Multi modality X-ray and nuclear medicine mammography imaging system and method

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates generally to an imaging system, and more particularly to an multi modality X-ray and nuclear medicine mammography imaging system.

[0002] Various multi modality imaging sensors are currently being developed. For example, an article by Mark B. Williams, et al. “Multimodality Imaging of Small Animals,” published on the internet at http://ej.rsna.org/ej3/0107-99.fin/dual99.htm describes an experimental, multi modality system for imaging small animals, such as mice and rats. This system combines a conventional, two dimensional X-ray imaging system with a conventional two dimensional nuclear medicine imaging system. Another article by Mark B. Williams, et. al., “Integrated CT-SPECT System For Small Animal Imaging” published on the internet at http://imaging.med.virginia.edu/mbwlab/ct_spect_ms.pdf describes an experimental multi modality X-ray computed tomography (CT) and nuclear medicine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system for imaging small animals. However, these systems are not adapted to image human patients. The two dimensional images do not yield the optimum amount of information, while the tomography systems which can generate three dimensional (“3D”) images are complex because they require 360 degree angular scanning of the animal. Furthermore, the CT subsystem exposes the animal to an undesirably high dose of X-rays to generate a three dimensional image.

[0003] For human patients, X-ray mammography is the modality of choice for breast cancer screening. However, the sensitivity of mammography is relatively low (between 70 and 80%), and the false positive rate is very high (between 70 and 90% of biopsies are normal). Conventional breast imaging is based on standard two dimensional (“2D”) X-ray mammography for screening and other modalities (ultrasound, MRI, or nuclear medicine) for diagnostic follow up. X-ray mammography may also be used for diagnostic follow up. Each modality has its unique strengths and weaknesses. For example, X-ray is typically used for detection characterization of microcalcifications and masses, while nuclear medicine can potentially provide differentiation between benign and malignant masses. However, combining (i.e., registering) the images obtained from X-ray and nuclear medicine mammography systems is very difficult since the x-ray exam is done with the breast compressed and the nuclear medicine exam is typically done by scanning an uncompressed breast.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] In accordance with one preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a multi modality mammography imaging system, comprising a breast compression paddle, an X-ray mammography imaging subsystem adapted to image a breast compressed by the paddle, and a nuclear medicine mammography imaging subsystem adapted to image the breast compressed by the paddle.

[0005] In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention there is provided a multi modality imaging system, comprising an X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem and a nuclear medicine imaging subsystem.

[0006] In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a multi modality mammography imaging system, comprising a first means for compressing a patient's breast, a second means for X-ray imaging the breast compressed by the first means, and a third means for nuclear medicine imaging the breast compressed by the first means.

[0007] In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a nuclear medicine mammography system, comprising a breast compression paddle and a first nuclear medicine detector which is movably attached in or over the breast compression paddle.

[0008] In accordance with another preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a multi modality mammography method, comprising compressing a patient's breast, irradiating the compressed breast with X-rays, detecting the X-rays transmitted through the breast, acquiring at least one first data set of X-ray modality and forming a first image of the X-ray modality. The method also comprises detecting gamma rays emitted from the compressed breast, acquiring at least one second data set of nuclear medicine modality, forming a second image of the nuclear medicine modality, and co-registering the first and the second images.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system according to preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0010]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a subsystem according to the first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0011]FIG. 3 is a three dimensional view of the subsystem according to the first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0012] FIGS. <b>4</b>-<b>7</b> are schematic illustrations of the subsystem according to the first preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0013]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a subsystem according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0014]FIG. 9 is a schematic top view of the subsystem according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0015]FIG. 10 is a schematic side cross sectional view of a nuclear medicine detector located in a breast compression paddle according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The present inventors have realized that a multi modality system and method for mammography (i.e., human breast imaging) combining X-ray and nuclear medicine combines the strengths of two previously distinct modalities to address the limitations of today's breast imaging technologies. Specifically, in the multi modality mammography imaging system, a breast compression paddle is used to compress the breast during the X-ray and the nuclear medicine examinations. Thus, both the X-ray mammography imaging subsystem and the nuclear medicine mammography imaging subsystem of the system are adapted to image a breast compressed by the paddle. Breast compression for both modalities is preferably the same. However, compression may be reduced for the nuclear medicine imaging because it takes longer than X-ray imaging. Therefore, the ease of registration of the images obtained from X-ray and nuclear medicine mammography subsystems is improved since both the x-ray and the nuclear medicine exams are done with the breast compressed in the same position. The registered images may be fused to display a combined two or three dimensional image of the breast.

