Optimizing location services performance by combining user plane and control plane architectures

0001The disclosure claims the filing-date benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/800,436, filed 16 May 2006, the specification of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0002This disclosure is related to application Ser. No. ______ AND01 065/1389 and application Ser. No. ______ AND01 068/1392, both filed concurrently herewith, the specifications of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

0003This disclosure generally relates to position or location approaches in GSM, CDMA, and UMTS networks. Further, this disclosure relates to user and control plane location approaches in core networks and GERAN, UTRAN, and Complementary Access radio access networks.

0004Mobile communications infrastructure is typically conceptualized in two generally separate components: the core network (CN); and the radio access network (RAN). Together, this infrastructure enables user equipment (UE), the RAN, and CN to be developed and implemented separately according to the permissive standards set by organizations such as 3GPP and ITU. Thus, various types of RANs, such as GERAN or UTRAN, can be paired with a single UMTS CN. Also, the UMTS standards provide for protocol separation between data related to user communications and data related to control of the network's various components. For example, within a UMTS mobile communications network, User Plane (UP) bearers are responsible for the transfer of user data, including but not limited to voice or application data. Control Plane (CoP) bearers handle control signaling and overall resource management.

0005As mobile networks transition towards 3G and beyond, location services (LCS, applications of which are sometimes referred to as Location Based Services, or LBS) have emerged as a vital service component enabled or provided by wireless communications networks. In addition to providing services conforming to government regulations such as wireless E911, LCS solutions also provide enhanced usability for mobile subscribers and revenue opportunities for network operators and service providers alike.

0006Position includes geographic coordinates, relative position, and derivatives such as velocity and acceleration. Although the term “position” is sometimes used to denote geographical position of an end-user while “location” is used to refer to the location within the network structure, these terms may often be used interchangeably without causing confusion. Common position measurement types used in mobile positioning or LCS include, but are not limited to, range, proximity, signal strength (such as path loss models or signal strength maps), round trip time, time of arrival, and angle of arrival. Multiple measurements can be combined, sometimes depending on which measurement types are available, to measure position. These combination approaches include, but are not limited to, radial (for example, employing multiple range measurements to solve for best agreement among circular loci), angle (for example, combining range and bearing using signal strength or round trip time), hyperbolic (for example, using multiple time-of-arrival), and real time differencing (for example, determining actual clock offsets between base stations).

0007Generally, LCS methods are accomplished through CoP or UP methods. CoP Location (CoPL) refers to using control signaling within the network to provide location information of the subscriber or UE. UP Location (UPL), such as Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) uses user data to provide location information. CoPL location approaches include, but are not limited to, Angle-of-Arrival (AoA), Observed Time-Difference-of-Arrival (OTDoA), Observed-Time-Difference (OTD), Enhanced-OTD (E-OTD), Assisted Global Positioning System (A-GPS), and Assisted Galileo Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS). UPL approaches include, but are not limited to, Assisted Global Positioning System (A-GPS), and Assisted Galileo Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS), where this position data is communicated over Internet Protocol (IP).

0008There are two established architectures associated with location determination in modern cellular networks. They are Control Plane (CoP) and User Plane (UP) architectures. Typically location requests are sent to a network through a query gateway function <b>1</b>. Depending on the network implementation CoP <b>15</b> or UP <b>10</b> may be used but not a combination of both, as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>. Note that queries may also come directly from the target device itself rather than via a gateway. Similarly, CoP or UP may be used but not both.

0009The difference between user plane and control plane, strictly, is that the former uses the communication bearer established with the device in order to communicate measurements. The latter uses the native signaling channels supported by the controlling network elements of the core and access to communicate measurements. As such, CoPL supports AGPS—it uses control plane signaling interfaces to communicate GPS data to/from the handset. Similarly UPL can do EOTD—the handset takes the timing measurements but it communicates them to the location platform using the data bearer.

0010UPL has the advantage of not depending on specific access technology to communicate measurement information. CoPL has the advantage that it can access and communicate measurements which may not be available to the device. Current models require network operators to deploy one or the other; CoPL or UPL

0011Control Plane Location (CoPL) uses the native signaling plane of the network to establish sessions and communicate messages associated with location requests and to communicate measurements used for determining location. The control plane is the signaling infrastructure used for procedures such as call control, hand-off, registration, and authentication in a mobile network; CoPL uses this same infrastructure for the performing location procedures. CoPL can utilize measurements made by both the control plane network elements as well as the end-user device being located.

0012<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref> illustrates an exemplary architectural diagram of CoPL. The mobile station or mobile appliance <b>101</b> communication with the base transceiver station (BTS) <b>105</b> via wireless interface Um. The base station controller (BCS) <b>107</b> manages radio resources including the BTS <b>105</b> via the Abis interface. The Abis interface is an open interface completely defined as part of the ETSI specification for GSM and carries the call set up information, including voice channel assignments between the BSC <b>107</b> and BTS <b>105</b>. The Mobile switching center/visitor's location register (MSC/VLR) <b>113</b> coordinates between the mobile appliance communication network and the global mobile location center (GMLC) <b>117</b>.

