Smart camera with modular expansion capability

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

P-0001[0001] The present invention relates to the field of machine vision applications, and more particularly to a smart camera with modular expansion capabilities.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

P-0002[0002] In many applications, machine vision or image processing analysis is used to inspect or locate an object. For example, in manufacturing applications, machine vision analysis may be used to detect defects in a manufactured object by acquiring images of the object and using various types of image processing algorithms to analyze the images. As an example, a system to manufacture electrical components such as capacitors may use machine vision to examine respective sides of the capacitors in order to detect manufacturing defects, ensure that the capacitors are labeled, marked, or color coded properly, etc.

P-0003[0003] Machine vision applications may use image processing software operable to perform any of various types of image analysis or image processing functions or algorithms in examining an acquired image of an object. For example, pattern matching algorithms are often used, e.g., in order to compare the pattern information of the acquired image to pattern information of a template image. Color matching algorithms may also be used, e.g., in order to compare the color information of the acquired image to the color information of a template image. Blob (Binary Large Object) analysis tools may also be used to examine an image. In various applications, pattern, color and/or Blob analysis information may be used to verify that: an object includes all necessary components in the correct locations, an object has the appropriate words, labels, or markings, an object surface is not scratched or otherwise defective, etc.

P-0004[0004] Any of type of camera or other device may be used to acquire the images to be analyzed in a machine vision application, including digital cameras, line scan cameras, etc. As used herein, the term “camera” is intended to encompass all such devices, including infrared imaging devices, x-ray imaging devices, ultra-sonic imaging devices, and any other type of device which operates to receive, generate, process, or acquire an image or sensor data.

P-0005[0005] Typically, the image processing and analysis of image data is performed by a computing system which may be coupled to the camera. For example, a personal computer (PC) may receive image data from a camera and may execute one or more software programs to process and analyze the image data. As another example, a data acquisition (DAQ) computer board (e.g., installed in a computer) may receive image data from the camera and perform various signal processing operations on the data, including pattern recognition, signal conditioning and conversion, and filtering, among others.

P-0006[0006] Increasingly, however, such image processing capabilities are performed by the camera or sensor by hardware and/or software “on-board” the device. The term “smart camera” is intended to include any of various types of devices that include a camera or other image sensor and a functional unit (i.e., a processor/memory and/or programmable hardware, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA)) capable of being configured to perform an image processing function to analyze or process an acquired image. Examples of smart cameras include: NAVSYS Corporation's GI-EYE, which generates digital image data that are automatically tagged with geo-registration meta-data to indicate the precise position and attitude of the camera when the image was taken; Vision Components' GmbH Smart Machine Vision Cameras, which integrate a high-resolution Charge Coupled Device (CCD) sensor with a fast image-processing signal processor, and provide various interfaces to allow communication with the outside world; and Visual Inspection Systems' SMART cameras with on-board DSP capabilities, including frame grabbers and robot guidance systems, among others.

P-0007[0007] However, in general, smart cameras are specialized devices whose image acquisition/processing capabilities are substantially fixed. In other words, the flexibility and expandability of the image processing and analysis functions are quite limited. Thus, there is a need for a smart camera with modular expansion capabilities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

P-0008[0008] One embodiment of the present invention comprises a smart camera with one or more expansion slots, e.g., a plurality of expansion slots, each of which is operable to receive a function module. One or more function modules may be inserted into respective slots of the smart camera to configure the smart camera to perform a desired function. Thus, the smart camera may also include one or more function modules which provide various additional functions for the smart camera, as described below.

P-0009[0009] As used herein, the term “smart camera” is intended to include any of various types of devices that are operable to acquire and/or store an image and which include a functional unit or other on-board processing capabilities. Examples of a smart camera include analog and digital cameras with on-board processors, and other similar types of devices. The smart camera may include a functional unit for performing a function, such as an image processing function, as described below, and thus may be further operable to analyze or process the acquired or stored image.

P-0010[0010] The smart camera may be operable to couple to a host computer system via a serial bus, a network, or through other means. The host computer may comprise a CPU, a display screen, memory, and one or more input devices such as a mouse or keyboard as shown. The computer may operate with the smart camera to analyze, measure or control a device or process. Alternatively, the computer, or a computer system, may be used only to configure the functional unit in the smart camera or one or more of the function modules. In other embodiments, the computer may be omitted, i.e., the smart camera may operate completely independent of the computer.

P-0011[0011] The smart camera may include a digital camera that acquires a digital video signal which comprises an image, or a sequence of images, or other data desired to be acquired. In one embodiment, the smart camera may instead include an analog camera that acquires an analog video signal, and the smart camera may further include an A/D converter for converting the analog video signal into a digital image. The smart camera may also be operable to provide signal conditioning on signals from the analog camera.

P-0012[0012] In some embodiments, the functional unit of the smart camera may comprise a processor and memory medium, wherein the memory medium stores computer programs, e.g., text based or graphical programs for execution by the processor. In other embodiments, the functional unit may be a programmable hardware element, and configuration information may be stored which may be used to configure the programmable hardware element, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), to perform a desired function, such as an image processing, measurement, control, or analysis function, among others.

P-0013[0013] The functional unit comprised in the smart camera may be configured according to a program, e.g., a text-based or graphical program. For example, the functional unit may be configured to perform an image processing function as represented by a graphical program. The functional unit and/or the function module(s) in the smart camera may perform all of the desired image processing function, including optionally performing an operation based on determined characteristics of the image, and hence the computer system may not be necessary during operation of the system.

P-0014[0014] In one embodiment, the smart camera (and optionally, the computer), may be comprised in an image acquisition/processing system which may be used in manufacturing assembly, test, measurement, and/or control applications, among others. The system may also include a motion control device which may operate in response to signals received from the smart camera or from the computer. The functional unit in the smart camera (or the function module, or the computer system) may control the motion control device. Examples of motion control functions include moving a part or object to be imaged by a camera, rejecting a part on an assembly line, or placing or affixing components on a part being assembled, or a robotics application, among others.

P-0015[0015] As noted above, function modules may be inserted into slots of the smart camera to configure the smart camera for desired operations. In one embodiment, the smart camera together with the function module may operate as a measurement or control device. For example, in one embodiment, the function module may be operable to couple to a sensor, where the sensor is operable to send sensor signals to the function module for one or more of signal conditioning and signal conversion. The signal conditioning may include one or more of protection, isolation, filtering, amplification, and excitation. The signal conversion may include one or more of analog to digital (A/D) conversion and digital to analog (D/A) conversion. Thus, the function module may be operable to perform signal conditioning and/or signal conversion on signals sent by a sensor coupled to the function module (not shown), and to transmit results of such processing on to the smart camera.

P-0016[0016] In another embodiment, the function module may include a sensor as well as the signal conditioning and/or conversion logic, and so the function module may be operable to perform one or more of signal conditioning and signal conversion on sensor signals received from the sensor comprised on the function module.

P-0017[0017] One or more of the function modules may include a functional unit, such as a processor and memory, or an FPGA. Thus, the function module may operate to provide co-processing functionality to the smart camera. For example, in one embodiment, the function module may perform an image processing function, such as pattern matching, blob analysis, edge detection, etc., on an acquired image. Thus, at least a portion of the computation load which might normally be handled by the functional unit of the smart camera may be off-loaded to the function module. Additionally, dedicated processing functions may be provided by the function module(s) which may exceed the capabilities of the smart camera functional unit.