[0017] Imaging of a compressed breast provides significant advantages in mammography, both for x-ray and nuclear medicine imaging. Compression of the breast spreads and separates complex structures in the breast and reduces overall x-ray absorption, thus reducing the X-ray dose needed for imaging. The scintimammography images are also taken with the patient's breast compressed, to improve signal to noise ratio in the activity reconstructions (due to less gamma attenuation in the intervening breast tissue) and to improve the spatial resolution, since the collimator is closer to the breast in a compressed configuration. The use of breast compression for both modalities is also beneficial because the patient is immobilized and positioned in the same manner as with conventional X-ray mammography.

[0018]FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of the multi modality imaging system <b>1</b>. The system <b>1</b> includes an X-ray mammography imaging subsystem <b>3</b> and a nuclear medicine mammography imaging subsystem <b>5</b>. These systems may optionally be directly electrically connected to share information, as indicated by the dashed line. The system <b>1</b> also contains an image fusion and visualization work station <b>7</b>. This work station <b>7</b> may comprise a general or special purpose computer or any other type of image processor. The work station <b>7</b> receives data acquired by the subsystems <b>3</b> and <b>5</b> to form the image. Preferably, the work station <b>7</b> contains a processor which registers an X-ray image with a nuclear medicine image and a display with displays a fused X-ray and nuclear medicine image.

[0019] The X-ray mammography imaging subsystem <b>3</b> may comprise any X-ray imaging system, including a 2D X-ray mammography system which uses a digital detector, a 3D X-ray tomosynthesis system, in which the X-ray tube is scanned and a plurality of projection radiographs are acquired from different angles with respect to a stationary breast, or a 3D X-ray CT system in which the X-ray tube is angularly scanned 360 degrees. Likewise, the nuclear medicine mammography imaging subsystem <b>3</b> may comprise any nuclear medicine imaging system, including a 2D scintimammography system, a 3D scintimammo tomosynthesis system, a 3D positron emission mammography or a 3D nuclear medicine tomography system which uses 360 degree angular scanning, such as a SPECT system or a PET (“Positron Emission Tomography”) system. Any combination of the above subsystems may comprise the multi modality system <b>1</b>, including 3D X-ray with 3D nuclear medicine, 3D X-ray with 2D nuclear medicine, 2D X-ray with 3D nuclear medicine, and 2D X-ray with 2D nuclear medicine.

[0020] In a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the X-ray mammography imaging subsystem <b>3</b> comprises an X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem. In a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nuclear medicine imaging subsystem <b>5</b> comprises a scintimammo tomosynthesis subsystem. In a third preferred embodiment, both subsystems <b>3</b> and <b>5</b> comprise tomosynthesis subsystems which generate three dimensional X-ray and nuclear medicine images. These systems will now be described in detail.

[0021] The First Preferred Embodiment

[0022]FIG. 2 is an illustration of the preferred components of the X-ray mammography tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b> of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that the subsystem <b>3</b> may have additional components or lack one or more of the components described below. The subsystem contains an X-ray source <b>11</b>, such as an X-ray tube and generator, and a detector <b>13</b>, preferably a stationary digital detector. A positioner subsystem <b>15</b>, such as a motor controller, is used to position the X-ray tube, the collimator and optionally the nuclear medicine detector, as will be described in more detail below.

