Method of handover and base station information transmission in wireless communication system

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

p-0002This application claims the benefit of the Korean Patent Application No. 10-2009-0019586, filed on Mar. 9, 2009, which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

p-0003This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/109,896, filed on Oct. 30, 2008, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

p-00041. Field of the Invention

p-0005The present invention relates to a wireless communication system and more particularly to a method of handover in a wireless communication system.

p-00062. Discussion of the Related Art

p-0007There are hard handover (HHO) and soft handover in methods of handover according to related art. And there are Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) and Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) in soft handover. However, soft handover has large overhead. Thus, technology about hard handover is studied.

p-0008<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates procedure of hard handover according to related art. In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, a serving base station (SBS) is what a mobile station is served by and a target base station (TBS) is what a mobile station is going to perform a handover to.

p-0009In hard handover according to related art, a mobile station previously synchronizes with a target base station to reduce communication interruption time during hard handover.

p-0010As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, a mobile station transmits a mobile station handover request (MOB_MSHO-REQ) message to a serving base station S<b>110</b>. Then, a serving base station transmits a handover request (HO-REQ) message to a target base station S<b>120</b>, and receives a handover response (HO_RSP) message S<b>130</b>. And, a serving base station transmits a handover response (MOB_BSHO_RSP) message to a mobile station as a response of the MOB_MSHO-REQ message of a mobile station S<b>140</b>. A mobile station acquires information of a target base station through the MOB_BSHO_RSP message, and prepares a previous procedure for handover, and transmits a handover indicate (MOB_HO_IND) message to a serving base station.

p-0011A base station changes communication setting according to a target base station, and waits for a Fast_Ranging_IE (information element) until action time. The Fast_Ranging_IE includes information for ranging process between a mobile station and a target base station. Action time is a time at which a target base station transmits the Fast_Ranging_IE to a mobile station.

p-0012After receiving the Fast_Ranging_IE, a mobile station performs an authentication and reopens communication.

p-0013A mobile station, a serving base station and a target base station buffer data to prevent loss of data during communication interruption, transmits and receiver the buffed data and continue communication. A mobile station starts buffering from transmitting the MOB_MSHO-REQ message, and a serving base station starts buffering from receiving the MOB_MSHO-REQ message.

p-0014Recently, technologies about femto cell for supporting indoor or shadow area which macro cell cannot support are being defined. A femto cell base station is a micromini and low power indoor base station. femto cell is a coverage of a femto cell base station and similar concept with pico cell. Femto cell is evolved more than pico cell. A femto cell base station is a mini cellular base station connected to a broadband router and connects data to backbone network of a mobile communication company trough Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).

p-0015So, appearance of a femto cell base station makes method of handover to a femto cell base station necessary.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

p-0016As previously stated above, according to the related art, a serving base station informs a mobile station of information of neighbor base stations which are candidates for handover. But, because there are too many femto cell base stations, overhead increases if a serving base station informs a mobile station of information of neighbor femto cell base stations. And a mobile station can be denied to access a femto cell base station according to an access type of the femto cell base station. Accordingly, handover method according to related art has a problem that a serving base station cannot efficiently inform a mobile station of information of femto cell base stations which are candidates for handover.

p-0017An object of the present invention is to provide an efficient method of handover.

p-0018An object of the present invention is to provide a method of handover, which can reduce overhead.

p-0019An object of the present invention is to provide a method of handover, according to which a serving base station can efficiently inform a mobile station of information of femto cell base stations which are candidates for handover.

p-0020Technical subject matters to be realized by embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned technical subject matters, and other technical subject matters not mentioned in the above-mentioned description may be easily appreciated by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains without difficulty.

p-0021In order to solve the above technical problems, a method of handover of a mobile station in a wireless communication system with femtocells comprises transmitting a control message including at least one among information of first femtocell base station detected through initial scanning and location information of the mobile station to a base station; receiving information of one or more second femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible, wherein the second femtocell base stations are searched based on the control message from the base station; and performing a handover to one of the second femtocell base stations.

p-0022Also, the second femtocell base stations include an OSG (open subscriber group) femtocell base station and a CSG (closed subscriber group) femtocell base station.

