Battery management system

Battery Management System

The present invention generally relates to the field of battery management systems, and more specifically, to some control systems for controlling and monitoring the charging effect of rechargeable batteries.

In recent years, the use of electric vehicles has been at the forefront of efforts to conserve fossil fuel reserves and reduce air pollutant emissions. An electric vehicle typically relies on a battery power pack composed of multiple batteries connected in series to provide the power required by the vehicle.

The traditional battery management system uses a programmed central processing unit to provide management and control functions for the charging of these battery power packs, and the central processing unit controls a single DC that provides a variable charging current charger. These traditional systems also typically use some sensors to provide feedback signals based on the entire battery pack instead of individual modules. These traditional systems then use various charging algorithms to provide full battery charge to the entire battery pack through the single DC charger.

In the traditional battery system, a single DC charger is used to provide the charging current required by each individual battery module, which makes it impossible to provide individual charging current for each individual battery module on an independent basis. Therefore, it is difficult for these traditional battery systems to accurately charge the multiple rechargeable batteries connected in series to a "full" state, so that each battery is under-charged or overcharged, thereby shortening the useful life of each battery.

The present invention provides a battery management system, in which a programmed central processing unit provides management and control functions for multiple battery modules, and each battery module includes a DC/DC converter type DC charger. This allows the system to controllably provide an individual and independent charging current to each battery module. The present invention therefore allows multiple rechargeable batteries to be simultaneously charged as a whole up to a fixed level approximately equal to 93% of the "full" power, and then operated independently of each other and set in each battery module by DC/DC The inverter individually charges each battery to a "full" state.

According to a concept of the present invention, a battery management system is provided, which includes a programmed central processing unit connected with a plurality of battery modules. And each battery module includes: a rechargeable battery; a set of sensor nodes including a temperature sensor, a voltage sensor, and a programmed microcontroller; and a DC /DC converter type of a DC charger. The rechargeable batteries are connected in series with an integral charger, a control switch, and a current sensor. During the charging operation of the rechargeable batteries, the overall charger provides an overall charging current under the control of the programmed central processing unit; and during the entire charging operation, the sensor nodes are each The rechargeable battery continuously provides the operating temperature and terminal voltage to the programmed central processing unit.

When the terminal voltage of any rechargeable battery reaches or exceeds a predetermined clamping voltage for the first time, the overall charging current is reduced by a value such as half of its previous value for the DC/DC used by the rechargeable batteries. The converter is turned on, and the DC/DC converter for the rechargeable battery whose supply terminal voltage has reached or exceeded the predetermined clamping voltage is turned off. While the charging of all batteries continues, whenever the terminal voltage of another rechargeable battery reaches or exceeds the predetermined clamping voltage, the overall charging current is reduced by about half, and the supply terminal voltage just reaches or exceeds the predetermined clamping voltage. The DC/DC converter for the battery of the predetermined clamping voltage is also turned off. This process continues until the overall charging current has dropped to approximately 1 to 2 percent of the 3-hour discharge capacity of the rechargeable batteries. At this time, the overall charging current supplied to the batteries is cut off by the control switch, and the charging action of the rechargeable batteries is then performed individually using the DC/DC converters. After the charging operation is completed, the batteries are kept in a full standby state by using each DC/DC converter to charge each battery.

The foregoing and other advantages of the present invention will be understood one by one when reading the following detailed description and referring to the drawings; and among them: Figure 1 shows a battery management system with three battery modules Schematic diagram; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of one of the battery modules in the battery module shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a group of sensor nodes; Figure 4 is an optical A schematic diagram of a group of line drivers for isolation design; Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a group of DC/DC converters; Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of transformer current waveforms of DC/DC converters; Fig. 7 is for supply A flowchart of the main program for a sensor node; Figure 8 is a flow chart of the sensor node's one-second interrupt program; Figures 9a and 9b are the flowcharts of the main program for the battery management system; Figure 10 shows the flow chart of the one-second interrupt program of the battery management system; and Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the signal port connection used in the battery management system.

Referring back to the drawings, the following description and drawings are directed to a set of embodiments of the present invention for a lead-acid battery management system that intends to provide power to an electric vehicle. This system includes a set of battery packs, which includes a number of lead-acid batteries connected in series to be installed in the vehicle. There will also be an individual DC charger for each battery installed in the vehicle, a set of sensing systems for monitoring the batteries, a set of auxiliary power supplies, and allow this system to be supplied by a set of central or integral chargers. Various electrical connection structures with electricity, and equipment such as a programmed central processing unit (CPU) and a microcontroller set on each battery for performing various battery management functions. The central processing unit or other equipment records the data obtained from the sensing system, displays these data, coordinates the charging action of each individual battery by the overall charger and the individual DC chargers, processes the input data, and generates various control signals To allow the management of lead-acid batteries.

It should be understood that other specific systems formed by adapting the present invention to other specific lead-acid battery systems, nickel-cadmium battery systems and other battery systems may typically require different operating voltages and operating conditions that are different from those described herein. , And electrical components. However, it should be possible to further realize that the technical principles and examples disclosed in this article are obviously applicable to these other systems.

Returning to Figure 1, a set of battery management systems 10 are shown. A programmed central processing unit (CPU) 20 monitors and controls multiple battery modules 30. The central processing unit 20 communicates with the battery modules 30 through a serial interface 40 and a signal port interface 41. Each battery module 30 includes a rechargeable battery 50, a battery node 60, and a DC charger 70. Each rechargeable battery 50 is connected in series with an integral charger 80, a control switch 90, and a current sensor 100. An AC power supply 110 provides the power required by the overall charger 80. A set of auxiliary DC power supplies 120 that can be powered by the integral charger 80 provide DC power to the battery modules 30 through a power bus 130. A display unit 140 is responsible for displaying the operating status of the central processing unit 20, and a keyboard 150 constitutes a device for inputting data into the central processing unit 20.

The central processing unit 20 includes a programmable central processing unit and associated data I/O. The central processing unit 20 can be any general-purpose programmable microcomputer, such as a microcomputer based on Intel or Motorola microprocessors.

The central processing unit 20 controls the operation of the overall charger 80 through an overall charger control signal 160 in a well-known manner. In a set of preferred embodiments, the overall charger control signal 160 sent by the central processing unit 20 to the overall charger 80 is a pulse width modulation signal as well known in the industry. The overall charging current is variable, and is typically proportional to the pulse width modulation signal 160.

The central processing unit 20 controls the operation of a standard control switch 90 through a control signal 170. The standard control switch 90 is a standard single-pole single-throw switch in a set of preferred embodiments. The position of the control switch 90 depends on the operating state of the system 10. During a charging operation, when the overall charging current is provided by the overall charger 80 to the batteries 50, all the batteries 50, the auxiliary power supply 120, and the overall charger 80 are all connected; this allows the overall charger 80 to supply The overall charging current is provided to the batteries 50, and the auxiliary power supply 120 can also provide power to each DC charger 70. During a charging operation, when the overall charging current is not provided by the overall charger 80, the auxiliary power supply 120 is connected to the overall charger 80; this allows the auxiliary power supply 120 to provide power to each DC charger 70. Finally, when the system 10 is in an idle state or during the discharging of the batteries 50, the batteries 50, the auxiliary power supply 120, and the overall charger 80 are all connected; this allows the auxiliary power supply 120 to be used in the overall charger 80. The central processing unit 20 is powered by the batteries 50 when the AC power supply 110 is disconnected.

The current sensor 100 provides a signal 180 representing the current level of the instantaneous level of the charging current supplied by the integral charger 80. The current sensor 100 can be any standard current sensor that can provide an output signal. In a set of preferred embodiments, the current sensor is a HTA 500-S sensor manufactured by LEM Corporation of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; this sensor discharges at 0 to 500 amperes During the period, a current measurement value can be provided with an accuracy of ±2 amperes, and a current measurement value can be provided with an accuracy of ±200 mA during a discharge period of 0 to 50 amperes.

The auxiliary DC power supply 120 is preferably a DC/DC converter powered by the batteries 50 in the battery pack or by the integral charger 80.

The system 10 includes a standard display 140 and a keyboard 150 for use with the central processing unit 20. In an alternative embodiment, the system 10 can be installed in a motor vehicle, and the display 140 and the keyboard 150 are installed in the passenger compartment. In another set of alternative embodiments, a diagnostic port can be provided on the central processing unit 20 in a well-known manner so that the service technician can obtain all the information stored in the memory of the central processing unit 20, so that The service technician can perform repairs and regular maintenance operations on the system 10; in this way, the battery management system 10 allows the service technician to directly obtain the operating parameters of the system 10, and further obtain information about the battery modules 30 Past operation record data.

Referring to FIG. 2, each battery module 30 includes a rechargeable battery 50, a battery node 60, and a DC charger 70. Each battery node 60 includes a sensor node 200 and a line driver 205. Each DC charger 70 includes a DC/DC converter 210.

The battery node 60 monitors the operation of the battery 50 through the sensor node 200 and sends the state of the rechargeable battery 50 to the central processing unit 20 through the line driver 205 using a serial data communication protocol. In a set of preferred embodiments, the sensor node 200 and the line driver 205 are optically isolated from each other by a plurality of optical isolators shared by the line driver 205 to protect the central processing unit 20 from damage.