[0023] The X-ray subsystem <b>3</b> also contains various electronic components. These components may comprise a single special or general purpose computer or a microprocessor chip, such as an ASIC chip. Alternatively, these electronic components may comprise several connected computers, processors or work stations. FIG. 2 illustrates how all of these components are interconnected. The electronic components include the X-ray subsystem controller <b>17</b>, which controls the other electronic components, the positioner subsystem <b>15</b> and the X-ray source <b>11</b>. The subsystem <b>3</b> also contains a user interface <b>19</b> and an image reconstruction section <b>21</b> which reconstructs a three dimensional image from two dimensional projection radiographs. A detector preprocessing and prefiltering section <b>23</b>, such as a PC data acquisition subsystem, is connected to the detector <b>13</b>. This section <b>23</b> removes artifacts, provides thickness compensation and data segmentation for the X-ray subsystem <b>3</b>. Preferred reconstruction and preprocessing sections and methods are disclosed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/, (attorney docket number 040849/0186), to Jeffrey Eberhard and Bernhard Claus titled “Generalized Filtered Back-Projection Reconstruction In Digital Tomosynthesis” filed on the same date as the present application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0024] The X-ray subsystem <b>3</b> also contains an optional review work station interface <b>25</b>. This interface <b>25</b> is used to present to a clinician certain quantitative metrics extracted from the image. The clinician selects one or more metrics from a set of metrics to be computed and displayed on a workstation display or screen, whereby the metrics are displayed along with a mammographic image. For instance, interface <b>25</b> may be used to provide to the clinician access to 1) the overall percent glandular composition or 2) the percentage glandular distribution. Further, after delineation of findings (microcalcifications, masses, or vessels, e.g.), either via computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithms or by hand-labeling, it may provide a summary of the quantitative measures of the findings. Such a preferred interface is disclosed in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/, (attorney docket number 040849/0184), to John Kaufhold, Bernhard Claus and Jeffrey Eberhard titled “Method And Apparatus For Providing Mammographic Image Metrics To A Clinician” filed on the same date as the present application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0025] The X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b> may have any desired physical layout. The tomosynthesis subsystem contains the X-ray source <b>11</b> adapted to move along a predefined trajectory, such as in an arc shaped path, a detector <b>13</b>, such as a stationary digital X-ray detector, and a mechanical driving mechanism which is adapted to move the X-ray source along a predefined trajectory, such as the arc shaped path. Since the digital detector may be stationary while the X-ray source moves along the predefined trajectory, the tomosynthesis system provides multiple projection radiographs of the imaged breast from a single pass of the X-ray source through the predefined trajectory, from which a 3D representation of the imaged breast is reconstructed in the image reconstruction section <b>21</b>. In contrast, in a CT system, the detector moves along with the X-ray source, and many X-ray shots are taken at a fine angular spacing as the X-ray source rotates 360 degrees around the object being imaged. Thus, a CT scan takes a longer time than a tomosynthesis scan and exposes the patient to a higher X-ray dose than a tomosynthesis scan. The tomosynthesis system is advantageous in that it uses a total X-ray dose to form a three dimensional image that is about the same as a dose required to form a single X-ray projection image. The low X-ray dose required to form a three dimensional image in a X-ray tomosynthesis system is especially advantageous when used in combination with the nuclear medicine detector. In nuclear medicine, the patient is provided with a radioactive material. Thus, it is desirable to decrease the X-ray dose as much as possible when providing the patient with the radioactive material.

[0026]FIG. 3 illustrates one layout of the X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b> with a track for moving the X-ray source according to the first preferred embodiment. This system is described in detail in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/, (attorney docket number 040849/0187), to Yu Wang, Reinhold Wirth and James Alexander titled “Tomosynthesis X-Ray Mammogram System And Method With Automatic Drive System” filed on the same date as the present application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0027] The X-ray source <b>11</b> is mounted to an upper or first portion of the first arm <b>27</b>. The first arm <b>27</b> may have any desired shape, such as a tube or plate shape. A lower or second portion of the first arm <b>27</b> distal from the first portion is mounted to a linear motion track <b>29</b>.

[0028] The mechanical driving mechanism, such as a ball screw driven by a motor (not shown in the figure because the ball screw is located in the track) is adapted to move the lower portion of the first arm <b>27</b> along the track <b>29</b>, to move the X-ray source <b>11</b> in the arc shaped path. The motor may also be mounted onto the track if desired. A side pin <b>31</b> is positioned to create a stable whole range drive by allowing the track <b>29</b> to rotate with respect to a fixed point.

[0029] The detector <b>13</b> is mounted to a second support or arm <b>33</b>. Typical detector size for X-ray acquisition is 24 cm×30 cm or 18 cm×24 cm. However, other suitable dimensions may be used. The second arm <b>33</b> may have any desired shape, such as a tube or plate shape. A shaft <b>35</b> connects the middle portions of the first arm <b>27</b> and the second arm <b>33</b>, such that the arms <b>27</b>, <b>33</b> may rotate relative to each other about the shaft <b>35</b> in a scissors-like motion. Preferably, the second arm <b>33</b> is stationary while the first arm <b>27</b> rotates.

[0030] In a preferred aspect of the first embodiment, a pivot point plate <b>37</b> is attached to the second arm <b>33</b>, as shown in FIG. 3. The pivot point plate <b>37</b> is rotatably mounted to the linear motion track <b>29</b> by the side pin <b>31</b>. The pivot plate <b>37</b> and track <b>29</b> optionally have holes which reduce the weight of the plate and track. While the second arm <b>33</b> supporting the detector <b>13</b> and the pivot plate <b>37</b> remain stationary, the first arm <b>27</b> rotates and the track <b>29</b> moves in a vertical plane with respect to the second arm <b>33</b> about the side pin <b>31</b>. The combined motion of the first arm <b>27</b> and the track <b>29</b> allows the first arm to move along a linear motion track <b>29</b> while moving the X-ray source <b>11</b> in an arc shaped path.

