Configurable packet processor

TECHNICAL FIELD

P-0001[0001] This invention relates to the processing of data packets. The invention relates specifically to methods and apparatus for parsing information in a protocol stack. The invention has application, for example, in telecommunications switches, routers, network processors and components for such devices.

BACKGROUND

P-0002[0002] Modem telecommunication systems exchange data in packets. A typical packet has a header and a data payload. An Internet Protocol (IP) packet is an example of such a packet. An individual packet may have a number of different protocols. There are many circumstances in which it is desirable to process packets. In general, packet processing involves retrieving information from a packet and then performing some action on a packet. As a trivial example, packet processing might involve looking up the destination IP address in an IP packet and using the IP address to identify a port via which the packet should be forwarded to reach the destination IP address.

P-0003[0003] Packet processing systems typically must be fast enough to process packets in real time as they are received at a device. As a result, high-speed packet processors are most typically implemented in hardware. A typical packet processor comprises an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) which is hardwired to determine values at specific offsets within received packets and to perform certain actions on the basis of those values. ASICs can handle very large packet rates but are not very flexible. If a protocol is changed, for example, by changing the offset within a packet at which certain information is located, then the ASIC will no longer work properly. Programmable network processors are much more flexible than ASICs but lack in performance.

P-0004[0004] Programmable network processors are much more flexible than ASICs but lack in performance. Some network processors use a tree-search methodology to determine what action(s) to perform on a packet. In such a network processor, a first bit field, which typically comprises a few bits, is retrieved from the packet and used as an index to access a memory. The memory contains a value which indicates a next bit field to take (and may also specify an action to be applied to the packet). A sequence of one or memory accesses is required to identify a final action to apply to the packet. The final action might, for example, specify whether or not the packet should be dropped, forwarded to a specific port, have a certain quality of service provided to it, and so on.

P-0005[0005] Some widely-used protocols are characterized by protocol header fields which are sparse. Such protocols are specified, at least in part, by a parameter which has a large valid range but only a few specific values of the parameter are significant. An example of such a protocol is internet protocol version 4 (IP v.4). In this widely-used protocol, packet destinations are specified by 32-bit numbers. Valid IP addresses can have any of nearly 232 different values. In most real world packet processing situations, however, particular actions need to be taken only for a few specific IP addresses or subnets.

P-0006[0006] Each bit field retrieved from a packet being processed is typically used as an address to access a memory directly. Where the bit field contains a value of a parameter in a sparse protocol header field, (such as an IP address) then a large memory is typically required to accommodate the valid range of possible values that the parameter could have in packets being processed.

P-0007[0007] Often a device cannot accommodate a large memory internally and so the large memories must be external to the packet processing device. This slows memory access and decreases the number of memory accesses that can be made in the time allowed for processing each packet. This is a problem because it is generally necessary to make several memory accesses to arrive at the final action for a particular packet. The packet may have a protocol stack containing information regarding several protocols.

P-0008[0008] There is a need for packet processing devices and methods which can provide high throughput and yet are more flexible than hard-wired ASICs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

P-0009[0009] This invention provides a method for packet processing comprising, obtaining first information regarding a packet; using the first information as an index into a parser memory; retrieving from the parser memory an entry comprising a location in the packet of one or more protocol bits containing information relevant to a protocol associated with the packet; obtaining a match engine index; and, using the protocol bits and the match engine index as a key to retrieve a match engine entry from a match engine memory, the match engine entry comprising an action to take on the packet. The first information may comprise a channel with which the packet is associated. The term channel includes an ATM connection (or ATM channel) (which may be specified by a VPI (Virtual Path Identifier)/VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) pair; a POS (Packet Over SONET) packet stream, and ethernet packet stream, or the like.

P-0010[0010] The match engine index may be included in the parser memory entry. The parser memory entry may comprise a context memory base address and either a location in the packet of a set of label bits or an indication that there are no label bits. If the parser memory entry includes a location of a set of label bits, the method comprises retrieving from the packet the label bits, and obtaining the match engine index comprises using the context memory base address and label bits to retrieve from a context memory an entry comprising the match engine index. If the location in the packet of a set of label bits indicates that there are no label bits, obtaining the match engine index comprises retrieving a match engine index included in the parser memory entry.

