Structures, window protection systems and methods for protecting glass panes during storms

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

[0001] This application is related to prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/362,890 filed Jul. 29, 1999, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to protection of glass panes during storm conditions and, more particularly, to structures positioned over glass panes to absorb forces from high winds and wind-borne debris to protect the glass panes from shattering and damage.

[0004] 2. Discussion of the Prior Art

[0005] Protection of glass panes in buildings during storms has been a great problem in the past, and many efforts have been made to prevent the glass panes from shattering and falling into the building due to high winds, projectiles and debris thereby damaging the interior of the building due to the glass and due to wind and rain damage through the breached glass pane. Prior art attempts to protect glass panes in buildings from storm damage have included prefabricated storm shutters, plywood sheets, lamination systems and taping. Storm shutters are normally made of aluminum or other lightweight metal alloys, fiberglass, polyvinyl acrylate or other plastic. Storm shutters are fabricated to fit the exact measurements of window structures, including glass panes, to be protected and have the disadvantages of being expensive and requiring substantial time for fabrication such that storm shutters are not available unless ordered well in advance of a storm. Plywood sheets are generally sold in four-foot by eight-foot sheets with a thickness of ⅝ inch such that the plywood sheets weigh approximately 50 pounds each. The plywood sheets must be cut to fit the size of the window structures and are normally drilled and screwed into the building or window frame requiring craftsmanship, labor and hardware and, thus, having the disadvantages of being expensive and requiring substantial time to cover windows when a storm is approaching as well as being extremely heavy. Lamination systems, such as those supplied by 3M Corporation (e.g. Scotchshield) have the disadvantages of being films applied to the interior of the glass panes since they are designed to prevent shattered glass from collapsing to thereby prevent rain damage and glass fragments from becoming projectiles. The film is not particularly effective in preventing the glass from shattering and does not make the glass more shatter resistant. Since the film is usually on the interior of the glass, it cannot absorb enough energy from the glass fast enough to prevent a failure or fracture of the glass if the glass pane is struck by debris or projectiles. Accordingly, the primary use of lamination systems is to prevent shattered glass from falling apart. Taping of windows results, at best, in the holding of most of a fractured glass pane in place to reduce rain damage and the risk of individuals being cut.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 3,830,760 to Benngston and U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,725 to Kluth et al are exemplary of polyurethane foams and discuss one-component and two-component polyurethanes. U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,865 to Bolt et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,486,918 to Motter, U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,543 to Helton, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,288 to Swenson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,643 to Swenson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,949 to Grogan et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,978 to Woodhall et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,436 to Swidler, U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,413 to Woodhall et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,786 to Woodhall et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,760 to Woodhall et al and U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,117 to Woodhall et al, are representative of polymeric films or layers for glass and/or polymeric films or layers removable by peeling.

[0007] From the above, it will be appreciated that there is a great need for protection of glass panes in window structures installed in buildings due to storms where the protection can be quickly applied and is inexpensive while also being easily removed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide protection for glass panes overcoming the abovementioned disadvantages of the prior art.

[0009] Another object of the present invention is to protect glass panes in buildings from storm damage by temporarily positioning a compressible structure over a glass pane and, after the storm passes, removing the compressible structure.

[0010] A further object of the present invention is to position a shaping member over a glass pane of a window structure in a building, wherein the shaping member is filled, prior to or subsequent to being positioned over the glass pane, with a fluidic compressible material which dries or cures to form a layer of solidified compressible material of sufficient thickness and properties to absorb energy from debris striking the shaping member during a storm.

[0011] Another object of the present invention is to utilize a shaping member to shape a fluidic polymeric foam material applied over a glass pane of a window structure such that the fluidic compressible material hardens to form a layer of solidified compressible material temporarily protecting the glass pane from damage due to storms.

[0012] An additional object of the present invention is to inflate a shaping member to a desired size in response to being filled, partially or entirely, with a fluidic compressible material which solidifies to form a compressible structure to protect a glass pane of a window structure in a building from storm damage.

[0013] It is also an object of the present invention to utilize a glass pane of a window structure in a building to form a wall of a cavity defined over the glass pane for being supplied with a fluidic compressible material which solidifies to protect the glass pane from damage.

[0014] The present invention has as a further object to position a plurality of compressible structures over a glass pane of a window structure in a building, with the plurality of compressible structures covering the surface area of the glass pane to protect the glass pane from damage due to storms.

[0015] Yet another object of the present invention is to removably secure one or more pre-fabricated, polymeric foam panels over a glass pane of a window structure in a building to protect the glass pane from damage during storms.

[0016] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a cushioning effect between a glass pane and a solidified compressible material disposed over the glass pane to protect against damage from storms.

[0017] Still a further object of the present invention is to enhance the effectiveness of a compressible structure positioned over a glass pane of a window structure in a building to protect the glass pane from storm damage by utilizing a combination of solidified compressible materials of different densities in the compressible structure.

[0018] Some of the advantages of the present invention are that the compressible structures protect glass panes from shattering during storms, the compressible material, where disposed within a shaping member, is protected from exposure to the elements, the compressible structures are easy to apply and remove, the compressible structures typically weigh much less than plywood or similar materials conventionally utilized to cover window structures, a two-component supply system for the fluidic compressible material provides long shelf life for easy and instant use at a moment's notice, the compressible structures can be installed by one person and will not lose their shape or protective qualities during long periods of exposure to the elements, the shaping members can be filled with the fluidic compressible material at one or a few locations so that the supply system for the fluidic compressible material need not be moved to the site of each window structure, the shaping member can be formed of flexible or collapsible materials to occupy minimal space for storage when not filled with the compressible material, the compressible structures can be releasably secured on window structures in various ways including adhesively and/or mechanically, the compressible material itself can be used to releasably adhere the compressible structures to the glass panes, securing mechanisms including Velcro or similar materials can be used to releasably secure the compressible structures on the window structures, and the fluidic compressible material can be sprayed or poured into the shaping member for ease of use.