The DC charger 70 provides a charging current to the rechargeable battery 50 through the DC/DC converter 210. A transformer T1 in the DC/DC converter 210 provides isolation between the rechargeable battery 50 and the power bus 130. In a set of exemplary embodiments, the DC/DC converter 210 receives a DC voltage of approximately 9 to 16 volts from the power bus 130 and outputs a charging current to the rechargeable battery 50. In a set of preferred embodiments, the inverter 210 outputs a charging current with an average value of about 1 ampere. The DC/DC converter 210 is directly controlled by a signal generated by the sensor node 200. In a set of preferred embodiments, the sensor node 200 is optically isolated from the DC/DC converter 210 to protect the sensor 200 from damage.

In another preferred embodiment, the average charging current output by the DC charger 70 in the form of the DC/DC converter 210 is set to about 1% of the 3-hour discharge capacity of the battery 50; therefore, A battery with a 3-hour discharge capacity of 100 ampere hours will be supplied with a charge current of about 1 ampere on average.

The communication actions between the central processing unit 20 and the sensor nodes 200 and the line drivers 205 are implemented by serial communication and node serialization configuration incorporating the industry standard RS-485 communication protocol. The central processing unit 20 can use any number of high-level programming languages to plan in a conventional manner, so as to communicate with the plurality of battery modules 30 and control the latter. The software used by the central processing unit 20 includes some serial communication and node serialization commands, a battery management system main program, and a battery management system 1-second interrupt program.

Referring now to FIG. 3, the sensor 200 will be described next.

The sensor 200 includes resistors R1, R2, R5, R6, R9, and R10, capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8, diodes D2 and D3, Zener two Polar body D1 and VR1, an EEPROM U1, operational amplifiers U2A and U2B, a microcontroller U3, a voltage regulator U4, and a thermal resistor R_t。

Thermistor R installed on the rechargeable battery 50_tResponsible for responding to the temperature change of the rechargeable battery 50; by virtue of the thermal resistor R_tThe sensor node 200 can typically use a resolution of ±2°C for temperature measurement within a range of approximately -40°C to +50°C. In a set of preferred embodiments, such a thermal resistor R_tIt is a WN222 temperature sensor available from Sensor Science Co., Ltd. of New Jersey, USA. The sensor node 200 further provides a voltage measurement range of approximately 9-16 volts DC with an accuracy of ±25 millivolts. The operating range of the sensor node 200 is from approximately -40°C to +50°C. Thermistor R_tIn a well-known way, the negative temperature coefficient of resistance is used to provide the function of measuring the temperature of the rechargeable battery 50. Thermistor R_tThe variable resistance generates a variable voltage signal RT- on an input to a standard operational amplifier U2B; this variable voltage signal RT- is amplified by the operational amplifier U2B and sent to an A/D in a microcontroller U3 converter.

Any number of industry standard 8-bit microcontrollers can be used. In a set of preferred embodiments, the microcontroller U3 is an 8-bit 87C752 microcontroller manufactured by Philips North America. This microcontroller U3 includes some standard inputs and outputs, including: digital I/O on pins 2, 3, 4, 5, 16, 17, 20, 25, and 26; via pins 1 and 27 Read and write access to EEPROM U1; clock input on pins 10 and 11; a reset reset input on pin 9; on pins 13, 14, 18, and 19 A/D input terminal. The operation and functional characteristics of the microcontroller U3 are well known (not described here).

A rechargeable battery terminal voltage signal +VBAT representing the terminal voltage across the terminal of the rechargeable battery 50 is sent through a voltage divider composed of resistors R9 and R6; in a set of exemplary embodiments , Resistor R9 is a 22K resistor, and R6 is a 10K resistor. The +VBAT signal is then sent through a standard operational amplifier U2A, and the amplified signal is then sent to the A/D converter in the microcontroller U3. Therefore, the microcontroller U3 can always monitor the operating temperature and terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery 50.

A standard EEPROM U1 allows the microcontroller U3 to store certain parameters in a non-electrically dependent manner, so that even if the sensor node 200 loses power, these records are still preserved. EEPROM U1 includes grounded pins 1, 2, and 3, pins 1 and 27 connected to the microcontroller U3 to provide read and write access to EEPROM U1's storage records, and pins 5 and 6, as well as A test connection on pin 7. The operation and performance characteristics of this EEPROM U1 itself are well known (no more details here).

The microcontroller U3 contains deductive rules that allow the sensor node 200 to sense the terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery and the operating temperature of the rechargeable battery, and allow it to communicate with the central processing unit 20. The microcontroller U3 also contains a traditional circuit that is responsible for performing analog-to-digital conversion functions, a traditional deductive rule that allows the microcontroller U3 to communicate with the EEPROM U1, and the microcontroller U3 can send logic signals to the line driver 205 and The traditional deductive rule of receiving the logic signal from the line driver 205.

Capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8 are included in the sensor node 200 for decoupling, so as to eliminate high frequency noise as is well known in the industry.

The crystal Y1 provides a clock signal source for the microcontroller U3 as well known in the industry; in a set of preferred embodiments, a 16 MHz crystal is used as the microcontroller U3 on pins 10 and 11 A clock signal source required.

The sensor node 200 further includes an industry standard +5 volt programmable low-frequency output voltage regulator U4. This voltage regulator U4 receives +VBAT, which is typically about +12 volts, at pin 8 and connects it to Pin 1 generates a regulated +5V power supply VCC voltage for the sensor 200. The regulator U4 further includes unconnected pins 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and pin 3 connected to -VBAT, which is typically about 0 volts. The operation and performance characteristics of this voltage regulator U4 are well known (no more details in this article).

VCC is a 5 volt signal generated on the sensor node 200 by the voltage regulator U4. In a set of exemplary embodiments, the +VBAT, which is about 12 volts, is the positive side of the rechargeable battery 50; and the -VBAT, which is nominally at ground potential, is the negative side of the rechargeable battery 50. TX is the transmitted data output from pin 2 of the microcontroller U3; RX is the data received from the optically isolated serial interface 40 and sent back to the sensor node 200 and connected to the pin of the microcontroller U3 20 The received data; RXEN and TXEN are the reception and transmission enable signals sent from the pins 26 and 25 of the microcontroller U3 for the line driver 205; CHARGE_OFF is sent from the pin 5 of the microcontroller U3 to the DC /DC converter 210 uses a signal to turn on or turn off the DC/DC converter 210; S1I and S2I are the node serialization signals received at pins 16 and 17 of the microcontroller U3, and S10 And S20 are the node serialization signals sent from pins 3 and 4 of the microcontroller U3.

The operational amplifier U2A uses resistors R6, R7, R9, and R10 for gain adjustment and offset adjustment in a well-known way; in a set of exemplary embodiments, the resistors R6 and R7 are 10K resistors, and the resistors R6 and R7 are 10K resistors. R9 and R10 are 22K resistors. These resistors determine the gain and offset values required by the operational amplifier U2A, and their function is to help ensure an input voltage range of approximately 5 volts to 16 volts in an exemplary embodiment (this is a general motor vehicle The typical rechargeable battery terminal voltage of the lead-acid battery used will be converted into an A/D range of approximately 0 volts to 5 volts.

Receive from thermistor R_tThe operational amplifier U2B of the signal RT- uses a fixed resistor R5; in a set of exemplary embodiments, the fixed resistor R5 is a 10K resistor, which can ensure the temperature from about -40°C to +50°C From the thermal resistor R in the entire temperature range_tThe signal on the lower side will be converted into a signal in the range of approximately 0 to 5 volts. Resistors R1 and R2 allow the microcontroller U3 and EEPROM U1 to communicate in a well-known way. Resistors R3, R4, and R8, diodes D2 and D3, and Zener diode VR1 facilitate the operation of the A/D converter of microcontroller U3 and operational amplifiers U2A and U2B in a well-known way; The specific values of these components will be in a well-known way, depending on the specific components selected for EEPROM U1, operational amplifiers U2A and U2B, and microcontroller U3, as well as the involvement in a specific application of system 10 The specific signal level and so on change.

An industry standard Zener diode D1 is set to protect the A/D converter in the microcontroller U3 from excessive voltage damage.

The microcontroller U3 contains programs that allow it to monitor the rechargeable battery 50, update the non-electricity record content of the EEPROM U1, communicate with the central processing unit 20, and control the DC/DC converter 210. The program used by the microcontroller U3 includes a set of sensor node main programs, serial communication and node serialization deduction rules, and a set of 1-second interrupt programs. The more detailed program steps of the sensor node main program and the sensor node 1 second interrupt program will be discussed with reference to Figures 7 and 8.

In the preferred embodiment disclosed herein, the component parts used in the sensor node 200 include 7: R1, R2, R5, R6, R7 which are 10K resistors; R9 and R10 which are 22K resistors; and are 0.1 C1, C5, C7 for uF capacitors; C2 and C3 for 22pF capacitors; C4 and C8 for 1 uF capacitors; D2 and D3 for diodes with part number 1N5818MCT available from Motorola, USA; D1 of the diode with part number 1.5SMC20AT3 purchased from Motorola, USA; VR1 of the diode with part number LT1029CZ available from Linear Technology Co., Ltd.; parts available from Philips North America U1 of a 256-byte EEPROM with the serial number PCF8582E2D; U2A and U2B of the operational amplifier with part number LM358M available from National Semiconductor; and the part number S87C752-1DB available from Philips North America An 8-bit microcontroller U3; a voltage regulator U4 with part number LT1121CS 8-5 available from Linear Technology Co., Ltd.; and a part available from New Jersey Sensor Science Co., Ltd. A thermal resistor R with number WN222_t。

Now referring to Figure 4, the line driver 205 will be described next.

