Telephone based search system

0001This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 11/369,104 entitled “SPOKEN MOBILE ENGINE,” which is related to application Ser. No. 11/340,336 entitled “CELLULAR DEVICE WITH BROADCAST RADIO OR TV RECEIVER,” application Ser. No. 11/323,789 entitled “WIRELESS MOBILE VIDEO”, and application Ser. No. 11/369,028 entitled “MULTIMEDIA TELEPHONE,” the contents of which are incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

0002Short Message Service (SMS) is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks and provides the ability to send and receive text messages to and from mobile telephones. SMS was created as part of the GSM Phase 1 standard. Each short message is up to 160 characters in length for Latin character messages. The 160 characters can comprise of words, numbers, or punctuation symbols. Short messages can also be non-text based such as binary. The Short Message Service is a store and forward service and messages are not sent directly to the recipient but through a network SMS Center. This enables messages to be delivered to the recipient if their phone is not switched on or if they are out of coverage at the time the message was sent—so called asynchronous messaging just like email. Confirmation of message delivery is another feature and means the sender can receive a return message notifying them whether the short message has been delivered or not. In some circumstances multiple short messages can be concatenated (stringing several short messages together).

0003In addition to SMS, Smart Messaging (from Nokia), EMS (Enhanced Messaging System) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) have emerged. MMS adds images, text, audio clips and ultimately, video clips to SMS (Short Message Service/text messaging). Nokia created a proprietary extension to SMS called ‘Smart Messaging’ that is available on more recent Nokia phones. Smart messaging is used for services like Over The Air (OTA) service configuration, phone updates, picture messaging, operator logos etc. Smart Messaging is rendered over conventional SMS and does not need the operator to upgrade their infrastructure. SMS eventually will evolve toward MMS, which is accepted as a standard by the 3GPP standard. MMS enables the sending of messages with rich media such as sounds, pictures and eventually, even video. MMS itself is emerging in two phases, depending on the underlying bearer technology—the first phase being based on GPRS (2.5 G) as a bearer, rather than 3 G. This means that initially MMS will be very similar to a short PowerPoint presentation on a mobile phone (i.e. a series of “slides” featuring color graphics and sound). Once 3 G is deployed, sophisticated features like streaming video can be introduced. The road from SMS to MMS involves an optional evolutionary path called EMS (Enhanced Messaging System). EMS is also a standard accepted by the 3GPP.

0004In a parallel trend, internet protocol (IP) telephones are typically personal computer (PC) based telephones connected within an IP network, such as the public internet or a private network of a large organization. These IP telephones have installed “voice-over-IP” (VoIP) software enabling them to make and receive voice calls as well as send and receive information in data and video formats. IP telephony switches installed within the IP network enable voice calls to be made within or between IP networks, and between an IP network and a switched circuit network (SCN), such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN). If the IP switch supports the Signaling System 7 (SS7) protocol, the IP telephone can also access PSTN data bases.

0005As also known, subscribers to the PSTN have access to certain fee-based telephone services provided by the local telephone switching company. These include directory assistance (“DA”), which allow a caller to request operator assistance in obtaining a directory number (“DN”). Rather than dialing “0” to access the local operator the caller dials either: 411, 1-555-1212, or 1-NPA-555-1212 (where NPA is the Numbering Plan Area, or area code) and the call is presented to an operator on a screen that immediately identifies the call as a DA call. The operator obtains the DA search query information from the subscriber and initiates a DA database search. The DA database returns all listings that match the search criteria. The operator then selects the appropriate listing and releases the call to an audio response unit (ARU) that provides the subscriber with an audible report of the requested number.

0006The DA service is provided at a fee by the service provider and is an important revenue source. Similarly, the service is valuable to the subscriber when time or circumstance prevent the caller from determining the requested number on their own. Despite the benefits to both service provider and subscriber the DA service does have limitations for both parties. For the subscriber the reported telephone number is provided as an audible response. Although the reported number is repeated to give the caller the opportunity to either memorize or record it, the information is generally “jotted down” in a temporary way; sufficient only to make the present call. The failure to record the information in a permanent way, such as in a subscriber's telephone personal directory, typically results in the need to again access the DA service the next time the call must be made.

0007Since the DA service is a revenue source for the service provider the repeat access by a subscriber may well be considered a positive result. However, there are efficiencies with providing the DA service which are important to profitability. Since the subscriber calling the DA service operator does not necessarily have detailed information as to the residence, or even the locale of the party at the requested number, there is dialogue that must occur with the subscriber to allow the DA operator to narrow the search command to the DA database. For providers of telephone services in large metropolitan areas, this dialogue time can be significant, resulting in a corresponding amount of operator time to complete the transaction. As such, some service providers have begun use of automated operator technology in which a subscriber accesses a computer generated voice response menu and enters information via the telephone keypad. While this becomes a greater burden to the subscriber, it reduces the service providers real-time cost of providing real-time operators.

0008U.S. Pat. No. 6,829,243 discloses that DA information is provided by a telephone system to internet protocol client telephones in selectable formats including: a text data format provided jointly with an aural format in response to an aural request from the client and, alternately, in text data format in response to a text message request from the client.

0009U.S. Pat. No. 6,980,984 discloses methods for implementing a content provider using at least one structured data attribute, with an integer, float, string, or date value or the like. One or more such structured data attributes is obtained from a user query, a user attribute, a user selection, a document or other content resource, or an instance within an interactive user-provider dialog. One or more such structured data attributes is auto-mapped to a set of ordered concepts in an at least partially ordered taxonomy of a knowledge map representing a multidimensional organization of such concepts. A structured data attribute and/or an ordered concept is used to control the dialog, constrain a user's search, or order and present search results, either alone, or in combination with non-structured (e.g., textual) data and/or one or more concepts that is not ordered using a structured data parameter.