[0019] These and other objects, advantages and benefits are realized with the present invention as generally characterized in a compressible structure for temporarily protecting a window structure and comprising a shaping member for removable securement on the window structure and defining a cavity over one or more glass panes of the window structure, and a solidified compressible material in the cavity providing a protective layer over the one or more glass panes.

[0020] The present invention is also generally characterized in a window protection system comprising a shaping member for removable securement on a window structure and defining a cavity over one or more glass panes of the window structure, a port in the shaping member providing an opening into the cavity and a supply system for supplying a fluidic compressible material to the cavity which solidifies or hardens to form a layer of solidified compressible material over the one or more glass panes. The shaping member and solidified compressible material form a compressible structure protecting the one or more glass panes.

[0021] The present invention is further generally characterized in a temporarily protected window structure comprising a window structure and a compressible structure removably secured on the window structure. The compressible structure includes a layer of solidified compressible foam material disposed over one or more glass panes of the window structure to protect the one or more glass panes from damage. The layer of solidified compressible material may include a single layer or multiple layers of solidified compressible materials of different densities.

[0022] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like parts in each of the several figures are identified by the same reference characters.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a window protection system according to the present invention including a shaping member and a supply system for filling the shaping member with a fluidic compressible material which hardens to form a solidified compressible material.

[0024]FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of a compressible structure formed when the shaping member of FIG. 1 is filled with solidified compressible material.

[0025]FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of an alternative supply system for the window protection system.

[0026]FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the compressible structure of FIG. 2 being positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building.

[0027]FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of the shaping member of FIG. 1 positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building and being filled with a fluidic compressible material to form the compressible structure in situ.

[0028]FIG. 6 is a side sectional view showing the compressible structure of FIG. 2 positioned over the interior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building and a modified compressible structure positioned over the exterior of the glass pane.

[0029]FIG. 7 is a fragmentary side sectional view of another modified compressible structure positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure.

[0030]FIG. 8 is a fragmentary side sectional view of a further modified compressible structure positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure.

[0031]FIG. 9 is a fragmentary side sectional view of an additional modified compressible structure positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure.

[0032]FIG. 10 is a rear perspective view of an alternative shaping member.

[0033]FIG. 11 is a side sectional view of yet another modified compressible structure obtained with the shaping member of FIG. 10 over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building.

[0034]FIG. 12 is a fragmentary side sectional view of yet a further modified compressible structure disposed over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure.

[0035]FIG. 13 is a front perspective view of still another modified compressible structure.

[0036]FIG. 14 is a side sectional view of an additional modified compressible structure.

[0037]FIG. 15 is a side sectional view illustrating formation of a further modified compressible structure.

[0038]FIG. 16 is a front perspective view of the compressible structure of FIG. 13 positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building.

[0039]FIG. 17 is a front perspective view illustrating a plurality of compressible structures positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building.

[0040]FIG. 18 is a front perspective view of a compressible structure positioned over the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure in a building such as to be centered within a recess of the window structure.

[0041]FIG. 19 is a front view showing expansion of a shaping member to different external sizes.

[0042]FIG. 20 is an exploded perspective view of a securing device for the compressible structures according to the present invention.

[0043]FIG. 21 is a broken side view illustrating insertion of a pin of the securing device through a compressible structure.

[0044]FIG. 22. is a broken side view showing the pin releasably engaged with a clip of the securing device to removably attach the securing device to the compressible structures and illustrating removal of a backing sheet of the securing device to expose an adhesive.

[0045]FIG. 23 is a broken side view, partly in section, illustrating the compressible structure releasably adhered to the exterior of a glass pane of a window structure via the adhesive of the securing device.

[0046]FIG. 24 is a back view of the compressible structure with the securing device releasably attached thereto.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0047] The present invention relates to the positioning of a compressible structure over a glass window structure in a building in order to protect the window structure and the interior of the building from damage caused by high winds and wind-borne debris during storms. Buildings to which the invention applies may be both commercial and residential. The glass window structure can be of any conventional construction where one or more glass panes are held in place in a frame of one or multiple parts surrounding the one or more glass panes, such as sash windows, casement windows, slidably or pivotally movable windows and doors, non-movable windows, protruding windows and recessed windows.

[0048]FIG. 1 illustrates a window protection system <b>10</b> according to the present invention including a shaping member or mold <b>12</b> and a supply system <b>14</b> for supplying a fluidic compressible material to shaping member <b>12</b> which hardens, cures, sets or solidifies to form a layer of solidified compressible material <b>20</b> thereby forming a compressible structure <b>16</b> as illustrated in FIG. 2. Shaping member <b>12</b> preferably has a perimetrical size to fit closely within a recess defined by the frame of a window structure or to overlap the frame some amount so as to cover one or more glass panes mounted within the frame. The shaping member <b>12</b> can be fabricated from various materials, such as paper, cardboard, cellulosic material, wood, polymer, metal and composite materials, with a flexible polymeric material being a preferred material. Use of a flexible material allows the shaping member <b>12</b> to be flattened, collapsed and/or folded to occupy minimum space for storage prior to being filled with the compressible material and to allow for size adjustment when the shaping member is filled with the compressible material as explained further below. The shaping member <b>12</b> could also be fabricated from expandable or stretchable materials.

