Rugged fiber optic array

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

0001This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/416,007, filed Oct. 4, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/463,295, filed Apr. 16, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/465,150, filed Apr. 24, 2003, the entirety of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

00021. Field of the Invention

0003The present invention relates generally to an improved design and construction technique for fiber optic hydrophones and hydrophone arrays. More specifically, the present invention comprises a fiber optic hydrophone that has a continuous solid, yet compliant, elastomer core. In some embodiments, plastic microspheres have been added to the elastomer core to provide increased acoustic compliance.

00042. Description of Related Art

0005There are many occasions when it is necessary to detect acoustic signals in an underwater environment. For example, geologic exploration is often carried out by setting small explosives below the ocean's, or other body of water's, surface, detonating the explosives, and then detecting the resulting acoustic signals to determine the structure of various features on or under the sea floor. Additionally, there is a need to be able to detect acoustic signals, such as the sounds emitted by ships, submarines, fish or other animals, that are transmitted under water.

0006Generally, where acoustic signals need to be sensed or detected in an underwater environment, sensors called hydrophones are used. In many instances, multiple hydrophones are joined together with a specified spacing between each hydrophone to form an array of hydrophones. Such arrays of multiple hydrophones are particularly useful compared to use of single hydrophones where it is necessary to determine the direction the acoustic signals are coming from, or to provide increased sensitivity so as to improve the likelihood of detecting faint acoustic signals.

0007Conventional hydrophone arrays consist of a series of many piezoelectric elements, or sensors, each of which produces a voltage proportional to the intensity of acoustic signals incident upon the hydrophone. Typical hydrophones available for use in such arrays at present have various circuitry or other electronics associated with the sensor elements located at each sensor in hydrophone. These associated circuits are used for amplification, filtering, digitization, multiplexing and the like of the signals produced by the piezoelectric sensors. Because these additional circuits or electronics are necessarily located underwater, the circuits and electronics are exposed to harsh conditions, such as extreme pressure due to the depth the hydrophone is deployed, or water leakage into the hydrophone housing. To protect the circuits, hydrophones typically include hermetically sealed armored housings. If the circuitry does fail, however, repair of the hydrophone requires that the hydrophone, or, as is typically the case, an entire array or portion of an array, may need to be retrieved from its underwater deployment for diagnosis and repair. Because such repairs are costly and time consuming, and may require the use of specialized vessels and equipment to retrieve the damaged hydrophones, there is a need for a more robust acoustic sensor.

0008One system that provides improved robustness and reliability uses fiber optic sensors as the sensor element in the hydrophone. Such fiber optic sensors typically use optical fiber wrapped in a high precision winding pattern around compliant, air-backed mandrels as the sensing medium. This arrangement is advantageous in that no additional circuitry or electronics are required at the location of the sensor, making the fiber optic sensors inherently more reliable than other types of conventional hydrophones used in hydrophone arrays.

0009In a fiber optic sensor, light is sent from a source located in a relatively benign environment through the optical fiber to the sensor. Acoustic pressure waves present in the water dynamically strain the fiber, resulting in a shift in the phase of the light transmitted in the optical fiber. The phase shifted light is compared to a reference signal, creating an interference pattern. The resulting light signal is then sent to an interrogator, which converts the light to an electrical signal for demodulation.

0010There are several shortcomings associated with presently available hydrophone arrays that use fiber optic sensors as the sensor element. One disadvantage of presently available fiber optic sensors is that the fiber generally is wrapped around discrete, hollow mandrels that are stiff enough to withstand the hydrostatic pressure requirements of deploying hydrophones under water, yet are compliant enough so that the acoustic pressure waves in the water can dynamically deform the mandrel, thereby straining the optical fiber resulting in a phase shift of the light transmitted through the fiber. Accordingly, the mandrels must be formed into sealed, relatively hard plastic or thin metal hollow cylinders that are leak proof against water under the required hydrostatic pressure. In general the mandrels used in presently available fiber optic sensors are stiff and unbendable. This is disadvantageous in that it is useful to be able to manufacture fiber optic sensor arrays in long continuous sections, and to store such arrays on circular drums, from which the fiber optic sensor array may be deployed and retrieved, and such long sections need to be flexible.