0010US Patent Application 20060077968 shows several examples for in-home Voice-Over-Internet Protocol (VOIP) telephony distribution. In one example, an analog telephone adapter may be modified to provide wireless capabilities. In another example, an isolation device or circuit may be added to a Network Interface Device or a Central Office. In yet another example, a second pair of wires may be used to provide VOIP service. As a result of implementing any one of these examples, a user may place a VOIP call throughout the user's home without being tethered to a fixed location.

SUMMARY

0011In a first aspect, a method to operate a telephone includes receiving a search query from the telephone; transmitting the search query to a search engine; searching one or more taxonomic databases based on the search query; and returning a search result to display on the telephone.

0012In another aspect, a system includes a telephone coupled to a wide area network; and a server coupled to the telephone over the wide area network, the server receiving a search query from the telephone; the server searching one or more taxonomic databases based on the search query and returning a search result to the telephone.

0013In yet another aspect, a system includes a handheld telephone coupled to a plain old telephone service (POTS) or a public switched telephone network (PSTN), the handheld telephone having a modem; a server coupled to the telephone over the POTS or PSTN, the server receiving a search query from the telephone; the server searching one or more databases based on the search query and returning a search result to display on the telephone.

0014In a further aspect, a telephone system for making free VOIP calls includes a handset with a display, a keypad, and a modem communicating with a remote server. The user make local and long distance calls for free and in addition may have access to value added services that include but not be limited to music, food, restaurant, movie, map, telephone directory, news, blogs, weather, stocks, calendar, sports, horoscopes, lottery, messages, or traffic database. The display of the phone periodically shows information of interest to the user (such as ads), based on a profile that the user makes when registering with the system. The profile is updated to track services and products as the user actually uses.

0015Implementations of the above may include one or more of the following. The system can capture a verbal search request and transmitting the verbal search request to the search engine. The verbal search request comprises one of: phoneme, diphone, triphone, syllable, demisyllable, cepstral coefficient, cepstrum coefficient. The search user can designate an entity from one of the search results to call back the telephone. One way to select is to click on a link and click on a subsequent button to confirm that the company associated with the link should call the user's telephone and the system can transmit the telephone's caller identification (Caller ID) number to the entity for calling back the telephone. The entity pays a fee for each Caller ID for referral fee, advertising fee, membership fee, or any other suitable business model fees. The telephone can be a Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) telephone, a cellular telephone, a WiFi telephone, a WiMAX telephone. The phone can provide directions to one of: a store, a retailer, a company, a venue. The taxonomic databases can be music, food, restaurant, movie, map, telephone directory, news, blogs, weather, stocks, calendar, sports, horoscopes, lottery, messages, or traffic database. The system can perform automated position determination with one of: triangulation based location determination, WiFi location determination, GPS, assisted GPS, GLONASS, assisted GLONASS, GALILEO, assisted GALILEO.

0016In yet another aspect, systems and methods are disclosed to operate a mobile device. The system includes a message center; an engine coupled to the message center; and a mobile device wirelessly coupled to the message center, wherein the engine specifies one or more meeting locations and wherein at least one meeting location comprises a location designated by an advertiser.

0017In another aspect, systems and methods are disclosed to operate a mobile device by capturing user speech; converting the user speech into one or more speech symbols; transmitting the speech symbols over a wireless messaging channel to an engine (such as a search engine or a game engine, among others); and generating a result based on the speech symbols.

0018In yet another aspect, a system operates a mobile device with a message center; an engine (such as a search engine or a game engine, for example) coupled to the message center; and a mobile device wirelessly coupled to the message center, the mobile device capturing user speech, converting the user speech into one or more speech symbols; transmitting the speech symbols over a wireless messaging channel to the engine; and receiving a search result from the engine based on the speech symbols.

0019Implementations of the above aspects may include one or more of the following. The disambiguating symbol can be a location. The system can improve recognition accuracy based on the location information. The system can refine the result based on user history. The system can analyze usage pattern from a population of users to refine the result. The result can be ranked based on payment by an entity that is the target of the search. The system can search for one of: services, people, products and companies. The system can enhance a search for one of: services, people, products and companies by tailoring the search with one of: telephone area code, zip code, airport code. The system can also enhance a search for one of: services, people, products and companies by tailoring the search with automated position determination. The automated position determination can include triangulation based location determination, WiFi location determination, GPS, assisted GPS, GLONASS, assisted GLONASS, GALILEO, or assisted GALILEO.

0020Advantages of the system may include one or more of the following. The above system allows the user to use his/her voice instead of a limited keypad for inputting a full set of typographical characters as such keypad entry can be very cumbersome and time consuming, e.g., with multiple keystrokes having to be entered to type a single character. The system is easy to use when the query is long. For searching, the search result provided by such verbal query is customized to the user's disambiguating data such as location data to provide useful on-the-go information to the user. Upon request, the system can also forward the user's request to the companies found in the search for call-back, thus increasing the call-through rate for advertisement purposes. For gaming, the game result can be customized according to the user's verbal instruction and the position information. The system can drive gamers in hunt of virtual treasures or virtual objectives to play the games at a predetermined location such as a concert event, a sports event, or a particular establishment such as Starbucks, McDonalds, Walmart, Sears, K-Mart, or any other businesses that are interested in driving potential customers to their physical location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0021<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> shows a typical organization of network elements in a GSM network.

0022<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref> shows an exemplary process for communicating speech to a remote server for determining user commands.

0023<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref> shows another exemplary process for communicating speech to a remote server for determining user commands.

0024<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows another exemplary process in accordance with one embodiment of a mobile system such as a cell phone that can perform verbal searches.

0025<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4C</figref> show exemplary results of a voice based search.

0026<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> shows an exemplary reverse name look up system for directory assistance.

0027<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a block diagram of an exemplary cordless telephone device.

0028<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> shows a telephone network.

