Method and system for Synchronized Policy Control In A Web Services Environment

RELATED APPLICATION

0001This application is related to U.S. Ser. No. 11/456,190, filed Jul. 8, 2006, titled “Method and system for synchronized access control in a Web services environment.”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

00021. Technical Field

0003The present invention relates generally to Web service-based access and other policy control.

00042. Background of the Related Art

0005A Web service is a software system identified by a URI, whose public interface and bindings are defined and described XML. Its definition can be discovered by other software systems. These systems may then interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by the Web service definition, using XML-based messages conveyed by Internet protocols.

0006Typically, a Web service is described using a standard, formal XML notion, called its service description. A service description typically conforms to a machine-processable format such as the Web Services Description Language (or WSDL). WSDL describes the public interface to necessary to interact with the service, including message formats that detail the operations, transport protocols and location. The supported operations and messages are described abstractly and then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format. A client program connecting to a Web service reads the WSDL to determine what functions are available on the server. Computing entities running the Web service communicate with one another using XML-based messaging over a given transport protocol. Messages typically conform to the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and travel over HTTP (over the public Internet) or other reliable transport mechanisms (such as IBM® MQSeries® technologies and CORBA, for transport over an enterprise intranet). The Web service hides the implementation details of the service, allowing it to be used independently of the hardware or software platform on which it is implemented and also independently of the programming language in which it is written. This allows and encourages Web services-based application to be loosely-coupled, component-oriented, cross-technology implementations. Web services typically fulfill a specific task or a set of tasks. They can be used alone or with other Web services to carry out a complex aggregation or a business transaction. A client program connecting to a Web service reads the WSDL to determine what functions are available on the server.

0007With the advent of Web services, computing resources are exposed in an implementation neutral manner. Thus, for example, consider a reusable code component such as an enterprise Java bean or “EJB.” Typically, an EJB is protected with access control decisions on a method call. When exposed as a Web service, however, the EJB is defined by the Web service name, port and operation, where the operation typically represents a method. Because of the way in which a Web service is described (namely, through the WSDL), this “operation” may also correspond to the same functionality provided by a C-based resource, a CICS-based resource, or the like. This is another way of saying that a given functionality (whether implemented by an EJB, a C-based resource, a CICS-based resource, or the like) can be described with a single WSDL. The overall resource is described by the abstract WSDL, and then each particular implementation is described by a concrete binding of that WSDL.

0008It is known to allow for the application of access control policies (such as access control lists, or ACLs) to a given resource at the level of a WSDL, meaning that the same access control policies are applied to the resource, regardless of its back end implementation. Such policies are typically applied to the resource in the context of a virtual representation called a protected object space. A protected object space is a logical and hierarchical portrayal of resources belonging to a domain. The application of security policy at the level of a WSDL is consistent with a “best practice” approach to access control, where an access control decision preferably is made as close to the “edge” as possible. This technique, however, does introduce the potential that an entity offering the Web service has the same authorization decision implemented in two places, namely, an operation level decision at the Web service entry, and a method level decision at an application level. This in turn introduces the possibility for two different access policies applied to the same resource, with one policy applied at the Web services/operation level, and another policy applied at the application/EJB level. As a consequence, and to avoid potential conflicts, access control policies currently must be manually tracked and managed by a security administrator.

0009Similar operating constraints exist throughout Web service environments in a non security-related context and, in particular, where a given transaction has multiple “touch” points at a set of resources (e.g., a Web server, a Web service, a Web application, an MQ Queue, or the like) and where each of those resources has a policy (e.g., an audit policy) that is configured and administered by different entities. As in the access control environment, the individual policies are manually tracked and managed, and they are often inconsistent.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0010In an illustrative embodiment, a method of synchronized policy control in a Web services environment includes the steps of generating a hierarchical resource space for a set of transaction resources. A set of one or more loose couplings are then defined (e.g., using a visual mapping tool) between corresponding elements in the hierarchical resource space. A set of mapping rules are defined by these couplings. The mapping rules define whether and how changes to the elements in one object in the hierarchical resource space affect elements in one or more other objects in the hierarchical resource space. At runtime, a policy management tool is monitored. If a policy change (e.g., an update) occurs to an element in one of the resource space objects, this change is parsed against the mapping rules. If, as a result of the parsing a given mapping rule is implicated, the change is applied to a corresponding element in the other resource space object. The changes may be one-way, or two-way (meaning that control changes are propagated in both directions).