0011To facilitate the flexibility needed to store the fiber optic sensor arrays on a circular drum, the mandrels must be made into short cylindrical pressure vessels, such as, for example, capped tubes, with flexible links between the capped tubes to form long continuous bendable sections. A considerable amount of labor must be used to assemble the optic fiber wrapped on the air-backed mandrels into interferometers. This laborious process includes preparing the optical fiber, splicing and recoating the optical fiber, dressing the optical fiber, mechanically assembling the pressure vessels, and sealing and testing the vessels and optical fiber to ensure that the resulting assembly is water tight and functions as desired.

0012As fiber is wound around the long continuous, bendable sections, great care must be exercised to ensure that the mandrel/flexible link interfaces do not have any sharp or uneven surfaces, and do not separate, shift, or deform under pressure or tension, which will break the optical fiber. In addition, array strength members and extra optical fibers often must be placed along the outer surface of the continuous section, leading to optical fiber damage during reeling/unreeling operations as a result of friction, bending, crushing, and the like.

0013An additional shortcoming with air-backed mandrel optical fiber hydrophones is that such devices have a flat optical phase response to acoustic input as a function of acoustic frequency. This is disadvantageous in acoustic frequency ranges that contain unwanted acoustic signals, such as noise caused by fish, whales or other sound source, whose presence limits the dynamic range of the overall system unless very high sample rates are used by the system electronics to interrogate the sensors to allow signal analysis and canceling of the noise.

0014The spaces between and around the mandrels used for the fiber optic sensors may also be filled with a liquid in an attempt to provide improved acoustic coupling and thus sensor sensitivity as well as to improve or control the buoyancy of the array. Such construction may be disadvantageous because such liquid-filled fiber optic sensor arrays are susceptible to puncture during deployment and reeling operations as well as during normal operation, and leakage of the fluid typically results in failure of the array. Moreover, where a fluid such as kerosene or kerosene-like liquids or other possibly environmentally hazardous material is used, leakage of the fluid can contribute to unwanted pollution.

0015What has been needed, and heretofore unavailable, is a reliable, robust fiber optic acoustic sensor that has eliminates the disadvantages of air-backed or fluid filled arrays, yet provides for increased sensitivity and ease of manufacture. The present invention satisfies these and other needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0016The present invention overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with fiber optic hydrophone arrays manufactured in accordance with prior art methods.

0017The present invention eliminates the requirement for rigid, air-backed mandrels for the fiber optic hydrophones. Instead, long cylindrical segments of a continuously flexible elastomer form the base of the hydrophone structure. The optical fiber is wound onto the one-piece segments that are completely free of the rigid mandrel/flexible link interfaces and their associated problems. Compliance is provided to hydrophone through the use of voided plastic microspheres dispersed within the elastomer substrate. The hardness of the microsphere containing elastomer is controlled to meet the required acoustic sensitivity and the acoustic sensitivity versus depth requirements of a particular application.

0018One advantage of using an elastomer substrate is that the dynamic properties of the elastomer, such as, for example, bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio, may be altered as necessary to tailor the mechanical response of the sensor for an application. Such tailoring is useful, for example, to achieve mechanical roll-off of undesired (that, is, out of band) frequency response. The ability to suppress selected frequency ranges provides for limiting the bandwidth of the fiber optic sensors, reducing demands on the demodulation electronics, which historically require, using prior art sensors, sample rates that are orders of magnitude higher than that required to satisfy Nyquist criteria in order to maintain large dynamic ranges.

0019Further, replacing the individual sealed rigid mandrels with a flexible polymer allows the center core of the hydrophone or geophone segment to be used for passing extra optical fibers and/or a central strength member. Thus the central core of the hydrophone or geophone segment can be constructed similar to a standard high strength fiber optic telecommunications cable with the optical fiber protected in a thin metal tube surrounded by a rugged strength member and a tough outer jacket. Such a cable is inherently designed to withstand reeling/unreeling without stressing the optical fiber. In one embodiment of the present invention, the void filled elastomer is extruded on the outside of the core of the cable structure in a concentric fashion, thereby forming the base upon which to wind the optical fiber to form a hydrophone or array of hydrophones.