[0031] The X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b> is mounted to a gantry or base <b>39</b>. The detector <b>11</b> is mounted over the gantry <b>39</b> in a position which allows a patient to place her breast onto the detector. The subsystem <b>3</b> may be adjustable in the vertical direction relative to the ground to allow patients of different height to use the system without stretching or bending. The compression paddle <b>41</b> is likewise height adjustable. The preferred electronic detector <b>13</b> contains an amorphous silicon photodetector array <b>43</b> formed on a glass substrate <b>45</b>. The array <b>43</b> includes metal contact fingers <b>47</b> and metal contact leads <b>49</b>. An X-ray sensitive scintillator material <b>51</b>, such as cesium iodide, is formed over the array <b>43</b>. The scintillator material <b>51</b> emits radiation having a wavelength detectable by the silicon pixels in the array <b>43</b> in response to receiving an X-ray. However, various other solid state and vacuum digital X-ray detectors may be used instead. The magnitude of the radiation is a function of the attenuation of the X-rays by the imaged object. The pixels of array <b>43</b> convert the received radiation into an electrical signal of a predetermined magnitude that is provided to the preprocessor <b>23</b> and then converted into an image.

[0032] However, in alternative preferred aspects of the X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b>, an arc shaped track is used instead of a linear motion track. For example, in a second preferred aspect, an arc shaped track <b>59</b> is used instead of a linear motion track <b>29</b>, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 4. The lower portion of the first arm <b>27</b> is moved along the track <b>59</b> by a motor <b>53</b>. This causes the X-ray source <b>11</b> supported by the upper portion of the first arm <b>27</b> to move in an arc shaped path.

[0033] The subsystem <b>3</b> of the third preferred aspect is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the X-ray source <b>11</b> is mounted directly to the arc shaped track <b>59</b>. The motor <b>53</b> is attached to the X-ray source <b>11</b> and is adapted to move the X-ray source along the arc shaped track <b>59</b>. The motor <b>53</b> is also preferably attached to the track <b>59</b>. The digital detector <b>13</b> is located facing the X-ray source <b>11</b> such that an imaging area is formed above the detector. In this embodiment, the first arm <b>27</b> may be omitted.

[0034] The subsystem <b>3</b> of the fourth preferred aspect is schematically illustrated in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the X-ray source <b>11</b> is also mounted to the arc shaped track <b>59</b>. However, the first arm <b>27</b> is used to move the X-ray source <b>11</b> in the arc shaped path. Preferably, the first arm <b>27</b> is made relatively thin and light weight to minimize its mass, but has sufficient rigidity to move the X-ray source <b>11</b> along the track <b>59</b>. The first arm <b>27</b> connects the X-ray source <b>11</b> to the shaft <b>35</b>. The shaft <b>35</b> connects the first arm <b>27</b> to the second arm <b>33</b> supporting the detector <b>13</b>. The shaft <b>35</b> is turned by a motor or other rotation imparting device (not shown). The step motion of the X-ray source <b>11</b> is produced from the shaft <b>35</b> torque through the first arm <b>27</b>. Since a track is used to move the X-ray source <b>11</b> in the four above described aspects, the X-ray source <b>11</b> motion is precisely controlled by the track. This reduces the system vibration and improves the image quality.

[0035] The subsystem <b>3</b> of the fifth preferred aspect is schematically illustrated in FIG. 7. This subsystem <b>3</b> shown in FIG. 7 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,828, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The detector <b>13</b> is mounted on a stationary portion of the gantry <b>39</b>. The X-ray source <b>11</b> is mounted onto an upper portion of a movable arm <b>27</b>. The lower end of the arm <b>27</b> is pivotably attached to the gantry <b>39</b>. As shown in FIG. 7, the X-ray source <b>11</b> pivots from arm <b>27</b> about a point <b>35</b> (such as a shaft) above the detector <b>13</b>. The x-ray source <b>11</b> is stationary during the exposure and then is moved to the next position in its arc shaped path before obtaining the next image. An actuator or control mechanism <b>53</b> is used to rotate the arm <b>27</b> any angle up to +/−27 degrees from a direction perpendicular to the detector <b>13</b>.

[0036] The X-ray tomosynthesis method includes irradiating the compressed breast with X-rays. Preferably the X-ray source is mechanically moved using a track in a stepped motion on the arc shaped path around the compressed breast. The compressed breast is irradiated with an X-ray dose from the X-ray source located at a plurality of steps along the arc shaped path. The X-rays transmitted through the breast are detected with a stationary digital X-ray detector. A three dimensional image of the X-ray modality is constructed from a signal output by the digital X-ray detector.

