System for self modification

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

0001The current application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/930,872 filed May 13, 2020 now U.S. Pat. No. 10,901,705, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/243,012 filed Jan. 8, 2019 now U.S. Pat. No. 10,678,518, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/281,564 filed Sep. 30, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,175,956, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/791,820 filed Jul. 6, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,483,238, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/846,630 filed Mar. 18, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,075,616, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 61/612,907 filed Mar. 19, 2012, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

0002The disclosure relates generally to model development and use, and more particularly, to dynamic design, use, and modification of models using a software application that provides for self-modification.

BACKGROUND ART

0003All organizations want to be agile so they can seize opportunities, respond to threats, and generally evolve. Adaptation is a fundamental counter-entropy strategy; organisms, including human organizations that fail to adapt to their environment are not sustainable.

0004Adaptation as it relates to human organizations includes an ability to support local “variance,” (including automated personalization for a single instance and user-driven modification for a single instance) where the variance can occur without a disruptive “exception,” and global change, (including automated “machine learning”) where change to the whole for all future instances can occur without disruption. However, for software developed using a conventional style, such as Object Oriented Development (OOD) and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), local adaptation and global adaptation commonly result in disruptive exceptions, as both styles are generally procedural in nature and deliver fixed implementations of models. In these styles the models and their implementation are generally ‘hidden’ behind static interfaces, methods and/or the like, so the models are not modifiable directly by people utilizing the models or by software agents working on their behalf. While a model, or its interface, methods and/or the like, may allow for a range of conditions, those conditions are not subject to variation and change directly by the users interacting with them—they are other fixed attributes of the model. This approach limits dynamic local variance and global change, creating a discontinuity where use and modeling are divided into a “run-time” and “design-time” respectively.

0005This is the normative convention of software application modeling. It is a paradigm that was established when everything was standardized, change was infrequent and any change was always centrally controlled. In our time of rapid and decentralized change, this paradigm has become a rate-limiter for enterprise agility, organization-wide structural impedance that makes variance and change ‘expensive’ if not, in many cases, impractical for technical reasons alone. This approach limits the general utility of such models and they become increasingly less useful overtime (entropy), such that ‘exceptions’ and change management are major logistical challenges for modern businesses that limit their operational responsiveness. It results in: delays and frustration; shadow systems, which compound change management problems; and lost business value. Given the centrality and importance of information systems to most organizations, the ability for related models to support adaptability (non-disruptive variance and change) is conceptually fundamental to business agility.

0006The act of modeling defines an ‘object’ for a purpose. In the context of a human organization and Enterprise information systems, models include data models (entities and entity relationship diagrams), process models (flowcharts), service interfaces, business objects, and/or the like. A model definition provides facts regarding an object's attributes, including relationships to other objects. The definitions, attributes and relationships of models are generally subject to change, the only variable being the frequency of change. When model definitions are encoded and deployed in a static fashion they structurally constrain interaction to the design-time context of the central ‘modeler’ and/or designer or the like without consideration of the context of subsequent use of the model (premature optimization), thereby ensuring exceptions to the model, which must be handled, if at all, in a discontinuous fashion. Each implementation is an execution of the ‘as is’ model. The approach promotes standardization at the cost of variance and change.

0007The conventional software application model, as represented by Object Oriented Development (OOD) and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), is to design static models of business entities, business objects, services, and processes. To form business applications, the models are integrated, generally in a tightly-coupled manner, which leads to dependencies. As part of a greater system of interaction between models, the problems of adaptation are compounded as change to an application consuming multiple models might also require change to multiple models to achieve the intended change to the application's properties. In addition, in the course of modifying an application, any change to one model of the set of models may negatively impact (e.g., ‘break’ or ‘crash) instances of the application, the application as a whole, and might even cause problems for the greater system on which the application runs. The more complex the application, the higher number of dependencies, the harder it becomes to support variance and change.

0008In the meantime, the world is becoming increasingly distributed, the rate of change is accelerating, and business requirements are becoming more complex, all of which exacerbate problems with the conventional software application model.

0009The inventors previously described a solution for increasing context-based customization of interaction deliverables in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/698,361, filed on 2 Feb. 2010, published as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0199260, which is hereby incorporated by reference. An embodiment of the solution provides a software application, which includes work order resources, each of which defines an atomic operation for the software application, and a construction service resource, which processes the work order resources in response to all interaction requests for the software application. Each interaction request is received from a client and identifies a corresponding work order, which the construction service processes to dynamically construct a set of deliverables, which can include a custom representation of the work order. While processing the interaction request, the construction service, as directed by the work order, can make one or more requests to context resources for context information corresponding to an activity for which the interaction was requested to construct the set of deliverables. The work order resource can comprise a reflective program that enables the construction service to dynamically determine and construct the set of deliverables, including the next appropriate interaction(s), using the context information, thereby directing a set of atomic operations as part of an activity being performed and enabling the dynamic context-based construction of interaction deliverables.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0010Aspects of the invention provide a solution providing for the dynamic design, use, and modification of models is provided. The solution can receive an electronic communication identifying a request or event and process the electronic communication in a runtime environment by binding a model of the collection of models to dynamically construct an implementation of the model. Collective properties of the set of related models can emerge dynamically. The binding can comprise late-binding of an application associated with the collection of models to enable at least one user to perform at least one interaction using the environment without disrupting any of the environment or the application.

0011In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a computer system comprising: a processing component; and a storage component, wherein the storage component includes at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a software application, wherein the software application, when executed by the processing component, enables the computer system to implement an environment for managing models that provides for request or event driven modification of a collection of the models. In some examples, the managing includes receiving an electronic communication identifying a request or event; and processing the electronic communication in a runtime environment by binding a model of the collection of models to dynamically construct an implementation of the model in the collection of models, wherein the collection of the models includes at least one set of related models, and wherein each model in a set of related models can configure at least one of a set of properties of the set of related models so that collective properties of the set of related models emerge dynamically from interaction of the set of related models, and wherein the binding comprising late-binding of an application associated with the collection of models enables at least one user to perform at least one interaction using the environment without disrupting any of the environment or the application.

0012In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a computer program product comprising program code stored on at least one tangible computer-readable medium, which when executed, enables a computer system to implement a method of managing models using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification of a collection of the models. The method may include receiving an electronic communication identifying a request or event; and processing the electronic communication in a runtime environment by binding a model of the collection of the models to dynamically construct an implementation of the model in the collection of the models. The collection of the models may include at least one set of related models, and wherein each model in a set of related models can configure at least one of a set of properties of the set of related models so that collective properties of the set of related models emerge dynamically from interaction of the set of related models. The binding may comprise late-binding of an application associated with the collection of the models enables at least one user to perform at least one interaction using the environment without disrupting any of the environment or the application.

0013In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a computerized method of managing models using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification of a collection of the models. The method may comprise receiving an electronic communication identifying a request or event; and processing the electronic communication in a runtime environment by binding a model of the collection of the models to dynamically construct an implementation of the model in the collection of the models. The collection of the models may include at least one set of related models, and wherein each model in a set of related models can configure at least one of a set of properties of the set of related models so that collective properties of the set of related models emerge dynamically from interaction of the set of related models. The binding may comprise late-binding of an application associated with the collection of the models enables at least one user to perform at least one interaction using the environment without disrupting any of the environment or the application.

0014Other aspects of the disclosure provide methods, systems, program products, and methods of using and generating each, which include and/or implement some or all of the actions described herein. The illustrative aspects of the invention are designed to solve one or more of the problems herein described and/or one or more other problems not discussed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0015These and other features of the disclosure will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that depict various aspects of the invention.

0016<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> shows an illustrative environment for dynamic management of models using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification according to an embodiment.

0017<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> shows a block diagram of an illustrative conceptual architecture of an environment of a software application according to an embodiment.

0018<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows an illustrative process for processing a user request according to an embodiment.

0019<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> shows an illustrative flow diagram of interactions of users with a collection of model resources according to an embodiment.

0020<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> shows an illustrative conceptual architecture of various types of application components according to an embodiment.

0021<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> shows an illustrative conceptual diagram of an application according to an embodiment.

0022<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> shows an illustrative conceptual diagram of an information space for an application according to an embodiment.

0023<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> shows an illustrative processing cycle of an event according to an embodiment.

0024<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 9A-9I</figref> show illustrative graphical user interfaces according to embodiments.

0025It is noted that the drawings may not be to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the invention, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements between the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0026As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the term “set” means one or more (i.e., at least one) and the phrase “any solution” means any now known or later developed solution.

0027The inventors recognize that the conventional software application model does not support the desired business agility. The inventors propose that structure, including the structure of a software application or an Enterprise IT systems infrastructure, should flexibly support a range of structures fit for business purposes, as well as support overall change. By conflating a model with its implementation, the conventional software application model creates accidental complexity resulting in impedance within the enterprise information system infrastructure. The act of solution development is generally not supportive of application lifecycle management post solution delivery, thereby addressing a short-term business problem while creating a long-running problem for the business as it relates to evolving the application for future requirements.

0028Furthermore, the inventors recognize one or more problems with the current distinction between development (“design-time”) and end user (“runtime”) environments in the software development lifecycle. Frequently, an application change cannot be fully tested in the development environment without fully replicating the runtime environment, which may not be possible or may be prohibitively expensive. As a result, many issues introduced when an application is changed remain undetected until the application is executing in the runtime environment. These issues grow significantly with the complexity of the system, making many of these systems more prone to having issues. Additionally, an ability for an end user to customize application behavior is limited to changing those settings predefined by the software developer during design time for that part of an application. Such an ability is not a generalized capability of the application or the greater system in which the application interacts.