DESCRIPTION

0029<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> shows a typical organization of network elements in a GSM network supporting messaging such as SMS. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in a central short message center (SMSC) which then forwards it to the destination mobile. The SMSC stores/forwards messages to and from the mobile station. The SME (Short Message Entity), which is typically a mobile phone or a GSM modem, can be located in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages. The SMS GMSC (SMS gateway MSC) is a gateway MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile network's point of contact with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register. HLR is the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC. The MSC (Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network which does the job of switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed network. A VLR (Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information form the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC+BTSs), which transmits the short message to the mobile. The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on.

0030<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref> shows an exemplary process for communicating speech to a remote server for determining user commands. The process captures user speech (<b>202</b>) and converts user speech into one or more speech symbols (<b>204</b>). The speech symbols can be phonemes, diphones, triphones, syllables, and demisyllables. The symbols can be LPC cepstral coefficients or MEL cepstrum coding technique can be used as symbols as well. More details on the conversion of user speech into symbols are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,140 entitled “Speech Recognizer” by the inventor of the instant application, the content of which is incorporated by reference.

0031Next, the process determine a point of interest such as an XY coordinate, a city name, a zip code, or an address (<b>206</b>). The process transmits the speech symbols and the point of interest over a wireless messaging channel to a search engine (<b>208</b>). The search engine can perform speech recognition and can optionally improve the recognition accuracy based on the point of interest as well as the user history (<b>210</b>). For example, if the user pronounces “Starbucks 95135” to try to locate a Starbucks coffee shop in the area with zip code 95135, the system based on prior user requests, would initiate a search query for Starbucks in the area with zip code 95135. The system generates a search result based on the speech symbols and the point of interest (<b>212</b>). The user can scroll the search results and identify the entity that he/she would like to contact. Alternatively, the user can press a button to indicate that the entity should call back the user.

0032In one embodiment, merchants pay the operator of the system for the privilege of calling the user back. Consumers simply elect to be called back by a merchant, by selecting the merchant. The server then bridges the mobile phone with the merchant automatically. The service is useful when traveling or when the user is unable to write down a number. Merchants pay to have their listings first. The user still gets listings for all merchants in the category he or she selects.

0033<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2B</figref> shows another exemplary process for communicating speech to a remote server for determining user commands. Similar to the process of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref>, the process captures user speech (<b>232</b>) and converts the user speech into one or more speech symbols (<b>234</b>). Next, the process optionally determines one or more disambiguating symbols such as location symbols that help refine the subsequent speech recognition and game or search operation (<b>236</b>). The disambiguating symbols can be location related symbols such as XY coordinates, GPS coordinates, zip code, area code, city name, among others.

0034Next, the process transmits the speech symbols and the disambiguating symbols over a wireless messaging channel to a suitable engine such as a game engine or a search engine (<b>238</b>). The process improves the recognition accuracy based on the disambiguating symbols as well as the user history (<b>240</b>). Finally, the process generates a search result based on the speech symbols and the disambiguating symbols (<b>242</b>).

0035In addition to free text search, the system can also search predefined categories as well as undefined categories. For examples, the predefined categories can be sports, stocks, flight status, package tracking, price comparison, weather, yellow pages, movie show times, wifi hotspots, news, hotel reservations, drink recipes, jokes, horoscopes, or pickup lines, for example.

0036In yet other embodiments, the voice search system can provide mobile access to virtually any type of live and on-demand audio content, including Internet-based streaming audio, radio, television or other audio source. Wireless users can listen to their favorite music, catch up on the latest news, or follow their favorite sports.

0037The system can also automatically send information to the mobile device via text messages. An alert can be created for specific sports teams, leagues, weather reports, horoscopes, stock quotes and more. Alerts can be set on a regular delivery schedule or for event-triggers such as stock quote and sports score changes. Event-triggered alerts keep users informed about real-time changes to things that they care about. For example, sports alerts can provide instant updates at the end of a period, inning, quarter, half, game or golf round for MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, PGA and all major college sports, instant updates when the score changes (excluding NBA) Stock Alerts, instant updates for user-specified stocks or funds at market open and/or close, or instant updates for designated percentage change in price or specified price targets, among others. “By giving users the choice to receive event-triggered alerts, users can stay current on the latest changes in their portfolio or with their favorite teams, they can make more informed decisions, save time, and stay in the know continuously about subjects and events that are important to them. Event-triggered alerts are an addition to periodic alerts that can be scheduled for delivery at the time and preference of the user. Periodic alerts include 5-day weather forecasts, daily horoscopes, plus sports and stock alerts that can be set to a time of day instead of an event.

0038In one implementation, an audio alert can be sent. First, an SMS notification (text) announcing the alert is sent to the subscriber's cell phone. A connection is made to the live or on-demand audio stream. The user listens to the announcement as a live or on-demand stream. The system provides mobile phone users with access to live and on-demand streaming audio in categories such as music, news, sports, entertainment, religion and international programming. Users may listen to their favorite music, catch-up on latest news, or follow their sports team. The system creates opportunities for content providers and service providers, such as wireless carriers, with a growing content network and an existing and flourishing user base. Text-based or online offerings may be enhanced by streaming live and on-demand audio content to wireless users.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows another exemplary process in accordance with one embodiment of a mobile system such as a cell phone that can perform verbal mobile phone searches. First, the mobile system captures spoken speech from a user relating to a desired search term (<b>302</b>). A speech recognition engine recognizes the search term from the user's spoken request (<b>204</b>). The system then completes a search term query (<b>306</b>) as needed. The system then sends the complete search term query to one or more search engines (<b>308</b>). The search engine can be a taxonomy search engine as described below. The system retrieves one or more search results from the search engine(s) (<b>310</b>), and presents the search result(s) to the user (<b>312</b>). The user can view or call the person or business associated with the desired search result.

0040In one implementation, if the user is interested in searching for a store called “Starbucks” in the current vicinity of the user, he/she would speak “Starbucks” to the mobile system computer, the system recognizes that the user is looking for Starbucks in his/her vicinity and would automatically determine its current position and append the position into the search term query. Hence, by speaking “Starbucks”, the system would determine the location of the cell phone and create a query searches for Starbucks in San Francisco, for example. In this manner the user can search for services, people, products and companies that are local to her or him with minimum effort.