[0049] The shaping member <b>12</b> is in the nature of a hollow membrane or body having a plurality of walls defining an interior cavity <b>18</b> for receiving or holding compressible material <b>20</b> as shown in FIG. 2. A back or rear wall <b>22</b> of shaping member <b>12</b> carries a securing element <b>24</b> by which the shaping member is removably secured over the one or more glass panes. The securing element <b>24</b> for compressible structure <b>16</b> includes a layer of adhesive <b>25</b> covering the outer surface of the back wall <b>22</b> partially or entirely and a protective cover sheet <b>26</b> disposed over the adhesive layer <b>25</b> prior to use. The cover sheet <b>26</b> is removable as shown in FIG. 2 to uncover or expose the adhesive layer <b>25</b> for attachment to the window structure as explained further below. A front wall <b>28</b> of the shaping member <b>12</b> faces exteriorly when the shaping member <b>12</b> is secured over the exterior of the one or more glass panes and thusly faces the storm for which the compressible structure <b>16</b> is to provide protection to the one or more glass panes. Opposing side walls <b>30</b> and top and bottom walls <b>32</b> extend between back wall <b>22</b> and front wall <b>28</b> and define a preselected depth for cavity <b>18</b> between back wall <b>22</b> and front wall <b>28</b> corresponding to a desired depth for the compressible material. Typically, the depth of cavity <b>18</b> will vary from 0.5 inch to 12 inches depending upon the size of the shaping member and the dimensions of the window structure to be protected. The walls of shaping member <b>12</b> are of sufficient thickness, rigidity and/or strength to shape and support the fluidic compressible material so that the layer of solidified compressible material <b>20</b> is positioned in front of the one or more glass panes and, preferably, in a plane parallel or substantially parallel to the plane of the one or more glass panes.

[0050] A port <b>34</b> in shaping member <b>12</b> provides an opening into cavity <b>18</b> to allow the cavity to be filled with the fluidic compressible material. The port <b>34</b> for shaping member <b>12</b> is located in the front wall <b>28</b> near the upper right corner; however, the port <b>34</b> can be provided in any of the front, back, side, top or bottom walls at any suitable location to establish communication with the cavity <b>18</b> from externally of the shaping member. Where the shaping member <b>12</b> is to be filled with the fluidic compressible material prior to securement thereof over the one or more glass panes, the port <b>34</b> can be provided in any of the back, front, side, top or bottom walls. Where the shaping member <b>12</b> is to be filled with the fluidic compressible material after the shaping member <b>12</b> is secured over the one or more glass panes, the port <b>34</b> typically would be provided in the front, side, top or bottom walls for ease of access and use. Shaping member <b>12</b> would typically be supplied in a flattened or collapsed condition prior to the compressible material being supplied to cavity <b>18</b>, and the unfilled shaping member can be folded to facilitate storage. Shaping member <b>12</b> is filled with the fluidic compressible material to obtain the compressible structure <b>16</b>, and the fluidic compressible material is supplied to cavity <b>18</b> via the port <b>34</b>.

[0051] A desirable compressible material is a polymeric material or foam and, preferably, a polyurethane foam, because of the relatively light weight and effective cushioning and energy absorption properties of the solidified compressible material obtained therewith. Other polymeric foams can be utilized including high and low density foams of polyethylene, polypropylene and polyurethane and modified styrene foams, particularly high impact polystyrene foams modified with polybutadiene. Some examples of open cell, i.e. low density foams, include polyether and polyester polyurethanes. Examples of closed cell foams include polyurethane, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), neoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), nitrile-butadiene copolymer rubber (NBR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and (PVR/NBR). Additionally, crosslinked polyethylene, silicone and polystyrene foams and polyethylene can be used.

[0052] The supply system <b>14</b>, shown in FIG. 1, includes a supply tank <b>36</b> containing a quantity of the compressible material in fluidic form and having a delivery device <b>38</b> such as a discharge nozzle. The delivery device or nozzle <b>38</b> may be inserted into port <b>34</b> to allow for easy filling of cavity <b>18</b> with the fluidic compressible material. The fluidic compressible material may be sprayed into cavity <b>18</b> from the delivery device or, if the fluidic compressible material is too viscous to be sprayed or if the spray pressure is insufficient, the fluidic compressible material may be poured under pressure into cavity <b>18</b> from tank <b>36</b>. The fluidic compressible material is supplied to cavity <b>18</b> until the cavity is filled to a desired amount and, typically, the cavity will be completely filled. Once the cavity is filled, the delivery device or nozzle is removed from the port <b>34</b>, which will be closed by the compressible material or foam and is thusly self-sealing, since the fluidic compressible material or foam sets, cures, hardens or solidifies quickly to form the solidified compressible material <b>20</b>. The solidified compressible material preferably has twice as great compression strength in a direction parallel to the foam rise, i.e. perpendicular to back and front walls <b>22</b> and <b>28</b>, as compared with the compression strength in a direction perpendicular to the foam rise. The location of port <b>34</b> in front wall <b>28</b> ensures that the rise of the foam will generally be in a direction perpendicular to the back and front walls and, therefore, perpendicular to the one or more glass panes. The compression strength and other physical strength characteristics will vary with the type of foaming system utilized. Compression strength values from 15 to 40 psi can be obtained with 2 lbs/ft³density urethane foams. A compression strength of 30 psi can be obtained with foam densities from 1.0 to 10.0 lbs/ft³. Many foams will be in the range of 5.0 lb/f³. With the variation in compression strength values related to density, a generalized correlation of strength with density can be obtained.

[0053] A solidified compressible material formed from polyurethane or polyethylene foam provides increased energy absorption from projectiles as compared with a non-foam polymeric material due to the mechanical properties of the foam's cell or pore structure. The cells or pores preferably have diameters in the range of from 0.005 mm to 5.0 mm and, most preferably, in a range of from 0.01 mm to 0.03 mm and create a spongy three-dimensional, compressible, elastomeric web pattern with entrapped gas to absorb energy. The solidified compressible material formed from polyurethane or polyethylene foam preferably has a thickness within the shaping member, in a direction perpendicular to the one or more glass panes, in a range of from 0.5 inch to 12.0 inches corresponding to the depth of cavity <b>18</b> and, most preferably, in a range of from 1.0 to 4.0 inches to form an elastomeric, spongy cushion preventing shattering or fracturing of the underlying one or more glass panes. The depth of cavity <b>18</b> can be preselected to provide the desired thickness of polyurethane or polyethylene foam upon completion of the filling step, the fluidic polyurethane or polyethylene foam being shaped and supported by the shaping member to form a layer of solidified compressible material over the one or more glass panes.