0013In operation, a location measurement device (not shown) may be connected to the BSC <b>107</b> via the Abis wire line interface and makes measurements on the RF signals of the Um interface, along with other measurements to support one or more of the position methods associated with the CoPL. The measurements from the location measurement units are sent to a servicing mobile location center (SMLC) <b>109</b> via BCS <b>107</b> where the location of MS <b>101</b> can be determined. The BTS <b>105</b>, BSC <b>107</b> and SMLC <b>109</b> form a base station subsystem (BSS) <b>103</b>.

0014The GMLC <b>117</b> is connected to the home location register (HLR) <b>111</b> over an Lh interface and the MSC/VLR <b>113</b> over an Lg interface. The global mobile switching center (GMSC) <b>115</b> is operably connected to the MSC/VLR <b>113</b>.

0015The operation of a CoPL architecture is shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref>. This shows the 3GPP location services architecture. The gateway mobile location centre (GMLC) <b>117</b> is the network element that receives the location requests. The GMLC queries the HLR <b>111</b> over the Lh interface to find out which part of the access network <b>107</b> the target device is currently being served by. The GMLC <b>117</b> sends a location request to the current serving core network node <b>113</b> via the Lg interface. The current serving core network node <b>113</b> (e.g. MSC or serving GPRS service node (SGSN)) then passes the request to the part of the access network <b>107</b> that the target device is attached to z (a GERAN BSC or UTRAN RNC for example). This access network element <b>107</b> then invokes the facilities of the SMLC <b>109</b>. The location request session between the access network node <b>107</b> and the SMLC <b>109</b> provides a channel by which the SMLC <b>109</b> can ask for network measurements or to send messages to the end-user device <b>101</b> so that device measurement information can be exchanged. The SMLC <b>109</b> may also obtain location measurement information from external devices <b>110</b> such as location measurement units (LMUs) which take RF readings from the air interface for example. Similarly, the device may also take measurements from external systems, such as GPS satellites, and communicate these to the SMLC <b>109</b>.

0016Developed as an alternative to CoPL, Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) is set of standards managed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) to transfer assistance data and positioning data over IP to aid network and terminal-based positioning technologies in ascertaining the position of a SUPL Enabled Terminal (SET).

0017User Plane Location (UPL) does not explicitly utilize the control plane infrastructure. Instead it assumes that a data bearer plane is available between the location platform and the end-user device. That is, a control plane infrastructure may have been involved in establishing the data bearer so that communication can occur with the device but no location-specific procedural signaling occurs over the control plane. As such UPL is limited to obtaining measurements directly from the end-user device itself.

0018SUPL includes a Location User Plan (Lup) reference point, the interface between the SUPL Location Platform (SLP) and SET, as well as security, authentication, authorization, charging functions, roaming, and privacy functions. For determining position, SUPL generally implements A-GPS, A-GNSS, or similar technology to communicate location data to a designated network node over Internet Protocol (IP).

0019<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> illustrates an exemplary architectural diagram for SUPL. The illustrated entities represent a group of functions, and not necessarily separate physical devices. In the SUPL architecture, a SUPL Location Platform (SLP) <b>201</b> and SUPL-enabled terminal (SET) <b>207</b> are provided. The SLP <b>201</b> generally includes a SUPL Location Center (SLC) <b>203</b> and a SUPL Positioning Center (SPC) <b>205</b>. The SLC and SPC optionally communicate over the L1p interface, for instance, when the SLC and SPC are deployed as separate entities. The SET <b>207</b> generally includes a mobile location services (MLS) application, an application which requests and consumes location information, or a SUPL Agent, a service access point which accesses the network resources to obtain location information.

0020For any SET, a SLP <b>201</b> can perform the role of the home SLP (H-SLP), visited SLP (V-SLP) or emergency SLP (E-SLP). An H-SLP for a SET includes the subscription, authentication, and privacy related data for the SET and is generally associated with a part of the SET's home PLMN. A V-SLP for a SET is an SLP selected by an H-SLP or E-SLP to assist positioning. An E-SLP for a SET is an SLP associated with or contained in the PLMN serving the SET. The E-SLP may performs positioning in association with emergency services initiated by the SET.

0021The SLC <b>203</b> coordinates operations of SUPL in the network and interacts with the SET over the User Plane bearer to perform various functions including, but not limited to, privacy, initiation, security, roaming, charging, service management, and positioning calculation. The SPC <b>205</b> supports various functions including, but not limited to, security, assistance delivery, reference retrieval, and positioning calculation.