0041In an implementation where the location information is manually entered, the system that interprets the user request intelligently. For example the user can search for services, people, products and companies by telephone area code, by Zip Code, or by airport code. For example, to find a store called “Starbucks” in San Francisco, the user can speak to the cell phone: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li id="ul0001-0001" num="0000"><ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li id="ul0002-0001" num="0042"> Starbucks san francisco Calif. </li><li id="ul0002-0002" num="0043"> Starbucks san fran (does partial match no state) </li><li id="ul0002-0003" num="0044"> Starbucks 415 (by area code) </li><li id="ul0002-0004" num="0045"> Starbucks 94118 (by Zip Code) </li><li id="ul0002-0005" num="0046"> Starbucks SFO (by airport code) </li></ul></li></ul>

0047In the event the system cannot understand the request, the system presents a template with the pre-formatted search string and the user can edit the template and submit the search request in the template format.

0048<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4C</figref> show exemplary results of a voice based search. In this example, the user pronounces “Starbucks” and the system responds with search results in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref>. For more detail, the user can press a key or reply with one letter reply of his or her choice. <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> shows an example expansion when choice ‘a’ of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4A</figref> is selected. The exemplary result shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4B</figref> includes address and phone number. The result can also be map as shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4C</figref> or direction from the user's current position to the target address in other implementations. In other examples, the user can pronounce “Starbucks” along with a zip code, city or name such as “Starbucks 30342”, “Starbucks Atlanta” or “Starbucks 404” and the result would be the same as those in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 4A-4B</figref>.

0049<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> shows an exemplary reverse look up system. When the user receives an incoming call, the system looks up incoming caller ID (<b>502</b>). This can be done using a telephone directory search in a database or in the cell phone's contact file. Alternatively, the system can search based on the name pronounced by the user's greeting speech. Next, the system supplements a Search Query to locate Employer, Spouse, Family, Hobby or Other Related Information from a Search Engine (<b>504</b>). The system sends an SMS Message with the Search Query to the Search Engine (<b>506</b>). The system then receives and displays one or more Search Results from the Search Engine (<b>508</b>). The system allows the user to scroll and select a Search Result to display more detailed information to the user during the call (<b>510</b>).

0050In addition to SMS or MMS, the system can work with XHTML, Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, also known as WAP 2.0, or it can work with WML, Wireless Markup Language, also known as WAP 1.2. XHTML and WML are formats used to create Web pages that can be displayed in a mobile Web browser. This means that Web pages can be scaled down to fit the phone screen.

0051In one embodiment, the search engine is a taxonomy search engine (TSE). TSE is a web service approach to federating taxonomic databases such as Google or specialized databases from retailers, for example. The system takes the voice based query (expressed in phonemes, for example), converts the speech symbols into query text and the query is sent to a number of different databases, asking each one whether they contain results for that query. Each database has its own way of returning information about a topic, but the details are hidden from the user. TSE converts the speech symbols into a search query and looks up the query using a number of independent taxonomic databases. One embodiment uses a wrapper-mediator architecture, where there is a wrapper for each external database. This wrapper converts the query into terms understood by the database and then translates the result into a standard format for a mediator which selects appropriate information to be used and formats the information for rendering on a mobile phone.

0052In another embodiment, the system can handle structured and unstructured databases. The system uses ontologies, each of which is a vocabulary detailing all the significant words for a particular domain, like healthcare or music or video or a consumer item, and the relationship between each word. The system then recognizes these terms in their particular context.

0053A plurality of ontology systems can be used: one ontology to analyze unstructured information, another to analyze databases or other structured information, and a third to unify the two by data sets. So while a music listener can think of ‘U2’ as a band, a cell phone can think of ‘U2’ as a ring-tone, a newspaper might refer to a ‘U2’ for an incident, a military database might use the terms ‘U2’ for a spying plane, among others. In one implementation, the system semi-automatically builds and maintains domain specific ontologies. The system performs automatic detection and extraction of events in textual data and integrates the textual temporal information which has been extracted, in a document warehouse. The system provides temporal knowledge discovery of items for trends analysis.

0054In one aspect, the system semi-automatically builds and maintains domain specific ontologies. The system automatically generates ontology by examining numerous samples of the type of information typically being searched. The system then analyzes and produces a provisional ontology, which can be adjusted by users' acceptance or rejection of the search results to create a definitive ontology.

0055In another exemplary TSE, the system searches taxonomic databases that are related together. For instance, if the telephone user enters “U2”, the system based on the ontological and/or taxonomical knowledge of “U2” searches databases relating to music, and locating music vendors of similar content as search results. The search results are provided as a series of links that are displayed on the telephone for the user to select. In one option, the user can select an item and request the vendor to call the user back to complete the sales transaction. In another option, the system automatically fills in an order form and displays to the user for approval prior to submitting the information to the selected vendor. In one implementation, the vendor in turn pays a commission to the system for the sales referral.

0056In one embodiment, the system includes a multidimensional knowledge map. The knowledge map includes concepts. The concepts are organized into taxonomies. Each taxonomy includes a hierarchical structure. One taxonomy can be a first concept that is ordered with respect to a second concept independent of the hierarchical structure. The content provider system also includes content items. The items can be tagged to the concepts using a value of a structured data attribute associated with the items. In one example, the tagged item is selected from the group consisting of a user query, a user attribute, and a resource. In another example, the item is tagged to at least one of the concepts using at least one keyword included in the item. In another example, the first concept includes a first mapping function including an input and an output. The input of the first mapping function includes a value of a structured data attribute of at least one item. The output of the first mapping function indicates whether to tag the item to the first concept. In a further example, the second concept includes a second mapping function. The second mapping function includes an input and an output. The input of the second mapping function includes a value of a structured data attribute of at least one item. The output of the mapping function indicates whether to tag the at least one item to the second concept, such that the at least one item tagged to the first concept is ordered with respect to the at least one item tagged to the second concept. In one example, the input of the first mapping function includes information obtained from a source external to the system that is used in providing the output of the first mapping function. In another example, the input of the first mapping function uses information about how the at least one item tags to other concepts in providing the output of the first mapping function. In a further example, the input of the first mapping function uses information about at least one keyword included in the at least one item in providing the output of the first mapping function.