0011The policy control may be of any type including, without limitation, an audit policy, a quality-of-service policy, a service level agreement (SLA) policy, a rights management policy, a governance policy, a compliance policy, a patch management/vulnerability management policy, a user management policy, or the like.

0012The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent features of the invention. These features should be construed to be merely illustrative. Many other beneficial results can be attained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or by modifying the invention as will be described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0013For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

0014<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> depicts a Web services environment in which the present invention may be implemented;

0015<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is a representative access manager for a Web service;

0016<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a representative portion of a WSDL document;

0017<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a representative Web service protected object space;

0018<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a representative WSDL binding;

0019<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> illustrates how the access manager generates the WSDL protected object space (POS) from a WSDL;

0020<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a representative resource level protected object space format;

0021<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> is a representative resource level protected object space associated with the WSDL binding shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref>;

0022<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> illustrates how an access manager generates the resource specific protected object space from application server back-end code, such as an EAR;

0023<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 10A and 10B</figref> illustrate how a mapping is provided between a WSDL POS and a resource-specific POS;

0024<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> illustrates how the mapping is generated according to an embodiment;

0025<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> illustrates a hierarchical resource space in which the present invention may be implemented;

0026<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref> illustrates a possible invocation ordering of a set of resources to complete a given transaction in a Web services environment;

0027<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14A</figref> illustrates the hierarchical resource space as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> audit policy instances associated with a pair of resource objects:

0028<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14B</figref> illustrates a mapping between the resource object audit policies according to the teachings of the present invention;

0029<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15A</figref> illustrates a more complex hierarchical resource space in which the present invention may be implemented;

0030<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15B</figref> illustrates how a quality-of-service policy is synchronized across a pair of low level resource objects in the hierarchical resource space of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15A</figref>;

0031<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref> illustrates a possible invocation ordering of a set of resources to complete a given transaction in the Web services environment shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 15A-B</figref>; and

0032<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 17</figref> is a block diagram of a representative data processing system in which the invention may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

0033As is well known, enterprises are adopting Web Services to ease application integration across heterogeneous environments within and across security domain boundaries. The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) has recently ratified various Web Services Security (WSS) standards to provide an extensible framework for providing message integrity, confidentiality, identity propagation, and authentication. In a typical scenario, illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, SOAP messages are sent from an initial SOAP sender <b>100</b> to an ultimate SOAP receiver <b>102</b> along a SOAP message path comprising zero or more SOAP intermediaries <b>104</b> that process and potentially transform the SOAP message. The use of SOAP here is merely illustrative, and it should not be taken to limit the scope of the present invention, which does not depend on the particular transport mechanism used to transfer a protected message. The devices <b>100</b>, <b>102</b> and <b>104</b> are computing entities, such as data processing systems each comprising hardware and software, which entities communicate with one another over a network, such as the publicly-routed Internet, an intranet, an extranet, a private network, or any other communications medium or link. As described below, a data processing system typically comprises one or more processors, an operating system, an application server, one or more applications and one or more utilities. A given data processing system may be a sender or sending entity, in which case the system is deemed to be on a “sender side” of the transmission, or a receiver or receiving entity, in which case the system is deemed to be on a “receiver side.” The applications on the data processing system provide native support for Web services including, without limitation, support for HTTP, SOAP, XML, WSDL, UDDI, and WSFL, among others. Familiarity with these technologies and standards is presumed. Further information regarding SOAP, WSDL, UDDI and WSFL is available from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is responsible for developing and maintaining these standards; further information regarding HTTP and XML is available from Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

0034A WSDL is an XML document comprising a set of definitions, a definitions element at the root, and a set of additional definitions inside the root. Services are defined using a set of elements, which include: types, which provide data type definitions used to describe the messages exchanged, messages, which represent an abstract definition of the data being transmitted; portType, which is a set of abstract operations; binding, which specifies concrete protocol and data format specifications for the operations and messages defined by a particular portType; and service, which is used to aggregate a set of related ports. A WSDL thus describes a set of one or more endpoints operating on messages. Operations and messages are described abstractly and then bound to a concrete network protocol and format to create an endpoint. Thus, an abstract portion of the WSDL represents a service interface and typically comprises the elements: types, message, and portType; a concrete portion of the WSDL represents a service implementation of the service interface and typically includes the service and binding elements. Thus, the binding element typically is where the notion of “concrete-ness” is introduced. In particular, typically this is where a SOAP binding and a transport method are defined as illustrated in the example of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, which is a portion of a representative WSDL showing several of these elements for a Weather Forecast Web service. This WSDL includes a number of different bindings, as well as a URL-defined HTTP accessible resource at which the Web service is obtained. The information in the service element may be used to build a protected object space (POS) for a WSDL, as will be described below, e.g., by hanging the POS for the WSDL (or WSDL binding) under a specific service name/address.