[0054] A one-component or two-component supply system may be utilized to fill cavity <b>18</b> with the fluidic compressible material. A one-component system is shown in FIG. 1, wherein tank <b>36</b> contains a fluidic compressible material including a polymeric blend such as a polymeric/polyol, polyurethane prepolymer and a polymeric hydrocarbon propellant to be delivered as a foam from delivery device <b>38</b>. A two-component supply system <b>114</b> is shown in FIG. 3, wherein a first supply tank <b>136</b>A contains component A, such as a polymeric polyol, a second supply tank <b>136</b>B contains component B, such as disocyanate, and a mixing head <b>137</b> statically blends and reacts components A and B for delivery as a fluidic compressible material or foam through the delivery device or nozzle <b>138</b>. Components A and B can be housed in a single container <b>139</b> as shown in dotted lines. A catalyst may be added to either supply system to decrease or reduce the cure time. The supply system <b>114</b> can be provided without mixing head <b>137</b>, with component A being a first fluidic compressible material and component B being a second fluidic compressible material for selective discharge from the delivery device <b>138</b> to form a multi-layer compressible structure comprising multiple layers of first and second solidified compressible materials of different densities as described below.

[0055] Compressible structure <b>16</b>, i.e. shaping member <b>12</b> and solidified compressible material <b>20</b>, is releasably or removably secured over the one or more glass panes of the window structure, or the shaping member <b>12</b> is releasably or removably secured over the one or more glass panes of the window structure prior to being supplied with the fluidic compressible material which forms solidified compressible material <b>20</b>. FIG. 4 illustrates compressible structure <b>16</b> being positioned over the exterior surface of a glass pane <b>40</b> of a window structure <b>42</b> in a building. The glass pane <b>40</b> is surrounded and supported by a frame <b>44</b> of window structure <b>42</b>, and the glass pane <b>40</b> is disposed in a recess <b>43</b> circumscribed by the frame <b>44</b>. The compressible structure <b>16</b>, wherein shaping member <b>12</b> has already been filled with the fluidic compressible material to form the layer of solidified compressible material <b>20</b> as described above and wherein the cover sheet <b>26</b> has been removed to expose the adhesive layer <b>25</b>, is positioned over the glass pane <b>40</b> to fit closely or snugly within the recess <b>43</b>. The compressible structure <b>16</b> is pressed firmly against the glass pane <b>40</b> so that the adhesive layer <b>25</b> contacts the exterior surface of the glass pane and releasably secures the compressible structure thereto to form a protected window structure. Filling the shaping member <b>12</b> with the fluidic compressible material prior to its securement over the glass pane allows the supply system to be kept in a central location rather than requiring its transport to numerous different locations where windows are to be protected. Also, the shaping member could be filled at a remote location, for example at a warehouse, allowing a large number of compressible structures to be formed at one location. The compressible structure can be secured over the window structure a few minutes after filling the shaping member with the fluidic compressible material. An extendable arm or pole can be used to facilitate installation.

[0056] Alternatively, the cover sheet <b>26</b> is removed to expose the adhesive layer <b>25</b>, and the shaping member <b>12</b> is pressed firmly against the exterior surface of a glass pane <b>140</b> prior to the shaping member being filled with the fluidic compressible material as shown in FIG. 5. The fluidic compressible material is then supplied to the cavity <b>18</b> via the delivery device or nozzle <b>38</b> of the supply system <b>14</b> inserted into port <b>34</b> as described above. The fluidic compressible material cures to form the layer of solidified compressible material <b>20</b>, thereby forming the compressible structure <b>16</b> in situ to form a protected window structure. FIG. 5 illustrates the shaping member <b>12</b> applied over a glass pane <b>140</b> which is not recessed within the frame <b>144</b>. Also, the glass pane <b>140</b> has a perimeter slightly smaller than the perimeter of the shaping member <b>12</b> such that the shaping member overlaps the frame <b>144</b> a small amount. Accordingly, the adhesive layer <b>25</b> is pressed against the frame <b>144</b> where the shaping member overlaps the frame. In this manner, the shaping member <b>12</b> is releasably secured to the frame <b>144</b> as well as to the exterior surface of the glass pane <b>140</b>.

[0057] The compressible structure <b>16</b> is deployed over the window structure to be protected in advance of the arrival of a storm. When the storm arrives, the layer of solidified compressible material absorbs energy and provides a shock absorption effect protecting the one or more glass panes from damage. The compressible structure prevents shattering of the one or more glass panes, provides an insulative effect, and protects the interior of the building. After the storm passes, the compressible structure <b>16</b> can be easily removed from the window structure by detaching the adhesive layer <b>25</b> from the window structure. A compressible structure can be removed from the exterior side of the building; or, if the window structure is movable (e.g. pivotal or on tracks), the compressible structure can be removed from the interior side of the building without the use of a ladder by opening the window and pulling the compressible structure off the window structure and into the building. If the windows are not movable or do not open, an extension arm or pole can be used to remove the compressible structure. The compressible structure will normally be disposed of subsequent to use; however, the compressible structure could be retained for future re-use.

[0058] It should be appreciated that the securing element should be capable of holding the compressible structure over the one or more glass panes during a storm yet should be easily detachable from the window structure after the storm has passed. Where a pressure sensitive adhesive is utilized as the securing element as illustrated for compressible structure <b>16</b>, the adhesive should provide sufficient holding strength for the compressible structure yet should be detachable from the window structure without excessive force. It is also desirable that the adhesive leave little or no residue on the window structure, particularly residue that is difficult to remove. It should also be appreciated that the securing element need not be attached to or carried by the compressible structure prior to use in that the securing element can be provided separate from the compressible structure. Various securing elements can be utilized with the compressible structure including adhesives and/or mechanical securing devices such as clips. Where the securing element is an adhesive, the adhesive could be separately applied to the window structure and the compressible structure or shaping member can thereafter be secured thereto.