0022SUPL session initiation is network-initiated or SET-initiated. The SUPL architecture provides various alternatives for initiating and facilitating SUPL functions. For example, a SUPL Initiation Function (SIF) is optionally initiated using a Wireless Application Protocol Push Proxy Gateway (WAP PPG) <b>211</b>, a Short Message Service Center (SMSC/MC) <b>213</b>, or a User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) <b>215</b> core, which form user plane bearer <b>220</b>.

0023The operation of UPL is shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref>. Secure User Plane Location is a standard specification for UPL. Location requests come to the SLP <b>201</b> from external applications or from the end-user device itself. If a data session does not exist between the SLP <b>201</b> and the device <b>207</b> already, then the SLP <b>201</b> may initiate a request such that an IP session (user plane bearer <b>220</b>) is established between the device <b>207</b> and the SLP <b>201</b>. From then on, the SLP <b>201</b> may request measurement information from the device <b>207</b>. It device may also take measurements from the network <b>107</b> or from external systems such as GPS <b>210</b>. Because there is no control plane connectivity to the network, the SLP <b>201</b> cannot directly request any measurement information from the network <b>107</b> itself.

0024More information on SUPL, including the Secure User Plane Location Architecture documentation (OMA-AD-SUPL), can be readily obtained through OMA.

0025User Plane location, especially after the development of SUPL standards, is generally thought to provide an affordable and rapid upgrade path to provide LCS for mobile network operators currently without an CoPL solution. However, UPL (including SUPL) suffers from several drawbacks compared to CoPL.

0026A standard user-plane location architecture has to be applied to all location requests for a given location based service because there is no a-priori knowledge of which part of the network the device is being served by, nor what the location capabilities of the device are. User-plane signaling has to be invoked every time and, in many scenarios, may fail completely if the network or device are not compatible with this architecture.

0027When a pure user-plane approach is used, there is no ability to request network measurement information from the radio controllers used by the network. This additional information, which can be useful as an alternative or to augment the measurements obtained from the device, is not accessible. This compromises in terms of the location system's ability to provide optimal results.

0028A significant motivator for SUPL were the significant dependencies on the vendors for access equipment, specifically the radio access controllers, to support consistent standards behavior. There is also a dependency on core network signaling for consistent LCS service. However, the issue of consistent implementation of the MAP signaling has not been found to be significant.

0029Further, the basic LCS functionality at the BSS <b>103</b> has become increasingly commoditized. For instance, basic Lb interface and PLR messaging are nearly universally supported across access vendors.

0030Current definitions of SUPL (per the OMA) decouple the end-to-end signaling from the control plane. This bypasses much of the value-add that the core control-plane offers. Such offerings include, but are not limited to, native access-network emergency service application support, privacy checking against subscriber profile in the HLR, ability to support LCS requests from roaming partners' GMLCs. In addition, the lowest common denominator functionality of the access control-plane (Lb interface functions) is lost. These lost abilities include, but are not limited to, getting a rapid enhanced-cell fix with TA/NMR measurements, performing multiple TA requests to augment network measurement information, obtaining network measurements (e.g. UTDOA request) not available from a SET.

0031Further, UPL does not associate position information with a voice call from a user. Accordingly, UPL approaches are not used for certain emergency services, such as e911 in which the physical location directly associated with an emergency communication must be automatically ascertained.

0032Much of the benefits of control-plane functionality, therefore, is sacrificed with the wholesale adoption of a user-plane approach.

0033Therefore, regulatory requirements and evolving commercial demands illustrate the disadvantages of a CoPL-only or SUPL-only network architecture.

SUMMARY

0034Methods, which obviates deficiencies of the prior art, are disclosed for determining the position of a mobile device using information obtained by employing a first location determination protocol (or modality) to control the efficient or advantageous invocation of a second location determination protocol (or modality).

0035An additional method is disclosed for determining the position of a mobile device by comparing or combining the results of multiple position determination protocols (or modalities).

0036Corresponding systems, devices, and computer program products are also disclosed. Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present disclosure, and be protected by the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0037Various aspects of the present disclosure will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying exemplary non-limiting embodiments, wherein:

0038<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrates prior art gateway function.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref> illustrates an exemplary architectural diagram for CoPL;

0040<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref> illustrates operation of an exemplary CoPL architecture

0041<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3A</figref> illustrates an exemplary architectural diagram for SUPL;

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref> illustrates operation of an exemplary SUPL architecture

0043<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of a disclosed embodiment including a dual-plane architecture;

0044<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of another disclosed embodiment depicting a SET-terminated/CoPL initiated position determination;

0045<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of an additional disclosed embodiment depicting a MS-terminated/CoPL initiated position determination;

0046<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of yet another disclosed embodiment depicting a position determination including SUPL termination with CoPL measurements;

0047<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates an exemplary flow chart relating to a disclosed embodiment for comparing or combining the results of multiple position determination protocols;

0048<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of another disclosed embodiment depicting a technology arbitration;

0049<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of yet another disclosed embodiment depicting roaming optimization;

0050<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> illustrates an exemplary flow chart for determining a MSISDN for a mobile device in a multiplane wireless communication network;

0051<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> illustrates an exemplary flow chart for resolving subscriber identification information in a multi-plane wireless communication network;

0052<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref> is a schematic illustration of MSISDN caching and retrieval; and,

0053<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14</figref> illustrates a method for choosing a protocol layer for sending a location request signal to a mobile device where the mobile device is operating in a wireless network.