0035A Web services environment may be implemented in a system that includes an access manager, which is a component that prevents unauthorized use of resources, including the prevention of use of a given resource in an unauthorized manner. A representative access manager is the Tivoli® Access Manager product, which is available commercially from IBM, and is represented in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>. Of course, the identification of this commercial product is not meant to be taken as limiting. More broadly, any system, device, program or process that provides a policy/access/service decision may be used for this purpose. Preferably, the access manager provides access control capabilities that conform to The Open Group's authorization (azn) API standard. This technical standard defines a generic application programming interface for access control in systems whose access control facilities conform to the architectural framework described in International Standard ISO 10181-3. The framework defines four roles for components participating in an access request: (1) an initiator <b>300</b> that submits an access request (where a request specifies an operation to be performed); (2) a target <b>302</b> such as an information resource or a system resource; (3) an access control enforcement function (AEF) <b>304</b>; and (4) an access control decision function (ADF) <b>306</b>. As illustrated, an AEF submits decision requests to an ADF. A decision request asks whether a particular access request should be granted or denied. ADFs decide whether access requests should be granted or denied based on a security policy, such as a policy stored in database <b>308</b>. Components <b>304</b>, <b>306</b> and <b>308</b> comprise the access manager. Security policy typically is defined using a combination of access control lists (ACLs), protected object policies (POPs), authorization rules, and extended attributes. An access control list specifies the predefined actions that a set of users and groups can perform on an object. For example, a specific set of groups or users can be granted read access to the object. A protected object policy specifies access conditions associated with an object that affects all users and groups. For example, a time-of-day restriction can be placed on the object that excludes all users and groups from accessing the object during the specified time. An authorization rule specifies a complex condition that is evaluated to determine whether access will be permitted. The data used to make this decision can be based on the context of the request, the current environment, or other external factors. For example, a request to modify an object more than five times in an <b>8</b>-hour period could be denied. A security policy is implemented by strategically applying ACLs, POPs, and authorization rules to those resources requiring protection. An extended attribute is an additional value placed on an object, ACL or POP that can be read and interpreted by third party applications (such as an external authorization service). The access manager authorization service makes decisions to permit or deny access to resources based on the credentials of the user making the request and the specific permissions and conditions set in the ACLs, POPs, authorization rules and extended attributes.

0036The goal of a security policy is to adequately protect business assets and resources with a minimal amount of administrative effort. First, an administrator defines what resources should be protected. These resources may be any type of data object, such as files, directories, network servers, messages, databases, queues, or Web resources. Then, the administrator decides what users and groups of users should have access to these protected resources. Alternatively, the administrator may decide what user “roles” should have access to these protected resources (e.g., where a given identified user may have a role of “bank teller”). The administrator also decides what type of access should be permitted to these resources. Finally, the administrator applies the proper security policy on these resources to ensure that only the right users can access them. Access to objects within a domain is controlled by applying a security policy to objects in a protected object space.

0037As is also known in the art, an access manager (such as illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref>) represents resources within a domain using a virtual representation referred to as a protected object space (or POS). A protected object space is a logical and hierarchical portrayal of resources belonging to a domain. Typically, the structure of a protected object space comprises two types of objects: resource objects, and container objects. Resource objects are the logical representation of actual physical resources, such as files, services, web pages, message queues, and so on, in a domain. Container objects are structural components that allow resource objects to be grouped hierarchically into distinct functional regions. Security policy can be applied to both types of objects. A protected object space has a root container object. Below the root container object are one or more container objects. Each container object represents an object space that consists of a related set of resources. These resources can be resource objects or container objects. The successful implementation of a security policy requires that the different content types are logically organized (and that the appropriate ACL, POP, and authorization rules are applied). Prior implementations of this type of hierarchical protected object space have relied on these individual container objects being distinct and, in effect, mutually exclusive, e.g., a resource that is managed under a message queue container cannot also be accessed under a web application container).