[0037] The multi modality imaging system <b>1</b> which includes the X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b> described above used in combination with any nuclear medicine imaging subsystem <b>5</b> is preferably used for mammography. However, multi modality imaging system <b>1</b> which includes the X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem <b>3</b> and the nuclear medicine imaging subsystem <b>5</b> may be used to image any other part of a human body in addition to the breast, as well as to image animals, if desired.

[0038] Furthermore, the multi modality imaging system <b>1</b> is not limited to only two modalities. For example, if desired, a third modality, such as an ultrasound modality, may be added to the system <b>1</b>. Thus, an ultrasound imaging subsystem may be added to the system <b>1</b>. An imaging system which incorporates an X-ray tomosynthesis subsystem and an ultrasound subsystem is described in a commonly assigned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/ ______ (attorney docket number RD 29,241) titled “Methods, System and Apparatus For Digital Imaging” to Ajay Kapur, et al., filed on Feb. 1, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0039] The Second Preferred Embodiment

[0040]FIG. 8 is an illustration of the preferred components of the scintimammo tomosynthesis subsystem <b>5</b> of the second preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that the subsystem <b>5</b> may have additional components or lack one or more of the components described below.

[0041] The nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> contains a nuclear medicine detector subsystem <b>63</b>. The detector subsystem <b>63</b> may comprise one or more nuclear medicine detectors. A nuclear medicine detector preferably includes a gamma ray sensitive scintillator or phosphor and a position sensitive radiation detector. The radiation detector may be any detector which detects the radiation emitted by a scintillator or phosphor pixel in response to a gamma ray striking this pixel. For example, the detector may comprise a solid state detector array, such as a semiconductor photodiode or charge coupled device array, or a vacuum position sensitive radiation detector, such as a position sensitive photomultiplier tube.

[0042] The nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> also contains a positioner subsystem <b>65</b>, such as a motor controller. The positioner subsystem <b>65</b> is used to position one or more nuclear medicine detectors <b>63</b> by rotation and/or translation of the detectors <b>63</b>, as will be described in more detail below. The positioner subsystem <b>65</b> may be the same or a different subsystem from the X-ray positioner subsystem <b>15</b>.

[0043] The nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> contains various electronic components. These components may comprise a single special or general purpose computer or a microprocessor chip, such as an ASIC chip. Alternatively, these electronic components may comprise several connected computers, processors or work stations. The nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> electronic components may be the same components as in the X-ray subsystem <b>3</b> (i.e., the electronics are shared between the X-ray and nuclear medicine subsystems) or some or all of the electronic components may comprise different components from those in the X-ray subsystem <b>3</b> (i.e., the electronic components are not shared between subsystems <b>3</b> and <b>5</b>). FIG. 8 illustrates how all of these components are interconnected.

[0044] The electronic components include the nuclear medicine subsystem controller <b>67</b>, which controls the other electronic components and the positioner subsystem <b>65</b>. The subsystem <b>5</b> also contains an image reconstruction section <b>71</b> which reconstructs a three dimensional image from two dimensional images. The nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> also contains an optional review work station interface <b>75</b>. This interface <b>75</b> is used to display the nuclear medicine image and to optionally present to a clinician certain quantitative metrics extracted from the image. The clinician selects one or more metrics from a set of metrics to be computed and displayed on a workstation display or screen, whereby the metrics are displayed along with a mammographic image.

[0045] The nuclear medicine detector(s) may be arranged in any desired configuration suitable for a particular nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b>. Preferably, the nuclear medicine detector(s) <b>63</b> is arranged for a partial rotation about the breast in a scintimammo tomosynthesis nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> which is based on the single photon emission principle. Alternatively, at least two oppositely positioned detectors may be used for a positron emission mammography nuclear medicine subsystem or for a PET nuclear medicine subsystem. Furthermore, a stationary or rotating ring type detector may be used for a PET or SPECT nuclear medicine subsystem.

[0046]FIG. 9 illustrates a top view of the preferred arrangement of nuclear medicine detectors in the system <b>1</b> for use with a scintimammography tomosynthesis nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b>. Preferably, a first nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is movably and removably attached in or over the breast compression paddle <b>41</b> of the system <b>1</b>. Most preferably, the detector <b>81</b> is movably attached over the paddle <b>41</b>, with the gamma ray sensitive sctintillator (or phosphor) facing the paddle. It should be noted that “over the paddle” is a relative term, which means that the detector is located on the opposite side of the paddle from the breast in configurations where the subsystem <b>5</b> is positioned non-vertically or if the paddle <b>41</b> compresses the breast from below or from the side. Alternatively, the nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> can be placed within the compression paddle <b>41</b> to assure that it is as close to the breast as possible. The term “within” includes the configuration where the detector <b>81</b> itself is used as a compression paddle <b>41</b> to compress the breast.