P-0018[0018] In one embodiment, multiple function modules may be used in conjunction to perform image processing, measurement, and/or control tasks. For example, one function module may include a sensor, such as a thermocouple, pressure sensor, or strain gauge, while a second module may perform signal conditioning and/or conversion on signals received from the sensor function module. The smart camera may communicate with the function modules and perform an action, such as generating an image, based on signals received from the function modules. For example, a function module may receive signals from a temperature sensor and perform signal conditioning and/or signal conversion on the signals to generate a scaled temperature value. The temperature value may be transmitted to the functional unit on the smart camera which may compare the value to a threshold, and if the value exceeds the threshold, the smart camera may generate/capture an image. Furthermore, if one of the function modules includes a functional unit, the function module may perform an image processing function on the acquired image, as noted above.

P-0019[0019] In another embodiment, a function module may include a functional unit or control logic which may be operable to control an actuator, such as a stepping motor, to perform a motion task. The smart camera may analyze image information and communicate results to the function module, and thus may use the function module to perform a machine vision task. In other embodiments, function modules may perform such tasks as timing, alarms, logging, synchronization, etc. For example, when multiple smart cameras are used, the function modules may provide synchronization functions to the cameras, thereby facilitating coordinated operation of the cameras. In one embodiment, one of the smart cameras may operate as a master unit, while the other smart cameras operate as slaves, where the smart cameras' respective function modules each provide synchronization functionality as appropriate depending on the master/slave status of the respective camera unit. In another embodiment, each of the smart cameras may operate as peers, where the function modules coordinate the respective camera operations in a peer-to-peer manner.

P-0020[0020] In another embodiment, a plurality of smart cameras may be coupled to each other via a network, e.g., through wireless means, thereby implementing a distributed machine vision, where the communication and/or coordination functionality is provided at least in part by the cameras' respective function modules. For example, multiple cameras may each acquire an image of an object, then collectively analyze the different views of the object to generate three dimensional information about the object. Thus, the function module may comprise connectivity to one or more other smart cameras, providing for coordinated operations between the smart camera and the one or more other smart cameras.

P-0021[0021] In another embodiment, the function module may include a gyroscope which may stabilize the smart camera, allowing for precise control of the camera's orientation. In one embodiment, the function module may have a small form factor which may enable deployment of the smart camera with minimal space requirements.

P-0022[0022] Thus, in various embodiments, the function modules may provide expanded functionality for the smart camera, including one or more of telecommunication, integrated signal conditioning, optional isolation, support for plug and play sensors (IEEE 1451.4), image processing, control functionality, easy use and configuration, DSP (Digital Signal Processing), ASP (Analog Signal Processing), displays, GUI's, thermocouples, analog inputs, fast analog inputs allowing vibration analysis, analog output, digital input, digital output, analysis, decision-making, pattern recognition, web site access, publishing, and/or hosting, industrial control, LCD display, and/or printing functions for the smart camera, networking, auxiliary power, stabilization, and Global Positioning System (GPS) functions for precise positioning with a satellite system, among others.

P-0023[0023] In one embodiment, the smart camera may be operable to receive interface protocol information from the function module specifying how to operate or interface with the function module. The smart camera may then communicate the interface protocol information to the computer system and, based on the interface protocol information, the computer system may program or configure the functional unit on the smart camera to implement the interface as specified by the function module. The computer system may then program the smart camera (i.e., the smart camera's functional unit), thereby implementing the interface specified in the interface protocol information communicated by the function module. This process may be referred to as initialization of the function module/smart camera.

P-0024[0024] In another embodiment, the computer system may be operable to deploy the program onto the functional unit of the smart camera. In other words, in addition to, or instead of, programming the smart camera to implement the interface, the computer system may download the program onto the functional unit of the smart camera, after which the smart camera may be operable to execute the program to perform the one or more functions, preferably in conjunction with operation of the function module, and possibly the computer system.

P-0025[0025] In yet another embodiment, the computer system may be operable to deploy the program onto a function module of the smart camera. In other words, the function module may be programmable by a user (e.g., using the computer system) to perform any of a variety of functions. In another embodiment, a function module may be operable to program the smart camera to perform one or more functions. For example, a function module may be operable to receive a program from the computer system, and program the functional unit of the smart camera to perform the function. In yet another embodiment, the function module may program the smart camera to perform a first portion of a function while the function module performs a second portion of the function. The configured smart camera and the function module may then be operable to perform image acquisition/processing and/or control operations, optionally using the computer system.

P-0026[0026] In one embodiment, the smart camera may include a housing which encloses a portion or all of the smart camera components, or may be comprised on a frame which primarily provides structural support for the smart camera components. In one embodiment, the housing may have a plurality of sides,e.g., top, bottom, left, right, front and back sides. In another embodiment, the camera may be attached directly to the housing. In one embodiment, the housing may be ruggedized, i.e., adapted for industrial use. In one embodiment, the housing has dimensions less than about 1 foot by about 1 foot by about 1 foot. In another embodiment, the housing has dimensions less than about 1 foot by about 8 inches by about 8 inches. In yet another embodiment, the housing has dimensions less than about 6″ by about 6″ by about 6″.

P-0027[0027] In one embodiment, the smart camera may include a chassis which comprises a plurality of expansion slots for receiving the function modules. The chassis may include a backplane which provides for electrical communication, and one or more slots for receiving the function modules. For example, the backplane may comprises a bus for communication with function modules. Thus, the smart camera may host a plurality of function modules, each of which may provide DAQ, image processing/analysis, and/or control functionality for an image processing or control operation or task, among others.

P-0028[0028] In a preferred embodiment, the function modules may be easily removed, added, and replaced. In other words, function modules may be exchanged to change the configuration or capabilities of the smart camera. In one embodiment, the function module may be replaced without powering down the smart camera, i.e., the function module may be “hot-plugged” into the smart camera, where the smart camera and inserted function module may operate without requiring a reboot. For example, in one embodiment, during operation of the smart camera, the function module may communicate the interface protocol information to the smart camera upon attachment, and the smart camera may be programmed in response, as described above. In another embodiment, the function module and/or smart camera may require a reboot or reset after attachment to perform the initialization.

P-0029[0029] In one embodiment, the smart camera may include local bus interface logic, such as a RTSI (Real Time System Integration) bus for routing timing and triggering signals between the smart camera and one or more other devices or cards, such as function modules, other smart cameras, motion control devices, and/or smart sensors, between two or more function modules, and/or between two or more devices coupled to function modules.

P-0030[0030] It is noted that the examples presented above are meant to be illustrative only, and are not intended to limit the functionality or use of the function modules to any particular type. Rather, it is contemplated that virtually any function useful in combination with a smart camera may be provided in a modular fashion by one or more function modules. Thus, the function modules may provide a wide variety of functions which may extend the flexibility and utility of the smart camera and therefore expand the applications thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

P-0031[0031] A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

P-0032[0032] FIGS. <b>1</b>A-C illustrate various embodiments of an image acquisition/processing system for inspecting manufactured objects;

P-0033[0033]FIG. 1D is a block diagram of a smart camera coupled to a computer system via a network.

P-0034[0034]FIG. 2A illustrates a machine vision system according to one embodiment;

P-0035[0035]FIG. 2A illustrates a smart camera with function modules, according to one embodiment of the invention;

P-0036[0036]FIG. 3 is an illustration of a smart camera with function modules, according to one embodiment;

P-0037[0037]FIG. 4A is an exemplary block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the computer system illustrated in FIGS. <b>1</b>A-<b>1</b>D and FIG. 2A;

P-0038[0038]FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a smart camera with function modules, according to one embodiment; and

P-0039[0039]FIG. 5 is a hardware layout diagram of one embodiment of a function module.

P-0040[0040] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

P-0041[0041] Incorporation by Reference

P-0042[0042] The following patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as though fully and completely set forth herein:

P-0043[0043] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/______ titled “Measurement System with Modular Measurement Modules That Convey Interface Information,” filed on Aug. 14, 2001, whose inventors are Perry Steger, Garritt W. Foote, David Potter and James J. Truchard.