0054<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15</figref> illustrates an embodiment of a dual plane architecture.

0055<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref> illustrates the implementation of the dual plane architecture of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15</figref>.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0056One aspect of the present disclosure includes using information obtained by employing a first location determination protocol (or modality) to control the efficient or advantageous invocation of a second location determination protocol (or modality) in determining the position of a mobile device. Another aspect includes comparing or combining the results of multiple position determination protocols (or modalities) to enhance determination of a mobile device's position.

0057In yet another aspect, a multi-plane architecture for mobile device location determination, is provided. In a further aspect of the present disclosure, modality arbitration in a multi-plane architecture, is provided. In an additional aspect, roaming optimization including invoking an appropriate location modality, is provided.

0058Rather than limiting the scope of location procedures to be only CoPL or UPL based, it is possible to combine the two architectures. Such an architecture would arbitrate in terms of which plane to use for a given location request, or it may combine the functionality of both planes for a given location request. This is shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref>. At the simplest level of arbitration, the dual-plane gateway function may apply specific criteria to decide whether to invoke CoPL or UPL. It may do this based on the application that is making the request, some knowledge of the capabilities of the end-user device, and/or some knowledge of the capabilities of the part of the network currently serving the device.

0059Generally speaking, if UPL is selected at the gateway function, then the rest of the location procedures are limited to UPL capabilities. This is because the network generally needs to establish a session with the serving location function before that function is able to obtain measurements via the network. If UPL is invoked, then the communication channel associated with the location session will not exist for the purposes of obtaining measurements via the network. However, if CoPL is invoked first, then the measurement request channel will be in place and, further, the serving node will still have the option of establishing an UPL session with the end device. The benefit of this is that, for example, GPS measurements may be obtained from an UPL-only device and be combined with measurements obtained from the network and other elements such as LMUs.

0060<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of a disclosed embodiment including a dual-plane architecture. By integrating a standard control-plane architecture as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref> with SUPL functionality as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref>, a flexible and powerful dual-plane architecture is provided.

0061The Dual Plane gateway <b>1517</b> is now the network element that receives the location requests. The Dual Plane Gateway may invoke a CoPL session by querying the HLR <b>1511</b> over the Lh interface to find out which part of the access network <b>1507</b> the target device is currently being served by if the CoPL is invoked or may initiation SUPL by establishing a user plane bearer <b>1520</b> between the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b> and the User Device <b>1501</b>. As noted before the selection may be based on the application that made the location request, the capabilities of the network, the capabilities of the user device or request parameter etc.

0062If the CoPL is chosen by the Dual Plane Gateway <b>1517</b>. The Dual Plane Gateway <b>1517</b> sends a location request to the current serving core network node <b>1513</b> via the Lg interface. The current serving core network node <b>1513</b> then passes the request to the part of the access network <b>1507</b> that the target device is attached. This access network element <b>1507</b> then invokes the facilities of the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b>. The location request session between the access network node <b>1507</b> and the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b> provides a channel by which the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b> can request network measurements or send messages to the end-user device <b>1501</b> so that device measurement information can be exchanged. The Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b> may also obtain location measurement information from external devices <b>1510</b> such as location measurement units (LMUs) which take RF readings from the air interface for example. Similarly, the device may also take measurements from external systems, such as GPS satellites, and communicate these to the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b>. The Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b> contains the functionality of the SMLC <b>109</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref> as well as the functionality of the SLP <b>201</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3B</figref>.

0063If the Dual Plane Gateway <b>1517</b> selects the SUPL, then user plane is initiated through a request to the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b>, which initiates a request such that an user plane bearer <b>1520</b> is established between the device <b>1507</b> and the Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b>. The Dual Plane Serving Function <b>1509</b> may request measurement information from the device <b>1507</b>. The device <b>1507</b> as noted previously, may also take measurements from the network <b>1507</b> or from external systems such as GPS <b>1510</b>.