[0047]FIG. 10 illustrates a side cross sectional view of one preferred configuration of the paddle <b>41</b> where the first nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is located in the paddle <b>41</b>. The paddle <b>41</b> contains a breast compression surface <b>91</b>. For a horizontally positioned paddle, surface <b>91</b> is preferably the lower surface of the paddle. The paddle also preferably contains one or more side surfaces <b>93</b>, which add structural rigidity to the paddle. For a horizontally positioned paddle, surfaces <b>93</b> preferably extend upwards from the lower surface <b>91</b> of the paddle. The side surfaces <b>93</b> delineate a opening <b>95</b> over the breast compression surface <b>91</b>. The first nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is removably positioned in the opening <b>95</b> between the side surfaces <b>93</b> on the breast compression surface <b>91</b>, such that the breast compression surface <b>93</b> is located between the breast and the detector <b>81</b>. Other paddle <b>41</b> configurations may be used, if desired.

[0048] This favorable geometry improves the spatial resolution of the nuclear medicine imaging subsystem <b>5</b>. The paddle <b>41</b> is made of a material which allows gamma rays to pass through it, such as a plastic or polymer material (i.e., polycarbonate, polystyrene, PMMA, epoxy, etc.). However, other paddle <b>41</b> materials may be used if desired.

[0049] The positioner subsystem or assembly <b>65</b> is used to translate (i.e., move the detector <b>81</b> in a plane substantially parallel to the paddle) and rotate the first nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> relative to the breast compression paddle <b>41</b>. The positioner subsystem <b>65</b> may comprise one or more motors, such as DC motors, stepper motors, etc., which move the detector <b>81</b> along X and Y carriages over or in the paddle <b>41</b>. Other suitable positioner <b>65</b> configurations may be used if desired. The carriages may be mounted onto a frame, such as a U-shaped frame, for support. The nuclear medicine mammography system and method with a breast compression paddle and a nuclear medicine detector in or above the paddle may be used alone without the X-ray imaging system or in combination with other modalities, such as ultrasound.

[0050] Preferably, the nuclear medicine subsystem <b>5</b> also contains a decoupling assembly (not shown in FIG. 9 for clarity). The decoupling assembly allows the first nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> to be removed from over the paddle <b>41</b> or from inside the paddle <b>41</b>. For example, the decoupling assembly may comprise a slide adapter containing rails or carriages. This assembly allows the first detector <b>81</b>, alone or together with the positioner subsystem <b>65</b>, to be moved away from the paddle <b>41</b> during the X-ray mammography step, such that the detector <b>81</b> does not interfere with the X-rays emitted by the X-ray source <b>11</b>. Alternatively, the decoupling assembly may have another configuration, such as a movable arm which supports the detector <b>81</b> and/or the positioner subsystem <b>65</b>, and may be swung out of the way during X-ray mammography. The detector <b>81</b> and/or the positioner subsystem <b>65</b> may be moved away from the paddle either manually or mechanically using the decoupling assembly.

[0051] In a preferred aspect of the second embodiment, the subsystem <b>5</b> contains at least one additional nuclear medicine detector located in a plane substantially perpendicular to the plane of the compression paddle <b>41</b>. For example, there may be two nuclear medicine detectors <b>82</b> and <b>83</b> located on opposite sides of the detection volume below the breast compression paddle <b>41</b>, as shown in FIG. 9. The detection volume is located directly below the paddle <b>41</b> where the patient's breast is located. If desired, there may be an optional third nuclear medicine detector <b>84</b>. The detector <b>84</b> is located in a plane substantially perpendicular to the plane of the compression paddle <b>41</b> and on an opposite side of the imaging volume from the position of the patient chest wall <b>85</b>. This third detector <b>84</b> may be located adjacent to the support column <b>86</b> or gantry of the system <b>1</b>. A plane “substantially perpendicular” to the paddle <b>41</b> includes vertical planes and planes which deviate by about 15 degrees or less from the vertical direction, if the paddle <b>41</b> is positioned in a horizontal plane. However, these planes would be different if the paddle <b>41</b> is positioned in a non-horizontal plane.

[0052] Additional detectors <b>82</b>, <b>83</b>, <b>84</b> located on the sides of the breast (i.e., on the sides of the detection volume) provide useful depth information. If desired, these detectors may have smaller collimator apertures to overcome resolution loss due to their greater distance from the activity concentrations. The effect of the smaller apertures on signal level and hence on signal to noise ratio is compensated by the fact that these detectors can be active for all positions of the angular scan of the first nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> above or in the compression paddle. Hence the data acquisition time may be substantially longer. In addition, the use of multiple detectors <b>82</b>, <b>83</b>, <b>84</b> (one detector on each of the 3 “non-chest wall” sides of the breast) enhances total number of counts and hence signal level and signal to noise ratio. A non-scanning nuclear medicine acquisition configuration is based on one detector <b>81</b> above the compression paddle and one or more detectors <b>82</b>, <b>83</b> and/or <b>84</b> on the “non-chest wall” sides of the breast, as described above.