P-0044[0044]FIG. 1A—Image Acquisition or Machine Vision System

P-0045[0045]FIG. 1 illustrates an image acquisition system in which a host computer system <b>102</b> is coupled to a smart camera <b>110</b>. As used herein, the term “smart camera” is intended to include any of various types of devices that are operable to acquire and/or store an image and which include on-board processing capabilities. A smart camera may thus be further operable to analyze or process the acquired or stored image. Examples of a smart camera include analog and digital cameras with on-board processors, and other similar types of devices.

P-0046[0046] As used herein, the terms “image processing” and “machine vision” are used interchangeably to refer to the processing of images to extract useful information from the image or determine characteristics of the image (or to determine characteristics of one or more objects displayed in the image). The term “image processing” is used herein to refer to both “image processing” and “machine vision”, to the extent these terms have different meanings. The term “image processing function” includes tools such as edge detection, blob analysis, pattern matching, Fourier analysis, and other image processing functions. The term “image processing function” may also include an operation or decision that is performed in response to the information extracted or characteristics determined from the image, e.g., a control function. The term “image processing function” is also intended to include an image processing (or machine vision) algorithm that combines a sequence of two or more image processing functions or tools and/or decision operations that process an image in a desired way or which implement an image processing or machine vision application, such as part inspection, automated assembly, image analysis, pattern matching, edge detection, etc.

P-0047[0047] As used herein, the term “functional unit” may include a processor and memory or a programmable hardware element. The term “functional unit” may include one or more processors and memories and/or one or more programmable hardware elements. As used herein, the term “processor” is intended to include any of types of processors, CPUs, microcontrollers, or other devices capable of executing software instructions. As used herein, the term “programmable hardware element” is intended to include various types of programmable hardware, reconfigurable hardware, programmable logic, or field-programmable devices (FPDs), such as one or more FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), or one or more PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), such as one or more Simple PLDs (SPLDs) or one or more Complex PLDs (CPLDs), or other types of programmable hardware.

P-0048[0048] As used herein, the term “memory medium” includes a non-volatile medium, e.g., a magnetic media or hard disk, optical storage, or flash memory; a volatile medium, such as computer system memory, e.g., random access memory (RAM) such as DRAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, RAMBUS RAM, DR DRAM, etc.; or an installation medium, such as a CD-ROM or floppy disks <b>104</b>, on which the computer programs may be stored. The term “memory medium” may also include other types of memory or combinations thereof.

P-0049[0049] In the present application, the term “graphical program” or “block diagram” is intended to include a program comprising graphical code, e.g., two or more nodes or icons interconnected in one or more of a data flow, control flow, or execution flow format, where the interconnected nodes or icons may visually indicates the functionality of the program. Thus the terms “graphical program” or “block diagram” are each intended to include a program comprising a plurality of interconnected nodes or icons which visually indicates the functionality of the program. A graphical program may comprise a block diagram and may also include a user interface portion or front panel portion. The user interface portion may be contained in the block diagram or may be contained in one or more separate panels or windows. A graphical program may be created using any of various types of systems which are used to develop or create graphical code or graphical programs, including LabVIEW, DASYLab, and DiaDem from National Instruments, Visual Designer from Intelligent Instrumentation, Agilent VEE (Visual Engineering Environment), Snap-Master by HEM Data Corporation, SoftWIRE from Measurement Computing, ObjectBench by SES (Scientific and Engineering Software), Simulink from the MathWorks, WiT from Coreco, Vision Program Manager from PPT Vision, Hypersignal, VisiDAQ, VisSim, and Khoros, among others. In the preferred embodiment, the system uses the LabVIEW graphical programming system available from National Instruments.

P-0050[0050] Thus, FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary image acquisition or machine vision system <b>100</b>, where the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a functional unit for performing an image processing function as described below. As FIG. 1A shows, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include one or more function modules <b>108</b> which may provide various additional functions for the smart camera as will be described below. The smart camera <b>110</b> may couple to the host computer <b>102</b> through a serial bus, a network, or through other means.

P-0051[0051] The host computer <b>102</b> may comprise a CPU, a display screen, memory, and one or more input devices such as a mouse or keyboard as shown. The computer <b>102</b> may operate with the smart camera <b>110</b> to analyze, measure or control a device or process <b>150</b>. Alternatively, the computer <b>102</b> may be used only to configure a functional unit in the image acquisition device or one or more of the function modules <b>108</b>. In other embodiments, the computer <b>102</b> may be omitted, i.e., the smart camera <b>110</b> may operate completely independent of the computer.

P-0052[0052] The image acquisition system <b>100</b> may be used in an manufacturing assembly, test, measurement, automation, and/or control application, among others. For illustration purposes, a unit under test (UUT) <b>150</b> is shown which may be positioned by a motion control device <b>136</b> (and interface card <b>138</b>), and imaged and analyzed by the smart camera <b>110</b>. It is noted that in various other embodiments the UUT <b>150</b> may comprise a process or system to be measured and/or analyzed.

P-0053[0053] Referring again to FIG. 1A, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a memory medium on which computer programs, e.g., text based or graphical programs, may be stored. In other embodiments, configuration information may be stored which may be used to configure a programmable hardware element, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), comprised in the smart camera (or a function module, or the computer) to perform a measurement, control, automation, or analysis function, among others.

P-0054[0054] The host computer <b>102</b> may also include a memory medium on which computer programs may be stored. In one embodiment, another memory medium may be located on a second computer which is coupled to the smart camera <b>110</b> or to the host computer <b>102</b> through a network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless network, or the Internet. In this instance, the second computer may operate to provide the program instructions through the network to the smart camera <b>110</b> or host computer <b>102</b> for execution.

P-0055[0055] FIGS. <b>1</b>B and <b>1</b>C—Image Processing Systems

P-0056[0056]FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate image processing or machine vision systems according to various embodiments of the invention. The image processing system of FIG. 1B may comprise a computer <b>102</b> and a smart camera <b>110</b>, and may further include a motion control device <b>192</b>. In one embodiment, the image processing system of FIG. 1C may comprise smart camera <b>110</b> and motion control device <b>192</b>, and may not include computer system <b>102</b>.

P-0057[0057] The smart camera <b>110</b> may include a digital camera that acquires a digital video signal which comprises an image, or a sequence of images, or other data desired to be acquired. In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may instead include an analog camera that acquires an analog video signal, and the smart camera <b>110</b> may further include A/D converters for converting the analog video signal into a digital image.

P-0058[0058] As mentioned above, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a functional unit configured according to a program, e.g., a text-based or graphical program. For example, the functional unit may be configured to perform an image processing function as represented by a graphical program. Thus a graphical (or text-based) program may have been first created to perform the image processing function, such as with a graphical development environment on the computer system <b>102</b>, and the graphical program may then have been deployed onto the functional unit of the smart camera to implement the image processing function.

P-0059[0059] In the machine vision system of FIG. 1B, the digital video signal or digital image may be provided to the functional unit in the smart camera <b>110</b>, wherein the image processing function is performed. In one embodiment, the functional unit in the smart camera <b>110</b> may perform a first portion of the image processing function, and the computer <b>102</b> may perform a second portion of the image processing function. For example, the functional unit in the smart camera <b>110</b> may perform the actual processing of the image to determine characteristics of the image, and the computer <b>102</b> may then perform an operation based on this result, such as rejecting a part from an assembly line, or logging the results to file. As another example, the functional unit in the smart camera <b>110</b> may perform the processing of the image to determine characteristics of the image, and may also optionally perform an operation based on this result, and the computer system <b>102</b> may execute software to provide a user interface for the system, e.g., the computer system <b>102</b> may execute a user interface portion of a graphical program, where the block diagram of the graphical program is used to configure the functional unit in the smart camera <b>110</b>. Thus, in one embodiment, a first portion of the graphical program, e.g., DSP functions requiring real time performance, may be executed by the smart camera, i.e., the functional unit or a function module <b>108</b> comprised in the smart camera <b>110</b>, and a second portion of the graphical program, e.g., a user interface where real time performance is not required, may be executed by the computer system <b>102</b>.