The line driver 205 converts the logic level signal TX from the sensor node 200 into the signals 485L and 485H via the serial data bus 40, and also converts the serial signals 485L and 485H back to the logic level signal RX, and maintains the serial data. The isolation status between the column data bus 40 and the +VBAT and -VBAT signals, and by transmitting and receiving the signals S1X and S2X, allows the battery nodes 60 to be serialized.

The line driver 205 includes resistors R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, and R26, capacitors C9 and C10, optocoupler U7A, U7B, U7C, U7D, U8A, U8B, U8C, and U8D, an RS-485 driver/receiver U5, and a voltage regulator U6.

The line driver 205 receives signals +VBUS, TX, VCC, TXEN, RXEN, -VBUS, S10, S20, 485H, 485L, S1X, and S2X. The signal +VBUS/-VBUS is provided by the power bus 130. The signal TX is the data sent from the sensor node 200. The signals RXEN and TXEN are start signals required by the line driver 205 and are transmitted from the sensor node 200. S10 and S20 are the node serialized signals transmitted from the sensor node 200. VCC is a 5 volt signal generated on the sensor node 200 by the voltage regulator U4.

The signal +VBUS in turn powers the line driver 205 through a +5 volt voltage regulator U6. The voltage regulator U6 provides a 5 volt supply power VOUT required by the RS-485 driver/receiver U5. The voltage regulator U6 receives +VBUS on pin 1 and outputs VOUT on pin 3, and its pin 2 is connected to -VBUS. The operation and performance characteristics of this voltage regulator U6 are well known (not described here).

The driver/receiver U5 is manufactured by Maxim Inc. of Silicon Valley, California, USA. It is an industry standard RS-485 driver/receiver. Driver/receiver U5 transmits and receives signals 485L and 485H on pins 6 and 7; its pin 5 is connected to -VBUS, while pin 8 is connected to VOUT generated by voltage regulator U6; pin 4 is connected to light The coupler U7A thus receives the data sent from the sensor node 200 to the line driver 205; pin 3 is connected to the optical coupler U7B so that data can be sent from the line driver 205 to the serial data bus 40; pin 1 is connected In the optocoupler U7D and thus transmit data from the line driver 205 to the sensor node 200; pin 2 is connected to the optocoupler U7C so that data can be transmitted from the line driver 205 to the sensor node 200. The operation and performance characteristics of this RS-485 driver/receiver U5 are well known (no more details in this article).

The signal VCC, which is completely isolated from the +VBUS bus, supplies power to the light-emitting diode parts of optocouplers U7A, U7B, U7C, U8A, and U8C, and the signal VOUT is supplied to the light-emitting diode part of optocoupler U7D, and +VBUS supplies power to the light-emitting diode parts of the optocouplers U8B and U8D. These optocouplers U7A to U8D are industry standard components with high-speed transistor output; these optocouplers provide isolation of approximately 500 volts DC. The operation and performance characteristics of these optocouplers are well known (this article will not repeat them).

The signal TX is the transmitted data received by the line driver 205 from the sensor node 200. When the magnitude of the signal TX is lower than the magnitude of the signal VCC, the light-emitting diode in the optocoupler U7A emits light, and the optocoupler U7A transmits a signal to the driver/receiver U5.

The signal-VSUS is the negative side of the 12-volt power supply for the line driver 205 and is also isolated from VCC.

The signals RXEN and TXEN are start signals that are optically isolated through the optocouplers U7B and U7C.

The line driver 205 communicates with the central processing unit 20 through signals S1X, S2X, 485H, and 485L. The signals S1X and S2X allow the central processing unit 20 to assign addresses and find the location of individual sensor nodes 200 as part of the implementation of serial communication and node serialization procedures. The usage of the signals S1X and S2X will be described in detail when discussing the serial communication and node serialization actions of the battery management system 10. The signals 485L and 485H are serial data sent to and received from the central processing unit 20 by the line driver 205.

The signal RX is the received data from the serial interface 40 that has been optically isolated and sent back to the sensor node 200.

The signal -VBAT is the negative side of the rechargeable battery 50 and is optically isolated from +VBUS/-VBUS.

The capacitors C9 and C10 are included in the line driver 205 for decoupling purposes, as well as eliminating high frequency noise as well known in the industry. The resistors R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, and R26 are included in the line driver 205 to allow optical couplers U7A to U8D can operate properly in a well-known way. The specific values of these components will change in a well-known manner, depending on the specific components selected, the signal levels for a specific application of the system 10, and so on.

In the preferred embodiment disclosed herein, the components used in the line driver 205 include: R11 and R12 for 422K resistors; R13 for 10K resistors; R14 and R15 for 100K resistors; and 22K resistors R16 and R17 of the device; R18, R19, and R20 of the 10K resistor; R21, R22, R24, R25, and R26 of the 2.67K resistor; C9 of a 0.1 uF capacitor; C10 of a 1 uF capacitor; Multiple optical isolators U7A, U7B, U7C, U7D, U8A, U8B, U8C, and U8D manufactured by NEC Co., Ltd. with part number PS2501-4; parts manufactured by Maxim Inc., Silicon Valley, California, USA An RS-485 driver/receiver U5 numbered MAX487CSA; and a voltage regulator U6 part numbered MC78M05CT manufactured by Motorola, USA.

Now please turn to Figure 5, and then the DC/DC converter 210 will be described.

The DC/DC converter 210 includes resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, and R12, capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8, diodes CR1, CR2 and CR3, Zener diodes ZR1 and CR4, transistors Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, CMOS timer U9, optocoupler U10, and transformer T1.

The purpose of the DC/DC converter 210 is to transfer energy from the common voltage bus 130 (indicated by +VBUS/-VBUS) to the rechargeable battery 50; it operates in a current mode regardless of the bus voltage range. Compared to the state of the rechargeable battery terminal voltage, the allowable energy to be transferred is within certain limits; the typical limit is that the bus voltage is from about +6 volts to +24 volts, and the rechargeable battery voltage is from about +6 volts to +16 volts. The on or off state of the DC/DC converter 210 is based on the signal CHARGE_OFF generated by the sensor node 200, and is controlled by the central processing unit 20 as it is controlled by the main program used by the battery management system according to the charging demand. Take control.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the circuit parameters are set to deliver an average current of approximately 1% of the 3-hour discharge capacity of the rechargeable battery 50 when the DC/DC converter 210 is activated. In a set of exemplary embodiments, for a battery 50 with a 3-hour discharge capacity of 100 ampere hours, the DC/DC converter 210 provides an average current of 1 ampere to the rechargeable battery 50 when it is activated.

The DC/DC converter 210 is a "flyback" type, in which energy is alternately transferred from the power bus 130 (+VBUS/-VBUS) to the core of the transformer T1, and then transferred from the core to the rechargeable core Battery 50. In the first half of the cycle, a transistor Q4 is "on", so that the bus voltage is applied to the primary side of the transformer T1. A current ramp starts to occur and follows the following formula: current = bus voltage × conduction time / primary side inductance

When the transistor Q4 turns to the "off" state, the core energy is transferred to the rechargeable battery 50 according to the same equation. The current waveforms on the primary and secondary sides of the transformer T1 are shown in Figure 6. The current ramp spike is controlled in a well-known manner to provide an average current to the rechargeable battery 50 that is approximately 1% of the 3-hour discharge capacity of the rechargeable battery 50. In a set of exemplary embodiments, for a battery 50 with a 3-hour discharge capacity of 100 ampere hours, the DC/DC converter 210 will provide an average current of 1 ampere ± 250 milliampere to the battery 50 Charge the battery 50.

Returning to Figure 5, U10 is an optocoupler that provides the isolation OFF/ON control function of the DC/DC converter 210; when the optocoupler U10 is turned on, the DC/DC converter 210 is turned on.

CMOS timer U9 includes standard inputs and outputs, which include: the connection terminal connected to the ground potential GND at pin 1, the trigger input terminal TRIG at pin 2, the output signal OUT at pin 3, and the 4 reset reset input terminal RESET, control input terminal CONT at pin 5, input threshold THRESH at pin 6, discharge input terminal DISCH at pin 7, and power supply at pin 8 Input VDD. The operation and functional characteristics of this CMOS timer are believed to be well-known (no more details here).

The CMOS timer U9 is assembled in a well-known way to form an unstable oscillator, which will output a square wave of approximately 50% duty cycle under free operation with a +12 volt bus voltage. In order for oscillation to occur, the RESET voltage on pin 4 of U9 must be greater than about 1 volt. The time constant of oscillator U9 is determined by resistors R3, R4, and capacitor C3 in a well-known way. When the bus voltage increases above 12 volts, a Zener diode VR1 clamps the input voltage on pin 8 of U9 to +12 volts, while the timing resistor R3 remains directly connected to +VBUS. When the bus voltage increases, the charging current through R3 increases to C3 and shortens the on-time of this circuit. In this way, the product of the bus voltage and the on-time in the above equation is kept balanced, and a constant peak is provided in the current ramp in each cycle; this helps prevent the variation of the bus voltage from causing the battery charging current to occur Drastic changes. When the bus voltage drops below 12 volts, the DC/DC converter 210 will continue to operate, but will operate with a reduced current.