0020In another aspect of the present invention, the hydrophones of the present invention may be disposed within a hollow tube, with the remaining space within the tube filled with a liquid, as in a standard towed hydrophone array, or a low shear polymer compound that does not flow. The purpose of this filler is to isolate the hydrophones from longitudinal shear waves which cause noise in the output of the array.

0021In other aspects of the present invention, the outer surface of the hydrophone may be formed from a tough, abrasion resistant elastomeric cover, which provides turbulent boundary layer noise rejection. In one embodiment, microspheres may be added to the low shear polymer and/or the elastomeric cover as needed to adjust buoyancy of the hydrophone array. This embodiment is particularly advantageous in that the hydrophone may be used as is, that is, the fiber optic hydrophone may be towed without needing to be encased within a fluid filled tube, as is typical for fiber optic hydrophone arrays presently used.

0022In another aspect of the present invention, the hydrophone of the present invention may be constructed without the abrasion resistant cover. In one such embodiment, the hydrophone may be mounted within a fluid filled tube, as is typical in present towed hydrophone arrays.

0023In yet another aspect, the present invention is embodied in a continuous, flexible cylindrical device for detecting acoustic signals, comprising a flexible core including an acoustic substrate, an optical fiber wound around the acoustic substrate, and at least one periodic refractive index perturbation formed in the optical fiber. In another aspect, the acoustic substrate contains a plurality of voids. In still a further aspect, the voids are formed by hollow microspheres, which may be formed from a compliant material.

0024In still another aspect of the present invention, the flexible core includes a hollow tube for providing a passageway through the core. In one aspect, the flexible core includes a strength member for providing tensile strength to the core to resist stretching or breaking of the core during deployment, retrieval or use. In another aspect, the flexible core includes a strength member surrounding the hollow tube for providing tensile strength to the core to resist stretching or breaking of the core during deployment, retrieval or use.

0025Still another aspect of the present invention includes an intermediate jacket disposed between the metal tube and the central strength member. In one aspect, the jacket is disposed over the strength member.

0026In another aspect, the present invention includes an acoustic substrate including an elastomeric material having a selected dynamic property for limiting the sensor frequency response to within a desired range of frequencies.

0027In still another aspect, the optical fiber is wound under tension to form at least one optical hydrophone. In yet a further aspect, the present invention includes an embodiment wherein the optical fiber is wound under tension to form a plurality of optical hydrophones, with each of the hydrophones separated by a periodic refractive index perturbation. In one aspect, the periodic refractive index perturbation is a Bragg grating; in another aspect, the periodic refractive index perturbation is a long period grating.

0028In another aspect, the present invention may include a layer of tape disposed around the acoustic substrate under the optical fiber which may have a low coefficient of friction relative to a coefficient of friction of the fiber. The tape may be formed from Teflon or the like.

0029In still another aspect, the present invention may include a filler rod inter-wound on the acoustic substrate with the optical fiber such that the filler rod is disposed approximately parallel to the optical fiber. In one aspect the filler rod may be formed of nylon. In another aspect, the filler rod has a diameter equal to or larger than a diameter of the optical fiber. In yet another aspect, the filler rod and optical fiber are inter-wound around the acoustic substrate so that there is a space between adjacent turns of the wound optical fiber, the space being filled with a compliant material, such as a thermoplastic elastomer or depolymerized rubber.

0030In a further aspect, the present invention may include a tape layer disposed around the inter-wound filler rod and optical fiber. In one aspect, the tape layer is formed from a material having a low coefficient of friction relative to the optical fiber, such as Teflon or polyimide polymer.