P-0060[0060] In the embodiment of FIG. 1C, the functional unit <b>106</b> and/or the function module <b>108</b> in the smart camera <b>110</b> may perform all of the desired image processing function, including optionally performing an operation based on determined characteristics of the image, and hence the computer system <b>102</b> may not be necessary during operation of the system. In another embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a processor and memory (in addition to the functional unit which executes the image processing function) which may execute the second portion of the graphical program, e.g., the user interface portion. For example, a function module <b>108</b> may execute the user interface portion of the program.

P-0061[0061] In the embodiments of FIGS. 1B and 1C, the functional unit in the smart camera <b>110</b> (or the function module <b>108</b>, or the computer system <b>102</b> in FIG. 1B) may control the motion control device <b>192</b>. Examples of motion control functions include moving a part or object to be imaged by a camera, rejecting a part on an assembly line, or placing or affixing components on a part being assembled, or a robotics application, among others.

P-0062[0062]FIG. 1D—Block Diagram of an Image Acquisition System

P-0063[0063]FIG. 1D is a block diagram of an image acquisition system, according to another embodiment of the invention. As FIG. 1D shows, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be coupled to computer system <b>102</b> via a network (e.g., the Internet) <b>104</b> as shown, or, as mentioned above, may be coupled to the computer system <b>102</b> by other transmission means, including serial or parallel bus, wireless, and CAN, among others. As FIG. 1D also shows, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a functional unit <b>106</b>, e.g., a processor and memory and/or a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA, which may be operable to perform image processing and/or analysis on an acquired image. The functional unit <b>106</b> may be programmed by computer system <b>102</b>, thus, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be re-configurable, i.e., programmable by an external computer system. Additionally, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include one or more function modules <b>108</b>, which may be operable to perform a variety of functions, such as image processing, pattern recognition, I/O functions, and network communications, among others.

P-0064[0064] As noted above, function modules <b>108</b> may be inserted into slots of the smart camera to configure the smart camera for desired operations. In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> together with the function module(s) <b>108</b> may operate as a measurement or control device. For example, in one embodiment, the function module may be operable to couple to a sensor, where the sensor is operable to send sensor signals to the function module for one or more of signal conditioning and signal conversion. The signal conditioning may include one or more of protection, isolation, filtering, amplification, and excitation. The signal conversion may include one or more of analog to digital (A/D) conversion and digital to analog (D/A) conversion. Thus, the function module <b>108</b> may be operable to perform signal conditioning and/or signal conversion on signals sent by a sensor coupled to the function module <b>108</b> (not shown), and to transmit results of such processing on to the smart camera <b>110</b>.

P-0065[0065] In another embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may include a sensor as well as the signal conditioning and/or conversion logic, and so the function module may be operable to perform one or more of signal conditioning and signal conversion on sensor signals received from the sensor comprised on the function module <b>108</b>.

P-0066[0066] One or more of the function modules <b>108</b> may include a functional unit, such as a processor and memory, or an FPGA. Thus, the function module may operate to provide co-processing functionality to the smart camera. For example, in one embodiment, the function module may perform an image processing function, such as pattern matching, blob analysis, edge detection, etc., on an acquired image. Thus, at least a portion of the computation load which might normally be handled by the functional unit of the smart camera may be off-loaded to the function module. Additionally, dedicated processing functions may be provided by the function module(s) which may exceed the capabilities of the smart camera functional unit.

P-0067[0067] In another embodiment, multiple function modules <b>108</b> may be used in conjunction to perform image processing, measurement, and/or control tasks. For example, a first function module <b>108</b> may include a sensor, such as a thermocouple, pressure sensor, or strain gauge, while a second function module <b>108</b> may perform signal conditioning and/or conversion on signals received from the first function module <b>108</b>. The smart camera <b>110</b> may communicate with both the first and the second function modules <b>108</b> and perform an action, such as generating an image, based on signals received from both the first and the second function modules <b>108</b>.

P-0068[0068] For example, a function module <b>108</b> may receive signals from a temperature sensor and perform signal conditioning and/or signal conversion on the signals to generate a scaled temperature value. The temperature value may be transmitted to the functional unit <b>106</b> on the smart camera <b>110</b> which may compare the value to a threshold, and if the value exceeds the threshold, the smart camera may generate/capture an image. Furthermore, if one of the function modules includes a functional unit, the function module may perform an image processing function on the acquired image, as noted above.

P-0069[0069] In another example, a function module <b>108</b> may comprise a sensor, such as a photometer or light meter, which operates to ascertain ambient conditions for the smart camera <b>110</b>, such as brightness. The smart camera <b>110</b> may use readings from the sensor to set parameters for image capture, such as shutter speed, in order to optimize image quality. In yet another example, a function module <b>108</b> may comprise a motion detector which may be operable to send a trigger to the smart camera <b>110</b> when motion is detected, thus causing an image of the moving phenomenon to be generated.

P-0070[0070] In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be operable to receive data from the function module <b>108</b> and communicate the data (possibly in a different format or form) to the computer system <b>102</b>, e.g., over the network <b>104</b>. For example, the smart camera <b>110</b> may receive signal data in a proprietary format from the function module <b>108</b> and format the data for transmission over wireless Ethernet to the computer system <b>102</b>. In another embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may provide network communication functionality to the smart camera, thereby allowing the smart camera <b>110</b> to send image data to external systems or to publish image data on a website, for example.

P-0071[0071] In another embodiment, a function module <b>108</b> may include a functional unit or control logic which may be operable to control an actuator, such as a stepping motor, to perform a motion task. The smart camera <b>110</b> may analyze image information and communicate results to the function module <b>108</b>, and thus may use the function module <b>108</b> to perform a machine vision task.

P-0072[0072] In other embodiments, function modules <b>108</b> may perform such tasks as timing, alarms, logging, synchronization, etc. For example, when a plurality of smart cameras <b>110</b> are used, the function modules <b>108</b> may provide synchronization functions to the smart cameras <b>110</b>, thereby facilitating coordinated operation of the plurality of smart cameras <b>110</b>. In one embodiment, one of the smart cameras <b>110</b> may operate as a master unit, while the other smart cameras <b>110</b> operate as slaves, where the smart cameras' <b>110</b> respective function modules <b>108</b> provide the synchronization functionality as appropriate depending on the master/slave status of the smart camera <b>110</b>. In another embodiment, each of the plurality of smart cameras <b>110</b> may operate as a peer, where the function modules <b>108</b> coordinate the respective smart camera <b>110</b> operations in a peer-to-peer manner.

P-0073[0073] In one embodiment, a plurality of smart cameras <b>110</b> may be coupled to each other via a network, e.g., through wireless means, thereby implementing a distributed machine vision, where the communication and/or coordination functionality is provided at least in part by the smart cameras' <b>110</b> respective function modules <b>108</b>. For example, multiple smart cameras <b>110</b> may each acquire an image of an object, then collectively analyze the different images of the object to generate three dimensional information about the object. Thus, the function module <b>108</b> may comprise connectivity to one or more other smart cameras <b>110</b>, providing for coordinated operations between the smart camera <b>110</b> and the one or more other smart cameras <b>110</b>.

P-0074[0074] In another embodiment, the function module may include a gyroscope which may stabilize the smart camera, allowing for precise control of the camera's orientation. In one embodiment, the function module may have a small form factor which may enable deployment of the smart camera with minimal space requirements.