0064<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 16</figref> shows an example of a dual-plane implementation combining GPRS/SMLC functionality with SUPL. The Dual-plane capable GMLC <b>1609</b> is the dual-plane gateway device shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 15</figref>. It can determine the part of the network that the device is currently in by querying the HLR <b>1611</b> and use this information, for example, to arbitrate between GPRS CoPL or SUPL for the location determination, as noted above. Further, if it invokes CoPL then the request will reach the dual-plane capable SMLC <b>1609</b> via an established network measurement channel established with the Access network <b>1608</b> and the Dual Plane capable SMLC <b>1609</b> is still able to invoke SUPL if it is determined SUPL is the most effective way to obtain measurements from the device <b>1601</b>, while still being able to obtain additional measurements via the control-plane session with the network <b>1607</b>. The Dual Plane capable GMLC <b>1617</b> may initiate a User plane session via a request to the Dual Plane capable SMLC <b>1609</b>. Further, for a device that is both SUPL and CoPL capable, the Dual Plane capable SMLC <b>1609</b> may obtain some types of measurements from the device <b>1607</b> via the SUPL session over the User plan bearer <b>1620</b> and others via the CoPL session.

0065Although various nodes are depicted as collocated or integrated, separate implementation (for example, providing a GMLC distinct from an SLM) is also contemplated by these exemplary embodiments of dual-plane architecture.

0066In the illustrated example, the GMLC/SLM <b>403</b> obtains location information from either an LCS standard CoP request or a direct SPC function request.

0067When location information is obtained using a direct SPC function request, the GMLC/SLM <b>403</b> relays location information is provided over the IP network <b>407</b> to the SPC <b>405</b> by the UE/SET <b>409</b> to the LBS <b>401</b> over the Le interface.

0068Alternatively, when location information is first obtained using a CoP request, the SMLC function, which receives the control-plane Position Location &amp; Reporting (PLR) request, can access both control plane and user-plane measurement resources to optimize the yield, speed, and accuracy of the location result. With access to both measurement planes, the SMLC/SPC <b>405</b> may make dynamic decisions as to which planes should be used on a request-by-request basis and independent of the application. In addition, to selecting between control and user planes for location determination, the SMLC/SPC <b>405</b> may also compare or combine the results using weighting algorithms based on the time of measurement, estimated uncertainty, and velocity measurements.

0069<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of another disclosed embodiment depicting a SET-terminated/CoPL initiated position determination. SUPL position determination can still be invoked even if the request is initiated over the CN control plane.

0070In the illustrated example, the location of the UE/SET <b>509</b> is being determined by CoP signaling involving the HLR <b>511</b>, MSC/SGSN <b>513</b>, BSC <b>515</b>, and SMLC/SPC <b>505</b>. Based on the CoP position requirements and measurements, the SMLC/SPC <b>505</b> optionally determines whether or not to initiate a SUPL location determination session with the UE/SET <b>509</b>. This determination by the SMLC/SPC <b>505</b> may involve the requested or required accuracy of position information, such as the speed with which it is needed by the LBS <b>501</b> requester, or the estimated speed with which the network could accomplish a CoPL versus a SUPL location request. For example, if the Quality of Position (QoP) indicates a coarse or rapid position fix is desired by the requestor, the Timing Advance (TA) or Network Measurement Report (NMR) values will be provided as part of the PLR from the BSC. In such a situation, a SUPL session is optionally not invoked, thereby avoiding SUPL session overhead.

0071Further, the dual-plane architecture also provides load sharing based on request routing in the CN. SPC nodes can be deployed and distributed according to network coverage similar to the deployment scheme of SMLC nodes. By virtue of the request routing in the CN, the load created by multiple and simultaneous location requests across the network is distributed. When a SET sends an INIT signal to a single Home-SLP (H-SLP) address, the SUPL Transaction ID in the INIT signal optionally identifies the specific SLC to which the session should be steered. The INIT signal includes, but is not limited to a ULP SUPL START or ULP SUPL POS INIT signal which contains SET capabilities. In alternative embodiments, a master SLP within the CN steers the session to the appropriate SLC.

0072To perform a SUPL location determination, the Mobile Station International ISDN Number (MSISDN) of the UE/SET <b>509</b> is required. As the Lb interface between the BSC and the SMLC/SPC supports delivery over the control plane of the MSISDN, the MSISDN of the UE/SET <b>509</b> can be provided to the SMLC/SPC <b>505</b> to initiate the optional SUPL session. In one approach to a method of providing the MSISDN to the SMLC/SLP <b>505</b> in a dual-plane architecture, the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) (or another unique identifier) is used to query the HLR <b>511</b> and retrieve the associated service separator (such as the MSISDN). The retrieved MSISDN is then provided to the SMLC/SLP <b>505</b> for initiating the SUPL session. Methodology to obtain the MSISDN are further described in detail.

0073<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of an additional disclosed embodiment depicting a MS/UE-terminated/CoPL initiated position determination.

0074In the illustrated embodiment, the SMLC/SPC <b>605</b> receives device information via a control plane signal. Optionally, the control plane signal is a PLR signal. The control plane signal includes device information including, but not limited to, a classmark. The classmark indicates to the SMLC/SPC <b>605</b> the capabilities of the UE/SET <b>609</b>. In particular, the classmark and related device information indicate whether the device <b>609</b> has control plane GPS or other LCS capabilities.