0029The inventors propose a solution, in which the benefits of the model can be obtained, while providing flexibility in implementation and allowing change to the model. The model can be separated from (e.g., only loosely coupled to) its implementation so local variance of an instance of a model (including user-driven modification and automated “personalization”) and/or global change to a model (including user-driven modification and automated “machine learning”) are enabled. Furthermore, the solution can provide an ability to readily create new versions of a model, while preserving history, so that the model can be updated seamlessly to accommodate change. The solution can willfully constrain personalization, variance and change to restrict who, what, or when those properties are available. However, such a constraint is not a structural inhibition of the solution, rather those rules themselves can be subject to the same properties and are capable of being modified in response to changes in requirements.

0030To this extent, the solution can model in a declarative manner that preserves loose-coupling of stateless immutable models, handled as representations (as in a REST-style architecture) of a model and execute in a fashion (e.g., late-binding) that enables use and interactions with models while preserving their loosely-coupled and stateless nature. The declarative modeling, loose-coupling, immutability, statelessness, and late-binding of an embodiment of the solution allows for the separation of models from their implementation (e.g., representations of models bind at run-time), enabling local variance and global change in a continuous non-disruptive fashion that supports business agility, while supporting restrictions of a type that are not structural constraints, and while providing audit history and rollback capabilities to allow for variance and change to be transparent and manageable.

0031In an embodiment, the inventors propose a software application development model that does not require a distinction between development of the application and use of the application in an environment. Furthermore, the software application can be used to modify itself. While development of such a software application can be done in a separate development environment, the proposed software application development model does not make a distinction between design and runtime. The inventors propose that such a distinction in the conventional software application model is an unnatural, unnecessary abstraction. The physical separation of the design and runtime activities creates a discontinuity, a divide between development and use of the application, which creates challenges with both software development and change management (collectively the application development lifecycle) independent of the actual business problems that the application is intended to resolve. The inventors recognize that this divide can be sufficiently significant that the conventional IT/development approaches themselves work against business agility by creating rigid disconnected structures that are hard to govern, manage, and adapt as a whole system.

0032A software application created as described herein can be fully dynamic—with the developer and the end user both getting the same benefits from a single unified environment. In an embodiment, the application is built in a manner in which the developer does not need to build/compile any of the application components that define the model(s) of the application, which can enable real-time simulation and deployment of the changed application (e.g., the changes can take effect immediately). Without a compile/build requirement, application testing can be made easier, thereby enabling refactoring or changing to be vastly accelerated because there does not need to be any separation of runtime and design time (e.g., there does not need to be discontinuous activities performed in separate environments).

0033In an embodiment, the application is defined by stateless loosely coupled immutable resources (e.g., a set of models) using a declarative model-driven application development environment. In this case, an update to the application can simply require modification of related resources at which point the update can take effect immediately, without requiring any development intervention. All users, both those developing and those utilizing the models, can benefit from new operational responsiveness. In addition, since everything can be dynamic, development activity ‘rights’ can be delegated to any user who may then modify the application at will based on permissions and any required approval processes as directed by resources (e.g., one or more models in the set of models) of the application. The declarative model-driven application development environment can enable design, configuration, modification and extension of a real time software application (collectively “development activities”), wherein the late-binding of the real-time software application can enable all users to potentially perform development activities using the declarative model-driven application development environment, or components thereof, without disrupting the environment or the application itself.

0034As indicated above, aspects of the invention provide a solution providing for the dynamic design, use, and modification of models using a declarative software application meta-model that provides for self-modification of a collection of the models. The solution can enable continuous real-time testing, simulation, deployment, and modification of the collection of the models. A model in the collection of the models can represent an entity or a function and can be included in a set of related models. Additionally, a set of related models can include a plurality of sets of related models. The collection of the models can represent, for example, one or more software applications, processes, and/or the like. An embodiment of the solution described herein can execute on a system of the inventors' prior solution.

0035In an embodiment, the collection of models represent a software application and there is no distinction between “design-time” and “run-time” for the software application. Instead, the software application processes all such activity in “real-time.” All feedback from any user for any purpose, can be immediate in its effect, though the processing of decisions by the application can be extended through workflows for other input and approvals, but all processing by the application is still performed in real-time with each interaction. While further aspects of the invention are described using an embodiment in which a collection of models represents a software application, it is understood that the collection of models, or a set of related models included therein, can represent any type of entity and/or function. To this extent, a model in the collection of models can represent a discrete entity, a function, and/or the like. Furthermore, a set of related models in the collection of models can represent a complex entity, a complex function, and/or the like. The collection of models can include multiple sets of related models, any one of which can include one or more sets of related models. The collection of models can represent a software application, a process, and/or the like, either of which can be formed from multiple models representing various types of functions and/or entities.

0036Turning to the drawings, <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref> shows an illustrative environment <b>150</b> for providing dynamic management (e.g., design, use, and modification) of model resources <b>134</b> using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification according to an embodiment. In this case, the model resources <b>134</b> represent an application <b>130</b>, which is executing in the environment <b>150</b> in order to perform an activity according to an embodiment. To this extent, the environment <b>150</b> includes a computer system <b>152</b> that can perform a process described herein in order to manage the model resources <b>134</b> representing the application <b>130</b> and other resources <b>136</b>. In particular, the computer system <b>152</b> is shown including a modeling application <b>112</b>, which makes the computer system <b>152</b> operable to manage the model resources <b>134</b> and other resources <b>136</b> as described herein.

0037The computer system <b>152</b> is shown including a processing component <b>154</b> (e.g., one or more processors), a storage component <b>156</b> (e.g., a storage hierarchy), an input/output (I/O) component <b>158</b> (e.g., one or more I/O interfaces and/or devices), and a communications pathway <b>159</b>. In general, the processing component <b>154</b> executes program code, such as a system controller <b>122</b> of the modeling application <b>112</b> and/or representations of one or more resources of the application <b>130</b>, which is at least partially fixed in the storage component <b>156</b>. While executing program code, the processing component <b>154</b> can process data, which can result in reading and/or writing transformed data from/to the storage component <b>156</b> and/or the I/O component <b>158</b> for further processing. The pathway <b>159</b> provides a communications link between each of the components in the computer system <b>152</b>. The I/O component <b>158</b> can comprise one or more human I/O devices, which enable a human client <b>14</b> to interact with the computer system <b>152</b> and/or one or more communications devices to enable a system client <b>14</b> to communicate with the computer system <b>152</b> using any type of communications link. To this extent, the computer system <b>152</b> can manage a set of interfaces (e.g., graphical user interface(s), application program interface, and/or the like) that enable human and/or system clients <b>14</b> to interact with the application <b>130</b> via the modeling application <b>112</b>. Furthermore, the modeling application <b>112</b> can manage (e.g., store, retrieve, create, manipulate, organize, present, etc.) the data, such as one or more of the model resources <b>134</b> of the application <b>130</b> or other resources <b>136</b>, using any data management solution.

0038In any event, the computer system <b>152</b> can comprise one or more general purpose computing articles of manufacture (e.g., computing devices) capable of executing program code, such as the system controller <b>122</b> of the modeling application <b>112</b>, installed thereon. As used herein, it is understood that “program code” means any collection of instructions, in any language, code or notation, that cause a computing device having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after any combination of the following: (a) conversion to another language, code or notation; (b) reproduction in a different material form; and/or (c) decompression. To this extent, the modeling application <b>112</b> can be embodied as any combination of system software and/or application software.

0039As used herein, the term “component” means any configuration of hardware, with or without software, which implements the functionality described in conjunction therewith using any solution. The term “module” means program code that enables a computer system <b>152</b> to implement the functionality described in conjunction therewith using any solution, and refers to the system controller <b>122</b> and program artifacts of the resources of the application <b>130</b>. When fixed in a storage component <b>156</b> of a computer system <b>152</b> that includes a processing component <b>154</b>, a module is a substantial portion of a component that implements the functionality. Regardless, it is understood that two or more components, modules, and/or systems may share some/all of their respective hardware and/or software. Furthermore, it is understood that some of the functionality discussed herein may not be implemented or additional functionality may be included as part of the computer system <b>152</b>.

0040When the computer system <b>152</b> comprises multiple computing devices, each computing device can have only a portion of the modeling application <b>112</b> and/or the application <b>130</b> fixed thereon (e.g., one or more resources of the application <b>130</b>). However, it is understood that the computer system <b>152</b> and the modeling application <b>112</b> are only representative of various possible equivalent computer systems that may perform a process described herein. To this extent, in other embodiments, the functionality provided by the computer system <b>152</b> and the modeling application <b>112</b> can be at least partially implemented by one or more computing devices that include any combination of general and/or specific purpose hardware with or without program code. In each embodiment, the hardware and program code, if included, can be created using standard engineering and programming techniques, respectively.

0041Regardless, when the computer system <b>152</b> includes multiple computing devices, the computing devices can communicate over any type of communications link. Furthermore, while performing a process described herein, the computer system <b>152</b> can communicate with one or more other computer systems using any type of communications link. In either case, the communications link can comprise any combination of various types of wired and/or wireless links; comprise any combination of one or more types of networks; and/or utilize any combination of various types of transmission techniques and protocols. In an embodiment, the computer system <b>152</b> comprises an application server, which communicates with clients <b>14</b> over the Internet.

0042As discussed herein, the application <b>130</b> can be represented by model resources <b>134</b>. Additionally, the computer system <b>152</b>, e.g., by executing the modeling application <b>112</b>, can provide dynamic design, use, and modification of the model resources <b>134</b> representing the application <b>130</b> using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification. To this extent, the computer system <b>152</b> can enable continuous real-time testing, simulation, deployment, and modification of the model resources <b>134</b> representing the application <b>130</b> as described herein.