P-0075[0075] In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be operable to receive interface protocol information from the function module <b>108</b> specifying how to operate or interface with the function module <b>108</b>. The smart camera <b>110</b> may then communicate the interface protocol information to the computer system <b>102</b> and, based on the interface protocol information, the computer system <b>102</b> may program or configure the functional unit <b>106</b> on the smart camera <b>110</b> to implement the interface as specified by the function module <b>108</b>. In other words, the function module <b>108</b> may tell the smart camera <b>110</b> how to communicate, and the smart camera <b>110</b> may then tell the computer system <b>102</b> how to program the smart camera <b>110</b> to communicate with the function module <b>108</b> accordingly. The computer system <b>102</b> may then program the smart camera <b>110</b> (i.e., the smart camera's <b>110</b> functional unit <b>106</b>), thereby implementing the interface specified in the interface protocol information communicated by the function module <b>108</b>. This process may be referred to as initialization of the function module/smart camera.

P-0076[0076] Referring again to FIG. 1D, the smart camera <b>110</b>, function module <b>108</b>, and/or the computer <b>102</b> may include a memory medium on which computer programs, e.g., text based and/or graphical programs, according to the present invention may be stored. A memory medium may also be located on a second computer which is coupled to the system through a network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or the Internet. In this instance, the second computer may operate to provide the program instructions through the network to the system (i.e., the smart camera <b>110</b>, the function module <b>108</b>, and/or the computer <b>102</b>) for execution. Also, the computer system <b>102</b> may take various forms, including a personal computer system, mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television set-top box, instrument, or other device. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device having at least one processor which executes instructions from a memory medium.

P-0077[0077] In one embodiment, the computer system <b>102</b> may also store a program implementing one or more image processing, control, and/or measurement functions, e.g., a software program, such as a text-based or graphical program, implementing the one or more functions. The term “measurement function” may include measurement and/or data acquisition, such as displaying received data, analyzing and/or processing received data to generate a result, performing signal processing on received data, or otherwise analyzing and/or processing received data to perform a measurement.

P-0078[0078] In one embodiment, the computer system <b>102</b> may be operable to execute the program to perform the one or more functions, preferably in conjunction with operation of the smart camera <b>110</b> and/or function module <b>108</b>. For example, the program may be executable to perform one or more of image processing, DAQ, measurement, or control functions, including analysis of image data or signals received from the smart camera, control of smart camera and/or function module operations, user interface functions, and pattern recognition and/or characterization, among others.

P-0079[0079] In another embodiment, the computer system <b>102</b> may be operable to deploy the program onto the functional unit <b>106</b> of the smart camera <b>110</b>. In other words, in addition to, or instead of, programming the smart camera <b>110</b> to implement the interface, the computer system <b>102</b> may download the program onto the functional unit <b>106</b> of the smart camera <b>110</b>, after which the smart camera <b>110</b> may be operable to execute the program to perform the one or more functions, preferably in conjunction with operation of the function module <b>108</b>, and possibly the computer system <b>102</b>.

P-0080[0080] In yet another embodiment, the computer system <b>102</b> may be operable to deploy the program onto the function module <b>108</b> of the smart camera <b>110</b>. In other words, the function module <b>108</b> may be programmable by a user (e.g., using the computer system <b>102</b>) to perform any of a variety of functions. In another embodiment, a function module <b>108</b> may be operable to program the smart camera <b>110</b> to perform one or more functions. For example, a function module <b>108</b> may be operable to receive a program from the computer system <b>102</b>, and program the functional unit <b>106</b> of the smart camera <b>110</b> to perform the function. In yet another embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may program the smart camera <b>110</b> to perform a first portion of a function while the function module <b>108</b> performs a second portion of the function.

P-0081[0081] The configured smart camera <b>110</b> and the function module <b>108</b> may then be operable to perform image acquisition/processing and/or control operations, optionally using the computer system <b>102</b>.

P-0082[0082] It is noted that the examples presented above are meant to be illustrative only, and are not intended to limit the functionality or use of the function modules <b>108</b> to any particular operation. Rather, it is contemplated that virtually any function useful in combination with a smart camera <b>110</b> may be provided in a modular fashion by one or more function modules <b>108</b>. Thus, the function modules <b>108</b> may provide a wide variety of functions which may extend the flexibility and utility of the smart camera <b>110</b> and therefore expand the applications thereof.

P-0083[0083] FIGS. <b>2</b>A and <b>2</b>B—Image Acquisition System having a Smart Camera

P-0084[0084]FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an image acquisition system with a smart camera <b>110</b>. As FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a housing which encloses a portion or all of the smart camera <b>110</b> components, or may be comprised on a frame which primarily provides structural support for the smart camera <b>110</b> components. In one embodiment, a camera <b>282</b> may be attached directly to the housing. In one embodiment, the housing may have a plurality of sides. For example, the plurality of sides may comprise top, bottom, left, right, front and back sides. Therefore, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a housing having a plurality of sides and a camera <b>282</b> directly attached to the housing for acquiring an image of an object.

P-0085[0085]FIG. 2A—Image Acquisition System with Smart Camera

P-0086[0086]FIG. 2A illustrates an image acquisition system comprising computer system <b>102</b> coupled to the smart camera <b>110</b>. The smart camera <b>110</b> is an example of an image acquisition device. As indicated above, the term “smart camera” is intended to include any of various types of devices that include a camera <b>282</b> or other image sensor and a functional unit <b>106</b> capable of being configured to perform an image processing function to analyze or process an acquired image. For example, while traditional computer vision is based on a camera/computer system in which the image processing or understanding algorithm is embedded in the computer system <b>102</b>, the computational load of vision algorithms may be circumvented or mitigated by merging low level processing with the camera or sensor in a single module. For example, a hardware architecture may be defined in a Hardware Description Language (e.g., VHDL), simulated and synthesized into digital structures that can then be configured in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In one application of a smart camera <b>110</b>, the flexibility of an FPGA may be combined with a sensor for real time image processing. In another application of a smart camera <b>110</b>, the flexibility of a processor and memory may be combined with a sensor for real time image processing. Additionally, as mentioned above, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include function modules <b>108</b> which may be operable to provide a variety of image processing, I/O, control, automation, and/or communication functions to the smart camera <b>110</b>.

P-0087[0087] The computer system <b>102</b> shown in FIG. 2A may include a memory medium. In one embodiment, the memory medium may store a development environment, such as a graphical programming development system, for developing programs for execution by the functional unit <b>106</b> on the smart camera <b>110</b>, or by a function module <b>108</b> comprised therein. For example, the graphical programming development system may be used to develop a graphical program that implements an image processing function.

P-0088[0088] As mentioned above, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a functional unit <b>106</b>, which may be a programmable hardware element (programmable or reconfigurable hardware), e.g., an FPGA, and/or a processor and memory. The functional unit <b>106</b> in the smart camera <b>110</b> may be configured with a program that implements the image processing function. The smart camera <b>110</b> may also comprise a camera <b>282</b> coupled to the functional unit <b>106</b>. The smart camera <b>110</b> may also include a memory (a memory medium) coupled to the camera <b>282</b> for storing an acquired image. If the smart camera <b>110</b> includes an analog camera, the smart camera <b>110</b> may further include analog to digital (A/D) logic for converting analog image signals into a digital image for storage in the memory. The smart camera <b>110</b> may also optionally include timer/counter logic that may perform timing/counting operations, e.g., during operation of the functional unit <b>106</b>.

P-0089[0089] As mentioned above, and as FIG. 2A shows, in one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a housing which encloses some or all of the components of the smart camera <b>110</b>. For example, the camera <b>282</b> may be included in the housing. In one embodiment, the housing may be ruggedized, i.e., adapted for industrial use. In one embodiment, the housing may comprise a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).