0038<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates a sample abstract Web service protected object space <b>400</b> comprising a set of hierarchical objects, namely, a root object <b>402</b>, a container object <b>404</b> used as a convenience for maintaining a single path to one or more related Web services, one or more service name objects <b>406</b> and <b>416</b> identifying the WSDL service (s), one or more port type objects <b>408</b> identifying WSDL port type(s), and one or more operation objects <b>410</b> identifying WSDL-specified operations. For illustrative purposes only, a port object <b>408</b> has an associated ACL <b>415</b>, as does one of the operation objects <b>410</b>, namely ACL <b>418</b>. The two services <b>406</b> and <b>416</b> may be similar instantiations of the same overall type of service (e.g., a stock quote service) or they may be completely orthogonal services that happen to have the same overall policy applied to them, where this policy is defined, for example, by ACL <b>412</b>.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates a protected object space tree <b>500</b> for a WSDL representation of a resource (a portion of which is shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>), where the implementation of the resource (e.g., EJB versus MQ queue) is unknown. The overall protected object space is anchored by root <b>502</b>, where root <b>502</b> has a number of children, including protected object space <b>504</b> for an MQ Queue, a protected object space <b>506</b> for a Web application, a Web services container <b>508</b>, and a Management container <b>510</b>. Underneath Web services container <b>508</b> is a Weather container <b>512</b> defined for “weather service” related services. This container is shown with a pair of WSDL defined service <b>514</b> and <b>516</b>, representing (in this example) a Weather Forecast service and a Forecast Subscription service. Subtrees underlying containers <b>514</b> and <b>516</b> illustrate two different services that are represented by a single Web service container <b>512</b>. Containers <b>518</b> and <b>520</b> underlie the Weather Forecast service container <b>514</b> and represent two different bindings (HTTP versus JMS) of the Web service defined set of resources. Container <b>522</b> illustrates an SMTP binding for the Forecast Subscription service <b>516</b>. The WeatherForecastHTTP container <b>518</b> has several operation containers, including getTodayForecast container <b>524</b>, getWeekForecast container <b>526</b>, and getDayForecast container <b>532</b>. The WeatherForecastJMS container <b>520</b> has a WeatherService_Q queue container <b>528</b>, which itself has a getTodayForecast container <b>534</b> and a setTodayForecast container <b>538</b>. Containers <b>524</b> and <b>534</b> possibly are the same resource. The container <b>522</b> has a Forecast Subscription container <b>530</b>, which itself has a child container <b>536</b> for the SubscribeToForecast operation. Many of the containers have associated ACLs, such as <b>560</b>, <b>562</b> and <b>564</b>. The access control ACL <b>560</b> that is applied to the entire Web services branch of the protected object space tree is “inherited” by all of the children of Web services branch <b>508</b>. Note, however, that the Web services Weather Forecast Service container <b>514</b> has its own ACL <b>562</b>, meaning that it does not inherit the ACL assigned to the Web services branch of the protected object space. Likewise, the operation “getTodayForecast” <b>524</b> has its own ACL <b>564</b>, meaning that it does not inherit the ACL <b>562</b> assigned to the Weather Forecast Service subtree of the protected object space. Thus, this representation of a WSDL defined Web service follows state-of-the-art functionality for the representation and management of ACLs in a protected object space hierarchy. Note that the protected object space is defined so that coarse-grained policies are applied at the service interface level and finer-grained policies are applied at the service implementation level.

0040As illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref>, the concrete WSDL-based protected object space is generated as well as managed by the access manager. In particular, access manager <b>600</b> has an associated Web services security management component <b>602</b> that provides Web services specific access control enforcement functionality in response to access manager's access control decision functionality. In particular, Web services security management component <b>602</b> takes a WSDL description of a resource (or set of resources) and parses the entire WSDL description, including both the concrete (service implementation) and abstract (service interface) descriptions. In the Tivoli® Federated Identity Manager, a “wsdl2tfim” command performs this object space creation in an automated manner, although the creation of the protected object space from the WSDL can be performed in any convenient manner.

0041Typically, a Web service uses one or more back-end applications that perform the required service functionality. An application level resource typically also has an associated protected object space. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> illustrates a sample application server level protected object space <b>700</b> for a set of back-end resources. For illustrative purposes only, the protected object space <b>700</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> represents a sample protected object space for an IBM® WebSphere® application server, but of course clearly this tree-structure POS representation can be applied to other application serving environments. The protected object space <b>700</b> contains a root object <b>702</b> (used to anchor the POS), a Web application server container <b>704</b>, a deployed resources object <b>706</b>, a role name object <b>708</b>, an application name object <b>710</b>, a cell name object <b>712</b>, a hostname object <b>714</b>, and a server name object <b>716</b>. For illustrative purposes only, the role name object <b>708</b> is shown as having an associated ACL <b>718</b>, as does the server name object, which has associated ACL <b>720</b>. This protected object space reflects the deployment options for WebSphere application server-based resources, where multiple roles may be defined with a single ACL (e.g., <b>718</b>), where this ACL may be overridden in some cases for a given server's hosting of a resource (as shown with ACL <b>720</b> for example).