0031Another aspect of the present invention an external layer formed from an elastomer, which may be void filled. In another aspect, the present invention may include an outer tube in which the flexible core and optical fiber are disposed, there also being a space between the outer tube and the flexible core and optical fiber; and a material disposed within the space, the material for coupling acoustic signals from the outer tube to the flexible core and optical fiber. In one aspect, the material is a fluid, such as Isopar or Norpar (ExxonMobil Chemical Co.); in another aspect, the material is a low shear modulus polymer.

0032In a still further aspect, the present invention may include an outer elastomeric layer disposed on the flexible core and optical fiber, the elastomeric layer including hollow microspheres dispersed through the elastomeric layer to adjust buoyancy.

0033Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the features of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0034<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref> is a perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention depicting an array of fiber optic acoustic sensors mounted on a flexible sub-core assembly and encased in a protective sheath.

0035<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1B</figref> is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the present invention depicted in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1A</figref>.

0036<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the embodiment of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrating the spacing of fiber optic hydrophone elements wound upon the flexible sub-core assembly.

0037<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref> is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the embodiment of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> illustrating the spacing of fiber optic hydrophone elements wound upon the flexible sub-core assembly and showing the use of a ring of low shear or high loss material disposed between adjacent windings of the fiber optic to decouple mechanical motion between the windings.

0038<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> is a perspective view, partially in cross-section, of an embodiment of the present invention where the hydrophone array is disposed within a fluid filled outer protective covering.

0039<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> is a perspective view, partially in cross-section, of another embodiment of the present invention where the hydrophone array is disposed within an outer protective covering and where the space between the hydrophone array and the outer covering is filled with a low shear solid material.

0040FIG. is a schematic view illustrating deployment of a hydrophone array in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention down a well bore.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

0041Referring now to the exemplary drawings, which illustrate, by way of example only, embodiments of the present invention, the present invention is generally embodied in a structure and method for forming that structure that includes a relatively flexible core through which extends an optical fiber. A series of reinforcing and protection layers are further would around the core, one layer of which includes windings of an optical fiber in which are formed one or more gratings, such as long period or Bragg gratings. The entire structure may further be surrounded by an outer jacket. In some embodiments, the resulting cable-line structure may be extended through a protective cylinder formed from a material such as glass, metal, polymer or other material as needed to provide additional protection to the sensor of the present invention depending upon the environment in which the sensor is to be deployed.

0042<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> is an overall view of one embodiment of a solid fiber optic hydrophone array <b>10</b> in accordance with the present invention. A core sub-assembly <b>18</b> is formed using various layers of materials as described below, and then wrapping an optical fiber <b>17</b> around the core sub-assembly.

0043In the embodiment depicted in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, the core sub-assembly, starting from the innermost portion of the core, includes a durable hollow tube <b>11</b>. This hollow tube may be formed from thin-walled metal tubing, such as, for example, but not limited to, 316 stainless steel, or other relatively flexible material suitable for use in the environment in which the hydrophone is to be deployed. The hollow tube <b>11</b> provides a space that extends throughout the entire length of the hydrophone or hydrophone array that may be used to house additional optical fibers <b>12</b>, wires, or other communications means, that may be needed to send or receive signals from sensors or other equipment located downstream of the hydrophone or hydrophone array. Such a provision allows for a number of hydrophone arrays to be deployed using the same basic cable-like structure.

0044Hollow tube <b>11</b> my be surrounded by an intermediate elastomeric layer <b>13</b>. This intermediate elastomeric layer may provide protection to the hollow tube, and may also act as an adhesive layer to aid in forming and attaching additional layers to the hollow tube <b>11</b>. Typical materials that may be used are, for example, polyurethane and polyethylene.

0045Surrounding the elastomeric adhesive layer <b>13</b> is a strength member <b>14</b> made of metal wires or synthetic or natural fibers. For example, in one embodiment, the strength member layer <b>14</b> may be formed by closely winding a dense layer of synthetic fibers such as, for example, aramid fibers or Vectran, a product of Celanese Acetate LLC. The strength member limits the tensile strain transmitted to the hydrophone array structures during manufacture and deployment of the array to prevent failure of the assembly under the tensile strain forces experienced during deployment, retrieval and operational loading of the array assembly. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that other high strength natural or synthetic fibers may be used, depending on the design and operational specifications desired for a particular application. Moreover, in an embodiment of the present invention, electrical wires, such as twisted pairs of wires, may be wound around the hollow tube <b>11</b> before strength member <b>14</b> is added to the core sub-assembly.