P-0090[0090] Furthermore, as also mentioned above, the functional unit <b>106</b> may be comprised in the housing and coupled to the camera <b>282</b>, where the functional unit <b>106</b> is configurable to implement an image processing function. A backplane may also be comprised in the housing, where the backplane is coupled to the functional unit <b>106</b> and is operable to provide for electrical communication. One or more slots may also be comprised in the housing, where each of the one or more slots includes a connector that is electrically coupled to the backplane, and where each of the one or more slots is adapted for receiving a function module <b>106</b>. In one embodiment, the one or more slots may comprise a plurality of slots, i.e., two or more slots.

P-0091[0091] In one embodiment, the housing has dimensions less than about 1 foot by about 1 foot by about 1 foot. In another embodiment, the housing has dimensions less than about 1 foot by about 8 inches by about 8 inches. In yet another embodiment, the housing has dimensions less than about 6″ by about 6″ by about 6″.

P-0092[0092]FIG. 2B—Smart Camera

P-0093[0093]FIG. 2B illustrates another embodiment of a smart camera <b>110</b>. As FIG. 2B shows, the smart camera includes a camera <b>282</b>, coupled to circuitry/logic (e.g., one or more circuit boards) for performing various image processing and/or acquisition functions. As mentioned above, the circuitry/logic may include a functional unit <b>106</b>, such as a programmable hardware element, e.g., an FPGA and/or a processor and memory. As also described above, the functional unit <b>106</b> in the smart camera <b>110</b> may be configured with a program that implements the image processing function, and may also include a memory coupled to the camera <b>282</b> for storing an acquired image. If the camera <b>282</b> is an analog camera, the smart camera <b>110</b> may further include analog to digital (A/D) logic for converting analog image signals into a digital image for storage in the memory. In one embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> may be operable to provide signal conditioning on signals from the analog camera. In another embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> may be operable to provide signal conversion on signals from the analog camera.

P-0094[0094] The smart camera <b>110</b> may also optionally include timer/counter logic that may perform timing/counting operations, e.g., during operation of the programmable hardware element. The smart camera <b>110</b> may also include various I/O ports for communicating with external devices, such as computer system <b>102</b>. As FIG. 2B shows, in one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a frame or structure to support the components comprised in the smart camera <b>110</b>. In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a “PC-on-a-Card” which may provide part or all of the functionality of a personal computer.

P-0095[0095] As FIG. 2B also shows, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a chassis <b>111</b> which includes a plurality of expansion slots for receiving function modules <b>108</b>. The function modules <b>108</b> may thus provide a mechanism for expanding the capabilities of the smart camera <b>110</b> in an easy modular fashion.

P-0096[0096] In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may also include a function module <b>108</b> comprised in one of the slots, which may provide modular functionality to the smart camera <b>110</b>. For example, the function module <b>108</b> may provide dedicated image processing, including one or more of pattern recognition, Fourier analysis (or other transform analysis), motion detection; communication functionality, such as wired and/or wireless network connectivity, e.g., Ethernet and Internet network connectivity, USB connectivity, and Firewire (IEEE 1134) connectivity, among others. In one embodiment, the function module may be programmable over a network, such as by a computer system <b>102</b>. In another embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> may be programmable by the function module <b>108</b> to perform an image processing function. In yet another embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> comprised in the smart camera <b>110</b> may be programmable over a network.

P-0097[0097] A block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the smart camera <b>110</b> is shown in FIG. 4, described below.

P-0098[0098]FIG. 3—Smart Camera with Chassis and Function Modules

P-0099[0099]FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention where each function module <b>108</b> is in the form of a cartridge and the smart camera <b>110</b> includes the chassis <b>111</b>, also referred to as a cartridge carrier, which may be operable to receive one or more of the function modules <b>108</b>. In a preferred embodiment, the chassis <b>111</b> may be operable to receive a plurality of the function modules <b>108</b>.

P-0100[0100] As mentioned above, in one embodiment, the chassis <b>111</b> may include a backplane which provides for electrical communication, and one or more slots for receiving the function modules <b>108</b>. For example, the backplane may comprise a bus for communication with function modules <b>108</b>, including one or more of ISA, EISA, PCI, SPCI, PCI-X, CompactPCI, PXI, VXI, VMEbus, PC/104, PC/104 Plus, SCXI, PCMCIA, CardBus, PMC (PCI Mezzanine Card), MicroDAQ, Smart Card, CompactFlash, 3GIO, and USB, among others. Correspondingly, the function modules may each have a form factor in accordance with a corresponding one of ISA, EISA, PCI, SPCI, PCI-X, CompactPCI, PXI, VXI, VME, PC/104, PC/104 Plus, SCXI, PCMCIA, PC Card, PMC (PCI Mezzanine Card), MicroDAQ, Smart Card, CompactFlash, 3GIO and USB.

P-0101[0101] Each of the one or more slots may include a connector that is coupled to the backplane, where each of the one or more slots may be adapted for receiving one of the function modules <b>108</b>. Thus, the smart camera <b>110</b> may host a plurality of function modules <b>108</b>, each of which may provide DAQ, image processing/analysis, and/or control functionality for an image processing or control operation or task, among others.

P-0102[0102] The chassis <b>111</b> may include one or more carriers which are able to convert function module <b>108</b> signals to standard bus/network signals, and implement power-on states, plug and play, and/or watchdogs, these features being well known in the art. Example carriers may include, but are not limited to, 4-slot Ethernet carrier, 4-slot and 1-slot USB carrier, multi-slot RIO carrier, 1-slot wireless carrier, and CAN carrier, among others.

P-0103[0103] As mentioned above, in one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be operable to communicate with each function module <b>108</b> and be programmed or configured (e.g., by a computer system <b>102</b>) to implement the respective interface of each function module <b>108</b>. In this manner a suite of sensors may be fielded, each of which feeds signals to a respective function module <b>108</b> which in turn communicates through a respective interface (protocol) with the smart camera <b>110</b>. Thus, in one embodiment the smart camera <b>110</b> may support a heterogeneous plurality of interfaces without having to include a heterogeneous set of interface hardware components.

P-0104[0104] It should be noted that in a preferred embodiment, the function modules <b>108</b> (cartridges) may be easily removed, added, and replaced. In other words, function modules <b>108</b> may be exchanged to change the configuration or capabilities of the smart camera <b>110</b>. In one embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may be replaced without powering down the smart camera <b>110</b>, i.e., the function module <b>108</b> may be “hot-plugged” into the smart camera <b>110</b>, where the smart camera <b>110</b> and inserted function module <b>108</b> may operate without requiring a reboot. In other words, any initialization required may be performed without a reboot. For example, in one embodiment, during operation of the smart camera <b>110</b>, the function module <b>108</b> may communicate the interface protocol information to the smart camera <b>110</b> upon attachment, and the smart camera <b>110</b> may be programmed in response, as described above. In another embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> and/or smart camera <b>110</b> may require a reboot or reset after attachment to perform the initialization.

P-0105[0105] For example, during operation of the smart camera <b>110</b>, a new function module <b>108</b> may be added (i.e., inserted or attached) to the smart camera <b>110</b>. The smart camera <b>110</b> may automatically perform the initialization with respect to the new function module <b>108</b>. In the example given above where the new function module <b>108</b> communicates the interface to the smart camera <b>110</b> during operation of the smart camera <b>110</b>, the new function module <b>108</b> may communicate respective interface information to the smart camera <b>110</b>, which may then be programmed (e.g., by the computer system <b>102</b>) to implement the respective interface, thereby enabling operations with the new function module <b>108</b>. In another embodiment, the new function module <b>108</b> itself may program the smart camera <b>110</b> with the appropriate interface. In one embodiment, the new function module <b>108</b> may replace another function module <b>108</b> which was removed during operation of the smart camera <b>110</b>.