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates an instantiation of the sample application level POS; in this example, which is merely representative, protected object space <b>800</b> is associated with a back-end application server in which the weather forecast generation function is managed (e.g., by an EJB). In this example POS, the weather forecast application <b>802</b>/<b>806</b> can be accessed (subject to policy compliance) by an entity in the role of a forecaster <b>804</b> or a consumer <b>808</b>. In particular, a person or entity in the Forecaster Role sets the Weather Forecast via application <b>802</b>, whereas a person or entity in the Consumer Role gets the Weather Forecast via application <b>806</b>.

0043As illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>, the application specific POS is generated by the access manager. In particular, access manager <b>900</b> has an associated migration tool <b>902</b> that generates the application specific POS <b>906</b> from an EAR file <b>904</b> input to the tool. In the Tivoli® Access Manager, a “migrateEAR4” command performs this object space creation in an automated manner, although the creation of the protected object space from the EAR (or other back-end code component) can be performed in any convenient manner. Tivoli® Access Manager for Business Integration has a similar tool that performs this object space creation in an automated manner for an MQSeries environment. A protected object space, such as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, results from operation of the migration tool <b>902</b>.

0044According to one described embodiment, access controls for a Web service (which controls are based on abstract WSDL definitions) are defined for a WSDL defined protected object space and, as such, are loosely coupled with the concrete WSDL binding derived from those definitions, preferably on a per binding level. This WSDL-defined POS is in turn loosely bound to a resource-specific protected object space definition. This loose coupling is leveraged to allow changes (e.g., updates) to the abstract WSDL binding's protected object space to be transitively applied to the application-specific protected object space. If appropriate, changes to the resource-specific protected object space may be applied to the WSDL's protected object space. Thus, according to this embodiment, the coupling may be one-way (typically, from the WSDL POS to the resource level POS) or two-way (from the WSDL POS to the resource level POS and vice versa). As will be seen, this technique ensures that different security policies are not applied unintentionally to the same resource (for example, one at the Web services/operation level, and the other at the application/EJB level). By synchronizing the protected object spaces in the manner described, neither the entity that deploys the application nor the security administrator need to be aware of the differences between the Web service request and the application request.

0045<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10A</figref> illustrates the above-described technique by way of example. As can be seen, the Web services container <b>1002</b> contains the Weather Forecast Service WSDL POS <b>1006</b> that, in turn, contains an HTTP binding of a resource implementation <b>1008</b> that, in turn, contains Web services operations such as <b>1010</b>, <b>1012</b> and <b>1014</b>. This is similar to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> described above. Also shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10A</figref> is a Web application server container <b>1020</b> with its protected object space, which includes two roles <b>1024</b> and <b>1030</b>, namely, the Forecaster Role and the Consumer Role. These roles are able to access applications setForecast <b>1026</b> and getForecast <b>1028</b>, as described above in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref>. These applications are similar to the applications that are exposed as part of the WSDL protected object space, but there is no logical connection between them that will allow for the consolidated management of ACLs on these resources. For example, there is no way to ensure that ACLs <b>1016</b>, <b>1018</b>, <b>1034</b> and <b>1036</b> relate to the same resources and, if they do, no consistent way to manage them. Each ACL is its own entity that must be managed independently.

0046A solution to this problem is illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10B</figref>. In particular, <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10B</figref> illustrates how a set of one or more loose couplings, when achieved, provide for a consistent management of ACLs and policy across these supposedly disparate protected object spaces. In particular, the WSDL POS for the Weather Service <b>1006</b> has been mapped to the application server POS <b>1020</b> through the set of connectors <b>1040</b> and <b>1042</b>. Of course, the number of connectors is merely illustrative. In this example, the connector <b>1040</b> indicates that the WeatherForecast HTTP operation <b>1008</b> in the WSDL <b>1000</b> has an associated Forecaster group permission, which correlates with the setForecast application <b>1026</b> in the POS <b>1002</b>. Likewise, the connector <b>1042</b> indicates that the getTodayForecast operation <b>1014</b> in the WSDL <b>1000</b> has an associated Consumer user permission, which correlates with the getForecasts application <b>1028</b> in the POS <b>1002</b>. Based on these loose couplings, any permitted change to the ACL applied to the Weather Forecast HTTP operation <b>1008</b> in the WSDL <b>1000</b> is monitored and appropriately mapped to the setForecast application <b>1026</b> in the POS <b>1002</b>; likewise, any permitted change to the ACL applied to the getTodayForecast operation <b>1014</b> in the WSDL <b>1000</b> is monitored and appropriately mapped to the getForecast application <b>1028</b> in the POS <b>1002</b>. In this way, the protected object spaces are updated in a consistent and synchronized manner. Access control policies are maintained, irrespective of the type of request made (whether a Web service request, or an application-specific request).