The cut-off time during actual circuit operation rather than during free operation is determined by the core dump time of transformer T1. The core dumping effect is sensed by monitoring the drain voltage of Q4. Until the dumping action is completed, the drain voltage is higher than the bus voltage. Before the dumping action is completed, the transistor Q3 is turned into a conducting state through the diode CR2; thus, the transistor Q2 is turned on, and U9 is kept in the RESET state and the next conduction period is prevented from occurring. After the dumping action is over, the drain voltage drops below the bus voltage, and the RESET state is released, thus starting the next charging cycle. A resistor R10 and a capacitor C6 provide a damping effect against parasitic oscillation when Q4 turns to the off state. A resistor R11, a capacitor C7, and a diode CR3 clamp the leakage spike phenomenon when Q4 turns to the off state and prevent damage to Q4. Capacitors C1 and C8 level the current pulses during the charging/dumping cycle, respectively. The Zener diode CR4 is the output rectifier required for the AC voltage appearing on the secondary side of the transformer T1.

Both the optocoupler U10 and the transformer T1 provide 500 volt DC isolation, thereby protecting the components of the battery management system from voltage transients.

The other circuit components in the DC/DC converter 210 simply provide appropriate voltage/current control functions in a well-known way to maintain moderate parameter requirements; and their specific component values will be based on one type of value. The well-known method varies with the specific components selected for a specific application of the system 10.

In the preferred embodiment disclosed herein, the components used in the DC/DC converter 210 include: an optical isolator U10, which is a photoelectric crystal output with part number PS2501-1 manufactured by NEC Corporation A type of integrated circuit optoisolator; U9 of an integrated circuit 555 timer manufactured by Texas Instruments with part number TLC555CP; Q2 of a transistor with part number MPS2222 manufactured by Motorola; It is manufactured by Motorola Q3 of a transistor manufactured by the company with part number MPS2907; Q4 of a transistor manufactured by Motorola with part number IRFZ40; CR1, CR2, and CR3 of a diode with part number 1N4937 manufactured by Motorola ; Is the CR4 of the diode of the part number M8R390 manufactured by Motorola; is the VR1 of the diode of the part number 1N759A manufactured by Motorola; is the R9 of a 10Ω resistor; is the R10 of the 100 Ω resistor; R6 of a 470 Ω resistor; R7 of a 1KΩ resistor; R8 of a 2KΩ resistor; R1 of a 2.7KΩ resistor; R11 of a 4.7KΩ resistor; R2, R3, R4, and R4 of a 10.0KΩ resistor. R5, and R12; each is C3, C5, and C6 of a 1000pF capacitor; each is 0.1 C2, C4, and C7 of uF capacitors; C1 and C8 of a 330 uF capacitor rated at 25 volts; and T1 of a transformer with a turns ratio of 1:1.

Referring to Fig. 7, the main program of the sensor node executed by the microcontroller U3 of the sensor node 200 (see Fig. 3) will now be described.

After the microcontroller U3 is reset and reset by an external signal in step 305, the sensor node main program is to ensure that the values stored in the non-dependent memory of the EEPROM U1 are valid in the program step 310 . If it is invalid, it means that there is a system failure or other error in the microcontroller U3. If the stored values are invalid, the sensor node main program resets the values to some predetermined default values in program step 315, and then in program step 320 by converting the DC/DC The status of the device is updated and continues. And if the stored values are all valid, the sensor node main program simply obtains the status of the DC/DC converter from one of the registers of the microcontroller U3 and in step 320 of the program Update the status of the DC/DC converter; the status of the DC/DC converter is either on or off. The microcontroller U3 will then switch the DC/DC converter 210 (shown in Figure 5) to the on or off state by the signal CHARGE_OFF.

The sensor node main program then determines in program step 330 whether the current measured values for the operating temperature of the rechargeable battery and the terminal voltages that have been read on the A/D converters are within acceptable predetermined limits. Within. If the current measured value for the temperature and the voltage fall within the acceptable predetermined limit, it will clear all warning flags in step 335 of the program, and return to continue to update the loop of the DC/DC converter. Note Whether the measured current value is within the predetermined acceptable limit. If at any point in time, the A/D values exceed the predetermined acceptable limits, then it is necessary to determine what type of warning flag must be set.

Whenever there are the following conditions, the corresponding warning flag will be set: (1) The operating temperature of the rechargeable battery 50 exceeds the acceptable upper limit T_max; (2) The operating temperature of the rechargeable battery 50 is lower than the acceptable lower limit T_min; (3) The temperature compensation terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery 50 is greater than an upper limit V_clamp; And/or (4) The temperature compensation terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery 50 is less than a lower limit value V_min。

The main program will set appropriate warning flags in program steps 345, 350, 360, 365, 375, 380, 390, and 395, depending on what happens. The sensor node main program then returns to program step 320 and updates the DC/DC converter status, and enters the main program loop again.

The temperature compensation terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery 50 is calculated by the microcontroller U3 in a well-known manner. In a set of preferred embodiments, the temperature compensation terminal voltage is referenced to a temperature of about 25°C.

Referring to Figure 8, the sensor node 1 second interrupt routine executed by the microcontroller U3 of the sensor node 200 (see Figure 3) will now be described.

The sensor node interrupts the program for 1 second by fetching other readings of the operating temperature and terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery 50 and updating the contents of the register. In step 510 of the program, the current A/ D The read value is updated.

The sensor node interrupts the program for 1 second and then checks whether there is a warning interrupt in program step 515; if there is no warning flag, the microcontroller U3 returns to the sensor node master from the interrupt program in program step 560. Program; and if there is a warning flag, the microcontroller U3 increments a counter that counts how many seconds the specific warning flag has been applied.

Point out that the operating temperature T of the rechargeable battery 50 exceeds a predetermined maximum operating temperature T_maxA warning flag of will cause a high temperature second counter to increase by one in program steps 520 and 525. Point out that the operating temperature T of the rechargeable battery 50 is lower than a predetermined minimum operating temperature T_minA warning flag of will cause a low temperature second counter to increase by one in program steps 530 and 535. Point out that the temperature correction terminal voltage V(T) of the rechargeable battery 50 exceeds a predetermined clamping voltage V_clampA warning flag of will cause a high voltage second counter to increase by one in program steps 540 and 545. Point out that the temperature correction terminal voltage V(T) of the rechargeable battery 50 is less than a predetermined minimum voltage V_minA warning flag of will cause a low voltage second counter to increase by one in program steps 550 and 555.

The second count values of the warning flags are stored in the non-electrical memory of EEPROM U1 (please refer to Figure 3 for this). These warning flag second count values constitute a historical record of the service life of the specific rechargeable battery 50.

The main program of the sensor node suspends once a second and executes the interrupt program of the sensor node for 1 second. When this sensor node's 1 second interrupt program ends, the sensor node main program continues to execute the interrupted original program steps.

Referring to Figures 9a and 9b, the main program of the battery management system executed by the central processing unit 20 will now be described.

After the central processing unit 20 is initially reset and reset in step 565 of the program, the central processing unit 20 checks whether all the battery nodes 60 are working in step 570 of the program.

If all the battery nodes 60 are not working, the central processing unit 20 then assembles the battery modules 30 in step 575 of the program; and to assemble the battery modules in step 575, the central processing unit 20 will specify Some addresses are given to the battery nodes 60, and the operating conditions of the battery nodes 60 are checked. The detailed steps of assembling the battery nodes 60 will be mentioned when discussing the serial communication and node serialization protocol of the battery management system 10 below.

If all the battery nodes 60 are serialized and work normally, the central processing unit 20 checks the state of the entire system at step 580 of the program, and determines that the system 10 is in a charging, discharging, or idle state.

If the system 10 is discharging, the central processing unit 20 queries all the sensor nodes 200 for all battery operating temperatures in step 595 of the program. The central processing unit 20 then sets an appropriate warning flag in step 597 of the program, and stores the lowest reading of the operating temperature of the rechargeable battery as the actual temperature of the set of rechargeable batteries 50 in step 600 of the program. In this way, the central processing unit 20 always conservatively determines the state of charge of the rechargeable batteries 50.

If the battery management system 10 is in an idle state, all the sensor nodes 200 will be periodically queried for their rechargeable battery terminal voltage and operating temperature in step 615 of the program. If the terminal voltage of a rechargeable battery drops below a predetermined set point or the operating temperature of the rechargeable battery drops below a predetermined set point in a "full charge and standby" state, then The DC/DC converter 210 for the specific rechargeable battery 50 is activated by the central processing unit 20 in step 620 of the program. In this way, the rechargeable batteries 50 in a battery pack can be maintained at a fairly constant moderate temperature, so if a certain rechargeable battery drops below a predetermined set point, the rechargeable battery 50 is An overcharge current is received to heat the rechargeable battery 50. In this way, the rechargeable batteries 50 in a set of battery packs can be maintained at approximately the same optimal terminal voltage in a "full charge and standby" state.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the predetermined set point relative to the battery operating temperature in a "full charge and standby" state is equal to the average operating temperature of the majority of the rechargeable batteries 50 in the battery pack. A predetermined operating temperature difference; in a set of preferred embodiments, the predetermined operating temperature difference will fall within a range from about 2 to 10°C.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the predetermined set point relative to the battery terminal voltage in a "full and standby" state is a predetermined acceptable value in a "full and standby" state Lower end voltage. The central processing unit 20 activates a DC/DC converter 210 for a rechargeable battery 50 whose supply terminal voltage drops below the predetermined acceptable lower terminal voltage in a "full and standby" state, and continuously monitors The terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery, and then cut off the DC/DC converter as soon as the terminal voltage of the rechargeable battery reaches an acceptable higher terminal voltage in a "full and standby" state 210. In a set of exemplary embodiments, relative to a typical rechargeable lead-acid battery, the lower and higher acceptable terminal voltages in a "full and standby" state are approximately 12.6 volts and 14.25 volts, respectively .