P-0106[0106] In one embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may provide functionality including one or more of signal conditioning, ADC, microprocessor, and optional isolation, for sensor to digital operations. Additionally, in one embodiment, the new function module <b>108</b> may provide a PXI interface, and Electronic Data Sheet (EDS)/calibration history on board. In one embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may have a small form factor. For example, in one embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may have dimensions less than or equal to approximately 1 inch by 2 inches by 3 inches. In one embodiment, the function module may have dimensions of approximately 0.2 inches by 1 inch by 1 inch or more. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> has a compact form factor which may enable deployment of the smart camera <b>110</b> with minimal space requirements.

P-0107[0107] Thus, in various embodiments, the function modules <b>108</b> may provide communication, integrated signal conditioning, optional isolation, support for plug and play sensors (IEEE 1451.4), modular image processing, control functionality, and easy use and configuration, among other functions. Additionally, the function modules <b>108</b> may be rugged, i.e., may be suitable for industrial use. In various embodiments, the function modules <b>108</b> may plug into one or more of an Ethernet carrier, a USB carrier, an Ethernet Vision I/O slot, a PXI carrier, a PCI carrier, handhelds, DAQ in the cable, and RIO devices (e.g., panelettes), among others. Other example functions contemplated for function modules <b>108</b> include, but are not limited to, DSP (Digital Signal Processing), ASP (Analog Signal Processing), displays, GUI's, thermocouples, analog (e.g., 10 V) inputs, fast analog inputs allowing vibration analysis, analog output (e.g., 1V to 10V), digital input (e.g., 5V to 30V), digital output (e.g., 5V to 30V), analysis, decision-making, pattern recognition, and stabilization. Thus, some or all of the functions listed herein may be performed by one or more function modules comprised in the smart camera <b>110</b>, described in more detail below.

P-0108[0108]FIG. 4A—Computer System Block Diagram

P-0109[0109]FIG. 4A is an exemplary block diagram of one embodiment of the computer system <b>102</b> illustrated in FIGS. <b>1</b>A-<b>1</b>D and FIG. 2A. It is noted that any type of computer system configuration or architecture can be used as desired, FIG. 4A illustrating a representative PC embodiment. For example, the computer system <b>102</b> may be a general purpose computer system, a computer implemented on a PXI card installed in a PXI chassis, a computer implemented on a VXI card installed in a VXI chassis, or other type of computer system. The elements of a computer not necessary to understand the present invention have been omitted from FIG. 4A for simplicity.

P-0110[0110] The computer system <b>102</b> preferably includes at least one central processing unit or CPU <b>160</b> which is coupled to a processor or host bus <b>162</b>. The CPU <b>160</b> may be any of various types, including an x86 processor, e.g., a Pentium class, a PowerPC processor, a CPU from the SPARC family of RISC processors, as well as others. Main memory <b>166</b> is coupled to the host bus <b>162</b> by means of memory controller <b>164</b>.

P-0111[0111] The main memory <b>166</b> may store software according to one embodiment of the present invention, e.g., image processing software. The main memory <b>166</b> may also store operating system software, i.e., software for operation of the computer system, as is well known to those skilled in the art.

P-0112[0112] The host bus <b>162</b> may couple to an expansion or input/output bus <b>170</b> by means of a bus controller <b>168</b> or bus bridge logic. The expansion bus <b>170</b> is preferably the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) expansion bus, although other bus types may be used. The expansion bus <b>170</b> may include slots for a plurality of devices including a smart camera <b>110</b> with inserted function module(s) <b>108</b>, as well as various other devices such as a motion control interface card <b>138</b>, a video display subsystem <b>180</b> and hard drive <b>182</b> coupled to the expansion bus <b>170</b>.

P-0113[0113]FIG. 4A also illustrates several exemplary ways of coupling of the smart camera <b>110</b> to the computer system <b>102</b>. In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be coupled to the computer system <b>102</b> via the expansion bus <b>170</b>. In another embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be coupled to the computer system <b>102</b> via a network, thus, the computer <b>102</b> may also include a network interface <b>107</b> to facilitate communication between the smart camera <b>110</b> and the computer <b>102</b>. In another embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may be coupled to the computer system through a function module <b>108</b>, which in turn may be coupled to the computer system <b>102</b> via the expansion bus <b>170</b> or the network interface <b>107</b>.

P-0114[0114]FIG. 4B—Smart Camera Block Diagram

P-0115[0115]FIG. 4B is a block diagram of a smart camera <b>110</b> with programmable hardware. As may be seen, this embodiment uses a combination of processor/memory and programmable hardware <b>206</b>, e.g., FPGA, to perform image processing (and/or other) functions. For example, the programmable hardware <b>206</b> element in the smart camera <b>110</b> may be configurable to perform an image processing function on an acquired image. It should be noted that this embodiment is meant to be illustrative only, and is not intended to limit the architecture, components, or form of the smart camera <b>110</b>.

P-0116[0116] The embodiment of the smart camera <b>110</b> illustrated in FIG. 4B includes a camera <b>282</b> and a functional unit <b>106</b>. In this embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> may comprise a programmable hardware element <b>206</b>, e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA) such as those available from Xilinx, Altera, etc., and may also comprise a processor <b>212</b> and memory <b>214</b>. The programmable hardware element <b>206</b>, processor <b>212</b> and memory <b>214</b> may each be coupled to the camera <b>282</b> and/or to an image memory <b>284</b>.

P-0117[0117] As shown, the smart camera <b>110</b> may also include a non-volatile memory <b>288</b> coupled to the programmable hardware element <b>206</b>, the processor <b>212</b>, the memory <b>214</b> and the image memory <b>284</b>. The non-volatile memory <b>288</b> may be operable to store a hardware description and/or program received from the computer system <b>102</b> to enable execution of the functional unit <b>106</b> prior to or during booting of the computer system <b>102</b>.

P-0118[0118] The smart camera <b>110</b> may also include an I/O connector <b>220</b> which is operable to send and receive signals. The I/O connector <b>220</b> may present analog and/or digital connections for receiving/providing analog or digital signals. For example the I/O connector <b>220</b> may enable the smart camera <b>110</b> to communicate with computer system <b>102</b> to receive a program for performing image processing (and/or other) functions. Thus a program can be created on the computer system <b>102</b>, or on another computer in a networked system, and at least a portion of the program can be deployed onto the functional unit <b>106</b> of the smart camera <b>110</b>, and/or a function module <b>108</b> comprised in the smart camera <b>110</b>.

P-0119[0119] As noted above, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include a dedicated on-board processor <b>212</b> and memory <b>214</b> in addition to the programmable hardware element <b>206</b>. This enables a first portion of the program to be compiled into machine language for storage in the memory <b>214</b> and execution by the processor <b>212</b> (i.e., to execute natively). This may be in addition to a second portion of the program being converted into a hardware implementation form in the FPGA <b>206</b>. Thus, in one embodiment, after a program has been created, the first portion of the graphical program may be compiled for execution on the on-board processor <b>212</b> and executed locally on the smart camera <b>110</b> via the processor <b>212</b> and memory <b>214</b>, and the second portion of the program may be translated or converted into a hardware executable format and uploaded to the FPGA <b>206</b> for hardware implementation. In one embodiment, one or more function modules <b>108</b> may be operable to execute a portion or all of the program to perform the function. Thus, in various embodiments, the smart camera <b>110</b> functional unit <b>106</b> may comprise one or more processors <b>212</b>, one or more programmable hardware elements <b>206</b>, or any combination of the two, as desired. Additionally, the function modules <b>108</b> may include functional units <b>106</b> as required to perform their specified functions.