0047Thus, the above-described technique provides a method for providing synchronized access control in a Web services environment where a given authorization decision typically is implemented in several places, e.g., at the Web service entry and within a given back-end application. Generalizing, the method of synchronized access control includes the process steps shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref>. The method begins at step <b>1100</b> by generating a Web service protected object space from a WSDL. At step <b>1102</b>, an application-specific protected object space is generated from an application code base (such as an enterprise archive file (EAR), or the like). Steps <b>1100</b> and <b>1102</b> may take place in an off-line manner. These steps have been described and illustrated above at a high level, e.g., see <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> and <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref>. At step <b>1104</b>, a set of one or more couplings are then defined between corresponding objects in the protected object spaces. Of course, the identity of which objects are coupled across the protected object spaces necessarily will depend on the various operations and methods defined in the object spaces, as well as the security policies associated therewith. These couplings may be defined programmatically or by a user directly, e.g., using a visual mapping tool such as available from various commercial sources or via open source projects such as the Eclipse software development environment. A set of mapping rules is associated with the defined couplings. A convenient way to represent the mapping rules is to use an XML-based policy language such as XACML or WS-Policy. Thus, in the example of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10B</figref>, a mapping rule indicates that changes to the getTodayForecast operation in the WSDL POS implicates the getForecast application in the application-specific POS; similar mapping rules are defined for the other identified couplings. The mapping rules define whether and how changes to the elements in one protected object space affect elements in the other protected object space. Once the one or more object coupling(s) are made, security policy synchronization is effected in an automated manner by monitoring the protected object spaces for changes and selectively propagating those updates through the loose couplings. To this end, each POS has associated therewith a listener or filter. The synchronization method waits at step <b>1106</b> for an update to an access control. Any update to the ACLs placed on the WSDL POS will trigger the method at step <b>1108</b> to parse the change against the set of mapping rules. If a given mapping rule is implicated, the security policy change is applied to a corresponding object in the other protected object space. This is step <b>1110</b>. If no mapping rule is implicated, the change is not propagated. The mapping rules define which changes are one-way (unilateral), and which changes are two-way (bilateral). As noted above, changes may be one-way (e.g., changes to the concrete WSDL protected object space are propagated to the application-specific protected object space, but not vice-versa), or two-way (meaning that access control changes are propagated in both directions). This completes the basic processing of the inventive method.

0048One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the above-described technique is not limited for use merely with propagating ACL changes across protected object spaces. More generally, the technique may be used to synchronize any security policy (whether implemented as an ACL, a POP, an authorization rule, or an extended attribute) across a first protected object space and a second protected object space, or vice versa. Moreover, the technique may also be used in a Web services environment to provide synchronized access policy (based on a user's subscription parameters). In general, the technique may be used to synchronize in an automated manner across any two or more hierarchical object spaces, irrespective of what those object spaces represent. All that is required is a tool for defining the object couplings, monitoring for changes to a given object attribute, parsing the change against a set of mapping rules, and then propagating the change.

0049In accordance with the present invention, the access control-related techniques described above are extended to provide synchronized control in one or more non security-related contexts. These contexts may be quite varied but generally involve scenarios where a given transaction in the Web services environment involves multiple “touch” points (typically a set of resources) at which there is an option to enforce a given policy. While the types of policies may be quite varied, representative examples include, without limitation, an audit policy, a quality-of-service (QoS) policy, a service level agreement (SLA) policy, a rights management policy, a governance policy, a compliance policy, a patch management/vulnerability management policy, a user management policy, and the like.