The central processing unit 20 then checks the warning flags. If a certain warning flag appears, it is determined in program step 605 which warning flag has been set; there are five possibilities: (1) low battery voltage, (2) high battery voltage, (3) low battery Operating temperature, (4) high battery operating temperature, and (5) fully charged battery.

The first possible low-voltage warning flag that typically occurs when the system 10 is discharging indicates that one of the rechargeable batteries 50 has exhausted its energy supply library and has fallen out of the battery pack. This warning flag will cause the central processing unit 20 to reset the state of charge for the rechargeable battery 50 to 0% in step 630 of the program. The central processing unit 20 stores this event in a record in step 635 of the program, so that a historical record of this event is stored. The central processing unit 20 also displays a warning message on the operator display 140 in the program step 640, and returns to the program step 580 in the program step 645 to check the system status.

The second possible high-voltage warning flag that typically occurs when the system 10 is being charged will cause the central processing unit 20 to determine in program step 655 whether it is the first one that has occurred during the charging period. A high-voltage warning flag; if this high-voltage warning flag is not the first setting, the central processing unit 20 determines in step 660 whether the overall charging current is switched from the rechargeable battery 50 by the operation of the switch 90 If the overall charging current has not been cut off from the rechargeable battery 50, the central processing unit 20 determines in step 665 whether the overall charger 80 has been shut down to its lowest control setting state (for the overall charger The control setting state of 80 will determine the level of the charging current provided); and if the overall charger 80 is not turned off to its lowest setting state, the central processing unit 20 will set the overall charger 80 in step 670 The control setting state is adjusted downward; the central processing unit 20 then cuts off the DC/DC converter 210 for the battery module 30 that generates the high voltage warning flag in step 675; and finally, the central processing unit 20 will return to program step 580 in program step 680 to check the system status. In a set of preferred embodiments, when a high voltage warning flag is detected, the control setting state of the overall charger 80 is adjusted downward by about half, and the overall charging current is reduced by about half.

If the high voltage warning flag is the first high voltage warning flag setting action during the charging period, the central processing unit 20 activates all DC/DC converters 210 in step 685, and adjusts downward in step 670 The control setting state of the overall charger 80, in step 675 of the program, the DC/DC converter 210 for the battery module 30 that generates the high voltage warning flag is turned off, and in step 680, the program is returned to the program Step 580 checks the system status. When some subsequent high-voltage warning flags are generated when the overall charging current is disconnected from the batteries 50, a program step 687 is set for the battery 50 whose battery module 30 generates the high-voltage warning flag. Outgassing flag.

If the overall charger 80 is providing an overall charging current to the batteries 50 in the lowest control setting state when a high-voltage warning flag is detected, the overall charging current is used by the switch 90 in step 690 of the program. The operation is disconnected from the batteries 50, and each DC/DC converter 210 is activated in step 695 of the program.

The third possibility is a low battery operating temperature. If a low temperature warning flag is set, the overall charging current is cut off from the batteries 50 by the operation of the switch 90 in step 705, and all the DC/DC converters 210 are cut off . This event will be stored in the record in step 710 of the program, and then a warning message will be displayed on the display 140 for the operator in step 715 of the program.

The fourth possibility is a high battery operating temperature. If a high temperature warning flag is set, the overall charging current is disconnected from the batteries 50 by the operation of the switch 90 in step 730 of the program. The DC/DC converter 210 for the battery module 30 that generates the high temperature warning flag is turned off in step 735 of the program, and the event will be stored in the record in step 740 of the program. Then, in step 745 of the program, a warning message is displayed on the display 140 for the operator to see.

The fifth possibility is a "charged" battery. If a rechargeable battery 50 is "charged", the central processing unit 20 disconnects the entire charging current from the batteries 50 by the operation of the switch 90 in step 760; the central processing unit 20 then In program step 765, the DC/DC converter 210 for the "charged" battery 50 is turned off, and the event is stored in the record in program step 770.

The minimum control setting state for the overall charger 80 will determine a minimum overall charging current level. In a set of preferred embodiments, the minimum overall charging current level will be approximately equal to 1 to 2% relative to the 3-hour discharge capacity of the rechargeable battery 50.

Referring to FIG. 10, the battery management system 1 second interrupt routine executed by the central processing unit 20 will be described next.

The battery management system interrupts the program for 1 second to determine the state of charge of the rechargeable batteries 50. The 1-second interrupt program of the battery management system is continuously called out to execute by the main program of the battery management system.

In program step 780, the battery management system interrupts the program for 1 second to obtain the current readings of the charging current and temperature, and queries the ampere-hour temperature compensation correction factor stored in the memory.

The battery management system interrupts the program for 1 second by multiplying the charging current by the correction factor to obtain a calibrated current value; this value is added to a charging status record in steps 785 and 790 of the program. A negative corrected current value indicates that the state of charge has become smaller, and a positive corrected current value indicates that the state of charge has become larger. The positive current is the charging current, and the negative current is the discharging current. Therefore, the corrected charging current value obtained by this calculation is in ampere second. The 1-second interrupt program of this battery management system is called out and executed every second, and the current is measured in amperes.

The battery management system interrupts the program for 1 second in program step 795 to determine whether the charging flag is set (that is, whether the system 10 is being charged).

If the system is not being charged and the state of charge of a battery 50 is less than about 5%, the central processing unit 20 sends a low battery warning flag to the battery 50 through the display 140 in program steps 800 and 805 Let the operator know. The central processing unit 20 determines in step 810 of the program whether the state of charge of a battery 50 is approximately 0%. If the state of charge of a certain battery 50 is about 0%, the central processing unit 20 shuts down the entire system in step 815 of the program. If the state of charge of a battery 50 is found to be greater than about 5% in step 800 of the program, the central processing unit 20 returns to the main program of the battery management system from the 1-second interruption program of the battery management system, and does not target the battery 50 Set a low battery warning flag. If it is known in step 810 of the program that the state of charge of a certain battery 50 is greater than about 0%, the central processing unit 20 sets a low battery warning flag for the battery 50, but does not shut down the system for 1 second from the battery management system The clock interrupt program returns to the main program of the battery management system.

If the charging flag is set, indicating that the rechargeable batteries 50 are being charged, the battery management system interrupts the program for 1 second and executes another set of program steps. The time counter for the battery modules with the outgassing flag setting is increased by one in step 820 of the program. The central processing unit 20 calculates dv/dt for the batteries 50 in step 825 of the program; this function dv/dt is the magnitude of the change rate of the terminal voltage of the rechargeable batteries 50.

The battery full flag is set in step 830 for the batteries 50 with an overflow condition or dv/dt approximately equal to zero. The overflow condition occurs when a predetermined time limit for outgassing of a certain battery 50 has been exceeded. The outgassing time is often changed with the specific battery type. In a set of preferred embodiments, a dv/dt in the range of about 0 mV/min to 50 mV/min means that the battery 50 is fully charged.

If all the batteries 50 are fully charged, the charging completion flag is set in step 835 of the program.

If the state of charge is greater than about 93%, the central processing unit 20 inquires whether the charging has been completed in program steps 840 and 845. If the charging is completed, the central processing unit 20 sets the charging state to 100% in program steps 850 and 860, and returns to the main program of the battery management system. If the charging has not been completed, the central processing unit 20 maintains the state of charge at 93% in steps 845 and 855 of the program, and does not allow the state of charge to exceed 93%. Since the state of charge of the rechargeable batteries is between 93% and 100%, there will be some uncertain conditions inherently, so that the state of charge is maintained at 93%. Those in the industry are well aware that these uncertain conditions make it difficult to determine where the state of charge of a battery lies between approximately 93% and 100%.

The operating temperature of rechargeable batteries is usually in the range from about -30°C to 50°C. This value range covers the operating value range of a typical lead-acid battery.

The battery capacity algorithm for the 1-second interrupt program of this battery management system uses a modified ampere-hour counter that includes temperature and discharge rate compensation; this compensation eliminates the possibility of temperature and discharge rate values exceeding certain values. The battery inefficiency phenomenon that occurs at the nominal value. In general, battery capacity decreases with low temperature and high discharge rate; conversely, battery capacity increases with high temperature and low discharge rate. Therefore, during a charging process, the capacity scale is maintained at approximately 93% until the battery management system has completely completed a charging cycle and tolerated an uncertainty between 93% and 100% in the state of charge. The ampere-hour temperature correction factor is determined by a "characteristic profile" of the battery 50 in a conventional manner.

In a set of exemplary embodiments, for a rechargeable lead-acid battery, its various ampere-hour temperature correction factors have been indicated in Table 1:<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0001.tif" /></tables>

In Table 1, C represents the 3-hour battery capacity in ampere hours, and the charging current represents any current flowing back into the battery 50. For any charging current, the ampere-hour correction factor will always be equal to 1.00; for the discharge current, the ampere-hour correction factor is determined by calculating the ratio of C to the discharge current level in Table 1. For example, in a set of exemplary embodiments, for any charging current, at any given operating temperature, the ampere hour correction factor will always be equal to 1.00. In another set of exemplary embodiments, for a discharge current of 45 amperes, when C is equal to 90 ampere hours, the discharge current in Table 1 will be equal to C/2 because the discharge current is half of C. In such a set of exemplary embodiments, for an operating temperature of -10°C, the ampere hour correction factor will be equal to 1.59. For some moderate discharge currents and operating temperatures, the ampere-hour correction factor is in a well-known way by interpolating the correction factors obtained from the initial "characteristic profile" of the battery. It is calculated by interpolation method.