P-0120[0120] As shown, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include image memory <b>284</b> which couples to the programmable hardware <b>206</b>, the camera <b>282</b>, the processor <b>212</b>, memory <b>214</b>, bus interface <b>216</b>, the control/data bus <b>218</b>, and a local bus <b>217</b>. The image memory <b>284</b> may be operable to store a portion of an image, or one or more images received from the camera <b>282</b>. The image memory <b>284</b> may enable the programmable hardware <b>206</b> and/or the processor <b>212</b> to retrieve the one or more images, operate on them, and return the modified images to the image memory <b>284</b>. Similarly, one or more of the function modules may be operable to retrieve the image from the image memory <b>284</b>, operate on the image, and return the (possibly) modified image to the image memory <b>284</b>. For example, the images may be retrievable for transmission to external systems, such as the computer system <b>102</b>, via the I/O connector <b>220</b>.

P-0121[0121] As shown, the smart camera <b>110</b> may further include bus interface logic <b>216</b> and a control/data bus <b>218</b>. In one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> and/or a function module <b>108</b> may comprise a PCI bus-compliant interface card adapted for coupling to the PCI bus of the host computer <b>102</b>, or adapted for coupling to a PXI (PCI extensions for Instrumentation) bus. The bus interface logic <b>216</b> and the control/data bus <b>218</b> thus present a PCI or PXI interface.

P-0122[0122] As shown, in one embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may also include local bus interface logic <b>217</b>. In one embodiment, the local bus interface logic <b>217</b> may present a RTSI (Real Time System Integration) bus for routing timing and triggering signals between the smart camera <b>110</b> and one or more other devices or cards, such as other smart cameras <b>110</b>, motion control devices <b>136</b>, and/or smart sensors.

P-0123[0123] In one embodiment, the RTSI bus may provide for timing and triggering between the smart camera <b>110</b> and one or more function modules <b>108</b>. In one embodiment, the RTSI bus may provide for timing and triggering between smart camera <b>110</b> and one or more devices coupled to the one or more function modules. The one or more devices may include any of one or more smart cameras <b>110</b>, one or more motion control devices <b>136</b>, and/or one or more smart sensors, among others.

P-0124[0124] In another embodiment, the RTSI bus may provide for timing and triggering between two or more function modules <b>108</b>. In one embodiment, the RTSI bus may provide for timing and triggering between two or more devices coupled to said two or more function modules <b>108</b>. Each of the two or more devices may comprise one or more of a smart camera <b>110</b>, a motion control device <b>136</b>, and a smart sensor, among others.

P-0125[0125] In yet another embodiment, the smart camera <b>110</b> may include data acquisition (DAQ) logic, not shown, such as analog to digital (A/D) converters, digital to analog (D/A) converters, timer counters (TC) and signal conditioning (SC) logic. Some or all of the DAQ logic may be provided by one or more of the function modules <b>108</b>. The DAQ logic may be useful for signal processing and motion control applications. The programmable hardware element or FPGA <b>206</b> may access these resources directly, thereby enabling creation of very powerful measurement, DSP and control applications, among others. For example, if the camera <b>282</b> is an analog camera, the smart camera <b>110</b> may further include analog to digital (A/D) logic (not shown) for converting analog image signals into a digital image for storage in the memory <b>214</b>.

P-0126[0126]FIG. 5—Function Module Hardware Layout

P-0127[0127]FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a hardware layout of a function module <b>108</b>. Note that FIG. 5 only illustrates the functional components of the functional module <b>108</b>, and that in the preferred embodiment, a housing or chassis may be included for enclosure, protection, or support of the module components. It is noted that the function module <b>108</b> illustrated in FIG. 5 is meant to be exemplary only, and is not intended to limit the form or function of the function module to any particular embodiment.

P-0128[0128] As indicated in FIG. 5, in one embodiment, a printed wiring board (PWB) may include a functional unit <b>106</b>, such as a processor/memory <b>212</b>/<b>214</b> and/or a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA <b>206</b>. As described above, in one embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> may operate to perform any of various image processing/analysis functions. In other embodiments, the functional unit <b>106</b> may operate to perform various other functions related to the operation of the smart camera <b>110</b>, including I/O functions, communication functions, control functions, measurement functions, and GPS functions, among others.

P-0129[0129] As FIG. 5 shows, in one embodiment, the PWB may be equipped with signal input terminals <b>301</b> for receiving analog inputs <b>310</b>, e.g., from a sensor. In one embodiment, a subset of the input terminals <b>301</b> may be used to receive an optional Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) describing the functionality of a transducer (e.g., sensor) in machine-readable form.

P-0130[0130] The PWB of the function module <b>108</b> may further include signal conditioning logic or circuitry <b>302</b>, such as signal conditioners, multi-plexers (MUXs), etc. which may be operable to receive the signals from the analog inputs <b>310</b> and perform signal conditioning on the signals, as is well known in the art.

P-0131[0131] As FIG. 5 also shows, the PDD may also include signal conversion logic or circuitry <b>304</b>, such as the ADC shown, which may be operable to receive the conditioned signals from the signal conditioning circuitry <b>302</b> and perform any of various signal conversion operations on the signals. In the embodiment shown, the ADC <b>304</b> may operate to convert the conditioned analog signals to digital signals. Of course, in other embodiments, other signal conversions may be performed as desired.

P-0132[0132] As mentioned above, in one embodiment, the functional unit <b>106</b> may provide an interface between signal conditioning/conversion components <b>302</b>/<b>304</b> and external systems, such as computer system <b>102</b>. As also mentioned above, the functional unit <b>106</b> may be operable to communicate interface protocol information to a smart camera <b>110</b> indicating how to communicate with and operate the function module <b>108</b>.

P-0133[0133] In one embodiment, isolation circuitry <b>305</b> may also be included on the PWB which may be operable to protect the components of the function module from spurious signals, signal noise, harmful voltage and/or current surges, impedance mismatches, and the like.

P-0134[0134] As FIG. 5 also shows, the PWB may also include terminals for communicating with external systems such as the computer system <b>102</b>, including PXI <b>316</b>, trigger line(s) <b>314</b>, power <b>312</b> and ground <b>318</b> lines, among others.

P-0135[0135] As mentioned above, in various embodiments, the function module <b>108</b> may perform any of a wide variety of functions for the smart camera <b>110</b>. Such functions may include, but are not limited to, measurement, image processing, communication, and control functions.

P-0136[0136] For example, in one embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may comprise an industrial programmable logic controller including one or more of a real time controller and an embedded controller. In another embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may comprise a motion control module for controlling servo or stepper motors. In another embodiment, the function module <b>108</b> may comprise a web server, and where the smart camera is operable to publish data to a website. In various other embodiments, the function module <b>108</b> may comprise: a Global Positioning System (GPS) module for precise positioning with a satellite system; one or more of an Ethernet carrier, a USB carrier, a FireWire carrier, and a wireless carrier; one or more digital signal processing (DSP) processors for on-board hardware signal analysis; a data acquisition (DAQ) module for direct signal analysis and conditioning; a GPIB module for connectivity to GPIB instruments; an auxiliary power source for the smart camera <b>110</b>, such as a battery pack or solar generator; a display for the smart camera <b>110</b>, such as an LCD display; a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the smart camera <b>110</b>; and/or a printer for the smart camera <b>110</b>, among others. It is noted that in other embodiments, the function module <b>108</b> may also include mechanical components. For example, the function module <b>108</b> may include one or more gyroscopes for stabilizing the smart camera.

P-0137[0137] Thus, a smart camera <b>110</b> which includes a plurality of slots may utilize one or more function modules <b>108</b> inserted into the slots to perform a wide variety of functions, including one or more of I/O, network communications, synchronization, image processing and analysis, pattern recognition, GPS, control, measurement, signal conditioning and/or conversion, timing, triggering, display, interface, and/or any other function useful in smart camera <b>110</b> operations.

P-0138[0138] Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.