0050In the non security-related context, the concept of a “protected object space” may be generalized as a “hierarchical resource space,” which as used herein refers to a visual representation of a given service topology in the Web services environment. Examples of hierarchical resource spaces are set forth below. Like a protected object space, a hierarchical resource space typically comprises a logical and hierarchical portrayal of resources, typically belonging to a domain. The structure of a space may also comprise resource objects and container objects. As described above, resource objects are the logical representation of actual physical resources, such as servers, services, web applications, message queues, and so on, in a domain. Container objects are structural components that allow resource objects to be grouped hierarchically into distinct functional regions. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> is a representative hierarchical resource space anchored by root <b>1200</b>, where root <b>1200</b> has a number of children, including MQ Queue object <b>1202</b>, Web application object <b>1204</b>, a Web services object <b>1206</b>, and a Management container <b>1208</b>. Using an audit manager tool, a given audit policy can be defined and applied to one or more these objects. In like manner, a quality-of-service management tool can be used to define and apply a given quality-of-service policy to one or more of the objects, and so on for other types of policies. A representative tool for QoS management includes, for example, Tivoli Composite Application Manager for SOA/Real Time Transactions. Of course, the successful implementation of a given policy requires that the different objects and their types are logically organized (and that the appropriate policy-related rules are applied). Prior implementations of this type of hierarchical resource space have relied on these individual container or resource objects being distinct and, in effect, mutually exclusive, e.g., a resource that is managed under a message queue container cannot also be accessed under a web application container).

0051The present invention will now be described by way of an example involving audit policy control. It is assumed that a given transaction in the Web services environment involves multiple resources that need to be invoked in a given manner to complete the transaction and that one or more of those resources have audit policies associated therewith. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref> illustrates one such scenario, which is merely representative of one possible resource ordering, wherein the transaction proceeds from Web server <b>1300</b> to Web service <b>1302</b> to Web application <b>1304</b> to MQ Queue <b>1306</b>. If this transaction is represented by a hierarchical resource space, the resulting space may be as illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14A</figref>. As can be seen, this hierarchical resource space is similar to that shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref>, except that the Web server <b>1210</b> has been added. The Web server <b>1210</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14A</figref> corresponds to the server <b>1300</b> in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref>. As also seen in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14A</figref>, the Web application object <b>1204</b> has associated therewith an Audit Policy A (reference numeral <b>1212</b>) while the Web server object has associated therewith an Audit Policy B (reference numeral <b>1214</b>). This is an example of how multiple audit policies are applied to multiple objects. According to the present invention, these policies (which may be considered separate instances of a single policy) are synchronized through a coupling <b>1216</b>, as illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14B</figref>. Note that the “U” in the drawing is intended to show set “union” functionality. This is merely representative, of course, as the manner in which policies are coupled or joined is not limited to any particular technique. Thus, the type of policy and the direction of the synchronization may be defined as required by the particular application or Web services environment. In this example, in terms of audit policy, a given queue might require more information to be audited than might be audited on the edge (the Web server); as a result, a more general audit policy (the union-join) should be enforced at the Web server. As described above in the access control context, the coupling may be defined programmatically or by a user directly, e.g., using a visual mapping tool. Moreover, preferably a set of mapping rules is associated with the defined coupling. A convenient way to represent the mapping rules is to use an XML-based policy language such as XACML or WS-Policy. The coupling may be one way, or two-way. In either case, the coupling has the effect of adding the audit policy required by the Web application server (Audit Policy A) to the audit policy required by the Web server (Audit Policy B). In this illustrative embodiment, the coupling is made through a union or “join.” Typically, policy propagation is accomplished through a union, but this is not a requirement of the invention. The coupling insures that the Web server does not audit everything that is required to build a comprehensive, end-to-end audit report for actions by the Web application. If the Web application later relaxes the information that is required to be collected, then this change can be updated at the Web server, where the union of the two policies may then also be relaxed. If Audit Policy B itself requires the information that has been relaxed by Audit Policy A, it will still continue to be logged by the Web server.

0052As indicated above, a given object in the hierarchical resource space may have any number of different policies associated therewith. Generalizing, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the method of the present invention may be used in a Web services environment to provide one or more of the following depending on the policy at issue: synchronized audit policy, synchronized quality of service control, synchronized service level control, synchronized rights management control, and so forth. In each case, and in the manner previously described, preferably the invention is used to provide such synchronization in an automated matter across any two or more resource objects in a hierarchical resource space (or across two or more resource or container objects in different spaces) using the basic steps of defining the one or more object couplings, monitoring for changes to a given object attribute, parsing the change(s) against a set of mapping rules, and then propagating the changes as necessary. In this way, a given policy is enforced within the Web services environment across multiple transaction touch points in a transparent, automated manner.