0057The system can have a multidimensional knowledge map. The system can execute a process that includes organizing concepts into groups representing dimensions of a domain, including ordering a first concept with respect to a second concept in the same group, using at least one structured data parameter, tagging at least one item to at least one of the first and second concepts, and constraining a user's search to only one of the first and second concepts. In another embodiment, one or more items are tagged to at least one of the first and second concepts based at least in part on a first structured data parameter that is modified based on an indication derived from at least one previous user's interaction with the system. In one variation on this embodiment, the tagging is also based on at least one of: a second structured data parameter, language associated with the item, and a second tag associated with the at least one item. In another example, the tagging is also based on at least one of whether the at least one previous user's interaction with the system was deemed successful and context information obtained from a dialog interaction with the at least one previous user. In one embodiment, a gateway provides the search service to POTS/PSTN telephone callers with minimum modification of the existing system.

0058In one embodiment, an inquiry can be entered by a telephone user. The telephone user can type the inquiry on the telephone keypad or speak the inquiry to the phone. In one embodiment, the spoken inquiry is captured by the server and speech recognition software at the server can convert the spoken inquiry into text and sent back to the display of the phone for confirmation. In another embodiment, the spoken inquiry can be converted into phonetic equivalent and transmitted as a message such as SMS message or email or WAP message to the server. As noted, the inquiry can be a natural language query, a boolean logic query specifying one or more search terms, or any combination thereof. The server then processes the received inquiry. For example, the inquiry can be parsed to identify keywords, search terms, and boolean operators. If the inquiry is a natural language inquiry, the language can be grammatically parsed to identify likely search terms and discard words which are not relevant to the subject or domain of the inquiry.

0059Next, the server can determine whether a relevant taxonomy model exists. In particular, using the search terms, the server can examine previously determined taxonomy models to determine whether the domains, types, and/or sub-types of an existing taxonomy model include any common information such as search terms. This determination can be performed with reference to the dictionary and thesaurus databases. That is, the search for an existing taxonomy model can be expanded to include terms specified by the dictionary and/or thesaurus databases which are synonymous and/or related to terms of the inquiry. Accordingly, although an inquiry may not include terminology that is identical to an existing taxonomy model, the server can identify related models by cross referencing the taxonomy model terminology with the inquiry terminology using the dictionary and thesaurus databases. As the dictionary and thesaurus databases can include both predetermined information as well as user configured information, the user can specify relationships between terms and domains such that the server can identify relationships among inquiries and existing taxonomy models despite the existence of only an indirect relationship between the inquiry and taxonomy model.

0060If one or more existing taxonomy models are found to have an association with the received inquiry, the identified taxonomy models can be used as a seed or basis for generating a new taxonomy model. In particular, attributes from the identified taxonomy models can be used as a baseline model. For example, Internet sites, search engines, databases, and/or Web pages used in the existing taxonomy model can be given higher priority than had no related taxonomy model been identified. Similarly, previously identified relationships between domain types, domain subtypes, and text passages of the existing taxonomy model can be re-examined by the server and used in recursive searches to be described herein in greater detail.

0061If no existing taxonomy model is relevant to the inquiry, a new taxonomy model is initialized. The server can access the dictionary database and the thesaurus database to identify alternative search terms and phrases to those specified in the inquiry. Accordingly, the server can broaden the scope of the inquiry to encompass synonymous, related, and/or relevant terms without requiring the user to specify an unduly large or complex inquiry. As the dictionary and thesaurus databases can include references to designated search engines suited to the subject matter of that entry, the server further can identify those search target engines which will be searched in response to the broadened inquiry. For example, if the user types “U2”, the server searches all music related sites for the available albums from “U2” since the search came from a phone and users are unlikely to search for U2 spy-planes on a telephone. The user can be more specific and enter “U2 review” and the system would search Google or Yahoo or MSN search engines for reviews of the band, sort/filter/remove redundancy and presents articles that the user can review on the rather limited screen of the telephone. Thus, the user can do research using the limited I/O of the phone if necessary, but the default is to assume that the user wants assistance to buy or to get to a particular location rather than to do in-depth research on the limited telephone screen and keypad.

0062The server can generate and send queries based upon the initial user inquiry. The server can access the rules of the query protocol database to determine the query format associated with the target search engines. Accordingly the server can translate the received inquiry into one or more queries to be directed to the target search engines. Thus, each resulting query can conform the format required by the particular search engine to which the query is to be directed.

0063Results from the various target search engines can be received by the server. For example, from each of the target search engines, the server can receive a listing of references in response to the queries provided. The received references can be processed and prioritized. For example, the server can merge the various lists of URLs into a single list, remove duplicate URLs, and prioritize the remaining list according to the prioritization hierarchy specified by the research rules. Copies of the references specified by the processed listing of references can be retrieved. The text of the retrieved references can be extracted by removing any formatting tags or other embedded electronic document overhead. For example, any visual formatting of the text, content labeling of the data, or other data annotations can be removed from the retrieved references.

0064The server can take a course of action given the existence of particular word and/or text associations within a text passage including, but not limited to acronyms, syntactic variants, synonyms, semantic variants, and domain associations. For example, the rules can specify that a search is to be initiated for each identified acronym such that the resulting taxonomy model and report include information about the acronyms. Acronyms can be identified by identifying terms in all capital letters, using grammatical rules, and/or by specifying the terms within the dictionary and/or thesaurus databases.