[0059] As an example of the above, the compressible structure <b>16</b> can be provided without a securing element, and a securing element, such as adhesive layer <b>125</b>, can be provided on the window structure as shown by dotted lines in FIG. 4. The adhesive layer <b>125</b> can be applied to all or part of the exterior surface of glass pane <b>40</b>, for example, to contact the compressible structure <b>16</b> or shaping member <b>12</b> when it is pressed against the glass pane. Additionally or alternatively, the adhesive layer <b>125</b> can be applied to one or more surfaces of frame <b>44</b> defining the recess <b>43</b> so as to be contacted by one or more of the side, top and or bottom walls of the compressible structure when it is positioned within the recess <b>43</b>. In the procedure illustrated by FIG. 5, the adhesive layer <b>125</b> could be applied, for example, to the portion of frame <b>144</b> overlapped by the compressible structure <b>16</b>. The compressible material itself can serve as the securing element in that the fluidic compressible material or polymeric foam can be used to contact the window structure and adhere the compressible structure thereto as it solidifies or cures. As an example, FIG. 5 illustrates in dotted lines a cut-out or opening <b>145</b> in the back wall of shaping member <b>12</b>, in which case shaping member <b>12</b> may be provided without a securing element. The shaping member is manually held in place against the glass plane <b>140</b> as it is filled with the fluidic compressible material. As the fluidic compressible material fills the cavity of the shaping member and rigidifies or cures, it contacts the glass pane and will become adhered thereto with sufficient force to hold the shaping member in place. Of course, the shaping member, and the resulting compressible structure, can be provided with various different cut-outs or openings at various different locations on the shaping member to establish contact of the compressible material with the window structure, including the glass pane and/or frame, in order to adhere the shaping member thereto. Cut-outs or openings in the shaping member by which the compressible material adhesively contacts the window structure can be used in addition to a securing element for extra holding force. Since the foam can be very adherent by nature, the adhesive properties of the foam can be adjusted and/or a release sheet or film can be applied to the window structure to facilitate removal of the compressible structure as disclosed in prior patent application Ser. No. 09/362,890 filed Jul. 29, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference.

[0060] Compressible structures could be placed over both the exterior surface and the interior surface of a glass pane for increased protection. FIG. 6 shows a protected window structure formed by compressible structure <b>16</b> secured over an interior surface of a glass pane <b>40</b> of window structure <b>42</b> and a modified compressible structure <b>216</b> secured over window structure or can be formed prior to being positioned on the window structure as described above.

[0061] Another modified compressible structure is illustrated at <b>316</b> in FIG. 7, which illustrates compressible structure <b>316</b> secured over the exterior of glass pane <b>40</b> without a compressible structure being secured over the interior of glass pane <b>40</b>. Compressible structure <b>316</b> is similar to compressible structure <b>216</b> except for the construction of back wall <b>322</b> and front wall <b>328</b>. Back wall <b>322</b> is similar to back wall <b>222</b> and includes spaced layers <b>346</b>, with the adhesive layer <b>325</b> being carried by the layer <b>346</b> that is located on the back or outer side of the compressible structure. However, back wall <b>322</b> differs from back wall <b>222</b> in that polymeric particles <b>351</b>, such as styrene particles, are disposed between layers <b>346</b> and form the cushioning structure <b>347</b>. The front wall <b>328</b> differs from the front wall <b>228</b> in that the front wall <b>328</b> is made of the same material as the side, top and bottom walls of shaping member <b>312</b>.

[0062]FIG. 8 illustrates at <b>416</b> a further alternative compressible structure secured over the exterior of glass pane <b>40</b> and having a back wall <b>422</b> which provides a cushioning effect. Compressible structure <b>416</b> is similar to compressible structure <b>316</b> except that the back wall <b>422</b>, which carrier adhesive layer <b>425</b>, is made of a layer of polymeric sponge material providing the cushioning effect between glass pane <b>40</b> and solidified compressible material <b>420</b>.

[0063] Another alternative compressible structure <b>516</b> is illustrated in FIG. 9 secured over the exterior of glass pane <b>40</b>. Compressible structure <b>516</b> is similar to compressible the exterior surface of glass pane <b>40</b>. Compressible structure <b>16</b> fits closely within the recess of frame <b>44</b> and is secured to the interior surface of glass pane <b>40</b> via adhesive layer <b>25</b> contacting the interior surface of glass pane <b>40</b> in the manner described above. Compressible structure <b>216</b> is similar to compressible structure <b>16</b> except that the front wall <b>228</b> of shaping member <b>212</b> is made of a relatively higher strength material, and the back wall <b>222</b> thereof is designed to provide a cushioning effect between glass pane <b>40</b> and the solidified compressible material <b>220</b>. The front wall <b>228</b> is made of a material having a higher tensile strength and higher impact and tear resistance than the materials used for the remaining walls of shaping member <b>212</b>. The back wall <b>222</b> is constructed from multiple spaced layers <b>246</b>, each preferably a layer of polymeric film such as polyethylene, polyurethane or polystyrene, and a cushioning structure <b>247</b> therebetween. The cushioning structure <b>247</b> is formed by a plurality of air cell units <b>250</b> between the layers <b>246</b>, and the adhesive layer <b>225</b> is carried by the layer <b>246</b> located on the outer or back side of the compressible structure. The back wall <b>222</b> is similar to the material known as “bubble wrap”, with the air cell units <b>250</b> varying in size from 0.001 inch to 12 inches. The air cell units <b>250</b> contain pockets of air and act as a protective cushion. In particular, the back wall <b>222</b> aids in separating the solidified compressible material, which absorbs the greatest force from impacts, from the glass pane <b>40</b> and acts as a protective cushion between the glass pane and the solidified compressible material. The back wall <b>222</b> also provides an insulative effect. The compressible structure <b>216</b> can be formed in situ on the structure <b>16</b> except that compressible structure <b>516</b> includes a cushioning element <b>552</b> interposed between back wall <b>522</b> and adhesive layer <b>525</b>. Cushioning element <b>552</b> is contiguous with back wall <b>522</b> and includes spaced layers <b>546</b> with a cushioning structure comprising polymeric particles <b>551</b> therebetween as described for back wall <b>322</b>. The cushioning element <b>552</b> can alternatively be constructed as a layer of polymeric sponge as described and illustrated for back wall <b>422</b> or as a plurality of layers of polymeric material having air cell units therebetween as described and illustrated for back wall <b>222</b>.