0075Based on the device information, the SMLC/SPC <b>605</b> optionally selects whether to initiate a SUPL session. For control plane GPS capable devices, position determination can be done without invoking the overhead of a SUPL session. The SMLC/SPC <b>605</b> can consult the network cell information to determine whether control plane GPS is supported on that part of the access prior selecting CoPL or SUPL GPS. On receipt of an emergency request, (Network Initiated-LR or Mobile Terminated-LR), the SMLC/SPC <b>605</b> can be configured to always do CoPL or not including arbitration based on QoS. Methods of arbitrating among protocols, such as control plane and user plane location modalities in a mixed access environment, are discussed at greater length later in the disclosure. Alternatively, the 3GPP standards allow room to add a “SUPL-capable” code-point to the classmark information to inform the SMLC/SPC <b>605</b> of SET <b>609</b> capability without having to first attempt a SUPL session.

0076<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of yet another disclosed embodiment depicting a position determination including SUPL termination with CoPL measurements. In the illustrated embodiment, both CoPL and SUPL sessions are being invoked. These sessions can optionally occur concurrently or within a predetermined time interval, for example, related to UE velocity or QoP requirements by the requester.

0077In this embodiment, the SMLC/SPC <b>705</b> can utilize the concurrent CoPL session while the SUPL session is invoked to gather additional measurements from the network. For example, the SMLC/SPC <b>705</b> may make a UTDOA request to the BSC <b>715</b> and obtain the information required to prime LMUs <b>721</b> to enable UTDOA measurements by the UTDOA Position Determination Entity (PDE). The network measurements from the CoPL signaling is optionally used to provide a higher accuracy fallback location than a mere cell location supported by SUPL alone. Further, the CoPL-obtained network measurements are optionally used in conjunction with SET <b>709</b> GPS measurements to perform hybrid location determination, thereby providing an improvement over the yield of SUPL GPS on its own.

0078<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> illustrates an exemplary flow chart relating to multi-plane position determination in a wireless communications: In block <b>801</b> a request for location of a mobile device is received from a LCS. The control plane data of the network is accessed in block <b>803</b> and network based measurements. For example, NMR and TA are extracted in block <b>805</b>. The UPL data is accessed in Block <b>807</b> and the device based measurements are extracted in Block <b>809</b>. Using both the network based measurement and the device based measurements a multiplane position measurement may be determined as shown in Block <b>811</b>. Both the network based measurements and the device based measurements as noted earlier may also include external sources, such as LMU and GPS.

0079<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of another disclosed embodiment depicting a technology arbitration. In particular, selected embodiments enable selection of a preferred location determination protocol. Whereas, a SUPL-only deployment or CoPL-only deployment precludes any use of the other protocol to process location requests, a dual-plane architecture creates the possibility of arbitrating between protocols and choosing an optimum or preferred protocol on a request-by-request basis.

0080With a dual-plane architecture, the SMLC/SPC <b>905</b> has information, such as the classmark of the UE/SET <b>909</b>, on which to base the arbitration. As discussed previously, the received classmark indicates the control-plane capabilities of the device. Further, the network information in the SMLC/SPC <b>905</b> informs it of the capabilities of the access. Based on device and access capabilities, the SMLC/SPC <b>905</b> can effectively arbitrate between relying on control plane positioning, user plane positioning, or both.

0081Alternatively, the protocol decision may be made in the GMLC/SLM <b>903</b>. However, as the GMLC/SLM <b>903</b> is less aware of the device and access network capabilities on which to base the decision to select a protocol or modality, the GMLC/SLM <b>903</b> relies on the LCS Client ID such that some applications always invoke SUPL and others always invoke CoPL. Alternatively, the GMLC/SLM <b>903</b> relies on the MSISDN of the device <b>909</b>.

0082<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 10</figref> is a schematic architectural illustration of yet another disclosed embodiment depicting roaming optimization. Based on the identification of the serving network indicated by the routing information (for instance, the Send Routing Information, SRI, result from querying the HLR <b>1011</b>), the GMLC/SLM <b>1003</b> can invoke CoPL or SUPL based on the returned routing information. When a subscriber is roamed out of the home network, it is possible that the visited network supports CoPL <b>1019</b>, SUPL <b>1007</b>, or neither. In a pure SUPL approach, a SUPL session is initiated with the SET <b>1009</b> but the cell information provided will likely not mean anything to the SMLC/SPC <b>1005</b>. Alternatively, if the visited network actually supports CoPL <b>1019</b>, sending a standard CoPL request into the visited core network, is more effective.

0083By invoking control plane signaling (for example, SRI) to the HLR <b>1011</b> first, the obtained routing information provides an indication of the identity of the visited network. The GMLC/SLM <b>1003</b> then dynamically decides whether the request is best initiated via the home network SUPL capability or via the control plane. When SUPL is selected, other SUPL-specific roaming support infrastructure may be accessed by the GMLC/SLM <b>1003</b> or SMLC/SPC <b>1005</b> to determine visited cell location information.