0065Each of the aforementioned word and/or text associations identified within relevant text passages can be recursively identified within newly determined search results and recursively submitted to the various search engines to progressively acquire additional information. Taking another example, an original query for “jazz” can reveal that Acid Jazz, Avant Garde &amp; Free Jazz, Bebop, Brazilian Jazz, Cool Jazz, Jazz Fusion, Jazz Jam Bands, Latin Jazz, Modern Postbebop, New Orleans Jazz, Smooth Jazz, Soul-Jazz &amp; Boogaloo, Swing Jazz, Traditional Jazz &amp; Ragtime, and Vocal Jazz are relevant terms. In this example, the system may recursively submit queries for each type of jazz music to progressively acquire further facts. The system may identify the top ten purchased or downloaded musician in a particular jazz music type and present that as the search sub-result to the user. The system is also aware of URLs of top retailers for a particular band and can add these URLs into the search sequence on a periodic basis such as on a daily or hourly basis.

0066After having identified the key relationships as well as the domain types and subtypes, a taxonomy model can be generated to summarize information discovered as a result of the inquiry. The taxonomy model can be formulated as a relational graph where nodes representing domain types are linked with child nodes clustered around the domain type. The child nodes represent the domain subtypes. Each of the nodes, whether a domain type or a domain sub-type, can include one or more attributes. Any incidental terms occurring infrequently can be pruned from the taxonomy model. Accordingly, the resulting clusters of domain types and domain sub-types represent the hierarchy between general and more specific concepts.

0067Off-line, the server can analyze the taxonomy model to identify patterns within the taxonomy model to provide faster and more accurate search results. The rules can specify particular relationships of interest in the taxonomy model. For example, the research rules can indicate that attributes which co-occur within one concept may be relevant to peer concepts, that concepts which share common attributes may form clusters of potential significance, relationships which divide clusters into mutually exclusive subsets are potentially significant, relationships which generate intersections among distinct clusters are potentially significant. The server can formulate additional sub-queries to provide the target search engines. For example, the sub-queries can specify new combinations of search terms such as domain types, domain subtypes, and attributes as determined from the research rules and the relational graph. Exemplary pattern rules can include “if type X has attribute Y, then search for other types with attributes of Y” and “if type X has attribute Y, then search for X having an attribute Y with alternative values for Y.” Continuing with the previous example, execution of the exemplary pattern rules can generate sub-queries such as “are there other items like U2 band.” The results of the sub-queries can be incorporated into the existing taxonomy model.

0068The determined taxonomy model can be presented to a system administrator for approval. The administrator can add elements to the taxonomy model, delete elements from the taxonomy model, and/or reorder the contents of the taxonomy model. Once the model is accepted by the administrator, edits to the taxonomy model can be incorporated. A report can be generated for review and can include the relational graph of the taxonomy model, a taxonomy outlining the domain of the taxonomy model, text descriptions of key concepts, attributes and relationships, as well as citations linking derived results to the original source documents. The resulting taxonomy model and research report can be stored for subsequent use.

0069The search result is accurate and provides relevant information for the needs of a telephone user. The system brings the advantages of the Internet to telephones that are designed to work over the POTS/PSTN network. One such benefit is the ability to access Internet search engines for POTS/PSTN phones. It lends itself to various embodiments, each of which delivers the information in a text data format but in a different interface manner. The use of a gateway connection between the server and the POTS network provides the greatest degree of service expansion in that the text data may be provided in conjunction with a standard audio delivery, or it may be provided as a direct access database in which no voice call is involved. This is a high value added service which is of immediate benefit to both the client and the telephone service provider. In consideration of its high value and in the flexibility of its delivery, the telephone service provider has a variety of options in charging for the service. This may include a flat monthly subscription fee for all subscribers which eliminates the need for transaction billing, reducing both the service cost to the provider as well as the service charge to the customer.

0070In another aspect, a telephone system for making free VOIP calls includes a handset with a display, a keypad, and a modem communicating with a remote server. The user make local and long distance calls for free and in addition may have access to value added services that include but not be limited to music, food, restaurant, movie, map, telephone directory, news, blogs, weather, stocks, calendar, sports, horoscopes, lottery, messages, or traffic database. The display of the phone periodically shows information of interest to the user (such as ads), based on a profile that the user makes when registering with the system. The profile is updated to track services and products as the user actually uses.

0071Other revenue models can be used. In one embodiment, the system acts as brokers or market-makers: the system brings buyers and sellers together and facilitates transactions. Brokers play a frequent role in business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) markets. Usually a broker charges a fee or commission for each transaction it enables. The formula for fees can vary. Brokerage models include: Buy/Sell Fulfillment—takes customer orders to buy or sell a product or service, including terms like price and delivery; Demand Collection System—where a prospective buyer makes a final (binding) bid for a specified good or service, and the broker arranges fulfillment; Auction Broker—conducts auctions for sellers (individuals or merchants) Broker charges the seller a listing fee and commission scaled with the value of the transaction; Transaction Broker—provides a third-party payment mechanism for buyers and sellers to settle a transaction; Distributor—a catalog operation that connects a large number of product manufacturers with volume and retail buyers and where Broker facilitates business transactions between franchised distributors and their trading partners; Search Agent—a software agent or “robot” used to search-out the price and availability for a good or service specified by the buyer, or to locate hard to find information; Virtual Marketplace—or virtual mall, a hosting service for online merchants that charges setup, monthly listing, and/or transaction fees.

0072Alternatively, an advertising model can be used where advertisers pay for referrals or clicks from the telephone. A high volume of user traffic makes advertising profitable and permits further diversification of site services. For example, the system can search classifieds—list items for sale or wanted for purchase. In another embodiment, the system provides free to access but require users to register and provide demographic data. Registration allows inter-session tracking of user surfing habits and thereby generates data of potential value in targeted advertising campaigns. The system can also support Contextual Advertising/Behavioral Marketing. For example, a telephone extension that automates authentication and form fill-ins, also delivers advertising links or pop-ups as the user surfs the web. Contextual advertisers can sell targeted advertising based on an individual user's surfing activity. The system can support Content-Targeted Advertising that identifies the meaning of a web page and then automatically delivers relevant ads when a user visits that page. The system can display Intromercials—animated full-screen ads placed at the entry of a site before a user reaches the intended content.