P-0011[0011] Another aspect of the invention comprises a method for packet processing in a packet processing system. The method comprises: a step for obtaining first information regarding a packet; a step for retrieving an entry corresponding to the first information from a parser memory; a step for retrieving from the packet one or more protocol bits identified by the parser memory entry; a step for retrieving from a match engine memory a match engine memory entry comprising an action to perform using a match engine key comprising a combination of the protocol bits and a match engine index; and, a step for performing the action specified in the retrieved match engine entry.

P-0012[0012] The action may comprise extracting another protocol header field from the packet. The action may be selected from the group consisting of forwarding the packet, discarding the packet, adding additional header information to the packet, associating the packet with a quality of service level, associating the packet with a security level; and extracting another protocol header field from the packet. The action may be a combination of actions. For example, adding additional header information to the packet and forwarding the packet; or associating the packet with a quality of service level and forwarding the packet; or associating the packet with a quality of service level, and extracting another protocol header field from the packet. Some actions are mutually exclusive and would not be the basis of a combined action. For example, discarding the packet and forwarding the packet are mutually exclusive.

P-0013[0013] Another aspect of the invention provides a packet processing apparatus comprising: a control logic circuit; a parser memory accessible to the control logic circuit the parser memory comprising a plurality of entries each specifying a location in a packet of one or more protocol bits and at least some of which specifying a match engine index; a match engine memory accessible to the control logic circuit, the match engine memory comprising a plurality of entries each specifying an action to be taken; and, a context memory accessible to the control logic circuit, the context memory comprising a plurality of entries each specifying a match engine index. The control logic circuit is configured to generate a match engine key by combining protocol bits of a packet identified in a parser memory entry with a match engine index from an entry of either the parser memory or the context memory, to retrieve from the match engine memory an entry corresponding to the match engine key, and to perform an action specified in the match engine entry. The control logic circuit may comprise an integrated circuit. The parser memory and match engine memory may be integrated with the control logic circuit. The context memory may be external to the control logic circuit and the control logic circuit may comprise an integrated interface to the context memory.

P-0014[0014] A further aspect of the invention provides a configurable device for processing packets. The device supports a plurality of protocols. The device comprises: a first internal memory comprising a plurality of entries; a second internal memory comprising a plurality of entries each comprising an action to be taken on the packet; logic circuitry for identifying a channel value associated with the packet, retrieving an entry from the first memory using the channel value as an index, and obtaining from the entry address information identifying a set of entries in an external context memory applicable to the channel value; logic circuitry for using the address information and one or more bit values from the packet to retrieve from the external context memory one entry from the set of entries; and, logic circuitry for using information from the one entry retrieved from the external context memory to retrieve from the second memory an action to be taken on the packet. The second memory may comprise a content addressable memory which may be a ternary content addressable memory.

P-0015[0015] A still further aspect of the invention provides a packet processing device comprising: means for retrieving first information about a received packet; means for retrieving an entry corresponding to the first information, the entry comprising a location in the packet of one or more protocol bits specifying a protocol associated with the packet and a match engine index; means for generating a match engine key; means for retrieving an action corresponding to one of a plurality, of match engine entries which matches the match engine key; and, means for performing the action.

P-0016[0016] Further features and advantages of the invention are described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

P-0017[0017] In drawings which illustrate non-limiting embodiments of the invention:

P-0018[0018]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a packet forwarding device according to one embodiment of the invention;

P-0019[0019]FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating contents of memories in the packet forwarding device of FIG. 1;

P-0020[0020]FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the structure of an example packet;

P-0021[0021]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method for packet processing according to the invention;

P-0022[0022]FIG. 5 is a timing diagram for a possible pipelined embodiment of the invention;

P-0023[0023]FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating the structure of an example packet; and,

P-0024[0024]FIG. 6B is a flow chart illustrating how a packet processor according to the invention might process the packet of FIG. 6A.

DESCRIPTION

P-0025[0025] Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.

P-0026[0026] This invention provides a configurable packet processing device which uses an internal match engine to look up actions to be taken on packets being processed. The use of a match engine in the context of the invention enables one to provide flexible packet processing devices which have performance approaching that of ASICs.