p-0023Also, the information of one or more second femtocell base stations includes at least one among cell ID of each second femtocell base stations and information of frequency used by each second femtocell base stations.

p-0024Also, the second femtocell base stations exist around the first femtocell base station.

p-0025Also, the second femtocell base stations exist around the mobile station.

p-0026Also, the method further comprises receiving initial scanning interval for the initial scanning from the base station; and scanning neighbor femtocells during the initial scanning interval and detecting the first femtocell base station.

p-0027Also, the method further comprises performing a handover to a femtocell base station selected by scanning the second femtocell base stations.

p-0028In order to solve the above technical problems, a method of handover of a base station in a wireless communication system with femtocells comprises receiving a control message including at least one among information of first femtocell base station detected through initial scanning and location information of the mobile station from a mobile station; and transmitting information of one or more second femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible, wherein the second femtocell base stations are searched base on the control message to the mobile station.

p-0029Also, the second femtocell base stations include an OSG (open subscriber group) femtocell base station and a CSG (closed subscriber group) femtocell base station.

p-0030Also, the second femtocell base stations exist around the first femtocell base station.

p-0031Also, the second femtocell base stations exist around the mobile station.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the invention.

In the drawings:

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates procedure of hard handover according to related art.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a schematic view illustrating a wireless communication system with femto cell base stations.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a flow chart illustrating a method of handover according to first embodiment of the present invention.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates processes which each object performs in a method of handover according to first embodiment of the present invention.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates a handover process in case that a mobile station transmits a control message including information of detected femto cell base station.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates a handover process in case that a mobile station transmits a control message including information of location of a mobile station.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a case that a mobile station scans different frequency band from frequency band used in communication with a serving base station during initial scanning.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates a method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention in case that a serving base station does not request a mobile station initial scanning.

<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention in case that a serving base station requests a mobile station initial scanning.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

p-0043Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed description, which will be given below with reference to the accompanying drawings, is intended to explain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, rather than to show the only embodiments that can be implemented according to the present invention. The following detailed description includes specific details in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details. For example, the following description will be given centering on specific terms, but the present invention is not limited thereto and any other terms may be used to represent the same meanings. For convenience of description and better understanding of the present invention, some parts unrelated to the inventive concept of the present invention will be omitted herein. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

p-0044In the whole part of the specification of the present invention, if it is assumed that a certain part includes a certain component, the term ‘including’ means that a corresponding component may further include other components unless a specific meaning opposed to the corresponding component is written. In addition, another term ‘ . . . part’, “ . . . unit’, ‘module’ or the like means a unit for processing at least one function or operation, and this unit may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination thereof.

p-0045First, a wireless communication system with femto cell base stations will be described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a schematic view illustrating a wireless communication system with femto cell base stations.

p-0046Illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, a wireless communication system with femto cell base stations comprises a femto cell base station <b>210</b>, a macro base station <b>220</b>, a femto network gateway (FNG) <b>230</b>, an access service network (ASN) <b>240</b> and a connectivity service network (CSN) <b>250</b>. A macro base station <b>220</b> is a general base station of a previous wireless communication system.

p-0047A femto cell base station <b>210</b> is a mini version of a macro base station and performs most functions of a macro base station. A femto cell base station <b>210</b> connects directly to a transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) network, operates independently like a macro base station <b>220</b>. Coverage of a femto cell base station is about 0.1˜30 m and a femto cell base station can accepts 10˜20 mobile stations. Frequency used by a femto cell base station <b>210</b> can use same or different from that used by a macro base station <b>220</b>.

p-0048A femto cell base station <b>210</b> connects to a macro base station <b>220</b> through R<b>1</b> interface so to receive downlink channel from a macro base station <b>220</b> and transmit control signal to a macro base station <b>220</b>.

p-0049A femto cell base station <b>210</b> can cover indoor or shadow area which a macro base station cannot cover and support high data rate transmission. A femto cell base station <b>210</b> can be established as overlay in macro cell area or as non-overlay in area which a macro base station does not cover.