0043Execution of the application <b>130</b> can result in the generation of one or more other resources <b>136</b>. The other resources <b>136</b> can be utilized along with the model resources <b>134</b>, to enable the computer system <b>152</b> to execute a set of actions used by the application <b>130</b> to perform an activity. One or more of the resources of the application <b>130</b> can be separately developed and/or implemented remote from other portions of the application <b>130</b>. For example, a set of utility resources <b>138</b> are shown implemented remote from the application <b>130</b>. However, it is understood that any resources of the application <b>130</b>, such as one or more of the model resources <b>134</b>, also can be separately developed and/or implemented. Furthermore, it is understood that the environment <b>150</b> can include a mix of model resources <b>134</b> that are part of the application <b>130</b> and remote from the application <b>130</b>.

0044As described herein, a model resource <b>134</b> can represent an entity, a function, and/or the like. The model resources <b>134</b> can include one or more sets of related models, each of which can represent a complex entity, a complex function, and/or the like. A set of related models can be expressed using a set of declarative relations, which can be defined using any solution, and stored as model resources <b>134</b> of the application <b>130</b> using any solution. For example, a declarative relation can be defined using a uniform resource identifier (URI), a metadata reference, and/or the like.

0045In an embodiment, the environment <b>150</b> is a modeling environment providing dynamic design, use, and modification of the model resources <b>134</b> of the application <b>130</b> using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification and the client <b>14</b> is a user using the application <b>130</b> executing in the modeling environment to perform continuous real-time testing, simulation, deployment, and/or modification of the model resources <b>134</b> of the application <b>130</b>. In this case, the activities that the user can perform using the application <b>130</b> can include dynamically modifying one or more aspects of the software application <b>130</b> in the runtime environment. To this extent, <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> shows a block diagram of an illustrative conceptual architecture of an environment <b>250</b> of a software application <b>230</b> according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the software application <b>230</b>, by being processed by an intermediary component <b>220</b>, can manage an application layer <b>210</b>, which enables a user <b>14</b> to use the software application <b>230</b> to perform one or more activities, each of which is defined using a set of model resources <b>134</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) of the software application <b>230</b>. The application layer <b>210</b> includes both a development interface <b>216</b>, which enables the user <b>14</b> to use the application <b>230</b> to perform one or more development types of activities on the application <b>230</b>, and an end user interface <b>218</b>, which enables the user <b>14</b> to use the application <b>230</b> to perform one or more end user types of activities.

0046As used herein, it is understood that the term “activity” means a set of atomic operations to accomplish a goal (e.g., form a complete business/technical process). The goal is set when the activity is initiated (e.g., when a request, such as an HTTP request, is received from a user <b>14</b>), but the specific atomic operation(s) performed by executing the application <b>230</b> to accomplish the goal can vary based on the context information corresponding to each instance of an activity to which the software application <b>230</b> is directed. A group of related atomic operations (e.g., a compound operation) is referred to herein as a “task” (e.g., a process fragment). A task is a discrete fragment of an activity that fulfills a defined objective in furtherance of the goal (e.g., complete a form, review a form, submit a form, modify a form, and/or the like). Similar to an activity, the objective of the task is set when the activity is initiated, but the specific atomic operation(s) performed by executing the application <b>230</b> to accomplish the goal can vary based on the context information corresponding to the activity. It is understood that some atomic operations and/or tasks can be performed as standalone operations (e.g., report generation, basic navigation), apart from a larger task or activity. In this case, the atomic operation is a task and activity in itself or the task is an activity in itself.

0047An “end user activity” is a type of activity performed by the user <b>14</b> using the application <b>230</b> in its intended manner to accomplish a goal. For example, if the application <b>230</b> manages an end user interface <b>218</b> that provides a word processor user interface, the end user activities include those activities performed by the user <b>14</b> that utilize the word processor to create a document. Furthermore, the end user activities include those activities performed by the user <b>14</b> that customize one or more attributes of the word processor user interface according to the preferences of the user <b>14</b>, e.g., by modifying a setting exposed to the user <b>14</b> (e.g., default attributes for the document), including a “plug-in” component to provide expanded functionality, and/or the like. In an embodiment, end user activities of the application <b>230</b> include one or more development activities.

0048A “development activity” is an activity performed by the user <b>14</b> using the application <b>230</b>, which changes one or more attributes of a set of changeable resources <b>222</b> of the application <b>230</b>. The changeable resources <b>222</b> can include model resources <b>134</b> that define at least a portion of an application model, which is applied by the application <b>230</b> to perform one or more activities. To this extent, a development activity can comprise an activity historically performed by a programmer, a designer, and/or the like, in a software development environment. However, the development interface <b>216</b> managed by the application <b>230</b> can enable a user <b>14</b> to perform the development activity in the environment <b>250</b>. The development interface <b>216</b> can manage any combination of various types of development tools for use by the user <b>14</b>, such as a modeling environment (e.g., a declarative modeling environment), an integrated development environment, and/or the like. In this manner, the environment <b>250</b> can provide dynamic design, use, and modification of the application <b>230</b> represented by a collection of models (as embodied in the model resources <b>134</b>) using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification, and can enable continuous real-time testing, simulation, deployment, and modification of the application <b>230</b> represented by the collection of models. In an embodiment, the changeable resources <b>222</b> of the application <b>230</b> are immutable (static). In this case, a change to a changeable resource <b>222</b> results in a new version of the changeable resource <b>222</b> being created, which is linked in place of the previous version. The use of immutable resources can provide an ability for the application <b>230</b> to provide an auditable history of changes, rollback a change, and/or the like.

0049As illustrated, resources of the application <b>230</b> (or representations thereof) can be processed by an intermediary component <b>220</b>. The resources can include a set of changeable resources <b>222</b> and a set of static resources <b>226</b>. A changeable resource <b>224</b> in the set of changeable resources <b>222</b> can comprise a resource that is capable of being dynamically modified by the user <b>14</b>. In an embodiment, a change to a changeable resource <b>222</b>, such as a model resource <b>134</b>, does not require any compilation to take effect in the application <b>230</b>. A static resource <b>228</b> in the set of static resources <b>226</b> can comprise a resource that is not capable of being dynamically modified by the user <b>14</b>. In an embodiment, the set of changeable resources <b>222</b> includes a first subset of the model resources <b>134</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, while the set of static resources <b>226</b> includes a second subset of the model resources <b>134</b>. However, it is understood that this is only illustrative, and an embodiment of the environment <b>250</b> can include no static resources <b>228</b>, no changeable resources <b>224</b>, and/or the like. Furthermore, while the construction service resource <b>132</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) and the system controller <b>122</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) can be resources (e.g., as part of the intermediary component <b>220</b>), it is understood that these resources <b>132</b>, <b>122</b> generally are not changeable by the user <b>14</b> in the environment <b>250</b>.

0050When the set of changeable resources <b>222</b> includes one or more model resources <b>134</b> and/or relation information (e.g., declarative relations) for a set of related models, the user <b>14</b> can modify a configuration of the software application <b>230</b> while an instance of the software application <b>230</b> is executing by modifying a configuration of one or more of the model resources <b>134</b> and/or relation information. Such a modification can result in an immediate modification to the configuration of the software application <b>230</b> (e.g., when the model resources <b>134</b> and/or relation information are stored as non-compiled information). Additionally, the modification can have any applicable scope. For example, the modification can modify a configuration of an instance of the modified changeable resource(s) <b>224</b> for the user <b>14</b>, a configuration of the modified changeable resource(s) <b>224</b> for use in all subsequent instances and/or of the changeable resource(s) <b>224</b>, and/or the like. In this manner, the software application <b>230</b> can support local variance, global change, and/or the like, and can enable continuous real-time testing, simulation, deployment, and modification of the models and set(s) of related models representing the software application <b>230</b>.

0051Each resource representing the software application <b>230</b> (e.g., each model resource <b>134</b>) can have a set of properties. To this extent, when the resource is a changeable resource <b>224</b>, one or more properties of the changeable resource <b>224</b> can be modified by the user <b>14</b> while the software application <b>230</b> is executing. Furthermore, when a model resource <b>134</b> is included in a set of related models, each model in the set of related models can be capable of configuring one or more of a set of properties of the set of related models. In this case, collective properties of the set of related models (e.g., a complex entity, a complex function, and/or the like) can emerge dynamically from interaction of the set of related models, e.g., in real-time during execution of the software application <b>230</b>. In this manner, the software application <b>230</b> can have a set of dynamically emergent properties, which are inherited from the collective properties of the interaction of the set(s) of related models representing the software application <b>230</b>.

0052An ability of a user <b>14</b> to modify one or more resources of the software application <b>230</b> can be provided by a set of models of modification controls, which are included in the model resources <b>134</b> of the software application <b>230</b>. To this extent, the user <b>14</b> can be restricted from modifying a static resource <b>228</b> in the set of static resources <b>226</b> and/or allowed be make modifications to a changeable resource <b>224</b> in the set of changeable resources <b>222</b> based on the set of models of modification controls. The set of models of modification controls can enable the user <b>14</b> to make modifications of any scope (e.g., local variance, global change, and/or the like) to a changeable resource <b>224</b>. It is understood that the set of models of modification controls can enable/disable an ability to modify one or more resources differently for multiple users. To this extent, whether a resource of the software application <b>230</b> is a changeable resource <b>224</b> or a static resource <b>228</b> can depend on the user <b>14</b>. Furthermore, the set of models of modification controls can be resources (e.g., model resources <b>134</b>) of the software application <b>230</b>, and themselves can be changeable resources <b>224</b> for one or more users <b>14</b> of the software application <b>230</b>. In this case, any restrictions on an ability of a user <b>14</b> to modify a resource is not an inherent limitation of the software application <b>230</b>, but rather is a purposeful limitation based on the goals of the software application <b>230</b>, which can be modified.