P-0027[0027]FIG. 1 shows an example packet processor <b>10</b> according to the invention. Packet processor <b>10</b> has an ingress <b>11</b> at which packets <b>13</b> are received. The packets may be, for example, ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) cells, IP packets, or the like. Packets <b>13</b> are placed in a buffer <b>12</b>. A control logic circuit <b>14</b> according to the invention retrieves selected bit values from each packet <b>13</b> and causes an I/O component <b>16</b> to perform a desired action on the packet being processed.

P-0028[0028] Control logic circuit <b>14</b> has access to three memories. A parser memory <b>20</b>, a match engine memory <b>30</b> and a context memory <b>40</b>. The contents of each of these memories is software configurable. Parser memory <b>30</b> and match engine memory <b>30</b> are preferably integrated with control logic circuit <b>14</b>. Parser memory <b>20</b> may comprise random access memory (RAM) or the like. Parser memory <b>20</b> may contain a reasonably small number of entries <b>22</b>, for example, 256 entries or 512 entries. Context memory <b>40</b> is a larger memory which may be located off-chip in a separate device. An interface <b>41</b> permits context memory <b>40</b> to be read by control logic circuit <b>14</b>. Context memory <b>40</b> may, for example, have a capacity of <b>1</b> million entries.

P-0029[0029]FIG. 2 illustrates the contents of memories <b>20</b>, <b>30</b> and <b>40</b>. Each entry <b>22</b> of parser memory <b>20</b> comprises a length and offset (<b>22</b>C, <b>22</b>D) in packet <b>13</b> of a label to extract from a packet <b>13</b> and a length and offset (<b>22</b>E, <b>22</b>F) in packet <b>13</b> of a protocol header field to extract from packet <b>13</b>. Each entry <b>22</b> also contains a match engine base <b>22</b>G, a total length <b>22</b>A, and a context memory base address <b>22</b>B. An entry <b>22</b> can be retrieved by providing an index into parser memory <b>20</b>. The index may be, for example, an integer in the range of 0 to N-1 where N is the number of entries on parser memory <b>20</b>.

P-0030[0030] Entries <b>32</b> of match engine memory <b>30</b> each comprise information indicating one or both of an action to take on a packet <b>13</b> and an index into parser memory <b>20</b>. An entry <b>32</b> is retrieved by providing a match engine key to match engine memory <b>30</b>. Match engine memory <b>30</b> searches to see if the supplied key matches the key corresponding to any of its entries. If so match engine memory <b>30</b> returns an action to perform (which may include extracting another protocol header field from the packet <b>13</b> being processed). The action to perform may include actions such as discarding the packet, forwarding the packet to a specified output port, attaching additional header information to the packet for downstream processing, assigning a specified level of quality of service (QoS) to the packet, extracting another protocol header field from the packet, or the like.

P-0031[0031] Match engine memory <b>30</b> may operate like a ternary content addressable memory (CAM). Where this is the case, match engine <b>30</b> can ignore some portions of the match engine key in determining whether a match exists. Match engine key may comprise a “mask” portion and a “match” portion. The match portion is compared to the keys corresponding to the entries of match engine <b>30</b>. The mask portion specifies portions of the key which are ignored while comparing the key to the keys corresponding to the entries of match engine <b>30</b>. The mask portion may comprise, for example, a bit string having one bit corresponding to each bit of the match portion.

P-0032[0032] Match engine memory <b>30</b> may comprise a relatively small number of entries. The number is not fundamental to the invention but typical implementations of match engine memory <b>30</b> might include, for example, 128 or 256 entries. Match engine memory <b>30</b> may be implemented using flip flops and combinational logic circuits configured to determine when a supplied key matches the key for an entry of match engine memory <b>30</b> coupled with a memory (such as a RAM) which holds the information for each entry of match engine memory <b>30</b>. By way of example, match engine memory <b>30</b> may comprise a set of flip-flops corresponding to each entry, comparator logic and a RAM memory in which is stored data indicating the action(s) to perform. Each set of flip flops is associated with an address in the RAM memory. The comparator logic compares a supplied match engine key to the values represented by each set of flip flops to identify any matches.