[0064] An alternative shaping member <b>612</b> is illustrated in FIG. 10 and differs from shaping member <b>12</b> primarily in that the shaping member <b>612</b> is provided without a back wall. Shaping member <b>612</b> is prefabricated or pre-built with interconnected side walls <b>630</b> and top and bottom walls <b>632</b> defining or circumscribing an opening <b>654</b> closed along one side by front wall <b>628</b>. The side, top and bottom walls are positioned to be oriented 90° to a window structure to which the shaping member <b>612</b> is to be temporarily secured. The side, top and bottom walls can be made of various materials including polymeric, paper, cardboard, various cellulosic materials, wood, metal, or composite materials. Preferably, the front wall <b>628</b> is a polymeric film and, desirably, a high tensile strength polymeric film. The shaping member <b>612</b> can be constructed with various shapes and sizes in accordance with the shape and size of a window structure to be protected. The width of the side, top and bottom walls can be selected to correspond to a desired depth for the solidified compressible material within shaping member <b>612</b>.

[0065] The shaping member <b>612</b> is used by positioning it over a window structure as shown in FIG. 11, which illustrates the shaping member <b>612</b> positioned within a recess of window structure <b>42</b> so as to be disposed over the exterior of glass pane <b>40</b>. The shaping member <b>612</b> has a perimetrical size corresponding to the size of the recess of window structure <b>42</b> and thus fits snugly or closely within the recess. The shaping member <b>612</b> is removably attached to the window structure via a securing element <b>624</b> including an adhesive layer <b>625</b> applied along the surfaces of frame <b>44</b> circumscribing the recess. Accordingly, the adhesive layer <b>625</b> contacts and adheres to the side, top and bottom walls of the shaping member <b>612</b> within the recess. The shaping member <b>612</b> is positioned in the recess so that the exterior surface of the glass pane <b>40</b> contacts the rearward edges of the side, top and bottom walls and thereby closes the opening <b>654</b> and forms a cavity <b>618</b>. FIG. 11, therefore, is illustrative of a procedure wherein the glass pane forms the back wall of and completes the cavity for receiving the fluidic compressible material. Once the shaping member <b>612</b> is properly positioned over the glass pane <b>40</b>, the cavity <b>618</b> is supplied with the fluidic compressible material to form the layer of solidified compressible material <b>620</b> as described above thereby forming the compressible structure <b>616</b>. If desired, a release sheet or film <b>656</b>, shown in dotted lines, can be applied over the exterior surface of glass pane <b>40</b> prior to positioning the shaping member <b>612</b> thereon, such a release sheet or film being described in the prior application incorporated herein by reference. The compressible structure <b>616</b> will typically be deployed in advance of a storm and, after the storm passes, the compressible structure <b>616</b> is removed from the window structure <b>42</b>.

[0066] A further alternative shaping member is illustrated in FIG. 12 at <b>712</b>. The shaping member <b>712</b> is similar to the shaping member <b>612</b> except that the side, top and bottom walls of shaping member <b>712</b> have an L-shaped configuration defining a peripheral rim or lip <b>758</b> which can be placed against the window frame <b>44</b>. The lip <b>758</b> can be secured to the window frame <b>44</b> by a securing element, such as an adhesive layer <b>725</b> between the lip <b>758</b> and a front surface of the frame <b>44</b>. Of course, the shaping member <b>712</b> can be provided with the adhesive layer <b>725</b> pre-applied thereon and covered by a removable cover sheet as described above. Alternatively, the adhesive layer <b>725</b> can be applied to the lip <b>758</b> and/or frame <b>44</b> as part of the procedure to install the shaping member <b>712</b> on the window structure. Once the shaping member <b>712</b> has been properly secured over the glass pane <b>40</b>, the cavity <b>718</b> created by the shaping member <b>712</b> and the window structure is filled with the fluidic compressible material to form the layer of solidified compressible material <b>720</b>, thereby forming compressible structure <b>716</b>. It should be appreciated that the lip <b>758</b> does not have to be attached to the frame <b>44</b> but, rather, can be attached to the glass pane <b>40</b> or to a release film previously applied to the glass pane.

[0067] An alternative compressible structure <b>816</b> is illustrated in FIG. 13 and is a pre-formed, pre-fabricated foam panel providing a layer of solidified compressible material <b>820</b>, the back surface of which can be provided with an adhesive layer <b>825</b> by which the foam panel can be secured to a window structure to protect one or more glass panes thereof from damage. As shown by a dotted line <b>860</b>, the pre-shaped panel <b>816</b> can be cut to fit various shapes and sizes of windows.

[0068]FIG. 14 illustrates an additional alternative compressible structure <b>916</b>, which is similar to compressible structure <b>816</b> except that the layer of solidified compressible material defining the foam panel comprises a plurality of layers of solidified compressible materials of different densities. Compressible structure <b>916</b> includes an outer or first layer <b>962</b> of a first solidified compressible material <b>920</b>A and an inner or second layer <b>964</b> of a second solidified compressible material <b>920</b>B, the outer and inner layers being laminated or bonded together. The first solidified compressible material <b>920</b>A is preferably a closed cell foam material of relatively greater density, fewer open pores and, therefore, relatively greater rigidity. The second solidified compressible material <b>920</b>B is an open or closed cell foam material with a greater number of open pores and, therefore, less rigidity. The layers <b>962</b> and <b>964</b> can be laminated or bonded together in various ways. The layer <b>964</b> carries an adhesive layer <b>925</b> covered by a releaseable cover sheet <b>926</b>. The more rigid foam layer <b>962</b> faces the storm and is exposed to the greatest impact from flying debris and wind. The less rigid foam layer <b>964</b> is disposed between the layer <b>962</b> of greater rigidity and the glass pane and provides a cushioning effect between the more rigid layer and the glass pane.