0053The intermediary component <b>220</b> can be configured to process each interaction request made by the user <b>14</b> as part of an activity (development or end user). In a more particular embodiment, the intermediary component <b>220</b> is a generic component, which can be used to execute multiple applications <b>230</b> configured to perform activities of any type. The model resources <b>134</b> of the software application <b>230</b> can define the logic of how the software application <b>230</b> performs each activity. To this extent, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can operate in a context-independent manner without including or relying on any run-time logic or data specific to the particular application <b>230</b> (e.g., the activities performed using the application) on which the intermediary component <b>220</b> is operating. In this case, such logic and/or data of the application <b>230</b> are defined within the set of changeable resources <b>222</b> and/or a set of static resources <b>226</b>.

0054In a more particular illustrative embodiment, the intermediary component <b>220</b> comprises the system controller <b>122</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) and the construction service <b>132</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>). In this case, the system controller <b>122</b> can receive each request generated by a user <b>14</b> and perform pre-processing of the request. As part of processing the request, the system controller <b>122</b> can instantiate a container for processing the request, and request a representation of the construction service resource <b>132</b> for execution in the container. The construction service resource <b>132</b> can further process the request within the container. To this extent, for every atomic operation performed by the application <b>230</b>, an instance or representation of the same system controller <b>122</b> and construction service resource <b>132</b> can be used to process the request. The processing of each atomic operation by the construction service resource <b>132</b> can include obtaining an instance of a resource identified in the request, such as a changeable resource <b>224</b> or a static resource <b>228</b>, and processing the logic included in the instance of the resource.

0055By obtaining, in response to receiving a request, an instance of a resource identified in the request, and instances of any other resources required to complete the request, the intermediary component <b>220</b> binds the resource(s) of the application <b>230</b> in real-time to dynamically construct an implementation of the resource. The intermediary component <b>220</b> can bind the resource in real-time for every interaction with the resource (e.g., each request requiring the resource). To this extent, any model resource(s) <b>134</b> required to complete the request bind in real-time when processing the request. When the application <b>230</b> includes a set of models of modification controls, these models also can bind in real-time. As a result, the application <b>230</b> can support customization, personalization, machine-learning (e.g., automated change management), and/or the like.

0056The application <b>230</b> logic can be defined by the application resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> (e.g., assets such as models, code, data, policies, and/or the like). In an embodiment, each of the application resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> is stateless. That is, each execution of an application resource <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> is performed using resources obtained during the execution. The execution can be in the form of processing representations of the resources, consistent with REST constraints (e.g., stateless ‘read’ of the system resources) and any state changes can be managed by creating new resource(s) consistent with the principles of immutability (e.g., a stateless ‘write’ of a new resource back to the system), thereby providing an overall ‘stateless’ property for the system. By processing representations of the resources, a resource (e.g., model) is separated from implementation and the execution can perform non-blocking reads and writes while managing contention. The logic can be defined in a manner that preserves a loose-coupling between the stateless application resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>, e.g., by associating the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> with one another using a set of declarative relations for a model resource <b>134</b>. The association can be made directly, e.g., with explicit identifiers (e.g. Universal Resource Identifiers or URIs or ‘links’) and/or indirectly, e.g., with metadata references that can be resolved by the intermediary component <b>220</b> at run-time based on a context for the corresponding request and/or activity. Furthermore, the logic can be stored in a manner that does not require compilation to effect any changes. In this manner, a change to the application logic (e.g., one or more model resources <b>134</b>) can be made immediately available.

0057By enabling the application <b>230</b>, and the system as a whole, to be defined in a loosely-coupled fashion, the application <b>230</b> can provide a dynamic software application framework having many desirable properties (e.g., reflection; under-specification; late-binding; lazy evaluation), and can promote many advantages related to operational responsiveness (e.g., dynamic payload customization based on context and more efficient application development and change management capabilities) and development productivity (e.g., optimal re-use of resources, more efficient application development and change management capabilities).

0058During execution of the application <b>230</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can receive interaction requests generated by the user <b>14</b>. An interaction request can request that the application <b>230</b> perform a corresponding activity, and can include a reference to one or more of the resources. In response, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can dynamically configure each atomic operation for the activity based on its context, and dynamically determine a process flow for performing the activity based on the activity context at the conclusion of each atomic operation, for the entire lifecycle of the activity. The atomic operation of the framework for the application <b>230</b> can be an individual system interaction that is performed by the intermediary component <b>220</b> by calling a single resource, e.g., a model resource <b>134</b>. In this case, the intermediary component <b>220</b> comprises an agent acting between the user <b>14</b> requesting an atomic operation and the resource(s) <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> configured to perform the atomic operation per the related model. The intermediary component <b>220</b> provides a mechanism for evaluating the request relative to activity context, customizing the deliverable (payload) for each atomic operation and directing the user <b>14</b> to the next valid interaction(s) for continuing to perform the activity based on use of context information in support of the activity. In this manner, the intermediary component <b>220</b> mediates interactions between the user <b>14</b> and a group of loosely-coupled resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to enable the user <b>14</b> to perform an activity using the application <b>230</b> per the related models in the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>.

0059As described herein, the activity can be an end user activity or a development activity. To this extent, <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 3</figref> shows an illustrative process for processing a user request, which can be implemented by the computer system <b>152</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) executing the application <b>230</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>), according to an embodiment. Referring to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 2 and 3</figref>, in action <b>302</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> receives an interaction request from a user <b>14</b>. As discussed herein, each interaction request can include an identifier corresponding to a model resource (e.g., a changeable resource <b>224</b> or a static resource <b>228</b>) for processing the interaction request. In action <b>304</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can obtain representation(s) of the requested resource(s) using the corresponding identifier(s) and can obtain representation(s) of other relevant resources, if any, in order to process the request. The other relevant resources can include resources referenced by the requested resource(s), resources defining policies of the application <b>230</b>, resources defining a context of the request or a corresponding activity, and/or the like. The policies can include modification controls, which can identify the activities that the user <b>14</b> is allowed to perform using the application <b>230</b>.

0060In action <b>306</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can evaluate the context of the request and the type of user <b>14</b> (e.g., the privileges of the user) in order to construct the deliverable. For example, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can process representation(s) of the other relevant resource(s) in order to determine the context and/or the type of the user <b>14</b>. Based on the context of the request (e.g., the requested action, previous requested actions, the type of the user <b>14</b>, and/or the like), the intermediary component <b>220</b> can construct a deliverable, which includes data and/or options for the user <b>14</b>. To this extent, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can construct and provide, in response to a request, deliverables that differ from one another based on the context of the request (the type of the user <b>14</b>, corresponding activity, and/or the like) per the related model(s) in the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>.

0061In an illustrative embodiment, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can evaluate the user <b>14</b> type and/or the context of the request as one of a developer, a designer, or an end user. When the intermediary component <b>220</b> evaluates the user <b>14</b> as a developer, in action <b>308</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can construct a developer deliverable using a set of resources of the application <b>230</b>. The developer deliverable can include data and/or one or more next activities which enable the user <b>14</b> to perform one or more development activities (e.g., view/edit/add a changeable resource <b>224</b> in the set of changeable resources <b>222</b>) on the application <b>230</b>. Similarly, when the intermediary component <b>220</b> evaluates the user <b>14</b> as a designer, in action <b>310</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can construct a designer deliverable using a set of resources of the application <b>230</b>. The designer deliverable can include data and/or one or more next activities which enable the user <b>14</b> to perform one or more design activities (e.g., view/edit/modify one or more resource connections declaratively defined in the set of changeable resources <b>224</b>) on the application <b>230</b>. Additionally, when the intermediary component <b>220</b> evaluates the user <b>14</b> as an end user, in action <b>312</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can construct an end user deliverable using a set of resources of the application <b>230</b>. The end user deliverable can include data and/or one or more next activities which enable the user <b>14</b> to perform one or more end user activities.

0062Regardless, in process <b>314</b>, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can provide the deliverable for use by the user <b>14</b>. For example, the deliverable can comprise a graphical user interface presented to the user <b>14</b> in response to the interaction request. While the development interface <b>216</b> is shown separately from the end user interface <b>218</b>, it is understood that a deliverable can enable the user <b>14</b> to request both one or more development activities as well as one or more end user activities. For example, each of the developer and design deliverables can enable the user <b>14</b> to perform one or more end user actions. Similarly, an end user deliverable can enable the user <b>14</b> to request/perform one or more development activities on the application <b>230</b>. Furthermore, it is understood that the intermediary component <b>220</b> can continually evaluate the type of user <b>14</b> as the user <b>14</b> utilizes the application <b>230</b> and the corresponding context changes. For example, a user <b>14</b> having developer privileges may be evaluated by the intermediary component <b>220</b> as an end user due to a context created by previous interactions of the user <b>14</b> with the application <b>230</b>.

0063In an embodiment, the development interface <b>216</b> provides a declarative modeling environment interface for the user <b>14</b>. In this case, the environment <b>250</b> can enable the user <b>14</b> (e.g., a designer) to generate and/or modify a dynamic, context-enhanced, software application <b>230</b>, which is defined declaratively, using model resources <b>134</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>), without requiring the user <b>14</b> to have the skill set of a software developer to write explicit ‘hard-coded’ connections to discrete assets as is the case with conventional programming. The development interface <b>216</b> can provide an abstraction, hiding the actual underlying integration complexity, and providing a software development framework capable of dynamically identifying, retrieving, connecting, and transforming discrete components based on atomic-operation context. For example, the development interface <b>216</b> can enable the user <b>14</b> to generate and/or modify a set of related models using a set of declarative relations. In contrast to SOA/BPEL approaches, where processes are static rather than dynamic constructions (e.g., “mash-ups”), the development interface <b>216</b> can enable bindings to be prescribed declaratively rather than procedurally, and components can be open resources (e.g., modifiable) rather than closed services. While the environment <b>250</b> is shown including an application <b>230</b>, which manages an application layer <b>210</b> with an integrated development interface <b>216</b>, it is understood that the development interface <b>216</b> can be managed separately from the application <b>230</b> within a computing environment.