Referring to Figures 1, 2, 4, and 11 together, the serial communication and node serialization measures used by the battery management system 10 will now be described.

Any number of industry standard serial communication protocols can be implemented in the system 10 to allow the central processing unit 20 to communicate with the battery nodes 60, such as, for example, a controller area network. In a set of preferred embodiments, the communication interface between the central processing unit 20 and the battery nodes 60 adopts the industry standard RS-485 communication protocol. This communication interface is configured to have a capacity for up to 128 battery nodes. The serial data bus 40 can be implemented as an uninterrupted twisted wire pair extending from a node located in the central processing unit 20 to the battery nodes 60. The serial data bus 40 is connected from the central processing unit node to each battery node 60 in the form of a daisy ring without other connections, as shown in FIG. 11. In a preferred embodiment, the serial data bus 40 includes two wires for signals 485H and 485L (shown in Figure 4).

FIG. 11 illustrates the signal port connection lines 41 connected to the signal ports S1 and S2 on each battery node 60 and the central processing unit 20. The signal ports S1 and S2 on the battery nodes 40 provide the signals S1X and S2X in the line driver 205 (shown in Figure 4). As shown in Figures 1, 2, and 11, these 51 of the battery nodes 60 are connected in series with the S2 signal port, and the S1 signal port of one battery node 60 is connected to the S2 signal port of the next battery node 60 . The S1 signal port on the central processing unit 20 is connected to the S2 signal port of the first battery node of the battery nodes 60, and the S2 signal port on the central processing unit 20 is connected to the last of the battery nodes 60 S1 signal port of a battery node.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the battery management system 10 communicates in a query/response sequence. The central processing unit 20 node initiates each message exchange action by sending a message addressed to a specific battery node 60, and the battery node 60 will then respond to the central processing unit node. The central processing unit node can also broadcast some messages to all battery nodes 60 at the same time. When more than one battery node 60 responds to a broadcast message, the central processing unit node will encounter a communication error, and the central processing unit node will use signaling in addition to sending the broadcast message to identify the communication exchange action The battery nodes 60 involved in. Since the serial data bus 40 is a semi-electric communication path, only one node (that is, the central processing unit 20 and the battery nodes 60) can send messages on the serial data bus 40 at any time. When a certain node is transmitting, all other nodes must make their transmission drivers into a tri-state (that is, cut-off) state.

The nodes that are not sending receive the data sent out; these nodes will recognize the messages addressed to them and the messages broadcast to all nodes. Every time a node completes the sending action on the serial data bus 40, it makes its sending driver enter a tri-state (that is, cut-off) state.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the messages broadcast in the battery management system 10 follow the following format:<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0002.tif" /></tables>

The messages are addressed by the sending node (byte #2) to some specific nodes, and the length of the rest of the message (message ID and parameter data) (byte #3) is specified. The last byte of this message is a VRC byte calculated for the previous few bytes in the message. This VRC refers to the industry standard term "Vertical Redundancy Check" byte, which is generated when sending, sent out with the message, generated when receiving, and used to check the sent version to confirm it. The received message is the same as the sent message.

This VRC byte is generated/confirmed by the following procedure: SET VRC=0 FOR(each message byte) XOR message byte to VRC Rotate Left(VRC)1 bit advance to next message byte END FOR

In a set of preferred embodiments, the RS-485 messages are sent using the following parameters: baud rate=9600

Start bit = 1

Data bit=8

Parity = even parity

Stop bit=1

In a set of preferred embodiments, the message timing is implemented using the following parameters: the maximum time allowed to turn the transmitting driver into a prohibited action (tri-state state) after the stop bit is completed = 1 bit time.

Before sending the start bit (after the stop bit is received) the maximum isochronous time for the replying node = 2 bit time.

The maximum interval between message bytes = 2 character time.

The maximum response pause time value = 10 milliseconds.

In a set of exemplary embodiments, the node addresses are byte values ranging from 1 to 255. In a set of preferred embodiments, the byte value 0 is used to represent a broadcast address instead of a specific node ID. For a typical application, the range of the byte values assigned to the battery nodes 60 as their IDs is a value ranging from 1 to 127. The node of the central processing unit 20 uses the byte value 128 as its node ID. In a preferred embodiment, the node IDs are assigned to the battery node 60 of the signal port 1 (S1) connected to the signal port 2 (S2) of the central processing unit 20 node starting with a byte value of 1; ID2 is assigned to the battery node 60 whose signal port 1 (S1) is connected to the signal port 2 (S2) of the battery node 60 with node ID1, and so on; the last battery node 60 has its signal port 2 (S2) Connect to the signal port 1 (S1) of the central processing unit 20 node (node ID128). The central processing unit 20 node can assign a new node ID when it is performing a set of assembly procedures between the battery nodes 60 in the order in which the battery nodes are connected by the signal port connection lines. The node ID is given to a battery node 60. This process can assign some node ID values between 129 and 255 as a temporary measure to completely empty the previously existing node ID values for use by a different node.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the serial communication content in the battery management system 10 includes broadcast address information, node address information, and node response information (note that the CPU represents the node at the central processing unit 20) .

The broadcast address information for the battery management system 10 includes:<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0003.tif" /></tables><tables><img file="TW269727B_D0004.tif" /></tables>

The node address information for the battery management system 10 includes:<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0005.tif" /></tables>

The node reply messages used by the battery management system 10 include:<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0006.tif" /></tables>

A variety of different message formats can be used to provide communication and serialization between the central processing unit 20 and the battery nodes 60 of the battery management system 10. In a set of preferred embodiments, in the serial communication and serialization of the battery management system 10, the following message formats are used: SIGNAL-0 is sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to cancel SIGNAL-3 to SIGHAL-6 and/or CONFIG-1 to CON-FIG-3 initiated all actions.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0007.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-1 A message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to deactivate the signal port 1 (S1).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0008.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-2 A message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to deactivate the signal port 2 (S2).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0009.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-3 A message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to activate signal port 1 (S1).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0010.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-4 A message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to activate signal port 2 (S2).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0011.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-5 is sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to repeat the message of signal port 2 (S2) on signal port 1 (S1).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0012.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-6 is sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to repeat the message of signal port 1 (S1) on signal port 2 (S2).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0013.tif" /></tables>

CONFIG-1 is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to retain the right of signal port 2 when the VRC with respect to the battery serial number of the node matches the byte 5 of the message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0014.tif" /></tables>

CONFIG-2 is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to retain the right of the signal port 2 when checking the battery serial number of the node and matching the byte 5 of the message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0015.tif" /></tables>

CONFIG-3 is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to retain the right of the signal port 2 when the VRC relative to the battery serial number of the node and the bytes 5 and 6 of the message are checked and matched.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0016.tif" /></tables>

QUERY-1 is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to respond by sending a message SIGNAL-STAT when any signal port (S1 and S2) inputs are not working.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0017.tif" /></tables>

QUERY-2 is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to respond by sending a message SIGNAL-STAT when the inputs of the two signal ports (S1 and S2) are active.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0018.tif" /></tables>

QUERY-3 is sent to a specific battery node 60 or to all battery nodes to input a message in response to the message S-IGNAL-STAT when the right is held in any signal port (S1 and S2).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0019.tif" /></tables>

SETNODE-ID is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 to only respond to the new node ID thereafter. The addressed node is expected to send an ACK response using the previous node ID. When this message is broadcast, the node(s) whose S1 and S2 are inactive will take this action, and all nodes whose S1 and S2 are active or both will ignore it.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0020.tif" /></tables>

The ARE-U-THERE is sent to a specific battery node 60 to send an ACK response message when the message is recognized.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0021.tif" /></tables>

DC-DC-CNTRL is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 to turn on or off its DC-DC converter 210 and respond with ACK or NACK at an appropriate time.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0022.tif" /></tables>

GET-AD is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 to measure the temperature and voltage of its battery and then respond with an AD-REPORT or NACK message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0023.tif" /></tables>

AD-REPORT is a response message sent from a battery node 60 to a central processing unit 20 node after a GET-AD message. The new A/D measurement action for both temperature and voltage is done before the response.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0024.tif" /></tables>

The GET-EEPROM is sent to a specific battery node 60 to read the word set of EEPROM U1 specified by byte 5 and respond with an EEPROM-DAT message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0025.tif" /></tables>

EEPROM-DAT is a response message sent from a battery node 60 to the central processing unit 20 node after a GET-EEPROM message. The EEPROM U1 address is for one block (even value).

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0026.tif" /></tables>

PUT-EEBYTE is a message sent to a specific battery node 60 to write the byte specified by byte 5 of EEPROM U1 and respond with an ACK or NACK message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0027.tif" /></tables>

PUT-EEWORD is a message sent to the specific battery node 60 to write the EEPROM U1 into the words specified by the bytes 5, 6 and 7 and respond with an ACK or NACK message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0028.tif" /></tables>

REPEAT-LAST is sent to the specific battery node 60 to repeat the message of the last previous response message.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0029.tif" /></tables>

ACK is sent from a battery node 60 to a response message of the central processing unit 20 node indicating that the last requested action has been completed or no error has occurred.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0030.tif" /></tables>

NACK is sent from a battery node 60 to the central processing unit 20 node to indicate that the last requested action has not been completed or an error has occurred.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0031.tif" /></tables>

SIGNAL-STAT 0 is a response message sent from a battery node 60 to a central processing unit 20 node after a Query-1, Query-2, or Query-3, indicating that the defined condition exists at this node.