[0069]FIG. 15 is illustrative of a procedure for filling a shaping member <b>1012</b> with first and second fluidic compressible materials to obtain first and second layers of first and second solidified compressible materials of different densities, respectively. FIG. 15 illustrates shaping member <b>1012</b>, which is similar to shaping member <b>12</b>, placed in a horizontal position wherein the shaping member will typically be supported on a table, the ground or other support surface. A supply system <b>1014</b> is used to deliver a first fluidic compressible material from a tank <b>1036</b>A to cavity <b>1018</b> via a delivery device or nozzle <b>1038</b> inserted in port <b>1034</b>, the first fluidic compressible material forming a first layer <b>1064</b> of a first solidified compressible material <b>1020</b>A of a first density. Once the first fluidic compressible material has been supplied to the cavity in a uniform or substantially uniform layer and has been allowed to set somewhat to form the first layer <b>1064</b> of first compressible solidified material <b>1020</b>A, a second fluidic compressible material is supplied to the cavity from a tank <b>1036</b>B via the delivery device or nozzle <b>1038</b> inserted in port <b>1034</b> as shown in FIG. 15. The second fluidic compressible material is applied in a layer over the first compressible material until the cavity is filled and forms a layer <b>1062</b> of a second solidified compressible material <b>1020</b>B greater in density than the first solidified compressible material <b>1020</b>A. Of course, the first and second fluidic compressible materials can be contained in different supply systems. The delivery device or nozzle <b>1038</b> is similar to nozzle <b>38</b> except that the delivery device or nozzle <b>1038</b> is extendable for delivery of the fluidic compressible materials remote from the tanks <b>1036</b>A and <b>1036</b>B.

[0070]FIG. 16 illustrates the compressible structure <b>816</b> secured over a glass pane of a window structure <b>42</b> to form a protected window structure using a securing element including one or more mechanical securing devices <b>865</b> in the form of spring clips inserted or interposed between the perimetrical edges, i.e. the external perimeter, of the compressible structure <b>816</b> and frame <b>44</b>. The securing devices <b>865</b> are spring biased to hold the compressible structure <b>816</b> in place on window structure <b>42</b> and are compressible to allow the compressible structure to be removed from the window structure. The mechanical securing devices may alternatively be designed as non-spring clips.

[0071]FIG. 17 illustrates a protected window structure formed by a plurality of compressible structures <b>16</b> arranged over a glass pane of window structure <b>42</b> so that the entire surface area of the glass pane is covered by the plurality of compressible structures.

[0072]FIG. 18 illustrates a compressible structure <b>1116</b> secured over a glass pane of a window structure <b>42</b> using a plurality of alternative mechanical securing devices <b>1165</b>. The compressible structure <b>1116</b> is similar to compressible structure <b>816</b>, but is smaller in peripheral or perimetrical size than the recess <b>43</b> of window structure <b>42</b>. The compressible structure <b>1116</b> is centered within recess <b>43</b> and is removably held in place over the glass pane by the securing devices <b>1165</b>. The securing devices <b>1165</b> are interposed between frame <b>44</b> and the side, top and bottom walls of compressible structure <b>1116</b>. The securing devices <b>1165</b> are extendable and retractable in a longitudinal direction to span the gap between the perimeter of the compressible structure <b>1116</b> and the frame <b>44</b> and tightly hold the compressible structure in place. The securing devices <b>1165</b> are shown without a spring bias but may be designed to incorporate an outward spring bias in the longitudinal direction.

[0073] A compressible structure <b>1216</b> that is adjustable in external size is illustrated in FIG. 19. The compressible structure <b>1216</b> is similar to compressible structure <b>16</b> and is made of flexible material or of elastic or stretchable material such that the external size of the shaping member <b>1212</b> can be adjusted or controlled by controlling the amount of fluidic compressible material supplied to the shaping member <b>1212</b>. FIG. 19 illustrates the shaping member <b>1212</b> and, therefore, compressible structure <b>1216</b> obtained therewith, having a first external size when filled with a quantity of compressible material and illustrates the shaping member <b>1212</b> and, therefore, the compressible structure <b>1216</b>, having a second external size, greater than the first external size, when filled with a greater quantity of the compressible material. Where the shaping member is made of a flexible but inelastic material, any excess material not filled with compressible material can be folded over the layer of solidified compressible material.

[0074]FIG. 20 illustrates an alternative securing device <b>1365</b>, one or more of which can be used as a securing element for the compressible structures of the present invention. Securing device <b>1365</b> includes an attachment member <b>1368</b> for attachment to a compressible structure and a clip <b>1370</b> for retaining the attachment member on the compressible structure. The attachment member <b>1368</b> includes a planar base <b>1371</b> and an elongate pin <b>1372</b> extending perpendicularly from the forward face of base <b>1371</b>. As shown in FIG. 22, a rearward face of base <b>1371</b> carries a layer of pressure sensitive adhesive <b>1373</b> optionally covered by a removable backing sheet or liner <b>1374</b>. The base <b>1371</b> is preferably of minimal thickness to lay flat against the compressible structure and is shown as being circular in external configuration, but can be of any desired external shape. Pin <b>1372</b> has a length greater than the thickness of the compressible structure with which the securing device <b>1365</b> is to be used so that a forward end of pin <b>1372</b> protrudes from the compressible structure when the attachment member <b>1368</b> is attached thereto as explained further below. Preferably, the forward end of pin <b>1372</b> tapers to a point to facilitate penetration of the compressible structure by the attachment member. The base and pin can be made of the same material or different materials, which may include metal, wood, polymer and fiber. Clip <b>1370</b> can be designed in various ways to retain the attachment member on the compressible structure and is shown as having an opening <b>1375</b> for slidably receiving the forward end of pin <b>1372</b> therethrough and retaining members or legs <b>1376</b> disposed around opening <b>1375</b> for releasably, lockingly engaging the forward end of pin <b>1372</b> passing through opening <b>1375</b>. The legs <b>1376</b> may be bent or angled and/or may be biased inwardly toward the center of opening <b>1375</b> to apply a locking force on pin <b>1372</b>. In the case of clip <b>1370</b>, the locking force is applied by the bent or angled portions of legs <b>1376</b>. The ends of legs <b>1376</b> may be manually squeezed or compressed to release the bent or angled portions from locking engagement with the pin <b>1372</b>, allowing the clip <b>1370</b> to be moved longitudinally along the pin <b>1372</b> and, when the legs are released, the legs lockingly engage the pin and prevent longitudinal movement of the clip relative thereto.