[0053] For nuclear medicine breast imaging, various sizes of nuclear medicine detectors may be used, such as 5 cm×5 cm, 10 cm×10 cm, 15 cm×20 cm, or any other desired dimensions. Smaller nuclear medicine detectors are beneficial because they can be positioned closer to the compression paddle <b>41</b> for a large range of scanning angles, but they limit the field of view of coverage. Furthermore, for breast imaging, isotopes with lower energy gamma ray could be used, since the geometry is favorable.

[0054] The nuclear medicine imaging method includes detecting gamma rays emitted from the compressed breast. Preferably, gamma rays which pass through a breast compression paddle are detected with a nuclear medicine detector. A nuclear medicine modality image is then formed. Preferably, a three dimensional image of the breast is formed from a signal output by the nuclear medicine detector.

[0055] Since the nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is removable, the X-ray imaging is preferably performed first, before the detector <b>81</b> detector is put in place. The nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is then positioned over a region of interest and rotated through multiple angles to acquire data at various angular positions relative to the breast. The preceding x-ray acquisition is optionally used to properly position the detector <b>81</b> over the field of view of interest, if a full field nuclear medicine detector is not used. As in X-ray tomosynthesis, this acquisition at multiple angles allows for depth resolution in the z-direction. The angular scanning range can be modified depending on the position of the region of interest. For example, for a lesion near the edge of the breast, the lesion may be outside the field of view for roughly one half the normal scanning angles. These views could therefore be eliminated and more time spent on the views which provide useful information.

[0056] Conventional nuclear medicine reconstruction algorithms can be used, suitably modified for incomplete data acquisition. Alternatively, tomosynthesis reconstruction algorithms, with a correction for attenuation in intervening breast tissue, can be used. Attenuation values can be derived directly from the tomosynthesis images. This type of algorithm has the advantage that artifact reduction due to limited angle acquisition is incorporated directly into the reconstruction.

[0057] In an alternative aspect of the second preferred embodiment, positron emission mammography imaging is performed. In this aspect, detectors on both sides of the breast are used for coincidence detection. This is possible in a magnification geometry where the breast is compressed on a “mag stand” positioned above the image receptor. However, scintimammography provides reduced system complexity and cost compared to positron emission imaging (one detector instead of two, no complex coincidence circuitry, positioning ease, etc.).

[0058] The Third Preferred Embodiment A preferred multi modality mammography method using the X-ray and nuclear medicine system <b>1</b> will now be described. The method generally includes compressing a patient's breast, such as with the paddle <b>41</b>, irradiating the compressed breast with X-rays, such as from the X-ray source <b>11</b>, detecting the X-rays transmitted through the breast, such as with detector <b>13</b>, acquiring at least one first data set of X-ray modality and forming a first image of the X-ray modality using the electronics illustrated in FIG. 2. The method also includes detecting gamma rays emitted from the compressed breast, such as with one or more nuclear medicine detectors <b>81</b>-<b>84</b>, acquiring at least one second data set of nuclear medicine modality and forming a second image of the nuclear medicine modality using the electronics illustrated in FIG. 8. Preferably, at least one of, and more preferably both of the first and the second data sets comprise a three dimensional data set. Preferably, at least one of, and more preferably both of the first and the second images comprise a three dimensional image.

[0059] The first and the second images are then co-registered by the electronics illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 8. Preferably, the first image and the second image are fused to form a composite three dimensional image and the fused image is displayed using the electronics illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 8. However, the co-registered images may be displayed side by side rather than fused, if desired. Furthermore, the image(s) may be stored or transmitted to a remote location rather than being displayed.

[0060] Thus, the data sets from multiple imaging modalities are acquired, images from each modality are reconstructed and displayed, and the multi-modality images are jointly visualized. Data sets from two or more modalities can be fused. Information from one modality can be used to enhance the acquisition, image reconstruction or display of the other. Fusion is based on mechanically co-registered acquisition, co-registered acquisition supplemented by imaging physics (i.e., knowledge of energy propagation paths for the various modalities), mutual information based registration, or other registration methods.