0064In an embodiment, the application <b>230</b> can comprise an application for designing models (e.g., a meta-meta model or a model for modeling models). In a more particular embodiment, the application <b>230</b> comprises an application for modeling other software applications or processes, which also can be executed by the intermediary component <b>220</b>. In this case, the application <b>230</b> can include model resources <b>134</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) specifically for the purpose of designing models for governance policies, application logic, business entities, business processes, service interface, system connections, and/or the like. Furthermore, the application <b>230</b> can automatically embed one or more model resources <b>134</b> into a new meta-model for the software application or process, which can represent one or more system-wide capabilities, e.g., in order to standardize system controls such as system security, state management, machine tagging and indexing, configuration controls, and/or the like. A user <b>14</b> of the application <b>230</b> also can embed one or more models into the new meta-model, e.g., in order to standardize governance such as security policies, version control, enterprise search, and/or the like. In an embodiment, one or more of the model resources <b>134</b> of the software application or process can support an activity relating to a system control for configuring one or more models of the meta-model for the software application or process during its use. As a result, the meta-model can be declaratively modified by a user of the software application or process in real-time without disruption to the instance of the software application or process or its meta-model, or the system as a whole (e.g., no programming, code-compiling, code-build, deployment, or the like).

0065<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> shows an illustrative flow diagram of interactions of users <b>14</b>A, <b>14</b>B with a collection of model resources <b>430</b> according to an embodiment. In action <b>402</b>, a user <b>14</b>A can interact with models of a declarative modeling environment interface (e.g., the development interface <b>216</b> of <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>) and develop one or more models <b>404</b>. The models <b>404</b> can be stored as model resource(s) <b>434</b> of the collection of model resources <b>430</b>. Furthermore, in action <b>410</b>, a user <b>14</b>B can interact with the collection of model resources <b>434</b>, which result from the declarative modeling environment interface, to utilize one or more of the model(s) in action <b>412</b>. The utilization of model(s) can result in the generation of other resources <b>436</b>. Additionally, the user <b>14</b>B can modify one or more of the model(s) in action <b>414</b>, which can result in one or more of the model resources <b>434</b> in the collection of model resources <b>430</b> being modified. During a subsequent interaction (by the user <b>14</b>B and/or other users) with the collection of model resources <b>430</b>, the modified model resource(s) <b>434</b> can be provided for use.

0066While <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 4</figref> shows two users <b>14</b>A, <b>14</b>B for clarity, it is understood that the same individual could interact with models of a declarative modeling environment interface as well as interact with models resulting from the declarative modeling environment interface. Similarly, it is understood that the users shown and discussed in conjunction with <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 2-4</figref> can comprise human users or system users. To this extent, the development and end user interfaces described herein can be configured to support human interaction (e.g., through the generation of and interaction with graphical user interfaces) and/or system interaction (e.g., through the management of an application programming interface (API), or the like).

0067As shown and described herein in conjunction with <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, a development interface <b>216</b> can work with a web-style repository where all system artifacts (e.g., data; code; policies, as well as adaptors to third-party services, systems and devices) are stored as loosely-coupled resources (e.g., dynamic, static, development, runtime, and/or the like). The coupling of the resources is defined via the models described herein. In web-style architectural terms (e.g., Representational State Transfer or “REST”), resources are any information, regardless of media type, addressable by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). In this case, an application, such as an application described herein, can be a collection of loosely-coupled stateless resources that bind dynamically at run-time through the model(s); they are not “hard-coded.” By preserving the loose-coupling of the resources, the development interface <b>216</b> can enable the development of a software application, and an overall system, having advantageous properties in regards to contextualization and adaptation.

0068<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 5</figref> shows an illustrative conceptual architecture of the various types of application components according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the components can include two classes of components, those components that are utilized in processing a request (e.g., performing an activity) and those components that are utilized to store data. The processing components can include various types of components including, for example: run-time resources (e.g., agents, containers); protocols (e.g., goals); meta-resources (e.g., applications (activities), entities, capabilities, processes); indexes (e.g., metadata tags), persistence (e.g., object/relational mapping); and/or the like. Similarly, the storage components can include various types of components including, for example: database (e.g., a relational database management system (RDBMS)); database structure (e.g., a web-style key-value defining links and resources); local storage (e.g., data and code); federated storage (e.g., services/application program interfaces (APIs)); and/or the like.

0069<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 6</figref> shows an illustrative conceptual diagram of an application <b>630</b> according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the application <b>630</b> can provide an intermediary between any of a plurality of types of targets <b>614</b> and any of a plurality of types of sources <b>640</b> for any specified workload. The application <b>630</b> can include resources, such as one or more model resources <b>134</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>), which implement security and governance for the interactions between a target <b>614</b> and a source <b>640</b>. Additional resources (e.g., model resources <b>134</b>) can implement version control, lifecycle management, enterprise search, and/or the like. In this manner, the application <b>630</b> can construct its own components in real-time in support of interactions, thereby enabling these components to be modified, configured, extended, and/or the like. Furthermore, the intermediary can include a modeling interface <b>616</b>, which enables a target <b>614</b> to modify one or more of the sources <b>640</b> and/or one or more model resources <b>134</b>, which define the interaction between the targets <b>614</b> and the sources <b>640</b> (e.g., metadata, connections, and/or the like).

0070<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 7</figref> shows an illustrative conceptual diagram of an information space <b>700</b> for an application, such as the application <b>130</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>), according to an embodiment. As illustrated, various types of resources (data and code), such as a capability <b>730</b>A, information <b>730</b>B, a rule <b>730</b>C, a person <b>730</b>D, and/or the like, can be interconnected by a set of links, which also are resources of the application. Furthermore, the information space <b>700</b> can include indexed content resources, which comprise metadata for the various types of resources and links. For each resource, the information space <b>700</b> also can include a change history, thereby making the information space <b>700</b> a hyper-relational information space. By automatically indexing all new and changed resources, the application can continuously create new semantic pathways for search, sort, filter, and/or like, for clients and the intermediary component. In this way, the application can maintain the environment it uses and promote its ability to evolve (e.g., change).

0071<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 8</figref> shows an illustrative processing cycle <b>800</b> of an event, which can be implemented by an application, such as the application <b>230</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>), described herein, according to an embodiment. Referring to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 2 and 8</figref>, initially, an event occurs, such as a request is generated by a human or system client, a scheduled event is triggered, and/or the like. An agent, e.g., the intermediary component <b>220</b>, is called to process the event. The agent interprets a model for the event using representations of various resources associated with the event, including one or more model resources of the application <b>230</b>. The agent uses the model to evaluate links, metadata, and/or the like, to identify all the relevant resources of the application <b>230</b>. The agent processes the event using representations of all the relevant resources. The processing can include performing a mash-up of various concerns, performing real-time semantic application integration, run-time interaction with a container/cache, and/or the like. The agent ends the processing by providing a custom deliverable, such as an interface or other type of payload to the source of the event, and updates database(s) with details on the processing (e.g., ACID transaction). In this manner, the agent can process each event in a manner that ensures a targeted response based on the context of the event.

0072Returning to <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>, as described herein, logic for an application, such as the application <b>230</b>, can be defined within the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> of the application <b>230</b>. In an embodiment, the application <b>230</b> uniformly manages all end user data and executable data (program code) as loosely coupled resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> using a set of models included in the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>. The loose coupling can be defined by a set of declarative relations (e.g., links), each of which includes a unique identifier and a reference to at least one resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b>, thereby creating an undirected graph (e.g., a sparse matrix). The application <b>230</b> can store the declarative relations, for example, as key-value pairs in a relational database. Furthermore, the application <b>230</b> can store data corresponding to each transaction with the application <b>230</b> (e.g., an interaction) in the relational database, e.g., as in an ACID transaction.

0073In an embodiment, when a user <b>14</b> performs an activity that updates a changeable resource <b>224</b> of the application <b>230</b>, the application <b>230</b> creates a new resource <b>224</b>, while maintaining the previous version of the changeable resource <b>224</b>. Additionally, the application <b>230</b> can implement each activity as a set of loosely-coupled tasks, each of which is executed as an asynchronous ACID transaction. In this manner, the application <b>230</b> can support global version control, generation of an audit trail, roll back of all transactions (end user and development), referential integrity (e.g., trace), statelessness (scalability), and/or the like.

0074In an embodiment, each resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> of the application <b>230</b> is an entity, which can be discrete or complex, or a function, which can be complex. An “entity resource” can comprise a data resource, which defines any object relevant to an activity performed using the application <b>230</b>. An entity resource can be a model (e.g., a meta-resource), which includes one or more relationships to other resources of the application <b>230</b>. The other resources can include, for example, any combination of: another model; an atomic resource; a work-order resource (which is a type of underspecified meta-resource); and/or the like. A “function resource” can comprise executable data, and also can include a relationship to one or more other resources (a complex function resource). In either case, the development interface <b>216</b> can enable a user <b>14</b> to edit/modify/create an entity or a function resource using links, metadata, and/or the like, with a declarative modeling solution. As described herein, these links, metadata, and/or the like, can be interpreted at run-time, e.g., by the intermediary component <b>220</b>. Furthermore, a resource can inherit one or more properties or behavior from a relationship with another resource. For example, a person resource can be related to a system administrators resource, which defines one or more requirements applied to the person resource as a result of the relationship. Subsequently, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can use a change request process defined in the system administrators resource, e.g., in response to a state change request by the person associated with the person entity resource. Defining the application <b>230</b> using these resources enables a non-disruptive evolution of complex objects and entities based on the corresponding new relationships and modified resources, thereby enabling development of an application <b>230</b>, which is flexible, adaptable, and/or scalable.