<tables><img file="TW269727B_D0032.tif" /></tables>

The operation of the serial communication action of the battery management system 10 is based on the fact that the central processing unit 20 nodes are electrically connected in series with the batteries 50 and the serial data bus 40 has access to all battery nodes 60 and to the central processing unit 20 nodes. During the connection configuration, it depends on whether it has the ability to maintain continuous information exchange with each battery node 60. Figure 11 illustrates the architecture that existed during this period. Any battery node 60 whose serial data interface 40 is open or shorted with respect to the serial data bus 40 will not be able to have its charging or discharging cycle monitored by the central processing unit 20, so the battery 50 is prone to overcharge Or the phenomenon of insufficient charging until the problem is corrected.

When the battery modules 30 and their respective battery nodes 60 are combined with the central processing unit 20 nodes for the first time, the node addresses of the respective battery nodes 60 must be established. The central processing unit 20 node does not know that the node ID value may already exist in each battery node 60. It is very possible that more than one node ID in the battery pack is the same; the ID values of the nodes are also very likely not arranged in the preferred order depicted in Figure 11.

Assuming that each battery node 60 is connected to the serial data bus 40, the central processing unit 20 node can use some broadcast messages to communicate with each battery node 60. The broadcast messages enable the battery nodes 60 to monitor and control their signals. port.

As long as all system nodes are fully identified by a unique and more appropriate sequential identification code, the node address configuration procedure can be implemented in a variety of ways. In a preferred embodiment, the address configuration procedure starts with the central processing unit 20 node activating its signal port 2 (S2), and then a SIGNAL-6 message is broadcast to all battery nodes 60. Referring to Figure 11, battery node 1 will detect that its signal port 1 (S1) is active, and it will activate its signal port 2 (S2) next; battery node 2 will perform the same process, and each The remaining battery nodes 60 will also perform the same process until the last battery node 60 in the series has activated its signal port 2 (S2), and the activated signal port 2 will then be processed by the central processing unit Unit 20 nodes are detected. The central processing unit 20 node can then determine that none of the signal port connection lines between the battery nodes 60 is open. A connection line connected to the signal port 1 of a battery node 60 may still be short-circuited to the signal port 2 of the same node, and the effective terrain also bypasses the node. To eliminate the latter possibility, the central processing unit 20 node must deactivate its signal port 2 (S2) output and broadcast SIGNAL-0, QUERY-2, and SIGNAL-6. Each node whose signal port 1 becomes active will check its signal port 2 before the node activates its signal port 2 to determine whether this signal port 2 is active; if one node detects that the two signal ports are at the same time All become active, the node will send a SIGNAL-STAT message to notify the central processing unit 20 node of this situation.

The central processing unit 20 node will revoke its signal port 2 rights and broadcast SIGNAL-0, SIGNAL-4, and SET-NODE=01. This sequence will reach battery node 1 in Figure 11, and set its node ID=1. The central processing unit 20 node will then send SIGNAL-0 to the node ID-1, so that it cancels its signal port 2 rights. The nodes on the central processing unit 20 will retain the rights of their signal port 2, and then broadcast SET-NODE=02. This last sequence will arrive at battery node 2 in Figure 11, and set its node ID=2. Continuous execution of this procedure allows each continuous battery node 60 to be assigned a node ID that matches the one shown in Fig. 11. And because this signalling procedure can also use the signal port 1 of the central processing unit node, even if one of the connection lines between the battery node signal ports is disconnected, it can still reach each one by this method. Battery node 60. The possibility that both signal ports on a battery node 60 are open can be prevented by using QUERY-1, QUERY-2, and QUERY-3 messages and/or CONFIG-1, CONFIG-2, and CONFIG-3 messages. The last three messages require the central processing unit 20 nodes to try up to 254 ID VRC and/or check sum values to reach the isolated battery node 60.

As is generally known, the checksum is a byte generated by adding all the bytes in a block without overflow, and the result is truncated into a byte. This is used in conjunction with VRC for confirmation purposes.

When all battery nodes 60 have been addressed and their node IDs are set to a sequential state, the central processing unit 20 node must obtain the current record content of the EEPROM U1 data from each battery node 60 in order to maintain its latest state, and must Send the PUT-EEBYTE or PUT-EEWORD message when writing the changed content back to the EEPROM U1 of any battery node 60.

As long as all connections are maintained and no battery node 60 fails, there is no need to reconfigure the battery node ID. If a connection line is loosened or a battery node 60 stops operating, the assembly process will be tried again, and a warning flag will be set and displayed for the operator.

During the operation of the system, the management and control of these battery modules 30 are performed in three basic stages.

During the first stage, the central processing unit 20 preferably provides about 93% of the charging power from the integral charger 80; the central processing unit 20 generates an integral charger control signal 160 to command the integral charger 80 to provide all the integral charging current. For a typical overall charger, the overall charging current will be in the range of about 1 to 50 amperes.

During the entire period of the charging process, the battery modules 30 will provide a plurality of rechargeable battery terminal voltage signals representing the corresponding rechargeable battery terminal voltage and rechargeable battery operating temperature and the rechargeable battery operating temperature. The signal is given to the central processing unit 20. When the central processing unit 20 receives the indication that a certain rechargeable battery 50 has a voltage greater than the predetermined clamping voltage V_clampWhen the first battery terminal voltage signal of one terminal voltage, the central processing unit 20 generates an overall charger control signal 160 to command the overall charger 80 to reduce the overall charging current, and all the DC/DCs for the rechargeable batteries 50 Inverter 210 will be activated, and then provide a voltage exceeding the predetermined clamping voltage V_clampThe DC/DC converter 210 used by the rechargeable battery 50 of one terminal voltage is turned off; and the DC/DC converters that remain in the on state provide approximately 3 hours for the rechargeable batteries 50 An average charge current of 1% of the discharge capacity.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the central processing unit 20 generates an overall charger control signal 160 to command the overall charger 80 to reduce the overall charging current to about half of its previous value. The method of reducing the overall charging current by about half causes the charging current to be gradually reduced; of course, other types of reduction slopes can also be used here, such as exponentially or stepwise reduction of the overall charging current. For a typical rechargeable lead-acid battery, the clamping voltage V_clampTypically will be around 14-15 volts; and in a set of exemplary embodiments, the clamping voltage V_clampWill be approximately 14.25 volts @ 80°F. This continuous detection of the battery terminal voltage, reducing the overall charging current, and the opposite terminal voltage has not exceeded the clamping voltage V_clampThe rest of the rechargeable battery 50 provides the entire process of individually separated charging currents, and continues until the overall charging current has reached a predetermined lower overall charging current limit (lower limit); under this condition, usually all DC/DC exchanges The streamers 210 will all be turned off. In a set of exemplary embodiments, the predetermined lower overall charging current limit is approximately 1 ampere.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the predetermined lower overall charge current limit is approximately equal to 1 to 2% of the 3-hour discharge rating of the batteries 50. Therefore, for example, if each battery 50 has a 3-hour discharge rating of 100 ampere hours, the lower overall charge current limit is in the range of approximately 1 to 2 amperes. Once the lower overall charging current limit has been reached, phase two of the charging procedure begins.

During the second stage of the charging process, the plurality of battery modules 30 use the DC/DC converters 210 to complete the charging process for the plurality of rechargeable batteries 50 in an individual manner. Among them, the central processing unit 20 first cuts off and separates the overall charger 80 from the plurality of battery modules 30 by generating a trimming charge control signal 170, and the trimming charge control signal 170 sets the control switch 90 to be turned off. The current is cut off to a position of the overall charging current of the batteries 50. All the DC/DC converters 210 are then turned on by a plurality of sensor nodes 200, and the sensor nodes 200 are controlled by the central processing unit 20 through the serial interface 40. The DC/DC converters 210 provide an average charging current that is approximately 1% of the 3-hour discharge rating of the battery 50. In a set of exemplary embodiments, for some batteries 50 with a 3-hour discharge rating of 100 ampere hours, the DC/DC converters 210 will each provide an average charge current of 1 ± 0.25 ampere to Various rechargeable batteries 50. During the entire second phase of the charging process, the battery modules 30 will provide a plurality of rechargeable battery terminal voltage signals representing the corresponding battery terminal voltage and battery operating temperature and rechargeable battery operating temperature signals to the central processing unit 20. If the central processing unit 20 detects that a rate of change of a battery terminal voltage, dv/dt, is lower than a predetermined lower dv/dt limit (indicating that the battery is "full"), it is used for the specific battery module 30 The DC/DC converter 210 will be cut off. This predetermined lower dv/dt limit (lower limit) indicates a fully charged state for the rechargeable battery 50. In a set of preferred embodiments, a dv/dt value less than or equal to about 50 mV/min is used to indicate the "full charge" condition of a typical lead-acid rechargeable battery. If one or more rechargeable batteries 50 fail to reach a fully charged state within a predetermined full charge time limit, an error flag will be set in the central processing unit 20, and all DC/DC converters 210 All are cut off. Once all the batteries 50 have reached the fully charged state, the third stage of the charging procedure is entered.