[0061] The preferred image processing method includes the following steps. Data sets of the first modality are acquired. This includes one or more data sets at various orientations of the sensor and/or radiation source with respect to the breast. Images of the first modality are then formed. Optionally, additional information from other modalities is used to optimize image quality. The images of the first modality are displayed and visualized. These steps are then repeated for the second modality. If additional modalities are present, then the process is repeated for these additional modalities. This is followed by co-registration, fusion, and co-registered display of the multi-modality images. Preferably, the nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is moved away from the breast compression paddle <b>41</b> prior to the step of irradiating the compressed breast with X-rays. Then, the nuclear medicine detector <b>81</b> is moved back into or over the breast compression paddle <b>41</b> prior to the step of the step of detecting gamma rays.

[0062] In the preferred embodiment of X-ray/scintimammography fusion, the preferred method is to acquire x-ray data for tomosynthesis, to create a 3D image of X-ray attenuation using a reconstruction algorithm, and then to visualize the 3D images using volume rendering or cine mode display. Then, scintimammography data is acquired over a similar angular range (with a similar or different number of acquisition positions, depending on the acquisition timing requirements). A 3D image of radioactive pharmaceutical uptake activity is created using a reconstruction algorithm, and the 3D images are visualized using volume rendering or cine mode display. The data sets acquired from the two modalities are co-registered geometrically, so the relative size and orientation of the data sets are known by position of the acquisition sensors. The physics of the imaging configuration can be used to improve registration and correct for known propagation effects. Finally, mutual information registration techniques can be used to enhance information fusion.

[0063] The detectors transmit data regarding projection radiographs which form a projection image or a “view.” Then a collection or plurality of views (a projection data set) is used to reconstruct image “slices” (reconstructed cross-sectional images representative of the structures within the imaged object at a fixed height in a plane parallel to the detector surface) or reconstruction planes (reconstructed cross-sectional images representative of the structures within the imaged object at a fixed height in a plane not parallel to the detector surface). A collection or a plurality of slices and/or reconstruction planes for all heights (three-dimensional dataset representative of the imaged object) is then used to reconstruct a three dimensional image.

[0064] A computer aided detection method may be used for detecting a region of concern in at least one of a first image of the breast generated by a first modality and a second image of the breast generated by a second modality. The detected region of concern is classified, correlated with a corresponding region in the other one of the first image and the second image, and the classification is weighted with a weighting factor corresponding to a degree of correlation. This method is described in detail in related U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/, (attorney docket number 040849/0181), titled “Computer Aided Detection (CAD) For 3D Digital Mammography” to Jeffrey Eberhard, Abdalmajeid Alyassin and Ajay Kapur, filed on the same date as the present application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0065] A typical range of angular scanning is +/−45 degrees, preferably +/−25 degrees around the axis perpendicular to the detector surface. This configuration allows the standard breast compression geometry to be used, which simplifies patient positioning and radiologist familiarity with image format. However, other ranges are possible, all the way from a single view acquisition for each modality (fusion of two dimensional x-ray mammography and scintimammography) to full 360 degree angular scanning (such as computed tomography (CT) geometry for X-ray and SPECT or PET geometry for nuclear medicine). Thus, four general categories of fusion are possible: 3D X-ray with 3D nuclear medicine; 3D X-ray with 2D nuclear medicine; 2D X-ray with 3D nuclear medicine; and 2D X-ray with 2D nuclear medicine. The method can be generalized to co-registered acquisition of other breast imaging modalities, including fusion of more than 2 modalities (such as x-ray, nuclear medicine, and ultrasound), if clinical requirements demand it.

[0066] Since the X-ray and nuclear medicine data are acquired in the same physical configuration of the breast, the images can be registered directly from the mechanical registration information. Alternately, the physics of the individual imaging modalities can be used to enhance the registration of the two images. Differences in spatial resolution in the two modalities, and in propagation characteristics can be taken into account to identify small positioning differences in the two images. Registration is then based on corrected positions in the 3D data sets, where the corrections are based on the imaging physics of the two modalities (such as knowledge of energy propagation paths for the various modalities). In addition, feature based registration can be used to identify structures in one image and find corresponding structures in the other modality image. The data sets can be registered and displayed to capture the corresponding information from both images simultaneously for evaluation by the radiologist.

[0067] The amount of breast compression for both X-ray and nuclear medicine modalities may be slightly less than in conventional X-ray mammography, if three dimensional (“3D”) tomosynthesis imaging is used, because it reduces effects of superimposed tissue on suspicious regions in the breast. The reduced compression in tomosynthesis results in an increase in patient comfort, which is advantageous because the scintimammography scan may take many minutes to accomplish.

[0068] The preferred embodiments have been set forth herein for the purpose of illustration. However, this description should not be deemed to be a limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations, and alternatives may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the claimed inventive concept.