p-0050There are two types of a femto cell base station <b>210</b>. One type is a closed subscriber group (CSG) femto cell base station and another type is an open subscriber group (OSG) femto cell base station. A CSG femto cell base station groups mobile stations which is accessible to the CSG femto cell base station, grants the mobile stations CSG identification (ID) and allow the only mobile stations granted CSG ID to access to the CSG femto cell base station. An OSG femto cell base station is a base station which all mobile station can access.

p-0051A FNG <b>230</b> controls a femto cell base station <b>210</b> and connects to an ASN <b>240</b> and a CSN <b>250</b> through Rx and Ry interface respectively. A femto cell base station <b>210</b> can be served by a CSN <b>250</b> through a FNG <b>230</b>. A mobile station connected to a femto cell base station <b>210</b> can be authenticated by a FNG <b>230</b> or a CSN <b>250</b>.

p-0052A CSN <b>250</b> provides a mobile station authentication, charging function and an application service like internet and VoIP. And an ASN <b>240</b> controls a macro base station <b>220</b> and manages connection of a macro base station <b>220</b> and a CSN <b>250</b>.

p-0053Next, a method of handover according to embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described with reference to figures A handover initiated by a mobile station will be described in first embodiment of the present invention and a handover initiated by a serving base station will be described in first embodiment of the present invention.

p-0054A method of handover according to first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 3 to 6</figref>.

p-0055<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a flow chart illustrating a method of handover according to first embodiment of the present invention. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates process which objects of a wireless communication system perform in a method of handover according to first embodiment of the present invention.

p-0056As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, if a mobile station predicts handover to a femto cell base station, it transmits a control message including at least one among information of a femtocell base station detected through initial scanning and location information of the mobile station to a serving base station S<b>310</b>.

p-0057A mobile station predicts handover to a femto cell base station with various criterions.

p-0058Signal strength of a femto cell base station or approach to a femto cell can be criterions to predict handover. For example, a mobile station receives downlink signal of a femto cell base station when move to femto cell, and predicts handover if strength of received signal from a femto cell base station is over threshold. At this time, trigger condition like a type of femto cell base station can be given. For example, a mobile station does not predict handover if a femto cell base station is a CSG femto cell base station, and a mobile station predicts handover if a femto cell base station is a OSG femto cell base station.

p-0059If a mobile station predicts handover to a femto cell base station, it transmits a control message including information of a femtocell base station detected, location information of the mobile station or all of them to a serving base station.

p-0060<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates processes which each object performs in a method of handover according to first embodiment of the present invention.

p-0061In <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>, a mobile station detects a neighbor femto cell base station, FM <b>7</b> and transmits a control message including information of FM <b>7</b> to a serving base station. Then, a serving base station can estimate a location of FM <b>7</b> as knowing topology information of femto cell base stations which are in coverage of a serving base station. So, a serving base station transmits information needed for scanning to a mobile station, wherein the information includes system information and frequency information of FM<b>7</b>, FM<b>2</b> and FM <b>1</b> which exist around a mobile station and allow a mobile station to access. Then, a mobile station scans only femto cell base stations whose information is received from a serving base station.

p-0062<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates a handover process in case that a mobile station transmits a control message including information of detected femto cell base station. <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates a handover process in case that a mobile station transmits a control message including information of location of a mobile station.

p-0063In case that a mobile station transmits a control message including information of detected femto cell base station, a mobile station performs initial scanning for searching a femto cell base station. Therefore, as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>, if a mobile station predict handover to a femto cell base station, a mobile station requests initial scanning interval to a serving base station S<b>510</b>. When communicating with a serving base station by specific frequency, a mobile station cannot detect femto cell base stations which use different frequency from the specific frequency. So, a mobile station has to scan different frequency from the specific frequency, however a mobile station can not communicate with a serving base station during scanning the different frequency. So, a mobile station scans during period allowed by a serving base station. The period allowed is the initial scanning interval.

p-0064After receiving request of a mobile station, a base station assigns the initial scanning interval to a mobile station S<b>520</b>. At this time, if a serving base station knows a location of a mobile station, a serving base station can transmits a list of neighbor femto cell base stations and information of frequency used by the neighbor femto cell base stations to a mobile station. But, generally a serving base station does not know a location of a mobile station. The initial scanning interval is generally shorter than normal scanning interval.