0075An application <b>230</b> created using the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> can include or be processed by an intermediary component <b>220</b>, which processes representations of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to manage an interface layer <b>210</b>. For example, the intermediary component <b>220</b> can interpret a forest graph defined by the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> during execution to generate a customized deliverable in response to each request. In an embodiment, the intermediary component <b>220</b> utilizes a query model to interpret the graph using, for example, sparse matrix processing of the system method to dynamically generate and project a schema for the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> during the processing of an interaction request. The intermediary component <b>220</b> can comprise a goal-oriented reactive agent, which implements a generic and extensible algorithm, independent of the particular activities performed using the application <b>230</b>, by evaluating and processing representations of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> in response to user interactions. The intermediary component <b>220</b> can perform complex runtime query, transformation, and orchestration, and can handle all connection complexity in real time. Each activity performed using the application <b>230</b> can be implemented as a series of stateless, asynchronous transactions, which are performed by the intermediary component <b>220</b> and defined in the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>.

0076In an embodiment, the intermediary component <b>220</b> uses a semantic query and transformation algorithm (e.g., a work order) to recursively retrieve and transform a set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to: evaluate interaction context; construct a custom response (deliverable); and recommend next-best-action(s) to the user <b>14</b>. The intermediary component <b>220</b> can use a goal-seeking reflective strategy, which itself can be a model, to evaluate the interaction context and use a form of a dynamic pipe-and-filter to rapidly build an interaction-specific network of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>. The intermediary component <b>220</b> can process the pipe-and-filter to create a set of custom deliverables based on the interaction context. In this manner, the intermediary component <b>220</b> configures the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to process each interaction.

0077As illustrated, the application <b>230</b> can be defined such that the ‘what’ (as defined by the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>) is separate from the ‘how’ (as implemented by the intermediary component <b>220</b>). To this extent, the entire application <b>230</b> can be defined as a “plan” as the term is used in computer science using a set of models as described herein. Defining the application <b>230</b> in such a manner enables a high degree of interoperability and adaptability to be included in the application <b>230</b>. For example, by utilizing late-binding/lazy evaluation, the application <b>230</b> can improve consideration of context throughout an activity (e.g., evaluation of the next actions, construction of deliverables, and/or the like). The use of strong ‘late’ typing enables the intermediary component <b>220</b> to construct an interaction-specific ontology in which all schemas are projections defined in the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> and the deliverable (e.g., a user interface) is derived in response to each request. A unified design for defining multiple applications <b>230</b> promotes a high degree of data and/or code re-use during the development of these applications <b>230</b>. Furthermore, additional benefits, such as system-wide security, governance, version control, and/or the like, can be readily implemented in each application <b>230</b> since the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> can construct these in a similar manner.

0078Additionally, the application <b>230</b> can implement storage in a manner that provides additional benefits to the development and maintenance of the application <b>230</b>. For example, a data storage architecture for the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> can be schema-less and utilize generic and extensible storage. Logical data storage can be separated from physical storage to make application development and maintenance easier, e.g., distributed resources can be virtualized, connection/transformation complexity can be hidden, and/or the like. By treating application data and code uniformly (e.g., both are resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> of the application <b>230</b>), system-wide properties of the application <b>230</b> can be supported. Use of a schema-less storage design can optimize the analytics performed by the intermediary component <b>220</b>. Furthermore, loose coupling between the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> separates concerns in the development and maintenance of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> of the application <b>230</b>.

0079As described herein, regardless of the role of a particular user <b>14</b> (e.g., end user, designer, developer, and/or the like), each interaction of the user <b>14</b> with the application <b>230</b> can be mediated by the intermediary component <b>220</b> (acting as an agent). To this extent, each type of user <b>14</b> has an ability to create, read, update, or delete resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> through interactions with the application <b>230</b>, which the application <b>230</b> processes using a set of work order resources that effectively determine the form of the operations (create, read, update, delete). In this manner, each type of user <b>14</b> experiences the application <b>230</b> in the same way. The operations capable of being performed by any particular user <b>14</b> on any particular resource <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> can be enforced through a set of modification control resources defined in the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>. Each interaction of a user <b>14</b> with the application <b>230</b> can be persisted, e.g., as in an ACID database transaction.

0080Using a development interface <b>216</b> described herein, an application <b>230</b> can be developed and managed with policies (e.g., system management; enterprise governance; domain logic; business rules; and/or the like) that are loosely-coupled from program code and data. This allows the policies to be mixed-in based on context for improved (e.g., optimal) policy precision. Furthermore, this allows programmers to develop code extensions without worrying about pre-defining an interface to the application <b>230</b>. Programmers can leave integration of the extension to non-technical business personnel (e.g., designers), who can use the development interface <b>216</b> to parameterize the code declaratively with relevant policies. Non-technical business personnel can in turn, where appropriate, pass controls on to the end users of the application <b>230</b>, allowing the users <b>14</b> to flexibly adapt their experience to circumstances. This separation of concerns can promote re-use of development assets by delegating control to the entity (e.g., the purchaser or end user), which can now develop and evolve the application <b>230</b> according to the requirements of the entity, independent of information technology personnel or the software developer. In addition, the flexible re-use of existing code can reduce application testing demands for the application <b>230</b> versus applications created using prior approaches.

0081In an illustrative process, software developers (e.g., a developer user <b>14</b>) can add code files as resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to a web-style repository (e.g., JavaScript functions, RESTful endpoints, etc.) of the application <b>230</b> using the development interface <b>216</b>. Additionally, using the development interface <b>216</b>, a non-technical user (e.g., a designer user <b>14</b>) can model data (e.g., business entities, reference data) and policies, which become additional resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> in the web-style repository. The same or other non-technical user <b>14</b> also can use the development interface <b>216</b> to model the application <b>230</b>, e.g., by declaratively associating data, code and policies directly with explicit identifiers (e.g., Uniform Resource Identifiers or URIs or ‘links’) or indirectly, with metadata references that are resolved by the intermediary component <b>220</b> at run-time based on activity context.

0082As a result, the development interface <b>216</b> can allow non-technical personnel to seamlessly declaratively relate distributed and heterogeneous resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> using a modeling approach, without worrying about source, format or connection details. The user <b>14</b> can use the development interface <b>216</b> to configure the relations and resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> independent of traditional software development (e.g., writing program code). The development interface <b>216</b> can enable the user <b>14</b> to define one or more relations, which are evaluated using a metadata query that binds at runtime. Such a query can enable the user <b>14</b> to defer completion of the application definition until runtime, when the metadata reference(s) can be resolved for individual interactions, thereby allowing each interaction to be personalized/customized (e.g., interaction-specific variance), and the application definition to be automatically changed based on activity.

0083Furthermore, the development interface <b>216</b> can comprise an interface, for use by a developer (designer) <b>14</b>, which includes a searchable, filterable sortable, and/or the like, directory of all of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to facilitate navigation and/or reuse of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> in the application <b>230</b> by the developer user <b>14</b>. In this manner, the development interface <b>216</b> can promote re-usability of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> by making it easy for a user <b>14</b> to: relate existing resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> (e.g., by defining and/or modifying a set of models); embed metadata queries that bind in real time; create/add resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> that are “well formed” for subsequent re-use; and/or the like.

0084The development interface <b>216</b> can support highly-interactive user-experiences as described herein. For example, instead of following a rigid, predetermined flowchart, a process performed using the application <b>230</b> can adapt to circumstances and a workflow performed using the application <b>230</b> can be as flexible as possible or as procedural as necessary. Such support can improve an ability of the application <b>230</b> to respond to changes in an environment, such as a dynamic business environment, thereby improving business agility and sustainability of the application <b>230</b>. The development interface <b>216</b> can enable development of an application <b>230</b> that provides flexibility at the edges of an entity, e.g., where the entity interfaces with its customers, staff, and/or partners.

0085In an embodiment, modeling an application <b>230</b> using the development interface <b>216</b> involves developing a set of tasks (e.g., by developing models), wherein each task is a resource <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> for an atomic operation performed using the application <b>230</b>. Each task can be a generic policy-based template that is designed to leverage interaction context. When building an application <b>230</b> using the development interface <b>216</b>, sets of tasks can be individually configured and linked together by policies for pre- and post-conditions (e.g., what atomic operation(s) can follow next). This allows the specific content and flow of each running activity of the application <b>230</b> to be directed by its business context—in other words, context is able to influence the nature and sequence of the actual work conducted.

0086When developing tasks of the application <b>230</b> using the development interface <b>216</b>, non-technical personnel can add restrictive policies (e.g., modification controls) to the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> in order to limit choices of the users <b>14</b>, e.g., for compliance purposes, or can add looser policies to the set of resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> in order to extend greater control to the business users. In this way, processes performed using the application <b>230</b> are as flexible as possible and as procedural as necessary, task-by-task, without requiring technology-switching, which is required when using a procedural process of prior art applications.

0087Using the development interface <b>216</b>, processes for the application <b>230</b> can be loosely defined by the developer user <b>14</b>. Tasks performed using the application <b>230</b> can be uncoupled from rigid flowcharts or state-transition diagrams, and instead can be combined dynamically by the intermediary component <b>220</b> (e.g., in response to an interaction request) based on rules included in the end user resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>, allowing the order of events to align dynamically with each case's requirements. This enables the application <b>230</b> to perform adaptive processes that unfold without fixed assumptions on the timing, sequence or frequency of actions or events. The result can be a situationally-aware application <b>230</b>, which can recommend or direct actions to the user <b>14</b>, can direct strict compliance, or can empower process-participants to adapt processes in-flight so they can co-create their experience, all based on applicable policies defined in the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>.