0046The strength member <b>14</b> may be surrounded by an elastomer layer <b>15</b>. Elastomer layer <b>15</b> encapsulates the inner layers of the core sub-assembly and also provides for maintenance of the radial uniformity of the strength member <b>14</b> and also may also provide a means for damping and isolating the hydrophone from vibration transmitted along the strength member <b>14</b>. In some embodiments, elastomer layer <b>15</b> is surrounded by a layer <b>16</b> formed from a solid compressible material such as an elastomer. In one embodiment, the elastomer forming layer <b>16</b> may be a polyurethane or silicone rubber. In another embodiment, voids may be formed introduced within the solid compressible material with a material such as, for example, Expancel (Azko Nobel) closed cell polyethylene foam and the like.

0047Once layers <b>13</b>, <b>14</b>, <b>15</b> and <b>16</b> have been formed around hollow tube <b>11</b>, the resulting core sub-assembly <b>18</b> is in the form of a long, continuous, flexible cylinder, which serves as the mounting base for the optical sensor fiber <b>17</b>. Using methods known in the art, such as winding with a standard cable manufacturing taping head, the optical sensor fiber <b>17</b> is wrapped under a selected amount of tension, on the order of 100 grams, onto core sub-assembly <b>18</b> such that it remains under tension under all expected operating conditions of the hydrophone. Wrapping the fiber optic sensor <b>17</b> around core sub-assembly <b>18</b> in this manner ensures that an acoustic wave impacting the sensor will uniformly strain the optical sensing fiber. As shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, fiber Bragg gratings, or long period gratings, may be incorporated into the optical sensor fiber <b>17</b> at appropriate intervals to form one or more acoustic sensors along the length of the hydrophone assembly.

0048As is known in the art, fiber Bragg gratings may be incorporated into an optical fiber using a variety of methods. One such method, for example, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,973, Fabrication of Refractive Index Patterns in Optical Fibers having Protective Optical Coatings, issued Apr. 24, 2001, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

0049Once the optical fiber <b>17</b> has been wound on the core sub-assembly, an adhesive may be applied to hold the optical fiber in position on the core sub-assembly. The adhesive may also be applied during the winding process. Prior to winding the optical fiber <b>17</b> onto the core sub-assembly <b>18</b>, the core sub-assembly <b>18</b> may be wrapped or coated with a layer <b>19</b> of material, which may be in the form of a tape, such as, for example, but not limited to, Teflon (DuPont de Nemours Co.), polyimide or other suitable material, having a low coefficient of friction with respect to the jacket of the optical fiber <b>17</b>. The addition of low friction layer <b>19</b> ensures that optical fiber <b>17</b> can move with respect to overlying layers during bending of the hydrophone <b>10</b>, reducing or eliminating the introduction of longitudinal strain onto the optical fiber <b>17</b> that may result in tensile failure of optical fiber <b>17</b>.

0050The optical fiber <b>17</b>, including any gratings formed therein, may be uncoated, or it may be coated prior to winding with a metallic or non-metallic materials, depending on the needs of the particular application in which the hydrophone is to be used. Where a coating is applied, the optical fiber may be coating using known processes, such as pressure or tubing extrusion. Coating the optical fiber <b>17</b> prior to winding typically improves the acoustic sensitivity of the resultant sensor.

0051In an embodiment of the present invention where the optical fiber <b>17</b> is coated with a solid elastomer, or an elastomer that has been modified to include voids dispersed within the elastomer coating, the acoustic substrate of the hydrophone, layer <b>16</b>, may be formed from a stiffer material than would otherwise be appropriate. For example, layer <b>16</b> may be formed from a polymer having a relatively higher elastic modulus of, for example, on the order of 80 or greater Shore A hardness, such as a suitable silicone polymer, or an incompressible polymer such as, for example, unfilled polyurethane or polyethylene. Forming layer <b>16</b> from such a material may be advantageous where reduced sensitivity of the fiber optic sensors is required, such as to hydrostatic pressures caused by deep deployment of the sensors in water, such as in the ocean, or in oil or gas wells.