P-0033[0033] In cases where a mask is used, there may be multiple entries which match a particular match engine key. In such cases match engine memory <b>30</b> should implement suitable logic for selecting one of the matching entries. For example, the entry closest to the “top” of match engine memory <b>30</b> may be selected. Where this is done, it can be desirable to place those entries of match engine memory <b>30</b> which are likely to match an entire match engine key (with no portions excluded from consideration by a mask) toward the “top” of match engine memory <b>30</b>.

P-0034[0034] In the preferred embodiment of the invention each of the match engine keys comprises a match engine index combined with one or more protocol bits retrieved from a packet <b>13</b>. The combination may be achieved, for example, by concatenating the match engine index to the value(s) of the protocol bits.

P-0035[0035] Context memory <b>40</b> comprises a relatively large number of entries and may be external to packet processing device <b>10</b>. Memory <b>40</b> may comprise, for example, a ZBT™ (Zero Bus Turnaround) SRAM available from Integrated Device Technology Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif. Memory <b>40</b> may be organized in any suitable way to allow entries to be retrieved within an allotted time. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, each entry of context memory <b>40</b> may be retrieved by supplying an address which comprises a label retrieved from a packet <b>13</b> added to a context base address.

P-0036[0036] Each packet <b>13</b> may comprise information regarding a number of protocols. For example, FIG. 3 shows the overall structure of a packet <b>13</b> which has a level <b>2</b> header <b>13</b>A (header <b>13</b>A could be, for example a point to point protocol (PPP) header or the like), a MPLS (Multiprotocol Layer Switching) header <b>13</b>B, an IP header <b>13</b>C and a TCP header <b>13</b>D in addition to a data payload <b>13</b>E.

P-0037[0037]FIG. 4, illustrates a method <b>100</b> according to the invention. Method <b>100</b> begins with receiving a packet (block <b>102</b>) and receiving first information regarding the packet, such as a physical channel, ATM channel, port or the like on which the packet arrived at the packet processing device. Where packets <b>13</b> comprise ATM cells, the first information may comprise an ATM channel number. Method <b>100</b> continues by using the first information as an index to retrieve an entry <b>22</b> from parser memory <b>20</b> (block <b>108</b>). Method <b>100</b> then retrieves from cell <b>13</b> the label and protocol bits identified by the label offset <b>22</b>C and label length <b>22</b>D and protocol offset <b>22</b>E and protocol length <b>22</b>F (block <b>112</b>).

P-0038[0038] In preferred embodiments of the invention it is convenient to specify label offset <b>22</b>C and protocol offset <b>22</b>E relative to a “stake” which is normally set to point to the beginning of the protocol header from which protocol bits are currently being extracted from a packet. After the current protocol bit(s) have been extracted the “total length” <b>22</b>A may be added to the stake so that the stake is positioned at the start of the next protocol header in the packet.

P-0039[0039] If the label length <b>22</b>D in the entry <b>22</b> indexed by the first information is non-zero then method <b>100</b> creates an index into context memory <b>40</b> from the label and context base address <b>22</b>B (block <b>116</b>). Method <b>100</b> uses the index to retrieve an entry <b>42</b> from context memory <b>40</b> (block <b>118</b>). Entry <b>42</b> includes a match engine index <b>42</b>B. Entry <b>42</b> may also comprise information useful or required for performing a subsequent action on the packet being processed.

P-0040[0040] If the label length is zero then it is not necessary to use context memory <b>40</b> to obtain a match engine index. In this case, the match engine index <b>22</b>G from entry <b>22</b> of protocol memory <b>20</b> is used (block <b>122</b>).

P-0041[0041] As shown in FIG. 2, match engine <b>30</b> comprises a content addressable memory. The match engine index retrieved in either block <b>118</b> or <b>122</b> is combined (block <b>126</b>) with protocol data from packet <b>13</b> to generate a match engine key. The match engine key is applied to match engine memory <b>30</b> to identify a match engine entry <b>32</b> (block <b>128</b>). The entry <b>32</b> in match engine <b>30</b> which corresponds to the match engine key comprises information indicating one or more actions to take. The actions may include extracting information relating to another protocol from packet <b>13</b>, in which case the entry <b>32</b> includes an index into parser memory <b>20</b>. Method <b>100</b> performs any action specified in the match engine entry <b>32</b> (block <b>130</b>). In performing the action, method <b>100</b> may use information previously retrieved from context memory <b>40</b>.