p-0065A mobile station scan femto cell base stations during the initial scanning interval and transmits a control message including information of detected femto cell base station to a serving base station S<b>530</b>. When performing initial scanning, a mobile station can scan same or different frequency band from frequency band used in communication with a serving base station.

p-0066<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a case that a mobile station scans different frequency band from frequency band used in communication with a serving base station during initial scanning. As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, when communicating with a serving base station by frequency band central frequency of which is f<b>1</b>, a mobile station initially scans frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>2</b>, detects femto cell base station <b>2</b> and transmits a control message including information of femto cell base station <b>2</b> to a serving base station. Then, a serving base station searches femto cell base station <b>3</b> which uses frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>3</b> and femto cell base station <b>4</b> which uses frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>4</b>. And a serving base station informs a mobile station of information of femto cell base station <b>3</b> and <b>4</b>.

p-0067Or during initial scanning, a mobile station can scan same frequency band as frequency band used in communication with a serving base station. That is, in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, in case that femto cell base station <b>2</b> use frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>1</b>, a mobile station initially scans frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>1</b>, detects femto cell base station <b>2</b> and transmits a control message including information of femto cell base station <b>2</b> to a serving base station. Then, a serving base station searches femto cell base station <b>3</b> which uses frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>3</b> and femto cell base station <b>4</b> which uses frequency band whose central frequency is f<b>4</b>. And a serving base station informs a mobile station of information of femto cell base station <b>3</b> and <b>4</b>. The information of femto cell base station <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> includes system information.

p-0068Information of a detected femto cell base station can include base station ID of the detected femto cell base station, result of channel estimation and information of frequency used by a detected femto cell base station. At this time, a control message can include location information of a mobile station.

p-0069In case that a mobile station transmits a control message which includes not information of a detected base station but location information of a mobile station, a mobile station need not perform initial scanning. So, as illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, a mobile station does not perform steps of requesting initial scanning interval and receiving initial scanning interval. If a mobile station predicts handover to a femto cell base station, a mobile station transmits a control message including location information of a mobile station to a serving base station S<b>610</b>. Then, a serving base station makes a list of neighbor femto cell base stations based on the location information of a mobile station and requests scanning as transmitting information of the neighbor femto cell base stations to a mobile station S<b>620</b>. Information of the neighbor femto cell base stations can include base station ID, central frequency and system information.

p-0070Referring to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>, a mobile station receives information of neighbor femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible from a base station S<b>320</b>. At this time, a base station can request a mobile station to scan the neighbor femtocell base stations and assign scanning interval.

p-0071A serving base station makes a list of neighbor femto cell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible based on information of detected femto cell base station or location information of a mobile station included in a control message. That is, in case that a serving base station makes a list based on information of detected femto cell base station, a serving base station makes a list of femto cell base stations which exist around the detected femtocell base station. In case that a serving base station makes a list based on location information of a mobile station, a serving base station makes a list of femto cell base stations which exist around the mobile station.

p-0072A mobile station can access to OSG femto cell base stations and CSG femto cell base stations which allow the mobile station to access. That is, a mobile station can handover only neighbor femto cell base stations which allow the mobile station to access.

p-0073When making a list of neighbor femto cell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible, a serving base station can use information which a serving base station already know or information which is received from a FNG through a backbone network.

p-0074As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>, a serving base station makes a list of neighbor femto cell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible communicating with a FNG through a backbone network S<b>420</b>. And a serving base station transmits information of femto cell base stations (FM <b>7</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>1</b>) of the list to a mobile station S<b>430</b>.

p-0075A serving base station transmits information of femto cell base stations of the list to a mobile station. The information of femto cell base stations can include at least one among cell ID of each femto cell base stations and information of frequency used by each femto cell base stations.

p-0076A mobile station scans neighbor femto cell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible during scanning interval and selects an optimal femto cell base station S<b>330</b>.

p-0077And a mobile station performs handover to the selected femto cell base station S<b>340</b>. A mobile station transmits a handover request message to a serving base station and receives a handover response message from a serving base station and performs handover to the selected femto cell base station.

p-0078Next, a method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 8 and 9</figref>. In second embodiment of the present invention, handover is initiated by a serving base station.