0052The optical fiber <b>17</b> may be wound in parallel with a radial support rod <b>20</b>. Radial support rod <b>20</b> may be made of a plastic material such as nylon, or other suitable material, and protects optical sensor fiber <b>17</b> during subsequent handling, including deployment, reeling and extrusion. Additionally, the interstitial volume between the optical fiber <b>17</b> and the radial support rod <b>20</b> may be filled with a low modulus material <b>21</b> such as a thermoplastic elastomer of the type typically used during standard cable manufacture to block diffusion of water into the cable structure, or, alternatively, with a material such as depolymerized rubber. Low modulus material layer <b>21</b> provides support for any subsequent tape and/or extruded protective layers, as well providing as isolation from external shear stresses on the hydrophone <b>10</b> that occur during or operation of the hydrophone <b>10</b>.

0053In one embodiment of the present invention, a layer <b>22</b> formed from a material, such as Teflon, polyimide or the like, having a lower coefficient of friction than the jacket of the optical fiber <b>17</b> may be applied over low modulus material layer <b>21</b> to ensure radial consistency of the low modulus material <b>21</b>. Layer <b>22</b> may be wound on the assembly as a layer of tape. Layer <b>22</b> is surrounded by a layer <b>23</b> formed from a low shear strength elastomer, such as, for example, polyurethane and silicone rubber and the like having a hardness on the order of approximately 30-40 on the Shore A scale. Acting as a noise reduction mechanism, layer <b>23</b> isolates the optical fiber <b>17</b> from longitudinally applied shear stresses that contribute to acoustic noise within the hydrophone.

0054The final layer applied to the hydrophone assembly is typically a tough elastomeric outer jacket <b>24</b>. The outer jacket <b>24</b> protects the hydrophone <b>10</b> from mechanical handling, abrasion, deployment and operational stresses. Outer jacket <b>24</b> may be formed from a variety of suitable materials including, for example, polyurethane, polyethylene, nitrile rubber, or other materials having the desired physical characteristics.

0055While an embodiment of the present invention has been described as being surrounded by outer jacket <b>24</b>, in other embodiments, the outer jacket <b>24</b>, and layers <b>21</b>, <b>22</b> and <b>23</b> may be omitted. However, such embodiments will likely need to be disposed within a fluid filled or solid filled tube to protect the hydrophone from damage, as is typical in presently available towed hydrophone arrays.

0056<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> illustrates the details of a hydrophone array <b>30</b> including a plurality of hydrophones <b>55</b> formed in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention described above. In this embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of hydrophones may be formed on a continuous core sub-assembly <b>31</b>. Prior to winding, one or more fiber Bragg gratings <b>32</b> are written into an optical fiber <b>17</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) at predetermined intervals. This predetermined interval between gratings <b>32</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>) becomes the hydrophone length <b>33</b>, and may vary depending on the type and wavelength of the signals to be sensed, as well as the sensitivity and imaging capabilities desired. The length of optical fiber between each fiber Bragg grating is an individual sensing element <b>55</b>. The optical fiber <b>17</b> is wound around core sub-assembly <b>31</b> at a pitch selected to maintain the required hydrophone acoustic sensitivity and spacing <b>33</b> based upon acoustic requirements.

0057Adjacent hydrophones in accordance with the present invention may be bound by gratings having different center wavelengths. For example, in one embodiment, a first hydrophone section is bounded by a grating having a first center wavelength and a second hydrophone section is bounded by a grating having a second, different center wavelength. An array of this type provides for wavelength division multiplexing, as the signals from both arrays will capable of separation and analysis using signal processing techniques well known in the art.