0084As noted above to perform a SUPL location determination, the MSISDN of the UE/SET <b>509</b> is required. The SPC needs to invoke the SUPL signaling via a WAP PPG, or SMSC. For WAP and SMS initiated ULP, the MSISDN of the SET is require. It should be noted by the invocation is normally an SLM function, the dual plane architectures has the initiation responsibility moved the SPC or more appropriately SMLC/SPC. In the prior art, there is no signaling support to deliver the MSISDN or current IP address to the SMLC. Typically CoPL location signaling has the location procedure initiation at the SMLC done with a PerformLocationRequest (PLR) message. The PLR message includes the option of providing the IMSI or IMEI of the device. However, the IMSI or IMEI, as discussed previously, is not sufficient to use for ULP initiation with either standard WAP-PPG or SMSC signaling. Furthermore, as described herein, the IMSE or IMEI may be used as a correlator where the MSISDN-IMSI or MSISDN-IMEI relationship is known. Advantageously the GMLC possesses both the MSISDN and the IMSI of the target device, this information may be obtained from a standard LCS SRI query to the HLR. Thus, by caching the MSISDN-IMSI or MSISDN-IMEI relationship, the GMLC may provide a well known query entity for the SPC to resolve the MSISDN value.

0085<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref> is a schematic illustration of MSISDN caching and retrieval. The GMLC/SLM <b>1317</b> using a LCS SRI(MSISDN) <b>1318</b> to the HLR <b>1311</b> request the IMSI or IMEI associated with the MSISDN. The HLR <b>1311</b> returns a LCS_SRI(IMSI) <b>1319</b> message the IMSI or IMEI of the device associated with the MSISDN. The GMLC/SLM <b>1317</b> then caches the IMSI-MSISDN or IMEI-MSISDN relationship information. When the SMLC/SPC <b>1309</b> receives a PLR <b>1320</b> with the IMSI included, and it further determines that SUPL should be used, it queries the GMLC <b>1317</b> with a GETID(IMSI) <b>1322</b> message to determine the associated MSISDN. The GMLC responses with a GETID(MSISDN) <b>1322</b> message which includes the MSISDN of the target device. The query occurs across a non-standard CoPL interface <b>1325</b> as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 13</figref>. The L1p interface is already defined in the SUPL architecture between the SLM <b>1317</b> and the SPC <b>1309</b> and thus may be used for this purpose. Whether this interface or another non-CoPL interface is used, the request semantics are the same; a IMSI or IMEI is provided and an MSISDN is received. Upon receipt of the MSISDN the SMLC/SPC <b>1309</b> proceeds with SUPL messaging <b>1324</b> with the SET/MS <b>1301</b>.

0086<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 11</figref> illustrates an embodiment for determining at the SMLC/SPC a MSISDN for a mobile device in a multiplane wireless communication network. The identity of the mobile in addition to being represented by the MSISDN may also be an IP address. As such, the method for determining the MSISDN would be illustrative for determining the IP address as well. The SMLC/SPC obtains via the CoP of the network an IMSI or IMEI of the mobile device as shown in Block <b>1101</b>. The GMLC receives via the SUPL of the network, information related to the IMSI or IMEI from the SMLC/SPC as shown in Block <b>1103</b>. The GMLC determines the MSISDN as a function of the information provided by the SMLC/SPC as shown in Block <b>1105</b>. The SMLC the receives information relating to the MSISDN from the GMLC to determine the MSISDN as shown in Block <b>1107</b>. The SMLC/SPC is now armed with the MSISDN of the mobile appliance, may transmit a request for the location of the mobile device as shown in Block <b>1109</b>.

0087<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 12</figref> illustrates an embodiment for resolving subscriber identification information in a multi-plane wireless communication network which includes a GMLC/SLM, a HLR, a MSC and a SET. In block <b>1201</b> a location request is initiated through a control plane. In block <b>1203</b>, a LCS sends routing information (LCS SRI) request is sent from the GMLC to the HLR where the MSISDN is associated with a mobile subscriber identifier. In block <b>1205</b>, the HLR responds to the LCS SRI and provides the IMSI/IMEI that corresponds to the MSISDN. The GMLC stores the provided IMSI/IMEI with the associated MSISDN as shown in Block <b>1207</b>. The GMLC sends a ProvideSubscriberLocation (PSL) message to the MSC/SGSN, which independently determines the IMSI/IMEI as shown in Block <b>1209</b>. The PLR either directly of via the BSC is transmitted to the SMLC with the IMSI and/or IMEI in Block <b>1211</b>. User plane positioning may then be selected for the location request as shown in Block <b>1213</b> and the SMLC requests the MSISDN associated with the IMSI/IMEI from the GMLC in Block <b>1215</b>. The GMLC performs a look up to determine the MSISDN associated with the IMSI/IMEI in Block <b>1217</b>. The MSISDN is then returned to the SMLC/SPC in Block <b>1219</b> and the SMLC/SPC invokes a SUPL signal to the SET based on the MSISDN and the IMSI or IMEI as shown in Block <b>2121</b>.