During the third stage of the charging procedure, the central processing unit 20 maintains the plurality of rechargeable batteries 50 in a "full charge and standby" state. During the entire phase three of the charging process, the battery modules 30 will provide multiple rechargeable battery terminal voltage signals and rechargeable battery terminal voltage signals representing their corresponding rechargeable battery terminal voltages and rechargeable battery operating temperatures. The operating temperature signal is given to the central processing unit 20. If the central processing unit 20 detects that the operating temperature of a certain rechargeable battery 50 is lower than the average temperature of the plurality of rechargeable batteries 50 by a predetermined temperature difference, the central processing unit 20 activates the The DC/DC converter 210 for the rechargeable battery 50 supplies charging current to the rechargeable battery 50. The excessive charging current supplied to the rechargeable battery 50 heats the rechargeable battery 50, and at the same time, a recombination phenomenon occurs in the cells of the rechargeable battery 50. In this way, the central processing unit 20 can provide the function of individually heating the rechargeable batteries 50 by selectively activating the DC/DC converters 210, thereby enabling the majority of rechargeable batteries The temperature between 50 is exactly the same. In a set of preferred embodiments, the predetermined temperature difference is in the range of about 2°C to 10°C.

The central processing unit 20 also activates the DC/DC converter 210 when the terminal voltage of a particular rechargeable battery 50 drops in a "full and standby" state to create a predetermined acceptable lower voltage. The central processing unit 20 will continue to monitor, and once the rechargeable battery terminal voltage has reached a predetermined acceptable higher voltage during the "full charge and standby" state, the DC/DC converter 210 is cut off. In a set of exemplary embodiments, for a typical lead-acid rechargeable battery, the lower voltage and the higher voltage are approximately 12.6 volts and 14.25 volts (both temperature compensated), respectively.

Therefore, during the operation of the battery management system 10, the central processing unit 20 handles high-level deductive rule functions, operator interface, vehicle interface, and overall charger control functions, and the sensor nodes 200 are responsible for monitoring these multiple functions. Recharge the battery 50. The serial interface 40 further enables the central processing unit 20 to communicate with the individual sensor nodes 200 located in the individual battery modules 30. The sensor nodes 200 measure the voltage and temperature of the rechargeable batteries 50 to which they are connected, and also control the DC/DC converters 210 located at each battery module 30. The DC/DC converters 210 are provided between the voltage of the rechargeable battery and the 2-wire low-voltage power bus 130 (9-16 volts) shared by each DC/DC converter 210 and the central processing unit 20. 500 VDC isolation between them. The DC/DC converters 210 use the sensor node 200 and the line drivers 205 to provide current to individual rechargeable batteries 50 under the command from the central processing unit 20.

The DC/DC converters 210 provide an output root-mean-square current of approximately 1% of the 3-hour discharge capacity of the rechargeable batteries 50 from the DC power supply 120. In a set of exemplary embodiments, for batteries 50 with a 3-hour discharge capacity of 100 ampere-hours, the DC/DC converters 210 are derived from approximately 9-16 volts provided by the auxiliary power supply 120 A set of DC power supplies provide 1 amp ± 250 mA output root mean square current to the rechargeable batteries 50. The DC/DC converters 210 further provide 500 VDC insulation between the rechargeable batteries 50 and the common power bus 130. The DC/DC converters 210 have an operating temperature range from approximately -40°C to +80°C; and the DC/DC converters 210 are controlled by a control line, which is compared with the common power The bus 130 has a logic level.

The sensor nodes 200 and the line driver 205 provide 500 VDC insulation between the rechargeable batteries 50 and the common power bus 130. The communication between the sensor nodes 200 and the line driver 205 and the central processing unit 20 is accomplished by serial communication, and the serial communication adopts the industry standard RS-485 communication protocol.

Each sensor node 200 can operate automatically without being connected to the DC/DC converter 210 or the line driver 205. Each sensor node 200 includes parts such as temperature sensing, voltage sensing, and a non-dependent register storing various counter values and other operating parameters. Preferably, each sensor node 200 has a battery address, so that when the battery modules 30 are placed together in a group of battery packs, each battery module 30 can be assigned a unique address, so that Each of the battery modules can be individually queried to access the guaranteed information stored in the non-electricity registers about the battery voltage and operating temperature within the life of the rechargeable battery 50.

Each sensor node 200 has a serial I/O link, which is optically isolated from the rechargeable battery 50 by the line driver 205. The sensor node 200 has a digital control line for controlling the operation of the DC/DC converter 210 and two serial data signal lines. Each sensor node 200 also has the ability to integrate the time spent above or below a certain temperature calibration voltage level, so that the sensor node 200 can maintain a register to record above the outgassing voltage How many minutes has been spent in the state (the outgassing voltage refers to the upper temperature correction voltage at which the electrode plates of the rechargeable battery 50 begin to release gas). Preferably, the sensor node 200 allows the battery module 30 to store certain guarantee information so that the contents of the sensor node registers can be interrogated through the serial I/O link to determine the rechargeable battery 50 How has it been dealt with. For example, the sensor node 200 can determine how many degrees the rechargeable battery 50 has been consumed to an excessively low voltage, how many degrees the rechargeable battery 50 has been charged to an excessively high voltage, and how many degrees the rechargeable battery 50 has been brought to an excessively low voltage. The operating temperature, how many degrees the rechargeable battery 50 is brought to an excessively high operating temperature, and how long it takes to outgas.

The DC/DC converter 210 and the line driver 205 allow the use of a set of six-wire bus in a set of battery packs to connect multiple battery modules 30 (two wires for the serial interface 40, two wires for the signal port The interface 41 is used, and the two-wire power supply bus 130 is used). This thus allows the central processing unit 20 to interrogate each battery module 30 in the battery pack separately; it also allows the central processing unit 20 to send energy to any rechargeable battery 50 through the DC/DC converters 210 To complete a charge.

In a set of preferred embodiments, the modular structure of the battery modules allows multiple combinations of the sensor node 200, the DC/DC converter 210, and the line driver 205, so that multiple operation modes can be realized.

The battery module 30 using both the DC/DC converter 210 and the line driver 205 allows an average charging current of approximately 1% of the 3-hour discharge capacity of the rechargeable battery 50 to be transmitted from the power bus 130 To rechargeable battery 50. This feature allows the battery management system 10 to complete a charging action controlled by the sensor node 200. The battery module 30 further provides an insulation isolation function of about 500 volts between the common power bus 130, the V bus anode, and the battery anode, and provides an insulation isolation function of about 500 volts DC on the driver receiver. The battery module 30 also enables the sensor node registers to be queried in the factory; and the battery module 30 also enables real-time (or real-time) monitoring measures to be implemented, which means that the central processing unit 20 can The current state of the rechargeable batteries 50 is determined in real time.

If the DC/DC converter 210 is left outside of the battery module 30, the real-time monitoring action can still be performed. Real-time information can be obtained from any sensor node 200 acting as a slave at any time. The sensor node registers can also be queried in the factory, but in this configuration, the rechargeable batteries 50 cannot be processed by transferring energy back and forth through the DC/DC converters 210. Equalization; instead, the rechargeable batteries 50 must be charged in series using the integral charger 80.

The battery modules 30 can also be operated in a situation where only the sensor node 200 is located at the location in the battery module 30 for recording guarantee data.

The above has described a device and method for managing and controlling the battery power pack, which provides a function of decentralized control of the charging process of a plurality of rechargeable batteries, and allows a plurality of rechargeable batteries to be precise and individual Charging. Although a set of specific embodiments of the present invention for use with lead-acid batteries have been specifically described above, it should be understood that the technical principles and examples described herein are obviously also applicable to other rechargeable batteries. system.

In the case that the technical content of the present invention can be easily modified and changed and replaced, this article only shows a few specific embodiments by way of example. However, it should be understood that the content of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the various specific forms disclosed above. Instead, the present invention is intended to cover all modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims. Variations, equivalents, and replacement types.

<p>10Battery Management System</p><p>20Central Processing Unit (CPU)</p><p>30Battery Module</p><p>40 Serial interface</p><p>41Signal Port Interface</p><p>50Rechargeable battery</p><p>60Battery Node</p><p>70DC charger</p><p>80Integral charger</p><p>90Control switch</p><p>100Current Sensor</p><p>110AC power supply</p><p>120Auxiliary DC Power Supply</p><p>130Power bus</p><p>140Display unit</p><p>150Keyboard</p><p>160Integral charger control signal</p><p>170Standard control switch control signal</p><p>180Representative signal of instantaneous level of charging current</p><p>200Sensor Node</p><p>205Line Driver</p><p>210DC/DC Converter</p><p>T1Transformer</p><p>S1I, S2I, S10, S20node serialization signal</p><p>U2A, U2BOperational amplifier</p><p>U1EEPROM </p><p>U3Microcontroller</p><p>U4Voltage Regulator</p><p>R1-R26Resistor</p><p>R_tThermistor</p><p>C1-C10Capacitor</p><p>D2-D3Diode</p><p>D1, VR1Zener diode</p><p>Y1Clock signal source crystal</p><p>U5RS-485 driver/receiver</p><p>U6Voltage Regulator</p><p>U7A-D, U8A-DOptical Coupler</p><p>VCC5 Volt signal</p><p>U9CMOS timer</p><p>U10Optical Coupler</p><p>Q1-4Transistor</p><p>CR1-3Diode</p><p>ZR1, CR4Zener diode</p><p>305, 310, 315, 320, 330, 335, 345, 350, 360, 365, 375, 380, 390, 395, 510, 515, 520, 525, 530, 535, 540, 545, 550, 555, 560, 565, 570, 575, 580, 585, 590, 595, 597, 600, 605, 610, 615, 620, 625, 630, 635, 640, 645, 650, 655, 660, 665, 670, 675, 680, 685, 687, 690, 695, 700, 705, 710, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 740, 745, 750, 755, 760, 765, 770, 775, 780, 785, 790, 795, 800, 805, 810, 815, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 845, 850, 855, 860Program steps</p>