0058One potential problem is the occurrence of mechanical motion between adjacent sensors that may reduce the sensitivity of the array. Mechanical coupling of this kind may be reduced, or eliminated, by adding a thin layer of low shear material, such as, for example, polyurethane or the like having a Shore A hardness of approximately 30-40, between layer <b>15</b> and the acoustic substrate formed by layer <b>16</b>. In an alternative embodiment, decoupling mechanical motion between adjacent sensors may be accomplished by substituting rings of low shear or high loss material <b>25</b>, such as for example, polyurethane or the like having a Shore A hardness of approximately 30-40, in place of the acoustic substrate formed by layer <b>16</b> in segments between adjacent sensors, as shown in shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2A</figref>.

0059<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> illustrates an alternative embodiment of the present invention depicting a hydrophone <b>60</b> formed in accordance with the description above, but omitting the outer layers of the hydrophone assembly surrounding the optical fiber <b>17</b>. In this embodiment, the hydrophone <b>60</b> is installed within a liquid-filled hydrophone array of the type commonly used in towed arrays. Hydrophone <b>60</b>, which may also include outer layers and protective covering <b>24</b>, is installed within a tube <b>70</b> that is filled with a liquid <b>65</b>, such as, for example, Isopar or Norpar (ExxonMobil Chemical Company), or other suitable fluid. Tube <b>70</b> serves to protect the hydrophone <b>60</b>, while the fluid <b>65</b> acoustically couples the hydrophone to the exterior cases to reduce, to the extent possible, attenuation of acoustic signals transferred from the exterior of tube <b>70</b> to the hydrophone <b>60</b>, and decouples shear stress between the tube <b>70</b> and the hydrophone <b>60</b>.

0060<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention depicting a hydrophone <b>80</b> formed in accordance with the description above, but omitting the outer layers of the hydrophone assembly surrounding the optical fiber <b>17</b>, although there is no requirement to remove the outer layers, and the device would function acceptably if the outer layers were in place. In this embodiment, the hydrophone <b>80</b> is installed within a hydrophone array having an outer jacket <b>90</b>. Hydrophone <b>80</b> is installed within a tube <b>90</b>, designed to protect the hydrophone, that is filled with a low shear strength solid fill material <b>85</b> such as a polymer which may also include voids dispersed throughout the polymer to improve acoustic coupling of acoustical signals to the hydrophone <b>80</b> to reduce, to the extent possible, attenuation of acoustic signals transferred from the exterior of tube <b>90</b> to the hydrophone <b>80</b> while decoupling shear stress between the tube <b>90</b> and the hydrophone <b>80</b>.

0061<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> illustrates one application utilizing a hydrophone array in accordance with present invention deployed in a bore hole. A borehole hydrophone array <b>100</b> in accordance with the present invention may be deployed in an oil or gas well <b>105</b>, or any other bore hole such as a geothermal well. A lead cable <b>110</b> incorporating a fiber optic for transmitting signals to and from the array <b>100</b> is used to lower the array <b>100</b> using deployment apparatus <b>115</b> into the well. Lead cable <b>110</b> is connected to an acoustic receiver <b>120</b>, which may contain all of the electronics and optical components necessary to provide a light beam down the optic fiber and into the array <b>100</b>, and also to analyze the phase shifts in the signals returning from the array and to convert those signals into a form representative of the received acoustic signals that may be displayed, printed or further analyzed. Additionally, interrogator <b>120</b> may configured to communicate with additional processing equipment, such as a computer or computer network. The communications may occur either over wires or other hard connections, including optical networks, or the communications may occur wirelessly.

0062It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the core sub-assembly and outer layers can be manufactured in continuous, one piece, homogeneous sections, using standard cable manufacturing techniques, such as extrusion and winding. These sections of the core sub-assembly can be wound with a continuous optical fiber to create hydrophone arrays, with fiber Bragg gratings spaced at appropriate intervals to provide the desired sensor spacing. These continuous, one piece sections containing the arrays may be wound upon commonly available spools and deployed using deployment equipment commonly available. The novel features of the present invention thus provide a system and method for providing easily deployable arrays of hydrophones or geophones that are rugged and capable of withstanding harsh environments.

0063While several particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.