0088Alternatively, the SMLC instead of requesting the MSISDN in Block <b>1215</b>, may request the GMLC to initiate a SUPL session with the device with the MSISDN associated with the IMSI/IMEI as shown in Block <b>1220</b>. In which case the GMLC/SLC sends the appropriate SUPL initiation request the device with the corresponding MSISDN as shown in Block <b>1222</b>. Once the GMLC/SLC indicates the SUPL session, the device establishes the session with the SMLC/SPC with the appropriate SUPL start message as shown in Block <b>1224</b>. At the expiration of the location request the information relating the IMSI/IMEI and the MSISDN may be deleted.

0089As described previously, standard LCS control plane signaling can identify the current core network serving entity or MSC. This may be useful in arbitrating between SUPL and CoPL at this granularity of network coverage, for example, in making a roaming decision. However, a greater amount of detail may be useful. For example, multiple radio network controllers, BSCs may be subtended off a single MSC. Some of these radio network controllers may support CoPL LCS signaling and some may not. Thus, a CoPL request for a device in this area of coverage may fail. Having knowledge before selecting CoPL versus SUPL would therefore be more optimal and efficient than selecting a CoPL and falling back to SUPL on failure of the CoPL. In view of this, where the standard CoPL signaling does not provide detailed information about the serving radio network area, other messaging may advantageously be used. For example, the 3GPP standard LCS_SRI message does not provide access serving area information, but, the 3GPP CAMEL standard AnyTimeInterrogation (ATI) message response has the ability to provide the current serving access area information.

0090Since information associated with the serving area is available, it is beneficial to take advantage of improving optimization and efficiency. Therefore, preceding any CoPL or SUPL signaling with a request, such as ATI, permits the GMLC/SLM to select the most suitable signaling mechanism for that area of coverage. This can be accomplished by exploiting existing core network MAP signaling to the HLR using the MAP-ANY-TIME-INTERROGATION request message. This message will return a serving area identifier which by reference to a database, can be used to determine whether the network operator would prefer control plane or user plane signaling to be utilized in the performance of a location services request.

0091<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14</figref> illustrates a method for choosing a protocol layer for sending a location request signal to a mobile device where the mobile device is operating in a wireless network using an yet unknown standard having a CoPL and a SUPL. The yet unknown network standard likely being one of GSM, GERAN, UTRAN. As shown, the GMLC/SLM <b>1417</b> sends an ATI message, specifically a MATI message, to the HLR <b>1411</b>. This message may be sent via the wireless network's Mobile Application part signaling system. The HLR <b>1411</b> will in turn respond with a serving area identifier. The GMLC/SLM <b>1417</b>, using the serving area identifier with reference to a database can determine whether to invoke CoPL or UPL. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 14</figref>, the serving area identifier of Access area <b>1</b> results in SUPL being invoked to determine the location of the mobile appliance <b>1401</b>. However, in Access area <b>2</b>, the serving area identifier with reference to the database results in the selection of CoPL being invoked to determine the location of the mobile appliance <b>1402</b>.

0092The method for choosing the protocol layer, i.e. the CoPL or UPL, may be implemented in computer readable code, and distributed across network elements.

0093The various dual-plane LCS architectures described herein advantageously optimize speed, yield, accuracy, and roaming performance of location/position determination with CoPL and SUPL.

0094By utilizing network signaling facilities available through a mobile network control plane, it is possible to extract data which can be used to more precisely control the invocation of user-plane location signaling. This improves the overall latency and yield of the location services infrastructure in place for the cellular network. Further, by supporting the extraction of network-based measurements using control-plane signaling and using them in conjunction with measurements obtained by user-plane signaling, the accuracy and yield of individual location requests can also be improved.

0095Any process descriptions or blocks in flow charts should be understood as representing modules, segments, or portions of computer software or code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process, and alternate implementations are included within the scope of the preferred embodiment of the present disclosure in which functions may be executed out of order form that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those reasonably skilled in the art of the present disclosure.

0096As noted previously location requests may also come from the device or other parts of the network. These may come directly via the UP or via the CoP. In the case of the former, and for reasons previously described, the rest of the session will typically be limited to UPL procedures. However, for a request that is initiated on the CoP, the serving location platform may, as already described, still be able to arbitrate between or combine CoPL and UPL procedures to determine location.

0097It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments, particularly any “preferred” embodiments, are merely possible examples of implementations, merely set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the disclosure without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure, the present disclosure and protected by the following claims.

0098The embodiments disclosed herein for providing for protocol selection and position determination can be implemented using computer usable medium having a computer readable code executed by special purpose or general purpose computers.