0088The development interface <b>216</b> can be used by a developer user <b>14</b> to develop and/or maintain the application <b>230</b>, which can be utilized for complex human workflows that are subject to routine variance and change, and can benefit from dynamic decision support (e.g., research &amp; development; patient management; financial services; investigation-work; emergency response; project management; etc.). The development interface <b>216</b> also can be used for instrumenting a network and sensor monitoring application <b>230</b> for the “Internet of Things” (e.g., automatic server provisioning; energy/utility management; remote product monitoring; etc.). The development interface <b>216</b> can provide an effective tool for implementing and maintaining these adaptive and personalized applications <b>230</b>, and an effective tool through which evolution of these types of applications <b>230</b> can be facilitated.

0089The development interface <b>216</b> also can include/provide access to a set of libraries of preexisting capabilities that are available for reuse and extension by both software developers and nontechnical personnel (e.g., a set of utility resources <b>138</b> shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>). The developer user <b>14</b> can add one or more resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> to the application <b>230</b>, which reference one or more of the resources <b>138</b>, thereby making the resource <b>138</b> accessible during execution of the application <b>230</b>. Since these preexisting capabilities are simply other code resources, or sets of resources, without pre-defined interfaces constraining their use, they also can be adapted to context by the intermediary component <b>220</b> while executing the application <b>230</b>. These resources <b>138</b> represent “Adaptive APIs” that provide generalized functions that can be declaratively parameterized using the development interface <b>216</b>. By decoupling design from implementation, these Adaptive APIs can afford a developer user <b>14</b> the power of meta-programming without having to manage or even understand the low-level implementation details.

0090An Adaptive API library can include rich system application level concepts that can be declaratively configured by the developer user <b>14</b> for related but distinct purposes in various applications <b>230</b>, including: portal; enterprise search; work lists; dashboards; dynamic forms; adaptive process; document management; interactive reports; meeting management; document generation; etc. In addition, the Adaptive API library can include APIs for enabling the developer user <b>14</b> to make a relative reference at design-time to any ‘subject’ or to use any model that is resolved by the intermediary component <b>220</b> at run-time, including: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li id="ul0001-0001" num="0091">Data: entities (e.g., people; locations; departments; etc.); metadata; reference data; etc.</li><li id="ul0001-0002" num="0092">Capabilities: functions; services; systems; devices; etc.</li><li id="ul0001-0003" num="0093">Policies: business rules; style sheets; etc.</li></ul>

0094Development of an application <b>230</b> using the development interface <b>216</b> can enable one or more of the following advantages to be present in the application <b>230</b>:

0095<tables id="TABLE-US-00001" num="00001"><table frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0" pgwide="1"><tgroup align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0" cols="2"><colspec colname="1" colwidth="84pt" align="left" /><colspec colname="2" colwidth="189pt" align="left" /><thead><row><entry namest="1" nameend="2" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry>Security</entry><entry>Security policies (HTTPS; LDAP; SAML; encryption; etc.) can</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>be mixed-in at run-time</entry></row><row><entry>Version/Source Control</entry><entry>All resources (data; code; policies; third party adaptors) at all</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>levels (system; enterprise; application) can be automatically</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>version-controlled with detailed audit history and rollback</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>capability</entry></row><row><entry>Governance</entry><entry>Any cross-cutting concern or capability can be mixed-in at</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>run-time based on context</entry></row><row><entry>Business Logic</entry><entry>Policies can be loosely-coupled from code and data so</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>business logic can be mixed-in based on context for optimal</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>business relevance and policy precision</entry></row><row><entry>Enterprise Search</entry><entry>System-wide indexing, tagging, metadata management can</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>provide enterprise search across all resources - everything</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>(apps; cases/processes; data; code; policies; third-party</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>adaptors)</entry></row><row><entry>Reliable Transactions</entry><entry>ACID semantics can be applied universally for reliable code</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>and data with distributed, stateless and asynchronous</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>transactions to provide near linear-scalability across</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>heterogeneous environment</entry></row><row><entry>Integration/Transformation</entry><entry>Heterogeneous data, services, systems, devices and</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>languages can be transformed on demand abstracting all</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>location, connection and media-type complexity, also applies</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>to polyform persistence and user interface</entry></row><row><entry>Virtual Objects</entry><entry>Can code independent extensions without worrying about</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>pre-defining an interface, can decouple code from domain</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>logic and data source and add to a rich library of Virtual</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>Objects (Adaptive APIs) - transformations and controls</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>applied at run-time</entry></row><row><entry>User Interface</entry><entry>Can code once for any target (device; browser; DOM), user</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>interface can be dynamically generated based on interaction</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>policies, including style and behavior</entry></row><row><entry>Adaptive Process</entry><entry>Processes can be a series of stateless interactions where</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>user interface is derived based on context and system</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>manages data state through application lifecycle</entry></row><row><entry>Change and Lifecycle</entry><entry>Changes to system resources (apps; data; code; policies;</entry></row><row><entry>Management</entry><entry>third-party adaptors) can be subject to policy-driven</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>processes for approvals (including dynamic dependency</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>maps) complimenting a system-wide version control for</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>complete lifecycle management</entry></row><row><entry>Co-evolution</entry><entry>Resource versions can be part of context so app designer</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>can use policies to ‘follow’ a specific version of a resource or</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>the ‘current’ version of a resource, enabling applications to</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>seamlessly co-evolve with their constituent parts</entry></row><row><entry>Simulation(and/or Testing)</entry><entry>Development environment can use a shared run-time so</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>simulation (and/or testing) is a function of application status</entry></row><row><entry>Enterprise Multi-tenancy</entry><entry>Enterprise can leverage multi-tenancy for internal benefit</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>using access policies to drive physical and virtual partitioning</entry></row><row><entry namest="1" nameend="2" align="center" rowsep="1" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0096The development interface <b>216</b> can support standards-based development (e.g., JavaScript; XML; XSLT; HTML/HTML5; etc.) and can be designed for integration with third party services, systems and devices. As a result, an application <b>230</b> can be extended by social (e.g., LinkedIn; Twitter; Facebook; etc.), mobile (e.g., iPhone; Android; etc.), cloud (e.g., Salesforce.com; SuccessFactors; etc.), open source (e.g., Pentaho reporting; JBoss rules; etc.), methods (e.g., MapReduce; Open Source R; etc.), and/or the like, resources. In all cases, the development interface <b>216</b> can enable the developer user <b>14</b> to connect to a resource once, and use the resource many times.

0097In an embodiment, the development interface <b>216</b> is managed by a web-based run-time development application that runs alongside the business application(s) that were created with it. Alternatively, as shown and described in conjunction with <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>, the development interface <b>216</b> can be part of an application layer <b>210</b> managed by an application <b>230</b>. Either configuration removes a longstanding IT divide between design and execution environments.

0098In either case, with the development interface <b>216</b>, all the users <b>14</b> involved in building, testing, and maintenance of application(s) <b>230</b> can work in the same ‘space’ at the same time as other users <b>14</b> (e.g., business users) that use the application(s) <b>230</b>—they are all just users with different roles and different rights with respect to the creation, modification, deletion, and/or the like, of the resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> of the application(s) <b>230</b>. A shared environment <b>250</b> including the development interface <b>216</b> and the application(s) <b>230</b> can support a new form of enterprise collaboration—real-time change management—enabling an exponential increase in development productivity and operational responsiveness.

0099Historically, change management has been disconnected from the front line business operations. Frequently, business matters wait at the end of long queues for committees to prioritize items and delegate resources far removed from the point of need. This gap imposes a “tax” on enterprise agility and leads frustrated users to create shadow systems, compounding change management challenges in a self-reinforcing negative loop.

0100In an embodiment, a developer user <b>14</b> uses the development interface <b>216</b> to define models using declarative relationships between various resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b> in order to completely define a software application <b>230</b> at the application layer (e.g., all business activities to be performed by the software application <b>230</b>) with no compiled program code and without requiring the use of third-party middleware (unless to implement a specifically desired integration for a business purpose). In this case, the only differences between unreleased code and production code for the software application <b>230</b> are status and permissions. This means that code, policy and data model changes to the software application <b>230</b> can be requested in-flight using the development interface <b>216</b>. The ‘owners’ of the respective application <b>230</b> can validate requests, make and/or approve the change, or escalate to an official or a committee using the development interface <b>216</b>. The development interface <b>216</b> can facilitate review by providing dependency maps, versioning all resources <b>222</b>, <b>226</b>, maintaining detailed audit trails and allowing rollback in-case of an error. Updates to the application <b>230</b> can be put live in production using the development interface <b>216</b> without disrupting operations.

0101As described herein, an embodiment of the development interface <b>216</b> enables a software application <b>230</b> to be defined without requiring traditional programming. Furthermore, the development interface <b>216</b> can be utilized alongside the end user interface <b>218</b> by programmers and/or non-technical personnel (e.g., developer(s)) to implement dynamic changes to the application <b>230</b>, while the application <b>230</b> is deployed and being utilized by other users <b>14</b> within an entity. To this extent, the development interface <b>216</b> can enable the development and maintenance of adaptive business applications <b>230</b> by making it easier for all users <b>14</b> in an entity to collaborate across distributed and diverse systems, including the application development and maintenance process.

0102<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIGS. 9A-9I</figref> show illustrative graphical user interfaces, which can be part of a development interface described herein, according to embodiments. To this extent, each of the interfaces can be generated by an application <b>230</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>) for presentation to a user <b>14</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref>). It is understood that while graphical user interfaces are shown as illustrative interfaces, the application <b>230</b> can manage any type of interface that enables a human or system user to manage the resources of an application <b>230</b>. The interfaces are described in conjunction with <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 2</figref> as an illustrative environment.