[0075] FIGS. <b>21</b>-<b>23</b> illustrate use of securing device <b>1365</b> to secure a compressible structure over a glass pane of a window structure. FIG. 21 illustrates the clip <b>1370</b> removed from pin <b>1372</b> and shows the pin <b>1372</b> being inserted through a compressible structure <b>1316</b>. Compressible structure <b>1316</b> is similar to compressible structure <b>816</b> and is a pre-formed, pre-fabricated foam panel. However, it should be appreciated that the securing device <b>1365</b> can be used with the other compressible structures described herein. The pin <b>1372</b> is inserted, forward end first, through the back surface of the compressible structure and is advanced through the compressible structure in a perpendicular direction, with the pointed end of pin <b>1372</b> facilitating penetration of the compressible structure by the pin. Once the base <b>1371</b> is in abutment with the back surface of the compressible structure <b>1316</b> and the forward end of pin <b>1372</b> protrudes from the forward surface of the compressible structure, the clip <b>1370</b> is assembled to the attachment member <b>1368</b>. The clip <b>1370</b> is placed over the forward end of pin <b>1372</b> so that the forward end passes through the opening <b>1375</b>. The clip <b>1370</b> is moved longitudinally along the pin <b>1372</b> in the direction of the compressible structure and, if necessary, the legs <b>1376</b> may be squeezed or compressed toward one another to facilitate longitudinal movement of the clip along the pin. Once the clip <b>1370</b> abuts the forward surface of compressible structure <b>1316</b>, the legs <b>1376</b> are released, and the bent or angled portions will lockingly engage the forward end of pin <b>1372</b>. The clip <b>1370</b> will then be in a locked position on pin <b>1372</b> such that the compressible structure <b>1316</b> is held between base <b>1371</b> and clip <b>1370</b>. As shown in FIG. 20, the clip <b>1370</b> may be provided with a planar flange <b>1378</b> for abutting the forward surface of compressible structure <b>1316</b> so that the compressible structure is held between the planar flange <b>1378</b> and the planar base <b>1371</b> as shown in FIG. 22. Once a desired number of securing devices <b>1365</b> has been assembled to the compressible structure, the compressible structure is ready to be secured over the glass pane of the window structure. To secure the compressible structure <b>1316</b> over the glass pane of a window structure using the securing device <b>1365</b>, the backing sheet <b>1374</b> is removed or peeled away from base <b>1371</b> to expose the layer of adhesive <b>1373</b> as shown in FIG. 22. Optionally, the back surface of the compressible structure can be coated with an adhesive as shown by adhesive coating <b>1380</b> in FIG. 22. The adhesive coating <b>1380</b> is preferably a pressure sensitive adhesive weaker than the pressure sensitive adhesive <b>1373</b> and serves to bond the compressible structure to the glass pane for additional securing power and also creates a damping effect. Once the adhesive <b>1373</b> is exposed by removing backing sheet <b>1374</b>, the compressible structure <b>1316</b> is placed against the glass pane <b>1340</b> of window structure <b>1372</b>. FIG. 23 shows the compressible structure <b>1316</b> positioned over the exterior of glass pane <b>1340</b> and being secured thereto via the adhesive of base <b>1371</b> with the optional adhesive coating <b>1380</b> providing additional holding force.

[0076] To remove the compressible structure <b>1316</b> after a storm has passed, the clip <b>1370</b> is withdrawn from pin <b>1372</b>. Withdrawal of the clip <b>1370</b> from the pin <b>1372</b> may be accomplished by squeezing the legs <b>1376</b> and sliding the clip along the pin in a direction away from the compressible structure <b>1316</b> until the pin is removed from the opening <b>1375</b>. The compressible structure <b>1316</b> may then be grasped and moved or pulled away from the glass pane <b>1340</b> in a direction perpendicular thereto so that the compressible structure is also removed entirely from the pin <b>1372</b>. The attachment member <b>1368</b> can now be removed from the glass pane by pulling an edge of base <b>1371</b> to release adhesive <b>1373</b> from its bond with the glass pane. Removal of base <b>1371</b> may be facilitated by using a razor blade or a solvent, if needed. Upon removal of the compressible structure <b>1316</b> from the attachment member <b>1368</b>, the compressible structure can be stored for reuse. The securing device <b>1365</b> will typically be disposed of, and one or more new securing devices may be used in the future to secure the compressible structure <b>1316</b> to the glass pane of a window structure.

[0077] Depending on the external size of the compressible structure, one or more securing devices <b>1365</b> may be used to secure the compressible structure to the glass pane. The number of securing devices <b>1365</b> needed may also depend on the size of the securing devices. For instance, the base <b>1371</b> may be provided in various external sizes, for example, ranging from one inch to twelve inches in diameter. FIG. 24 shows the back surface of compressible structure <b>1316</b> with the base <b>1371</b> of the attachment member <b>1368</b> for the securing device being disposed at a central location on the compressible structure. As shown by bases <b>1371</b> in dotted lines, additional securing devices can be assembled to the compressible structure <b>1316</b> at other desired locations.

[0078] Various adhesives can be used in the present invention, examples of which include polyurethane, cyanoacrylate, acrylate, epoxy, silicone, films, polyesters, rubber, hot melt polyolefins, polyamide, block copolymers, polyvinyl acetate, and vinyl acetate ethylene. Various release agents may be used to facilitate removal of the compressible structures from the window structures, and examples of such release agents include petroleum based substances, alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated solvents, glycol ethers, methyl ethyl ketone, xylene, d-limonene, phthalate and benzoates. Examples of catalysts which may be used in the present invention to speed up reaction and/or curing times include amine catalysts, organometallic, bismuth and zinc organics.

[0079] Inasmuch as the present invention is subject to various modifications and changes in detail, it should be appreciated that the preferred embodiments described herein should be considered as illustrative only and should not be taken in a limiting sense.