be confused by the other fixed RSs as an RS preamble. Neighboring fixed RSs or BSs may use the same slot for data transmission but since the in-vehicle relays may be located close by, one may assume that the interference would not impact the preamble and the synchronization process. Otherwise, the neighboring BSs/RSs need to be advised not to use that slot when an MRS is in the close vicinity.

p-0034The following relates to handoff procedures and network entry. Initially an MS will choose an anchor RS during network entry. Upon network entry identifies the cluster as one group and tries to connect to it. Since all MRSs may send the same preamble, the signal may appear as a large MRS to an MS. However, the RSs can report the MSs received signal strengths (during UL ranging) to a pre-selected RS within the cluster (locally centralized case), or the MR-BS (centralized case) and depending on these signal strengths a decision as to where the MS should be anchored can be made and send via the UL frame alignment adjustment to the MS.

p-0035After network entry, the cluster identifies that the MS is attached to one of its MRSs. This can either be transparent to the MR-BS (locally-centralized) or informed to BS (centralized). In the locally centralized case, all the handoffs among the cluster are transparent to both BS and MS, which is a significant benefit to the network. In this case, the MR-BS can send data to the cluster using MSID or RS Cluster ID and the cluster can facilitate data forwarding. However, the path tables in the cluster may have to be changed during a handoff within the cluster. In addition, the MS may need to do uplink frame alignment with the new RS for which a ranging request may need to be issued. When a moving cluster moves within the same MR-BS area as another, only the lead RS, which is the one connected with the BS, needs to handover and nothing else need to be changed within the cluster or among the MSs.

p-0036This document describes some technologies to be used for the operation of moving relays and more specifically to the case where a group of moving RSs move in a common platform such as a train or a ship. The high level issues and solutions for different scenarios that can be experienced by moving RSs have been discussed. Some of these techniques may be applied to fixed relay operation as well.