p-0079A method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention in case that a serving base station does not request a mobile station initial scanning will be described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>. And a method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention in case that a serving base station requests a mobile station initial scanning will be described with reference to <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>.

p-0080<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates a method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention in case that a serving base station does not request a mobile station initial scanning.

p-0081As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>, a serving base station makes a list of neighbor femto cell base stations to which a mobile station is accessible based on a location of a mobile station S<b>810</b>. That is, a serving base station makes a list of femto cell base stations which exist around a mobile station and allow a mobile station to access.

p-0082When making a list of neighbor femto cell base stations to which a mobile station is accessible, a serving base station use information which a serving base station already knows or information acquired from a FNG through a backbone network.

p-0083A serving base station transmits information of femtocell base stations (FM<b>7</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>1</b>) of a list to a mobile station and requests a mobile station to scan. At this time a serving base station can assign a mobile station scanning interval. And, the information of femtocell base stations can include a list of neighbor femtocell base stations which a mobile station is accessible to and information of frequency used each of the neighbor femtocell base stations.

p-0084And, a serving base station can order a mobile station to perform handover to an optimal femtocell base station. Then, a mobile station performs handover to the optimal femtocell base station without performing a step S<b>830</b>.

p-0085A mobile station scans femtocell base stations of the received list for scanning interval and selects an optimal femtocell base station and performs handover to the optimal femtocell base station S<b>830</b>.

p-0086<figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates a method of handover according to second embodiment of the present invention in case that a serving base station requests a mobile station initial scanning.

p-0087As illustrated in <figref idrefs="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>, a serving base station assigns a mobile station initial scanning interval to request initial scanning S<b>910</b>.

p-0088Then, a mobile station scan femtocell base stations for initial scanning interval and transmits a control message including information of a detected femtocell base station S<b>920</b>. At this time, the information of a detected femtocell base station can be a preamble of a base station ID of the detected femtocell base station. And, a mobile station can include location information of the mobile station into the control message.

p-0089A serving base station transmits a mobile station a scanning request message including information of neighbor femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible S<b>950</b>.

p-0090A serving base station makes a list of neighbor femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible based on information of a detected femtocell base station of the received control message. That is, the neighbor femtocell base stations exist around the detected femtocell base station. At this time, a serving base station makes the list using information which a serving base station already knows. Or, a serving base station requests information of neighbor femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible to a FNG S<b>930</b>, and receives the information S<b>940</b>.

p-0091The scanning request message can include a list of neighbor femtocell base stations to which the mobile station is accessible and information of frequency used by each of the neighbor femtocell base stations. A serving base station can assign a mobile station a scanning interval.

p-0092A mobile station scans femtocell base stations of the list during the scanning interval, selects optimal femtocell base station and performs handover to the optimal femtocell base station. Then, a mobile station disconnects with a serving base station.

p-0093The embodiments of the present invention may be achieved by various means, for example, hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. In a hardware configuration, the embodiments of the present invention may be implemented by one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.

p-0094In a firmware or software configuration, the embodiments of the present invention may be achieved by a module, a procedure, a function, etc. performing the above-described functions or operations. Software code may be stored in a memory unit and driven by a processor. The memory unit may be located at the interior or exterior of the processor and may transmit data to and receive data from the processor via various known means.

p-0095It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the above-mentioned detailed description must be considered only for illustrative purposes instead of restrictive purposes. The scope of the present invention must be decided by a rational analysis of the claims, and all modifications within equivalent ranges of the present invention are contained in the scope of the present invention.

p-0096It is apparent that the present invention may be embodied by a combination of claims which do not have an explicit cited relation in the appended claims or may include new claims by amendment after application.

p-0097According to the embodiments of the present invention, the following advantages can be obtained.

p-0098First of all, since a serving base station informs a mobile station of information of neighbor femto cell base stations which allow access of the mobile station, overhead decreases.

p-0099Second, since a serving base station efficiently informs a mobile station of information of femto cell base stations which are candidates for handover, handover delay decreases.

p-0100It is to be understood that the advantages that can be obtained by the present invention are not limited to the aforementioned advantages and other advantages which are not mentioned will be apparent from the following description to the person with an ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.