P-0042[0042] If match engine entry <b>32</b> comprises a further parser memory index (as determined in block <b>132</b>) then method <b>100</b> uses that parser memory index to look up an entry <b>22</b> in parser memory <b>20</b> and the process is repeated. If match engine entry <b>32</b> does not contain another parser memory index then the action identified in match engine entry <b>32</b> is a final action and processing can terminate for the packet in question upon the action specified in entry <b>32</b> being performed.

P-0043[0043] The action may be one of forwarding the packet, discarding the packet, adding additional header information to the packet, associating the packet with a quality of service level, associating the packet with a security level; and extracting one or more bits of another protocol header from the packet.

P-0044[0044] An action may comprise a combination of other actions. For example, adding additional header information to the packet and forwarding the packet; or associating the packet with a quality of service level and forwarding the packet; or associating the packet with a quality of service level, and extracting bits from another protocol header from the packet. Some actions are mutually exclusive and would not be the basis of a combined action. For example, discarding the packet and forwarding the packet are mutually exclusive.

P-0045[0045] Performing an action may require additional information. For example, where the action is to forward a packet, it may be necessary to specify an output port on which the packet will be forwarded and/or an output queue into which the packet will be placed. Where the action is to assign a level of QoS to the packet it may be necessary to assign to the packet a class of service and a drop precedence (which indicates how acceptable it is to drop the packet). The additional information required for such actions may be stored in context memory <b>40</b> and retrieved prior to the action being taken.

P-0046[0046] This invention may be embodied in a pipelined architecture wherein multiple packets are processed simultaneously. The number of steps that can be performed on each packet is a function of the amount of time available for handling each packet. For example, where packet processor <b>10</b> is processing 53 byte ATM packets which are arriving in an OC-192 data stream at a rate of 10 Gb/s then it is necessary to complete the processing of one packet approximately every 40 ns. In this example, if packet processor <b>10</b> is implemented in hardware which is clocked at 150 MHz then one packet needs to be processed every 6 clock cycles.

P-0047[0047] The processing of packets may be pipelined in various ways. One can define a frame as being a number of clock cycles within which packet processor <b>10</b> must be able to process a packet. In the foregoing example, a frame could comprise 6 clock cycles. In the worst case, a packet may arrive every frame. To maintain wirespeed throughput a packet must be processed every frame. One implementation of the invention uses a 15 frame pipeline as shown in FIG. 5. In this embodiment of the invention, each packet <b>13</b> proceeds through <b>15</b> processing stages. Each packet <b>13</b> moves to a next stage at the end of each frame.

P-0048[0048]FIG. 5 shows the processing for 6 packets (identified by the numerals 0 through 5). Other subsequently-received packets are not shown. All possible processing steps are shown for each of packets 0-5. Most packets having a realistic protocol stack will not require that all operations be performed. As seen in FIG. 5, this pipelined implementation makes full utilization of parser memory <b>20</b> and match engine memory <b>30</b> in the case of back-to-back minimum-sized packets. It also avoids accessing context memory <b>40</b> during the clock cycles which are shaded in FIG. 5. These clock cycles may be used for operations such as updating the contents of context memory <b>40</b>.

EXAMPLE

P-0049[0049]FIG. 6A shows a packet <b>13</b>′ which comprises a 2 byte PPP header <b>13</b>A′, a 4 byte MPLS header <b>13</b>B′, a 20 byte IP header <b>13</b>C′ and a payload <b>13</b>D′. FIG. 6B shows a method <b>200</b> according to which packet <b>13</b>′ is processed according to the invention. Packet <b>13</b>′ is received on a channel at a packet processing device (block <b>202</b>). The channel is a channel assigned to PPP packets. The packet processing device first uses the channel number as an index into parser memory <b>20</b>. The index results in the retrieval of an entry <b>22</b> in parser memory <b>20</b> which is relevant to the protocol PPP(<b>1</b>) (block <b>204</b>). The entry <b>22</b> contains the following information:

P-0050[0050] total length=16 bits;

P-0051[0051] context base address=N/A

P-0052[0052] label offset=N/A

P-0053[0053] label length=0

P-0054[0054] protocol offset=0

P-0055[0055] protocol length=16 bits

P-0056[0056] ME index=PPP(1).