0053Of course, the present invention may be implemented in hierarchical resource spaces that define policies (or policy instances) at a much more fine-grained level. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15A</figref> illustrates one such hierarchical resource space. In this space, root <b>1500</b> has the following children: MQ Queue container <b>1502</b>, Web application container <b>1504</b>, Web services container <b>1506</b>, and Web server container <b>1508</b>. MQ Queue has associated therewith Queues A and B, as represented by resource objects <b>1510</b> and <b>1512</b>. Web application container <b>1504</b> has associated therewith Applications A and B, as represented by resource objects <b>1514</b> and <b>1516</b>. Web Services container <b>1506</b> has associated therewith another Service Container object <b>1518</b>, which in turn has associated therewith Services A and B, as represented by resource objects <b>1520</b> and <b>1522</b>. Finally, Web server container <b>1504</b> has associated therewith Servers A and B, as represented by resource objects <b>1524</b> and <b>1526</b>. Thus, in this example, there are multiple web servers/services/applications/queues and the like, all of which can be derived within the same resource space. Moreover, as can be seen, the object space provides a tree hierarchy-based representation of the Web service topology. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref> (like the simple case of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref>) illustrates representative transaction flows for this more complex service topology, once again illustrating how one or more transactions may be invoked across the set of resources. In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref>, for example, one transaction flow goes from Server B <b>1602</b> through Web application B <b>1604</b> through Service B <b>1606</b> through Queue A <b>1608</b>. Using the present invention, one or more policies or policy instances are then managed (i.e. synchronized) across the object containers and resources.

0054Thus, for example, as illustrated in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15B</figref>, assume the server B resource object <b>1526</b> has associated therewith a quality-of-service (QoS) policy <b>1528</b> and that Application B resource object <b>1516</b> has a QoS policy <b>1530</b>. According to the invention, in view of the representative transaction flow (as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref>), a coupling <b>1532</b> is provided between these objects to synchronize the QoS policies in the manner that has been previously described.

0055While the invention has been described in the context of resource objects such as Web servers/applications/services/queues, this is not a limitation. A given resource object or container may comprise a database resource, a mainframe resource, application resources (an access control manager, an identity manager, a provisioning manager, a policy manager) and the like.

0056The techniques described above may be applied to all types of policies. How a particular policy is implemented is outside the scope of the present invention, as such mechanisms and processes are well-known in the art. Thus, for example, products such as Tivoli Intelligent Orchestrator/Provisioning Manager may be used to “touch” (configure) one or more components in the hierarchical resource space, and such tools are use to define, administer, manage and control the one or more policies. As has been described, the present invention extends such products/tools to facilitate the synchronization and automated coordination of policy across one or more transaction resources in a Web service environment. Typically, these policies are coordinated in the manner described above, i.e. by applying and then programmatically enforcing one or more mappings across a visual representation such as a hierarchical resource space. As is well-known, such representations can be generated from a network topology for an entire infrastructure (or some portion thereof) using well-known tools.

0057<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 17</figref> illustrates a representative data processing system <b>1700</b> for use in defining the protected object space couplings, for monitoring changes in the security policies, and for updating the protected object spaces as necessary. A data processing system <b>1700</b> suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor <b>1702</b> coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus <b>1705</b>. The memory elements can include local memory <b>1704</b> employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage <b>1706</b>, and cache memories <b>1708</b> that provide temporary storage of at least some program code to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards <b>1710</b>, displays <b>1712</b>, pointing devices <b>1714</b>, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers <b>1716</b>. Network adapters <b>1718</b> may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or devices through intervening private or public networks <b>1720</b>.

0058The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the inventive transform is implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, and the like. Furthermore, as noted above, the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or a propagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of optical disks include compact disk—read only memory (CD-ROM), compact disk—read/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.

0059One or more of the above-described functions, namely: defining the couplings, monitoring for policy updates, and propagating changes across the hierarchical resource space, may also be implemented as a service.

0060While the above describes a particular order of operations performed by certain embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that such order is exemplary, as alternative embodiments may perform the operations in a different order, combine certain operations, overlap certain operations, or the like. References in the specification to a given embodiment indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic.

0061Finally, while given components of the system have been described separately, one of ordinary skill will appreciate that some of the functions may be combined or shared in given instructions, program sequences, code portions, and the like.

0062Having described our invention, what we now claim is as follows.