0073In another business model, the system acts as an Infomediary that provides data about consumers and their consumption habits used to target marketing campaigns. Independently collected data about producers and their products are useful to consumers when considering a purchase.

0074In another embodiment, the system provides Incentive Marketing—customer loyalty program that provides incentives to customers such as redeemable points or coupons for making purchases from associated retailers. Data collected about users is sold for targeted advertising. The system can also be a Metamediary that facilitates transactions between buyer and sellers by providing comprehensive information and ancillary services, without being involved in the actual exchange of goods or services between the parties.

0075The system can also be a merchant, wholesalers and retailers of goods and services. Sales may be made based on list prices or through auction. The system can also be a merchant that deals strictly in digital products and services and, in its purest form, conducts both sales and distribution of contents such as music/video/call tone/ring tone over the web.

0076The system performs automatic detection and extraction of events in textual data and integrates the textual temporal information which has been extracted, in a document database. The system provides temporal knowledge discovery of items for trends analysis.

0077The system can use ontology with non-text information as well. Many repositories of digitized or electronic images, graphics, music and videos have been built. However, searching such multimedia files is still difficult. In one embodiment, the system performs speech recognition on the video and converts speech into text for searching. The converted text is stored as meta-tags associated with the music or video, and upon selection in response to a search, the music or video can be displayed for playing or for purchase.

0078In another embodiment, a system locates a predetermined multimedia file by having users upload a plurality of image, music and video files to a server, each file including multimedia data such as image or video or audio data and meta data describing the content; extracting the multi-media data and meta-data from the multimedia files; updating a search engine index with the meta-data; and subsequently locating the predetermined multimedia file using the search engine.

0079<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> is a block diagram of a cordless telephone device <b>400</b>. The cordless telephone device <b>400</b> includes a cordless baseband processor <b>402</b>, a cordless phone radio transmit/receive block <b>404</b>, a human interface <b>406</b>, and a power charger <b>408</b>. The cordless telephone extension <b>400</b> may be capable of answering one or more calls by selecting line <b>1</b> or line <b>2</b> in addition to using a key sequence (e.g., *8) to switch between the calls or an analog line. The cordless telephone extension <b>400</b> may be capable of receiving distinctive ring tones and forwarding them to the user interface <b>406</b> visually or via melody or distinctive ring pattern. The cordless telephone device <b>400</b> can receive data and displaying the data over IP or other cordless interfaces.

0080As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, the cordless telephone <b>400</b> can be connected to a plain old telephone service (POTS) or a public switched telephone network (PSTN), the telephone having a modem through the transmit/receive block <b>404</b>. A server communicates with the telephone <b>400</b> over the POTS or PSTN, the server receiving a search query from the telephone; searching one or more databases based on the search query and returning a search result to display on the telephone human interface <b>406</b>.

0081<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> is a block diagram of an exemplary telephone network <b>800</b>. The network or distribution system <b>800</b> includes a Central Office <b>830</b> and a Customer Premise <b>832</b>. The Customer Premise <b>832</b> includes an IAD <b>818</b>, which has a battery <b>820</b>. The in-home wiring is connected to the IAD <b>818</b>, which provides the interface with a personal computer <b>822</b> and/or other devices that communicate using a data network. The in-home wiring is also connected to an RJ-11 jack <b>824</b>, which is connected to a DSL filter <b>826</b>, which in turn is connected to a standard POTS telephone <b>828</b>. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref>, any number of telephone connections may be found in the home or office.

0082The Central Office <b>830</b> includes a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) <b>806</b>, a splitter <b>808</b>, an isolator circuit <b>810</b>, a battery <b>814</b>, and a POTS switch <b>812</b>. The Central Office <b>830</b> is connected to a data network <b>802</b> (including wide area network such as the Internet) via the DSLAM <b>806</b> and a voice network <b>804</b> via the POTS switch <b>812</b>. The data network <b>802</b> allows the Central Office <b>830</b> to communicate with various external databases (such as amazon.com, yahoo.com and other sites for books, music, and video as well as search engines such as google.com, among others). Additionally, the Central Office <b>830</b> is connected to the Customer Premises <b>832</b> via a Main Distribution Frame (MDF) <b>816</b>. The MDF <b>816</b>, which is well known in the art, is the termination point for external truck cables entering the Central Office <b>830</b>.

0083When an IAD <b>818</b> is not present in a Customer Premises <b>832</b>, the isolator circuit <b>810</b> allows analog POTS service to pass through normally. However, once an IAD <b>818</b> is installed and presents a voltage signal (typically, <b>24</b> volts) via the battery <b>820</b> onto the tip and ring lines, the isolator circuit <b>810</b> detects a voltage differential between the Central Office <b>830</b> and the IAD <b>818</b>. Upon detection of the voltage differential, the isolator circuit <b>810</b> activates a relay to disconnect the POTS switch <b>812</b> from the isolator circuit <b>810</b>. While this example uses DC signaling to initiate the isolation function, other communication techniques could also be used, such as using tones. Once the isolator circuit <b>810</b> is activated, calls made from any telephone in the home are routed through the IAD <b>818</b>, converted to VOIP, and sent out to the Internet via DSL transport through the DSLAM <b>806</b>. The DSLAM <b>806</b> is a device known in the art for taking connections from many customers and aggregating them into a single, high-capacity connection to the Internet. The DSLAM <b>806</b> may provide additional functions, such as routing and dynamic IP address assignment. By including the isolation function to the Central Office <b>830</b>, installation is simplified. For example, to install the isolator circuit <b>810</b> into the customer premises, such as the NID, a service technician needs to travel to the home. The Central Office solution eliminates the need to install equipment at the customer premises. Additional economies may be realized by including the isolator function to the Central Office <b>830</b> because one isolator circuit <b>810</b> may be used for multiple users.