0103In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9A</figref>, the interface provides an inventory of links to application resources for presentation to a user <b>14</b>. Each entry (row) in the table can correspond to an resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> of an application <b>230</b>. As illustrated, the interface can provide various attributes corresponding to each resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> to the user <b>14</b>, including for example, a corresponding identifier, a name, a type, a status, and application (activity). Additionally, the interface can: enable the user <b>14</b> to find a specific set of resources <b>224</b>, <b>228</b>; filter the resources <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> provided by subject and/or one or more of the attributes (e.g., by selecting the ‘F’ interface control next to each attribute); sort the resources <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> by an attribute (e.g., by selecting the attribute heading); and/or the like.

0104In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9B</figref>, the interface provides an ability for a user <b>14</b> to view and/or modify one or more aspects of a model defining an application (activity) performed by the application <b>230</b>. As illustrated, the interface can display: various properties of the activity; a relationship graph for implementing the activity; user interface(s) used in the activity; workflow(s) used in the activity; stages and statuses corresponding to the activity; and/or the like. The relationship graph can distinguish the various types of resources <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> used to implement the activity. For example, the types of resources <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> can include: an application (activity); an entity; a task; a function; a user interface; a report; a policy; and/or the like. Using the interface, a user <b>14</b> can select a resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> (e.g., in the relationship graph) and view/modify details corresponding to the resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b>.

0105In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9C</figref>, the interface enables a user <b>14</b> to obtain additional information corresponding to a resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> being viewed. For example, the interface is shown displaying information corresponding to a resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> named “Demonstrator.” The user <b>14</b> can view various information corresponding to a full lifecycle of changes made to the resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b>, e.g., by clicking on the view link for the lifecycle and being presented with the popup window shown. The lifecycle history can include information corresponding to the change, such as for example, a user responsible for the change, a description of the change, a date/timestamp for the change, and/or the like.

0106In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9D</figref>, the interface provides information of a model resource corresponding to a task resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> (named “Review Submission” in this case) for presentation to a user <b>14</b>. The user <b>14</b> can use the interface to modify one or more attributes of the task resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b>. As illustrated, the interface can include a process path screen, which displays a simulation of the pre- (e.g., how the task is initiated) and post- (e.g., the possible tasks following the current task) conditions for the corresponding task. A user <b>14</b> can use the interface to modify one or more attributes of the task, such as add/remove a next task, the conditions for the next task, and/or the like.

0107In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9E</figref>, the interface provides a decision table, which enables a user <b>14</b> to define one or more parameters and/or triggers used to determine a next task at the conclusion of a task. In this case, three functions are evaluated and summed using a scaling factor to calculate the corresponding result. Using the interface, a user <b>14</b> can add additional function(s), remove a function, adjust the scaling factor for a function, and/or the like.

0108In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9F</figref>, the interface enables a user <b>14</b> to create/view/modify a rule (policy) resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> of an application. Attributes of the rule can include: the user(s) to which the rule applies; privileges, restrictions, actions, and/or the like, the rule enforces; a set of conditions triggering the rule; and/or the like.

0109In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9G</figref>, the interface enables a user <b>14</b> to create/view/modify a user interface resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b>. As illustrated, the user <b>14</b> can: add a field to the user interface; change one or more attributes of the user interface; and/or the like. Furthermore, for each field of the user interface, the interface can enable the user <b>14</b> to obtain additional information and/or modify one or more aspects of the field as shown in the popup interface.

0110In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9H</figref>, the interface illustrates a user <b>14</b> requesting a modification to an resource <b>224</b>, <b>228</b> while using the application <b>230</b> to perform an activity. As illustrated, the user <b>14</b> is requesting that an additional valid data value be added for an attribute. Once the request is complete, the user <b>14</b> can submit the change for review by another user <b>14</b> (e.g., a developer). In this manner, the application <b>230</b> can enable real time collaboration between the different types of users <b>14</b>.

0111In <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9I</figref>, the interface illustrates a user <b>14</b> (e.g., a developer) providing a decision to the requested modification shown in <figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 9H</figref>. As illustrated, the user <b>14</b> can approve, deny, or request additional information regarding the change. When approved, the user <b>14</b> can approve the change along with a scope of the change, e.g., for all users or a subset of the users (e.g., only the requesting user <b>14</b>, a subset of users similar to the requesting user <b>14</b>, and/or the like).

0112As described herein, a system for managing a software application can be implemented, in which the previous distinction between development and runtime is eliminated. To this extent, aspects of the invention can provide one or more of:

0113a) a modeling environment, which is an application of the system, e.g., an instantiation of the system;

0114b) modeling within the modeling environment application is an execution of the system;

0115c) no separation between “design-time” and “run-time”, the system can be fully dynamic—there is just “interaction-time”, which is an instantiation of the system;

0116d) the modeling environment application can be an application for creating and/or modifying other applications and other application resources;

0117e) the modeling environment application can be configured for use by a non-technical business analyst, or other user, to declaratively design new and/or modify existing models (meta-resources);

0118f) models can include, but are not limited to: business entities (including people); business policies; applications; capabilities; automated scripts/business processes; tasks; adaptors for third party services; APIs; databases; systems; devices; etc.

0119g) the modeling environment application can generate system validated and well-formed resources, e.g., a discrete meta-resource representing the “model” the user chose to create or modify (the system can support the principle of “immutability” such that ‘modify’ also results in a new meta-resource) and a set of atomic and/or other meta-resources that support the model;

0120h) in the modeling environment application, the user can associate other atomic and/or other meta-resources using links and metadata references, and/or adding other new atomic and/or other meta-resources;

0121i) the system can operate (‘run’) without the modeling environment application, it is an alternative to hand-writing resources and manually connecting them with links and metadata references, likewise the modeling environment application can benefit from all properties of the system design (e.g., contextual, extensible, configurable, adaptable, etc.) and can avail itself of all system properties (embodied in other atomic and meta-resources);

0122j) the system can be fully dynamic and based on stateless, immutable, loosely-coupled resources (atomic and meta), in which case all models (themselves resources) are handled by representations (as with REST-style architecture) and bound late in real time by the system (separating the model from its implementation);

0123k) in response to an interaction request, the system can interpret representations (resources handled by representation as in REST-style architecture) of models, follow links, resolve metadata references (including complex and probabilistic queries—real-time business Intelligence and predictive analytics within the transaction micro-flow);

0124l) the late-binding of representations of models supports the separation of the model from implementation, the declarative link and metadata references of the model can be ‘substituted’ for values/resources (atomic or meta-resources) at run-time for the specific implementation, such customization can be referred to as local variance of an instance of a model (including user-driven modification and automated “personalization”);

0125m) separation of the model from implementation supports run-time customization of all interactions, including ‘concerns’ at all levels of the system (application logic; enterprise governance policies; system controls; and/or the like), wherein the ‘concerns’ are represented by other models that also bind at run-time so they are specific to the interaction;

0126n) separation of the model from implementation can support run-time adaptability of all models as the ‘designer’ of a model can delegate configuration and extension of the model to a user of the model at run-time for either 1) their individual interaction; 2) to change or request a change to the overall model—in this case discrete models (e.g., tools/capabilities) of the modeling environment application can be made available to that user for that purpose; and

0127o) the late-binding of representations of models supports the separation of the model from implementation, the declarative link and metadata references of the model can be ‘substituted’ for values/resources (atomic or meta-resources) at run-time for the specific implementation, such customization can be referred to as global change of a model (including user-driven modification and automated “machine learning”).

0128While shown and described herein as an application meta-model and system for self-modification, it is understood that aspects of the invention further provide various alternative embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, the invention provides a computer program fixed in at least one computer-readable storage medium, which when executed, enables a computer system to provide dynamic design, use, and modification of models using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification of a collection of the models as described herein. To this extent, the computer-readable medium includes program code, such as the application <b>112</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) and/or the application <b>130</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>), which enables a computer system to implement some or all of a process described herein. It is understood that the term “computer-readable storage medium” comprises one or more of any type of tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which a copy of the program code can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated by a computing device. For example, the computer-readable storage medium can comprise: one or more portable storage articles of manufacture; one or more memory/storage components of a computing device; and/or the like.

0129In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of providing a copy of program code, such as the application <b>112</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>) and/or the application <b>130</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>), which enables a computer system to implement some or all of a process described herein. In this case, a computer system can process a copy of the program code to generate and transmit, for reception at a second, distinct location, a set of data signals that has one or more of its characteristics set and/or changed in such a manner as to encode a copy of the program code in the set of data signals. Similarly, an embodiment of the invention provides a method of acquiring a copy of the program code, which includes a computer system receiving the set of data signals described herein, and translating the set of data signals into a copy of the computer program fixed in at least one computer-readable medium. In either case, the set of data signals can be transmitted/received using any type of communications link.

0130In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method of generating a system for providing dynamic design, use, and modification of models using a declarative application meta-model that provides for self-modification of a collection of the models as described herein. In this case, the generating can include configuring a computer system, such as the computer system <b>152</b> (<figref idref="DRAWINGS">FIG. 1</figref>), to implement a process described herein. The configuring can include obtaining (e.g., creating, maintaining, purchasing, modifying, using, making available, etc.) one or more hardware components, with or without one or more software modules, and setting up the components and/or modules to implement a process described herein. To this extent, the configuring can include deploying one or more components to the computer system, which can comprise one or more of: (1) installing program code on a computing device; (2) adding one or more computing and/or I/O devices to the computer system; (3) incorporating and/or modifying the computer system to enable it to perform a process described herein; and/or the like.

0131The foregoing description of various aspects of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations are possible. Such modifications and variations that may be apparent to an individual in the art are included within the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.