P-0057[0057] Packet processor <b>10</b> therefore retrieves the first 16 bits (i.e. all of PPP header <b>13</b>A′ from packet <b>13</b>′ (block <b>208</b>). Packet processor <b>10</b> creates a match engine key by concatenating these bits with the ME index PPP(1) (block <b>210</b>) and supplies the resulting match engine key to match engine memory <b>30</b> (block <b>212</b>). In this example, the match engine key matches the match engine entry for MPLS. Match engine memory <b>30</b> returns an index MPLS(<b>2</b>) to an entry in parser memory <b>20</b> corresponding to the MPLS protocol. This indicates that the action to be taken on packet <b>13</b>′ is to extract information relating to another protocol. If the match engine key had not matched this entry of match engine memory <b>30</b> then match engine <b>30</b> may have returned a different action to be performed on packet <b>13</b>′. Packet processor <b>10</b> sets a stake to the “total length” so that label and protocol offsets for the next protocol can be measured from the stake (block <b>216</b>).

P-0058[0058] Packet processor <b>10</b> uses the index MPLS(2) to retrieve another entry from parser memory <b>20</b> (block <b>218</b>). In this case the resulting entry comprises the following information:

P-0059[0059] total length=<b>32</b> bits;

P-0060[0060] context base address=MPLS base

P-0061[0061] label offset=0

P-0062[0062] label length=20 bits

P-0063[0063] protocol offset=23 bits

P-0064[0064] protocol length=1 bits

P-0065[0065] ME index=MPLS(2)

P-0066[0066] Since the label length field contains a non-zero value, packet processor <b>10</b> retrieves both the 20 bit label and a 1-bit protocol from packet <b>13</b>′ (block <b>220</b>). As the stake is located at the beginning of MPLS header <b>13</b>B′ and the label offset is 0, the retrieved label is the first 20 bits of MPLS header <b>13</b>B′. Packet processor <b>10</b> then requests the entry from context memory <b>40</b> which corresponds to the MPLS base value added to the retrieved label (block <b>222</b>).

P-0067[0067] Packet processor <b>10</b> receives from context memory <b>40</b> a match engine index MPLS(2). Together with the match engine index, packet processor <b>10</b> retrieves from context memory <b>40</b> information relating to actions that may be taken on the packet, such as forwarding the packet. Packet processor <b>10</b> then combines the protocol bits retrieved above with the match engine index (block <b>224</b>) and supplies the resulting key to match engine memory <b>30</b> (block <b>226</b>). In this case the protocol bit comprises the “S” bit in the MPLS header and has a value of 1, which indicates that MPLS header <b>13</b>B′ is the last MPLS header for packet <b>13</b>′. Match engine memory <b>30</b> returns the action “forward packet”. Packet processor <b>10</b> then forwards packet <b>13</b>′ as an IP packet using information in IP header <b>13</b>C′ and additional information retrieved from context memory <b>40</b> (block <b>230</b>).

P-0068[0068] Packet processor <b>10</b> is preferably implemented as a “hardwired” ASIC. New protocols and changes to existing protocols may be accommodated by simply changing the contents of parser memory <b>20</b>, the keys and contents of match engine memory <b>30</b> and the contents of the off-chip context memory <b>40</b>. Thus, a packet processor <b>10</b> according to the invention retains the speed advantages of ASICs while remaining configurable.

P-0069[0069] Where a component (e.g. an assembly, device, memory, etc.) is referred to above, unless otherwise indicated, reference to that component (including a reference to a “means”) should be interpreted as a reference to any component which performs the function of the described component (i.e. is functionally equivalent to the described component), including components which are not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention. Where a step in a method is referred to above, unless otherwise indicated, reference to that step should be interpreted as a reference to any step which achieves the same result as the step (i.e. is functionally equivalent to the described step), including steps which achieve a stated result in different ways from those disclosed in the illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention.

P-0070[0070] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. For example:

P-0071[0071] parser memory <b>20</b> could be a portion of the same RAM memory which is used to store the data returned by match engine memory <b>30</b>. It is preferable, however, to provide separate memories to facilitate being able to look up data in both parser memory <b>20</b> and match engine memory <b>30</b> in the same clock cycle.

P-0072[0072] Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.