0084In another embodiment, the user captures and edits video taken with a camcorder, camera, cordless telephones with cameras, or cellular telephones with cameras. The user performs simple edits to the video segment. The system allows the editing user more creative freedom at each step in the process, such as being able to preview and correct each edit decision on the fly. The video editing process becomes similar to putting together a document or graphics presentation where the user cuts and pastes the segments together adding effects and titles.

0085The software can provide Linear Editing where the content can only be edited sequentially similar to older mechanical techniques of cutting films to perform the edit functions. The software can alternatively provide Non-Linear Editing where editing in this environment is essentially is a visual Cut-and-Paste method and the user can edit any part of the video at will.

0086The system can provide In-Camera Editing: Video shots are structured in such a way that they are shot in order and of correct length. In another embodiment, the system allows the user to assemble edit: Video shots are not structured in a specific order during shooting but are rearranged and unneeded shots deleted at the time of transferring (copying). This process requires at the least, a Camcorder and VCR. the original footage remains intact, but the rearranged footage is transferred to a new tape. Each scene or cut is “assembled” on a blank tape either one-at-a-time or in a sequence. The system can provide two types of Assemble Editing: 1) A Roll-Editing from a single source, with the option of adding an effect, such as titles or transitioning from a frozen image the start of the next cut or scene and 2) A/B Roll-Editing from a minimum of two sources or Camcorders and recording to a third source. The system can also support insert editing where new material is recorded over existing footage. This technique can be used during the original shooting process or during a later editing process. The system provides Titles on Cardboard, Paper, or other Opaque Media-Painting titles on opaque media and recording the pages on videotape and inserting or assembling the title between scenes, previously shot, during the editing process.

0087The system supports Sound Mixing where two or more sound sources can be connected to a sound mixer and then inputted into the video. The system also supports Audio Dubbing for adding audio to footage that is already edited together or previously shot. The audio is added to the video tape without altering the previously recorded video and, in some cases, without altering the previously recorded audio.

0088The above process is suitable for editing consumer produced content which tends to be short. In certain contents such as news or movies that take too long to transmit or view, the contents need to be reduced into chunks of one, five, ten or fifteen minutes, for example, to allow easy viewing while the user is traveling or otherwise don't have full attention on the device for an extended period. In one embodiment, video is micro-chunked to reduce entertainment to its simplest discrete form, be it a blog post, a music track, or a skit. Next, the system makes the content available and lets people download, view, read, or listen. The system lets consumers subscribe to content through RSS- and podcast-style feeds so they can enjoy it wherever and whenever they like. Optionally, the system can put ads and tracking systems into the digital content itself to provide revenue. In one implementation, the system provides microchunk videos entirely free, but it plays in a pop-up window alongside an ad or alternatively short commercials also play before some segments. The microchunks can be e-mailed, linked to, searched for, downloaded, remixed, and made available on-line.

0089The user or producer can embed meta data into the video or music. Exemplary meta data for video or musical content such as CDs includes artist information such as the name and a list of albums available by that artist. Another meta data is album information for the title, creator and Track List. Track metadata describes one audio track and each track can have a title, track number, creator, and track ID. Other exemplary meta data includes the duration of a track in milliseconds. The meta data can describe the type of a release with possible values of: TypeAlbum, TypeSingle, TypeEP, TypeCompilation, TypeSoundtrack, TypeSpokenword, TypeInterview, TypeAudiobook, TypeLive, TypeRemix, TypeOther. The meta data can contain release status information with possible values of: StatusOfficial, StatusPromotion, StatusBootleg. Other meta data can be included as well.

0090The meta-data can be entered by the musician, the producer, the record company, or by a music listener or purchaser of the music. In one implementation, a content buyer (such as a video buyer of video content) can store his or her purchased or otherwise authorized content on the server in the buyer's own private directory that no one else can access. When uploading the multimedia files to the server, the buyer annotates the name of the files and other relevant information into a database on the server. Only the buyer can subsequently download or retrieve files he or she uploaded and thus content piracy is minimized. The meta data associated with the content is stored on the server and is searchable and accessible to all members of the community, thus facilitating searching of multimedia files for everyone.

0091In one implementation that enables every content buyer to upload his/her content into a private secured directory that cannot be shared with anyone else, the system prevents unauthorized distribution of content. In one implementation for music sharing that allows one user to access music stored by another user, the system pays royalty on behalf of its users and supports the webcasting of music according to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. 114. The system obtains a statutory license for the non-interactive streaming of sound recordings from Sound Exchange, the organization designated by the U.S. Copyright Office to collect and distribute statutory royalties to sound recording copyright owners and featured and non featured artists. The system is also licensed for all U.S. musical composition performance royalties through its licenses with ASCAP, BMI and SESAC. The system also ensures that any broadcast using the client software adheres to the sound recording performance complement as specified in the DMCA. Similar licensing arrangements are made to enable sharing of images and/or videos/movies.

0092The system is capable of indexing and summarizing images, music clips and/or videos. The system also identifies music clips or videos in a multimedia data stream and prepares a summary of each music video that includes relevant image, music or video information. The user can search the music using the verbal search system discussed above. Also, for game playing, the system can play the music or the micro-chunks of video in accordance with a search engine or a game engine instruction to provide better gaming enjoyment.

0093In one gaming embodiment, one or more accelerometers may be used to detect a scene change during a video game running within the mobile device. For example, the accelerometers can be used in a tilt-display control application where the user tilts the mobile phone to provide an input to the game. In another gaming embodiment, mobile games determine the current position of the mobile device and allow players to establish geofences around a building, city block or city, to protect their virtual assets. The mobile network such as the WiFi network or the cellular network allows players across the globe to form crews to work with or against one another. In another embodiment, digital camera enables users to take pictures of themselves and friends, and then map each digital photograph's looks into a character model in the game. Other augmented reality game can be played with position information as well. “Computer readable media” can be any available media that can be accessed by client/server devices. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by client/server devices. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media.

0094All references including patent applications and publications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.